1) The document discusses a study that examines the impact of new human resource management practices (NHRM) on innovation performance in the educational sector during the COVID-19 pandemic.
2) The study found a significant positive relationship between NHRM practices and innovation performance. Organizational innovation and innovative work behavior were found to mediate this relationship.
3) Organizational innovation had a stronger mediating role, indicating that boosting NHRM practices can enhance innovation performance in the educational sector by fostering organizational innovation.
The document discusses how management of culture and space changed during the Covid-19 pandemic. Management of culture shifted to focus on virtual interactions and digital tools as employees worked remotely. Management control decreased as monitoring employees became more difficult remotely. Employee resistance increased as remote working provided more flexibility. Management of space also changed as offices were no longer needed, reducing competition over office spaces in cities.
The covid-19 pandemic boosted the Digitalization initiative. Every company started relying more on digital technologies to continue their business operations. To cope with this changing environment, employees planned to improve their skills and started learning new things virtually; this gave rise to E-learning during the pandemic. The future of E-learning looks excellent because it is the easiest way to learn.
A Mediated Model of Employee commitment: The Impact of Knowledge Management P...IJAEMSJORNAL
In this modern and competitive day, firms rely on innovative ideas to sustain and succeed. For today's management, it is critical to look for ways and means to knowledge management, and this study greatly emphasizes this aspect. This study investigates and investigates the impact of a knowledge management on organizational outcome as well as the role of employee commitment as a mediator. Essentially, it provides a framework via which a high-commitment work environment supports innovative work behavior in Kurdistan region of Iraq SMEs. Using the findings of this study, SMEs firms, particularly mobile network operators, can alter and innovate their services in order to thrive in a competitive market. All proven correlations are conceptually explained, practically tested, and supported by a survey of the literature. The findings revealed that all three variables in the study have a favorable association. All three hypotheses are accepted, and the association between knowledge management and organizational outcome is mediated by employee commitment.
ENHANCING CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE AND DIGITAL LITERACY IN ACCOUNTING EDUCATION:...ijejournal
Recent literature has advocated for the use of project based learning to engage students in active learning. This study examines how students’ learning is enhanced through an overseas project-based learning (PBL) programme at a Singapore University (UNIS), called the UNIS-XO pedagogy. Specifically, this study provides a framework through which students, faculty members, and industry partner can collaborate through consulting programs with the aim to provide feasible recommendations to the clients. Our findings suggest that an experiential PBL with an overseas client is an important learning experience through which students can strengthen their digital literacy as well as cross-cultural competency to make them more futureready for their work.
Content writing samples for HR domain. We provide authoritative and SEO optimized content for HR professionals and businesses. These can be blog topics, Linkedin articles, social media posts and more. Contact https://contentspire.in for more information.
Summarize the article in apa citation-Explain how this article relate.pdfssuser58be4b1
Summarize the article in apa citation.
Explain how this article relate to communication challenges in the workplace?
INTRODUCTION
The Coronavirus Desease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has devastated the economies
of all countries in the world (Nasution et al, 2020). Until now, no expert has yet dared to
predict when this pandemic will end (Kolata, 2020). The existence of this pandemic has
caused countries
20 International Journal of Educational Administration, Management, and Leadership
Volume 1, Number 1, May, 2020, Page 19- 26
affected by the pandemic to limit all activities that could potentially spread and transmit
the disease (Mattern et al, 2020; Yunus & Rezki, 2020). This restriction is known as
lockdown. The impact of this lockdown is very real, especially in the social and
economic sectors. The implementation of lockdown, both directly and indirectly, has
resulted in companies laying off employees, reducing production capacity, stopping and
closing factories to layoff employees as a result of lack of demand and income. As if it
were a cause-and-effect effect, it led to an increase in the number of unemployed and a
decrease in the quality of life of the community (Martn et al, 2020).
