T - Gross Anatomy of the Muscular SystemMonu Rajak
The document discusses the gross anatomy of the muscular system. It is a 20 page document that provides details on the anatomy and structure of muscles in the human body. The document aims to educate readers on the key components and functions of the muscular system at a high level.
The document describes the different shapes that skeletal muscles can take: parallel or fusiform muscles which run parallel and contract over a great distance but lack strength; convergent muscles which maximize force by converging fibers on the insertion; pennate muscles which have many fibers per unit area and are strong but tire quickly, including unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate types; and circular muscles which surround openings and act as sphincters. Examples are provided for each type of muscle shape.
There are different types of body movements that can be performed. Some examples include locomotor movements like walking and running that travel from one location to another. Other types are non-locomotor movements such as bending, twisting, and stretching that occur in place without traveling. Proper body movements are important for health, skill development, and recreational activities.
There are three main types of muscle in the human body - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary, attaching to bones to enable movement. Cardiac muscle is also striated and found only in the heart, contracting involuntarily to pump blood. Smooth muscle is non-striated and involuntary, surrounding internal organs to aid processes like digestion and blood flow. All three muscle types contract through the sliding filament mechanism of actin and myosin but differ in structure, control, and function.
T - Gross Anatomy of the Muscular SystemMonu Rajak
The document discusses the gross anatomy of the muscular system. It is a 20 page document that provides details on the anatomy and structure of muscles in the human body. The document aims to educate readers on the key components and functions of the muscular system at a high level.
The document describes the different shapes that skeletal muscles can take: parallel or fusiform muscles which run parallel and contract over a great distance but lack strength; convergent muscles which maximize force by converging fibers on the insertion; pennate muscles which have many fibers per unit area and are strong but tire quickly, including unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate types; and circular muscles which surround openings and act as sphincters. Examples are provided for each type of muscle shape.
There are different types of body movements that can be performed. Some examples include locomotor movements like walking and running that travel from one location to another. Other types are non-locomotor movements such as bending, twisting, and stretching that occur in place without traveling. Proper body movements are important for health, skill development, and recreational activities.
There are three main types of muscle in the human body - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary, attaching to bones to enable movement. Cardiac muscle is also striated and found only in the heart, contracting involuntarily to pump blood. Smooth muscle is non-striated and involuntary, surrounding internal organs to aid processes like digestion and blood flow. All three muscle types contract through the sliding filament mechanism of actin and myosin but differ in structure, control, and function.
This document provides information about yoga for a physical education class. It defines yoga and discusses its importance for physical, mental, and spiritual health. It outlines the elements of yoga including asanas (postures), pranayama (breathing exercises), and the eight limbs of yoga according to Patanjali. The document also briefly discusses the history of yoga and its physiological benefits for preventing and managing common lifestyle diseases like obesity, diabetes, hypertension, back pain, and asthma.
This document provides information about yoga for a physical education class. It defines yoga and discusses its importance for physical, mental, and spiritual health. It outlines the elements of yoga including asanas (postures), pranayama (breathing exercises), and the eight limbs of yoga according to Patanjali. The document also briefly discusses the history of yoga and its physiological benefits for preventing and managing common lifestyle diseases like obesity, diabetes, hypertension, back pain, and asthma.
3. content
Meaning of Transfer of Training
Definition of Transfer of Training
Types of transfer of training
Main Transfer
Positive Transfer
Negative Transfer
Zero Transfer
Secondary Transfer
Horizontal Transfer
Vertical Transfer
Bilateral transfer
Applied transfer
Proactive transfer
Retroactive transfer
Theory Of Training Transfer
4. Transfer of Training
प्रशिक्षण का स्थानातरण
किसी हुनर िी तिनीि िो सीखने िे दौरान प्रथम चरण में सीखा हुआ ज्ञान
अगले चरण िो सीखने में मदद िरता है उसे ही प्रशिक्षण िा स्थानांतरण
िहते हैं
शसखलाई िर्व प्रशिक्षण स्थानांतरण िा ही उत्पाद है
While learning the technique of a skill, the knowledge learned
in the first stage helps in learning the next stage, that is called
transfer of training.
