The document discusses using plastic waste in bituminous pavement. It introduces the topic and outlines the objectives, methodology, and tests conducted. The methodology involves collecting, cleaning, shredding plastic waste and mixing it with aggregates and bitumen. Tests were conducted on the materials to analyze properties before and after coating aggregates with plastic waste. Results showed plastic coating improved aggregate properties and increased binding. The conclusion is that using plastic waste in roads provides an eco-friendly way to dispose of plastic while increasing road lifespan. Limitations include plastic breaking down over time.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT USING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET...PRASANTHSUNDAR14
THIS PROJECT DEALS WITH MORE UNDICOMPOSSABLE PLASTIC VARIETY IN OLAND AND OCEANS TO GET REPLACED AND ADDED AS A MIXTURE IN A BITUMEN TO INCREASE VOLUME AN DREDUCE POROSITY AND VOIDS IN PAVEMENT ROADS OF BITUMEN .THE EXPERIEMENT IS INSPIRED FROM MOST SHOES MANUFACTURED FROM POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE PLASTIC
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT USING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET...PRASANTHSUNDAR14
THIS PROJECT DEALS WITH MORE UNDICOMPOSSABLE PLASTIC VARIETY IN OLAND AND OCEANS TO GET REPLACED AND ADDED AS A MIXTURE IN A BITUMEN TO INCREASE VOLUME AN DREDUCE POROSITY AND VOIDS IN PAVEMENT ROADS OF BITUMEN .THE EXPERIEMENT IS INSPIRED FROM MOST SHOES MANUFACTURED FROM POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE PLASTIC
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
block diagram and signal flow graph representation
SYCE SEM - IV MINI PROJECT.pptx
1. Use of Plastic Waste in Bituminous Pavement
METROPOLITAN INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY& MANAGEMENT, ORAS
SINDHUDURG (MH)
A Presentation on mini project
Academic Year
2021-22
PRESENTED BY :
MR. JITENDRA SANJAY SAWANT
MR. SAGAR SUNIL DALVI
MR.SHASHANK PRAMOD LINGRASS
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:
PROF. RUSHIKESH R NAIK
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
2. CONTENT OF PRESENTATION
1) Introduction
2) Scope
3) Objective
4) Methodology
5) Processing Details
6) Test on Materials
7) Limitations
8) Conclusion
9) Reference
3. Introduction
A material that contain one or more organic polymer
of large molecular weight, solid in its finished state, can be
shaped by its flow is called as “plastic”.
According to recent studies, plastic can stay
unchanged for as long as 4500 years and also there has
been a rise in amount of waste being generated daily by
each household.
Plastic waste is used as a modifier of bitumen to
improve some bituminous properties. Plastic roads are
found to perform better compared to conventional
bitumen roads.
4.
5.
6.
7. Scope
The main scopes of plastic roads are economic in terms
of bitumen.
The shredded plastic in form of polymer covers the
aggregates and thus occupies a larger portion of the road
reducing the quantity of bitumen needed.
Waste Plastic is a harmful and non-biodegradable waste
responsible mainly for land pollution.
The lifespan of the road can be increased & Eco- friendly
in nature.
8. Objectives
1) To coat the aggregates with waste plastic material
2)To check the properties of aggregate and bitumen mix
3) To check the properties of aggregate and bitumen mix
due to coating of waste plastic
4) To compare both properties i.e. before & after coating of
waste plastic
10. Processing Details
• Collection of waste plastic
• Cleaning and Shredding of waste plastic
• Mixing of shredded waste plastic, aggregate
and bitumen in central mixing plant
• Laying of bituminous mix
11.
12.
13. Test On Material
• Dry Process
• Plastic waste is collected, segregated and
stored.
• Cleaning of the waste plastic.
• Shredding of waste plastic into the correct
thickness 2.36-4.5mm
• The aggregate is heated to around 160*C-170*C
and then the plastic is added.
• After 30-40s a uniform is observed.
14.
15. Advantages of Dry Process:-
• Plastic is coated over Aggregate – improving
surface property of aggregate.
• Doubles the binding properties of aggregates
• Bitumen bonding is stronger than normal.
• The coated aggregate show increased strength
• As replacing bitumen to 15% higher cost
efficiency is possible
• No degradation of road even after 5-6 years
after construction
16. Disadvantage of Dry Process-
• The process is applicable to plastic waste
material only
• Plastics in the road can break down into
microplastics and can find their way into the
soil and bodies of water.
17. Test On Aggregate
• Flakiness & Elongation Index ( IS -2386-part-I-
1963)
• Aggregate Impact Test ( IS - 2386-Part-IV-
1963)
• Specific Gravity Test ( IS - 2386 - part -III-1963)
• Water Absorption Test ( IS - 2386 - Part -III-
1963 )
18. FLAKINESS & ELONGATION INDEX (IS:2386(Part-I)
Size of aggregate Wt. of
Aggregate
Retained on
IS Sieve
Wt. of
Retained
Material on
flakiness
gauge
(B) gm
Wt.
Passing
flakiness
gauge
(A –B)gm
Wt. passed
material in
Elongation
Gauge
(C)gm
Wt.