The COVID-19 pandemic has created an extremely challenging environment for HRM
human resource management as managers must quickly venture into the "unknown" as
they seek to help their workforce adapt and cope with the radical changes taking place
in work and social environments. (Bierema, 2020). For example, employees who
previously spent all or most of their time working within the physical confines of their
organization now have to quickly adjust to remote work environments. Due to
insignificant shelter orders and business closings, even those who may be able to
adjust to remote working conditions are now faced with their own unique challenges due
to the inability to find alternative workspaces (eg, cafes, libraries) outside the home
itself. This may further limit the segmentation between work and personal environment
which causes greater difficulty in "releasing" from the demands of work (Trougakos, et
al, 2020). In addition to the increasing inability to separate work and private life, the
closure of schools and public services has increased parental demands for employees,
further blurring the line between work and family environment (Adamy & Overberg,
2018). While this work-family interconnection appears to be very demanding for
employees with children, single and childless workers are not immune to the negative
consequences of such changing working conditions, as they may be at greatest risk of
experiencing loneliness, feeling of aimlessness and negatively related things. effects on
well-being (Vogel, 2018).
At the same time, the current great challenges of COVID-19 provide the right moment
for management experts to coordinate research efforts and turn them into actionable
insights to support organizations in addressing one of the greatest challenges in .
The document discusses how management of culture and space changed during the Covid-19 pandemic. Management of culture shifted to focus on virtual interactions and digital tools as employees worked remotely. Management control decreased as monitoring employees became more difficult remotely. Employee resistance increased as remote working provided more flexibility. Management of space also changed as offices were no longer needed, reducing competition over office spaces in cities.
The covid-19 pandemic boosted the Digitalization initiative. Every company started relying more on digital technologies to continue their business operations. To cope with this changing environment, employees planned to improve their skills and started learning new things virtually; this gave rise to E-learning during the pandemic. The future of E-learning looks excellent because it is the easiest way to learn.
A Mediated Model of Employee commitment: The Impact of Knowledge Management P...IJAEMSJORNAL
In this modern and competitive day, firms rely on innovative ideas to sustain and succeed. For today's management, it is critical to look for ways and means to knowledge management, and this study greatly emphasizes this aspect. This study investigates and investigates the impact of a knowledge management on organizational outcome as well as the role of employee commitment as a mediator. Essentially, it provides a framework via which a high-commitment work environment supports innovative work behavior in Kurdistan region of Iraq SMEs. Using the findings of this study, SMEs firms, particularly mobile network operators, can alter and innovate their services in order to thrive in a competitive market. All proven correlations are conceptually explained, practically tested, and supported by a survey of the literature. The findings revealed that all three variables in the study have a favorable association. All three hypotheses are accepted, and the association between knowledge management and organizational outcome is mediated by employee commitment.
ENHANCING CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE AND DIGITAL LITERACY IN ACCOUNTING EDUCATION:...ijejournal
Recent literature has advocated for the use of project based learning to engage students in active learning. This study examines how students’ learning is enhanced through an overseas project-based learning (PBL) programme at a Singapore University (UNIS), called the UNIS-XO pedagogy. Specifically, this study provides a framework through which students, faculty members, and industry partner can collaborate through consulting programs with the aim to provide feasible recommendations to the clients. Our findings suggest that an experiential PBL with an overseas client is an important learning experience through which students can strengthen their digital literacy as well as cross-cultural competency to make them more futureready for their work.
Content writing samples for HR domain. We provide authoritative and SEO optimized content for HR professionals and businesses. These can be blog topics, Linkedin articles, social media posts and more. Contact https://contentspire.in for more information.
Summarize the article in apa citation-Explain how this article relate.pdfssuser58be4b1
Summarize the article in apa citation.
Explain how this article relate to communication challenges in the workplace?
INTRODUCTION
The Coronavirus Desease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has devastated the economies
of all countries in the world (Nasution et al, 2020). Until now, no expert has yet dared to
predict when this pandemic will end (Kolata, 2020). The existence of this pandemic has
caused countries
20 International Journal of Educational Administration, Management, and Leadership
Volume 1, Number 1, May, 2020, Page 19- 26
affected by the pandemic to limit all activities that could potentially spread and transmit
the disease (Mattern et al, 2020; Yunus & Rezki, 2020). This restriction is known as
lockdown. The impact of this lockdown is very real, especially in the social and
economic sectors. The implementation of lockdown, both directly and indirectly, has
resulted in companies laying off employees, reducing production capacity, stopping and
closing factories to layoff employees as a result of lack of demand and income. As if it
were a cause-and-effect effect, it led to an increase in the number of unemployed and a
decrease in the quality of life of the community (Martn et al, 2020).