Sikhlai curve is the product of transfer training
5. पररभाषा
Definition
C Bucher
अनुभर् जितना अथव पूणव होगा स्थानांतरण उतना अधिि प्रभार् पूणव होगा
The more complete the experience, the more effective the transfer.
सौरेसन
स्थानांतरण एि पररजस्थतत में अजिवत ज्ञान प्रशिक्षण और आदतों िा दूसरी
पररजस्थतत में स्थानांतररत किए िाने िी चचाव िरता है
Transfer refers to transfer of acquired knowledge training and
habits in one situation to another.
6. प्रशिक्षण स्थानाांतरण के प्रकार
Types of transfer of training
मुख्य स्थानाांतरण (Main Transfer)
1 िनात्मि स्थानांतरण, सिारात्मि, उत्तोदर (Positive Transfer)
2 ऋणात्मि,निारात्मि स्थानांतरण नतोदर (Negative Transfer)
3 िून्य स्थानांतरण (Zero Transfer)
7. प्रशिक्षण स्थानाांतरण के प्रकार
Types of transfer of training
गौंण स्थानाांतरण (Secondary Transfer)
1 क्षैतति स्थानांतरण (Horizontal Transfer)
2 ऊर्धर्व स्थानांतरण (Vertical Transfer)
3 द्वर्पक्षीय स्थानांतरण द्वर्पािववर्ि स्थानांतरण (Bilateral transfer)
4 Applied transfer
6 Proactive transfer
7 Retroactive transfer
8. धनात्मक स्थानाांतरण
Positive Transfer
किसी वर्षय तिनीि या तनहहत शसद्िांतों िी एिरूपता समानता
िे िारण होता है और यहां लाभप्रद होता है
नेटबॉल में चेस्ट पास और बास्िे टबॉल में चेस्ट पास िरना
लैहटन भाषा ज्ञान िा अंग्रेिी भाषा से शमलना
मैथमेहटक्स िा किजिक्स में शमलना बैडशमंटन िा स्क्र्ैि से
शमलना
9. Positive Transfer
The uniformity of a subject technique or the underlying
principles is due to similarity and is beneficial here
Chest Pass in Netball and Chest Pass in Basketball
Knowledge of Latin language from the English language
Mathematics to meet in physics Badminton meets
squash
10. ऋणात्मक स्थानाांतरण
Negative Transfer
यहद किसी हुनर िे होते हुए दूसरे हुनर िो सीखने में असुवर्िा
या बािा हो तो इसे ही ऋणात्मि स्थानांतरण िहते हैं
िैसे टेबल टेतनस िा लॉन टेतनस से संबंि
उदाहरण एि स्क्र्ैि िॉट िी मूल रैिे ट िारवर्ाई है, िो एि
टेतनस िॉट िी मूल रैिे ट िारवर्ाई िे वर्परीत है।
11. Negative Transfer
If there is inconvenience or hindrance in learning the other
skill through any skill, then it is called negative transfer.
Like table tennis related to lawn tennis
An example is the original racket action of a squash shot,
as opposed to the original racket action of a tennis shot.
12. िून्य स्थानाांतरण
Zero Transfer
िब एि िायव या किसी वर्षय िो सीखने में ना तो िोई
सहायता शमलती है और ना ही िोई बािा होता है तो इसे हम
िीरो ट्ांसिर िहते हैं
िैसे जस्र्शमंग िा टेबल टेतनस से संबंि
इततहास िा ज्ञान किसी भी तरह से िार या स्िू टर चलाने िी
शिक्षा िो प्रभावर्त नहीं िरता है।
13. Zero Transfer
When there is neither any help nor any hindrance
in learning a task or a subject, we call it zero
transfer.
Such as swimming and table tennis
Knowledge of history in no way affects the
education of driving a car or scooter.
