System-Bus (1).doc
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The system bus is a pathway composed of cables and connectors that carries data between the computer's microprocessor and main memory. It combines the functions of the data, address, and control buses to provide a communication path for data and control signals between the major computer system components. The system bus connects the processor to memory, storage, and input/output components to allow data transfer and coordination between devices.
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over a network. A reference model is a conceptual framework for understanding relationships.In
the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communications model, the Network layer knows the
address of the neighboring nodes in the network, packages output with the correct network
address information, selects routes and quality of service, and recognizes and forwards to the
Transport layer incoming messages for local host domains.It is the third layer, situated in
detween transport layerand data-link layer.The network layer is the third level of the Open
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network communication. Data is transferred in the form of packets via logical network paths in
an ordered format controlled by the network layer. The main aim of this layer is to deliver
packets from source to destination across multiple links (networks). If two computers (system)
are connected on the same link then there is no need for a network layer. It routes the signal
through different channels to the other end and acts as a network controller.It also divides the
outgoing messages into packets and to assemble incoming packets into messages for higher
levels.The Network Layer is responsible for end-to-end (source to destination) packet delivery
including routing through intermediate hosts, whereas the Data Link Layer is responsible for
node-to-node (hop-to-hop) frame delivery on the same link.
Internet Protocol, or IP, is the method that governs how computers share data across the Internet.
When one computer sends data, such as an email or a web form, its message gets parsed into
small packets that contain the sending computer\'s Internet address, the receiving computer\'s
address, and part of the message. Internet Protocol serves several basic functions. The Internet
Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on
the Internet. Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP address that
uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet. .IP packet headers contain
addresses that identify the sending computer and the receiving computer. Routers use this
information to guide each packet across communication networks and connect the sending and
receiving computers.TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. It is
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It controls and manages the data transmission over the Internet. It also defines a mechanism
through which every computer on the Internet is identified separately. Every computer on the
Internet must have this protocol.
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The document discusses the components and architecture of a basic PC system. It describes the main components including the microprocessor, memory system divided into transient program area (TPA), system area, and extended memory area. It also discusses the different types of buses - address bus, data bus, and control bus - that are used to transfer information between the microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices.
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The document discusses microprocessors and their components. It can be summarized as:
1. A microprocessor is an integrated circuit that serves as the central processing unit (CPU) of a microcomputer. It contains the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), registers, control logic, and buses.
2. The major components of a microprocessor are registers, an ALU, a bus interface, and control logic. It uses address, data, and control buses to communicate with memory and I/O devices.
3. Memory devices like ROM and RAM connect to the buses. ROM stores startup programs and RAM stores temporary data/programs. Address decoders select devices based on address bus values.
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Direct Memory Access (DMA) allows transferring data between computer memory and devices without using the CPU. This saves processing time by allowing devices like sound cards, video cards, and hard drives to access memory directly. DMA channels are assigned to devices to enable direct memory access. Common DMA transfer types include memory-to-memory transfers and auto-initialization, which automatically restores register values after a transfer.
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The document discusses processing devices and central processing units (CPUs). It describes a CPU as having three main parts: registers that hold information for processing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that performs calculations and comparisons, and a control unit that directs the system. The document outlines the evolution of CPUs from early chips like the Intel 4004 to modern multi-core processors. Buses connect the CPU and memory to transfer data and instructions for processing.
Machine cycles
The document discusses computer components including machine cycles, instruction cycles, execution cycles, buses, and ports. It provides details on:
1. Machine cycles consist of instruction and execution cycles, where the CPU fetches and decodes instructions during the instruction cycle and executes instructions during the execution cycle.
2. Buses like the data, address, and control buses allow communication between computer components by carrying data, memory addresses, and synchronization signals respectively.
3. Common computer ports include parallel ports for printers/scanners, serial ports for input/output devices, USB ports for various devices, display ports for monitors, and audio/video ports for speakers/headphones.
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Buses transfer data and communication signals within a computer. They allow different components like the CPU, memory, and input/output devices to exchange information. The bus width and clock speed determine how much data can be transferred at once and how quickly. Wider buses and faster clock speeds improve performance by allowing more data to be processed in less time. A computer has several types of buses that connect different internal components like the processor, cache, and expansion ports.