The COVID-19 pandemic has created an extremely challenging environment for HRM
human resource management as managers must quickly venture into the "unknown" as
they seek to help their workforce adapt and cope with the radical changes taking place
in work and social environments. (Bierema, 2020). For example, employees who
previously spent all or most of their time working within the physical confines of their
organization now have to quickly adjust to remote work environments. Due to
insignificant shelter orders and business closings, even those who may be able to
adjust to remote working conditions are now faced with their own unique challenges due
to the inability to find alternative workspaces (eg, cafes, libraries) outside the home
itself. This may further limit the segmentation between work and personal environment
which causes greater difficulty in "releasing" from the demands of work (Trougakos, et
al, 2020). In addition to the increasing inability to separate work and private life, the
closure of schools and public services has increased parental demands for employees,
further blurring the line between work and family environment (Adamy & Overberg,
2018). While this work-family interconnection appears to be very demanding for
employees with children, single and childless workers are not immune to the negative
consequences of such changing working conditions, as they may be at greatest risk of
experiencing loneliness, feeling of aimlessness and negatively related things. effects on
well-being (Vogel, 2018).
At the same time, the current great challenges of COVID-19 provide the right moment
for management experts to coordinate research efforts and turn them into actionable
insights to support organizations in addressing one of the greatest challenges in .
This study examines the relationship between training and development programs and employee performance at a highway construction company in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The study aims to identify common training programs, investigate their impact on employee performance, determine if involvement in training relates to performance, and suggest best practices. It argues that training is important for adapting to changes, competing, innovating, and achieving goals. However, limited research exists on training's effects in developing countries. The study seeks to address this gap and add to the understanding of human resource development issues.
The New-Normal of Talent & Knowledge Management – A Framework towards Virtual...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Indian economy since the pre and post-independence period has witnessed a drastic transformation from an agrarian economy to a knowledge-based economy thus creating a knowledge-based workforce and organisations. With the change of time, the learning became more complex and necessity thus creating havoc and high-pace change in the character of the job in an organisation even creating a situation where artificial intelligence is replacing human intelligence.
Today’s employees are more competitive in terms of skills, pay-packages, and also work challenges. Amidst of all these changes, the present uncertainty and crisis hovering the entire world i.e .the Corona Virus pandemic which has forced almost all organizations to accept virtual learning and virtual knowledge sharing as a competitive edge and adapting virtual-cost-effective learning and communication system. It is prime time when the management of the organisation has to initiate a holistic approach towards virtual learning and knowledge sharing with a clear objective of up-skilling its workforce to new normals during and post-pandemic. The new normal norms will bring in new challenges of a new set of skills and competencies and operational processes to revive the broken economy and business setbacks.
This paper further concentrates and focuses on applying and improving virtual knowledge management practices in organisation. It also focuses on effective talent up-gradation and management systems which most important in the present scenario to have a ‘Fact-Based Communication' And 'Virtual Connectivity'.
Here, Descriptive Research is adopted for the study. Literature review of articles and research papers is analytically conducted to develop a significant process for crucial talent management systems that will aid in the up-skilling workforce through virtual mode to combat and resurgence the Post- COVID-19.
Shared Value Creation: Value chain redesign in companies of the sugar sectorjournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT : This article exposes the different arguments in favor of The Shared Value Creation (CVC) within an organization as an inclusive competitive strategy of the social, environmental and economic problems on its different interest groups; It is the redesign of its value chain for a more efficient and effective impact on productivity and business competitiveness.
A theoretical content and a practical perspective are elaborated to model the way to create shared value in an organization throughout a methodology implemented in a company in the sugar sector. The proposed model is made up of five stages: a) Description of the company, b) Strategic diagnosis, c) Executive proposal, d) Change management and f) Strategic decision.