Retained on
Elongation
gauge
(B – C)gm
Passing IS
sieve(mm)
Retained IS
Sieve(mm)
63 50 - - - - -
50 40 - - - - -
40 31.5 - - - - -
31.5 25 - - - - -
25 20 - - - - -
20 16 1717 1558 159 1400 158
16 12.5 970 879 91 790 89
12.5 10 512 472 40 428 44
10 6.3 309 280 29 249 31
Total 3508 3189 319 2867 322
19. % Flakiness Index =
𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 5 𝑋 100
𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 3
= 9.09 %
% Elongation Index =
𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 7 𝑋 100
𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 4
=10.99 %
FI + EI = 19.18 %
Specified Value (%) = max 35%
20. AGGREGATE IMPACT TEST (IS : 2386(Part-IV))
DESCRIPTION SAMPLE (1) SAMPLE (2)
Total Wt. of oven dry sample passing
12.5mm sieve and retained on 10mm
(W1)gm
370 375
Wt. of portion retained on 2.36mm
sieve (W2)gm
330.04 340.5
Wt. of portion passing 2.36mm sieve
(W3)gm = W1- W2
39.96 34.5
Aggregate Impact Value
=( W3 / W1) X 100%
10.80 % 9.20 %
Average Aggregate Impact Value
= {(1) + (2)} / 2%
10.00 %
22. SPECIFIC GRAVITY & WATER ABSORPTION TEST( IS:
2386(Part-3))
SI NO Description Trial -1 Trial -2
1 Weight of sample in water W1( gms) 1296 1295
2 Weight of SSD sample W2 (gms) 1959 1958
3 Weight of oven dry sample W3 (gms) 1940 1942
4 Bulk specific Gravity = W3/ (W2 –W1) 2.926 2.929
5 Apparent specific gravity = W3/ (W3 –W1) 3.01 3.00
6 Water absorption (%) = 100 x (W2 –W3)/W3 0.98 0.824
7 Average bulk specific gravity 2.927
8 Average apparent specific gravity 3.007
9 Average water absorption (%) 0.90 %
27. • Penetration test (IS -1203-1978)
• Softening point test (IS - 1205-1978)
• Ductility test ( IS - 1208-1978)
• Viscosity test (IS - 1206-Part-I -1978)
Test On Bitumen
28. penetration test ( IS -1203-1978)
Description Unit Test 1 Test 2
Pouring Temperature °c 135 135
Period Of Coolig
In Atmosphere Minutes
75 75
Room Temperature °c 26 26
Period Of Cooling In Water Bath
Minutes
75 75
Actual Test
Temperature °c
25 25
Petrometre Reading
( Initial ) 1/10 mm
285 295
Petrometre Reading
(Final ) 1/10 mm
333 345
Penetration 1/10 mm 48 50
Average Penetration 1/10 mm 49.0
29.
30. Softening point test (IS - 1205-1978)
Description Unit Test 1 Test 2
Pouring Temperature °c 135 135
Period Of Cooling In Atmosphere Minutes 30 30
Room Temperature °c 26 26
Rate Of Heating °c/Min 5 5
Softening Point °c 51.6 51.6
Average Softening Point °c 51.6
31. Ductility test ( IS - 1208-1978)
Test Property Briquette Number
Mean Value
1 2 3
Ductility In cm 46 44 48 46cm
32.
33. Viscosity test (IS - 1206-Part-I -1978)
Sr No Description Bulb - B Bulb - C
1 Specific test temp. °c 60 60
2 Actual test temp. °c 60 60
3 Flow time in sec.(t) 90 160
4 Calibration factor(k) 34.87 17.45
5 Viscosity in poise(k x
t)
3138 2792
6 Average viscosity in
poise 2965
34. Plastic waste:-
• Shredding is the process of cutting the plastic
into small sizes between 2.36mm to 4.75mm.
Bitumen:-
• Generally in India bitumen used in road
construction of flexible pavement is of grades
60/70 or 80/100 penetration grade. Both the
grade of bitumen confirming to BIS standards will
be used for the present studies.
Limitations
35. Conclusions
• Plastic will increase the melting point of bitumen. The waste plastic
bitumen mix forms better material for pavement construction.
Hence the use of waste plastics for pavement is one of the best
methods for easy disposal of waste plastics.
• Plastic road would be a boon for India’s hot and extreme humid
climate, where temperature frequently cross 40*C and torrential
rains create havoc, leaving most of the roads with big potholes.
• It is hoped that in near future we will have strong, durable and eco-
friendly roads which will relieve the earth from all type of plastic-
waste
• The use of smoke absorbent material (titanium di-oxide) by 10% of
polymer content can reduce the vehicular pollution.
36. References
• Miss Apurva J Chavan On The " USE OF PLASTIC WASTE IN FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENT" volume No.2, Issue4, April 2013.
• Kumadasu Chandramouli, Allipilli Satyaveni, On The " PLASTIC WASTE AND
IT'S USE IN CONSTRUCTION OF ROAD", Volume No. 5, Issue01, 2Feb 2016
• Rishi Singh Chhabra , Supriya Marik , A Review Literature On The "USE
OF WASTE PLASTIC AND WASTE RUBBER TIRES IN PAVEMENT",
International Journal Of Core Engineering & Management(IJCEM)Volume
1, Issue 1, April 2014.
• Indian Roads Congress IRC: 37-2012 - Guidelines for the design offlexible
pavements-August 2012
• Dhodapkar A N., (Dec. 2008) “Use of waste plastic in road construction”
Indian Highways, Technical paper, journal, P No.31-32