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Microwave Emission Signature of Snow-Covered Lake Ice Martti Hallikainen(1), Pauli Sievinen(1), Jaakko Seppänen(1), Matti Vaaja(1), Annakaisa von Lerber(1), Erkka Rouhe(1), Juha Lemmetyinen(2) (1)Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering (2)Finnish Meteorological Institute International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium 2011 IGARSS 2011
Contents Testsite and data collection Experimental data:  - Brightnesstemperature (TB) values 	- TB differencesbetweenselectedfrequencies 	- TB differencesbetweenvertical and horizontalpolarization Conclusions IGARSS 2011
[object Object]
Lake Bodom (larger) and Matalajärvi (smaller and shallow; freezesearlier)
Data overlandcollected in order to compareresults for snow-covered ice vs. snow-covered terrain
Scale: lowerleftTestSite
HUTRAD Non-ScanningRadiometer	   	HUT-2D Interferometer 6.8, 10.65, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5 and 94 GHz	       	1.4 GHzdual-pol 50 degoffnadir, V and H polarization	       	Data averagedover the Antennabeam 3.2 to 5 deg			0 to 5 degrange kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk AirborneRadiometers
[object Object]
5 overpasses at eachaltitude
Accurate localization of footprint using aircraft attitude and position
Averagedbrightnesstemperaturesused in thispresentationAirborne Data Collection Data collection
OffTrackError: MostlyBelow 20 m
Airborne Data 2004:  	April 7 2007:  	January 30, March 20, March 26,  April 2 2011:  	January 27, February 28, March 31 (am/pm), April 14 Data includedrysnowconditions and snow/icemeltingperiod Data collectedwith HUTRAD radiometer (6.8 to 36.5 / 94 GHz) April 14, 2011 data collectedwith HUTRAD and HUT-2D (1.4 GHz) Resultsfrom 2011 flightsdiscussed in thispresentation
[object Object]
Snowdensityprofile
Snowwetnessprofile
Snowdepth
Ice thickness
Presence of water on ice
These data collectedevery 100 m (exceptApril 14, 2011)
Additionally, snowgrainsize in selectedlocations In Situ Data
Example of In Situ Data: Temperature
In Situ Data: Snow-Ice Structure
ResultsfromRadiometerMeasurements Brightnesstemperatures at 6.8, 10.65, 18.7 and 36.5 GHz   (April 14: also 1.4 GHz) (18.7 GHz: occasionalinterference) Horizontalpolarization (V-polnotshown) TB differencesbetween 18.7 / 36.5 GHz, and 6.8 / 36.5 GHz TB differencesbetweenvertical and horizontalpolarization at eachfrequency (except 1.4 GHz)
Jan 27, 2011, H-Pol, Alt 300 m Lake Bodom: Someslushbelowsnowlayer =>TB36 higher than on Lake Matalajärvi
Feb 28, 2011, H-Pol, Alt 300 m Mostlydrysnow / ice Occasionalwater => TB6 is low
March 31 AM, 2011, H-Pol, Alt 300 m Dryrefrozensnow on top of ice => TB36 is low

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t5_Hallikainen_Bodom_IGARSS'11.pptx

Editor's Notes

  1. Esityksen tarkoitus on siis kaksijakoinen. Ensinnäkin, haluamme nimetä ja yhteenvetää tärkeimmät kehitysvaiheet sekä saavutukset laitteen kehityksessä. Toiseksi, haluamme arvioida kehitysprosessia kriittisesti ja nimetä ne osa-alueet, joissa instrumentin kehitys oli hankalinta ja ne osa-alueet, joissa laitteistoa voitaisiin vielä helpoiten parantaa. Näistä lähtökohdista esitetään”improved HUT-2D” suunnitelma, joka korjaa merkittävimmät virhelähteet suunnittelussa. Jo tässä vaiheessa voi painottaa, että tämä suunnitelma on tehty low-cost periaatteella hyväksikäyttämällä mahdollisimman paljon jo olemassa olevaa laitteistoa ja painottamalla parantelussa tehtävissä trade-offeja paljon hinta-elementillä.
  2. Esityksen tarkoitus on siis kaksijakoinen. Ensinnäkin, haluamme nimetä ja yhteenvetää tärkeimmät kehitysvaiheet sekä saavutukset laitteen kehityksessä. Toiseksi, haluamme arvioida kehitysprosessia kriittisesti ja nimetä ne osa-alueet, joissa instrumentin kehitys oli hankalinta ja ne osa-alueet, joissa laitteistoa voitaisiin vielä helpoiten parantaa. Näistä lähtökohdista esitetään”improved HUT-2D” suunnitelma, joka korjaa merkittävimmät virhelähteet suunnittelussa. Jo tässä vaiheessa voi painottaa, että tämä suunnitelma on tehty low-cost periaatteella hyväksikäyttämällä mahdollisimman paljon jo olemassa olevaa laitteistoa ja painottamalla parantelussa tehtävissä trade-offeja paljon hinta-elementillä.