The strategic decision stage includes a six-steps sub model oriented to develop and to redesign a segment of the entire value chain, where implementation begins with the segmentation of critical inputs, awareness suppliers through Value-Sharing, CSR and Sustainability. Subsequent phases consist of an approach to selected suppliers and the strategic breakdown by the company.
The ‘4V’ Approach in Strategic Human Resources Management Post- COVID -19Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The ‘4V’ approach is administered throughout the operational level in an organisation. Expression of empathy among all levels of the hierarchy of the taskforce is the foundation of this ‘4V’approach and need of the hour. The proposed ‘4V’ approach is a continual process; it requires continuous support and initiative of top management for transforming organisational work environment.
It is peak time for top management's leadership to instigate and develop a candour relationship between its people and the organisation's vision. The approach addresses and dilutes the psychological distress of the workforce arising from the deadly COVID -19 pandemic.
In this research, the '4V' approach is a strategic-compliances deliberation, that is developed based on 'Managerial Good Practices' within the operational system of the organisation. The study also confirms upon offering a pious work environment to every individual in the organisation. Comprehending the detailed analysis of each 'V' of the '4V'approach, it is definite that the '4V'approach is psychologically administered.
The uncertainty of COVID-19 is raising without any specific deadline, in this scenario its judicious to accept the new normalness and get our systems ready in parlance with COVID-19 management at the workplace.
The need of the hour is to enhance flexibility and adaptability to accept the conscious changes in life along with re-imaging and innovative ideas to restructure the business setbacks s due to the COVID -19 pandemic. Making the employee feel safe, at ease, imperative to the organisation, ought to be the prime concern of this strategic HR approach and ensuring combating-traits among people against the pandemic situation.
A Case Study On The Implementation Of A Knowledge Management Strategy Oriente...Gina Brown
Irizar implemented a knowledge management strategy oriented towards continuous innovation. The strategy involved disseminating an organizational mission focused on innovation and knowledge sharing. It established strategic positioning through knowledge storage systems and international expansion. This allowed improvements in quality and productivity. Subsequently, Irizar underwent radical organizational changes, redesigning processes and implementing multidisciplinary teams with autonomy. This integrated incremental and radical changes, supporting continuous learning and innovation. As a result, Irizar achieved major operational improvements and increases in various performance indicators, cementing its position as a leader in its sector.
The document is a study that analyzes training practices and their impact on employee productivity at Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) in India. It reviews literature on training and development. LIC provides various training programs for employees, including standard programs, role orientation courses, and sales training. The study aims to examine differences in employee perceptions of training based on gender, designation, and education level. A questionnaire was administered to 250 LIC employees, and statistical analysis was used to analyze the data. The results show that employee training at LIC is average and perceptions do not differ significantly based on demographics. Recommendations include ensuring all employees receive necessary training and properly analyzing training's contribution to organizational effectiveness.
BHMH1101 Fundamentals Of Human Resources Management.docxwrite5
The L&D function at KPMG will need to support changes occurring at the organization in three key ways:
1) Provide cloud-based learning platforms and data analytics to support the development of digital skills among employees and new client-facing business solutions.
2) Expand training programs focused on areas like data science and digital architecture to strengthen client relationships and capitalize on growth opportunities.
3) Develop more agile training programs to help facilitate rapid responses to changes in market demands and organizational needs over the next 1-5 years.
An Assessment of Project Portfolio Management Techniques on Product and Servi...iosrjce
The crises of product and service innovation in most organisations due to global competition and
the need for scientific research in the project portfolio management discipline were factors that motivated this
research. The purpose of this study is to investigate how project portfolio management(ppm) contributes to
product and service innovation. A questionnaire was developed to gather data to compare the PPM methods
used, PPM performance and resulting new product success measures in sixty Nigeria organisations in a diverse
range of service and manufacturing industries. The study findings indicated that PPM practices have a greater
impact in the new product and services success rate. Also, business strategy method result in better alignment
of the projects in the portfolio. This conclusion is supported by the 0.630 Pearson correlations at 0.000
significance between percentage of successful products and PPM performance level. The results reveal that for
better innovation outcomes, management should place a priority on developing and improving PPM.