14. क्षैततज स्थानाांतरण
Horizontal Transfer
िब एि पररजस्थतत में सीखे हुए ज्ञान आदतों िौिलों िो उसी से
शमलती-िुलती या समान पररजस्थततयों में िाम में शलया िाना ही
क्षैतति स्थानांतरण िहलाता है
Horizontal transfer is when the knowledge
habits learned in a situation are used in similar
or similar situations.
15. ऊर्ध्व स्थानाांतरण
Vertical Transfer
िब एि पररजस्थतत में सीखे ज्ञान आदतों िौिलों एर्ं
प्रशिक्षण िो उससे उच्च पररजस्थतत में िाम में शलया िाता
है तो उसे ऊर्धर्व स्थानांतरण िहते हैं
When the learned knowledge habits skills and training
in a situation are used in a higher situation than that,
then it is called vertical transfer.
16. Applied transfer
Previous learning is applied successfully to life
situation or problem
वपछले सीखने िो िीर्न िी जस्थतत या समस्या िे शलए
सिलतापूर्वि लागू किया िाता है
17. Bilateral transfer
द्व्पक्षीय स्थानाांतरण
सीखने िा द्वर्पक्षीय अंतरण िरीर िे एि तरि से िरीर िे
वर्परीत हदिा में सीखे गए भौतति प्रदिवन िा अंतरण है।
उदाहरण िे शलए, एि बार एि व्यजक्त ने अपने दाहहने हाथ
से बास्िे टबॉल िूट िरना सीख शलया है, तो उस सीख िो
बाएं हाथ में स्थानांतररत िरना मुजकिल नहीं है।
18. Bilateral transfer
The bilateral transfer of learning is the transference
of physical performance learned by one side of the
body to the opposite side of the body.
For instance, once a person has learned to shoot a
basketball with their right hand it is not difficult
to transfer that learning to the left hand.
19. Proactive transfer
िब पहले से सीखा िौिल र्तवमान में सीखे िा रहे िौिल िो
प्रभावर्त िरता है।
उदाहरण - बच्चे िे रूप में सीखा गया एि िें िने र्ाला मोटर
िायवक्रम बाद में कक्रिे ट में ओर्र आमव बाउल िे शलए
सिारात्मि और लगातार स्थानांतररत होगा।
िब एि नया सीखा िौिल पहले से सीखा िौिल िो
प्रभावर्त िरता है।
िौिल सीखने िा िौिल सीखना अभी बािी है
20. Proactive transfer
When a previously learned skill influences a skill that
is currently being learned.
Example - A throwing motor programme learned as a
child will later transfer positively and proactively to an
over arm bowl in cricket.
When a newly learned skill influences a previously
learned skill.
learning of a skill effects the learning of skills yet to
be learnt
21. पू्वव्यापी स्थानाांतरण
Retroactive Transfer
A skill recently being learnt effects the previously learnt skill
When a newly learned skill affects a previously learned skill.
For example, the acquisition of a successful tennis serve may
affect the already thrown over throw used in cricket.
िब एि नया सीखा िौिल पहले से सीखा िौिल िो प्रभावर्त िरता
है।
उदाहरण - एि सिल टेतनस सर्व िा अधिग्रहण कक्रिे ट में उपयोग
किए िाने र्ाले पहले से ही िें िे गए ओर्र थ्रो िो प्रभावर्त िर
सिता है।
22. प्रशिक्षण स्थानाांतरण के शिद्धाांत
Theory Of Training Transfer
मानशसि िजक्तयों िा शसद्िांत (र्ोल्ि)
समान तत्र् िा शसद्िांत (थानवडाइि)
दो िारि िा शसद्िांत (स्पीयर मैन)
पूणविार िा शसद्िांत या गेस्टाल्ट िा शसद्िांत (िोहलर, र्दीमर,
िोििा)
सामन्यीिरण िा शसद्िांत (िब्स िड़)
23. Theory Of Training Transfer
Theory of mental powers (Wolff)
Principle of common element (Thorndike)
Two-factor theory
Theory of completers or Gestalt's theory (Kohler,
Verdimer, Kofka)
Theory of Normalization (Cubs Judd)