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The document discusses computer interconnection structures and bus architectures. It describes how buses support different types of transfers between computer components like the processor, memory, and I/O devices. Common interconnection structures are based on system buses that include data, address, and control lines. Issues like bus configuration, arbitration methods, and timing are discussed. More recent systems use point-to-point interconnects instead of shared buses for better performance at higher speeds. QuickPath Interconnect and PCI Express are provided as examples of point-to-point approaches.
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Input output organization
The document discusses various aspects of I/O organization in a computer system. It describes the input-output interface that provides a method for transferring information between internal storage and external I/O devices. It discusses asynchronous data transfer techniques like strobe control and handshaking. It also covers asynchronous serial transmission, different modes of data transfer like programmed I/O, interrupt-initiated I/O, and direct memory access (DMA).
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is reference model for how applic.pdf
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is reference model for how applications can communicate
over a network. A reference model is a conceptual framework for understanding relationships.In
the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communications model, the Network layer knows the
address of the neighboring nodes in the network, packages output with the correct network
address information, selects routes and quality of service, and recognizes and forwards to the
Transport layer incoming messages for local host domains.It is the third layer, situated in
detween transport layerand data-link layer.The network layer is the third level of the Open
Systems Interconnection Model (OSI Model) and the layer that provides data routing paths for
network communication. Data is transferred in the form of packets via logical network paths in
an ordered format controlled by the network layer. The main aim of this layer is to deliver
packets from source to destination across multiple links (networks). If two computers (system)
are connected on the same link then there is no need for a network layer. It routes the signal
through different channels to the other end and acts as a network controller.It also divides the
outgoing messages into packets and to assemble incoming packets into messages for higher
levels.The Network Layer is responsible for end-to-end (source to destination) packet delivery
including routing through intermediate hosts, whereas the Data Link Layer is responsible for
node-to-node (hop-to-hop) frame delivery on the same link.
Internet Protocol, or IP, is the method that governs how computers share data across the Internet.
When one computer sends data, such as an email or a web form, its message gets parsed into
small packets that contain the sending computer\'s Internet address, the receiving computer\'s
address, and part of the message. Internet Protocol serves several basic functions. The Internet
Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on
the Internet. Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP address that
uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet. .IP packet headers contain
addresses that identify the sending computer and the receiving computer. Routers use this
information to guide each packet across communication networks and connect the sending and
receiving computers.TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. It is
the communication protocol used for Internet and similar networks such as Internet and Extranet.
It controls and manages the data transmission over the Internet. It also defines a mechanism
through which every computer on the Internet is identified separately. Every computer on the
Internet must have this protocol.
Solution
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is reference model for how applications can communicate
over a network. A reference model is a conceptual framework for understanding relationships.I.
yow! assignment kow! yow!
The document describes how a computer's internal components are physically connected through a common bus. It explains the machine cycle process where the instruction control unit fetches instructions from memory over the bus, and the arithmetic logic unit executes instructions by fetching data from memory over the bus.
Bus System (part 2)
The document discusses bus systems in computer architecture. It describes some problems that can occur with single bus systems, such as propagation delays and performance issues when aggregate data transfer approaches bus capacity. To overcome these problems, most systems use multiple buses. It then covers different bus types (dedicated, multiplexed), bus arbitration methods (centralized, distributed), bus timing (synchronous vs asynchronous), and examples of specific bus standards like PCI bus.
Data conversion
Registers are temporary storage area for instructions or data. They are not a part of memory; rather they are special additional storage locations that offer the advantage of speed.
raymart aborque
The document describes how a computer's internal components are physically linked through a machine cycle. It explains that during instruction time, the instruction control unit fetches instructions from memory and sends them to the instruction register. During execution time, the ALU executes the instruction and may fetch data from memory which is sent to a work register.
Design and implementation of microprocessor trainer bus system
This document describes the design and implementation of a microprocessor trainer bus system. The system has six modules connected by a bus that includes address, data, and control lines. Various microcontrollers are used in the modules, including PIC 16f877 for direct memory access and input/output, PIC 74LS573 as a latch, PIC74LS244 as a bus driver, and PIC74LS255 as a bus transceiver. The objectives are to design a bus system that can support all modules, operate at up to 10MHz clock frequency, study signals on the bus, and gain experience designing bus systems. The contribution is the design of this microprocessor trainer bus system as part of a larger trainer.
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9
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