The Effects of Human Resource Development on Students Academic Performance in...ijtsrd
This study focused on “The Effects of Human Resource Development on Students’ Academic Performance in English Speaking Public Universities in Cameroon”. The main objective was to investigate if students’ academic performance depends on the ways human resources Administrators and Lecturers are being managed. Main concepts of human resources dexamined were seminars and in service training. This study formulated two specific objectives, and was carried out using two research questions which were later translated to two research hypotheses to ascertain the findings of the study. The study used the survey design in which quantitative and qualitative data was used as the basis on which to build and explain data. Data was collected with the use of questionnaires and interview guides. The sample was selected using the simple random sampling technique. The sample was selected using the convenient sampling technique. The sample consisted of 375 lecturers and 649 students from the two English Speaking Public Universities in Cameroon. The interview was conducted with 10 Administrators from both schools. This gave a grand total of 1034 respondents in this study. An analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data resulted in the following findings there is a significant positive relationship between workers attaining seminars and students’ academic performance and there is a significant positive relationship between in service training and students’ academic performance. The study therefore recommended that when the right persons have been selected, they should be paired with experienced personnel of their field to observe how they work in service training before they are given the opportunity to work on their own the Minister of Higher Education through the Head of State should allocate some funds for seminars to be organise for staff. The study therefore concluded that human resource development is an essential tool towards institutional growth and development. Dr. Nforbi Shalotte Lem | Mr. Amungwa Gerald "The Effects of Human Resource Development on Students Academic Performance in Public English Speaking Universities in Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49207.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/49207/the-effects-of-human-resource-development-on-students-academic-performance-in-public-english-speaking-universities-in-cameroon/dr-nforbi-shalotte-lem
Embedding the Principles of CSR from Responsibility to SustainabilityGlobalHunt Foundation
The session provided an in-depth understanding of the CSR compliance requirements in India as per the New Companies Act 2013. Key points discussed included:
- The evolution of CSR guidelines in India from voluntary to mandatory requirements.
- The New Companies Act 2013 mandates companies with over Rs. 1000 crore turnover to spend 2% of net profits on social and environmental projects.
- The Act aims to move companies beyond philanthropic donations to long-term impactful projects. It also focuses on internal ethical practices of companies.
- Requirements around CSR board/committee, CSR policy formulation, fund administration, eligibility of NGO partners, and reporting non-compliance were explained.
- Participants from various companies
Financial Practices of Private Schools in Nueva Ecija during Covid-19 PandemicIJAEMSJORNAL
This study identified the financial practices, challenges and level compliance of selected private schools in Nueva Ecija during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Ten school treasurers from different private high schools in Nueva Ecija were purposively selected as the respondents of the study. The results revealed that while all schools were compliant to the minimum Certification Assessment Instrument (CAI) standards in the area of school budget and finances set by the Private Education Assistance Committee (PEAC) it did not exempt these schools to different financial challenges brought by COVID-19. The data gathered also determined that decrease in student enrollment, difficulty in collecting student financial obligation and decrease in revenue generated inside the school from canteen operation were the top financial challenges encountered by these schools that were mainly attributed to the distance learning modality employed by the private schools due to school lockdowns. Majority of these schools have employed common financial practices in increasing student’s enrollment through increasing the budget on marketing strategy, waiving all school fees to senior high school students coming from public schools and expanding kindergarten subsidy slots and in strategies on intensifying collection of student financial liability by way of orientation on parents/guardians on payment culture, intensifying communication mechanism on collection, account cards available on demand and availability e- payments while continuously improving the overall areas of school operation to perpetually participate as Educational Service Contracting (ESC) schools.
Collaboration between universities and industry NZ and Australialorraine skelton
Knowledge nations are keeping knowledge to themselves.
A report by Deloitte 2018 shows that less than 5% of industry forms collaborations with universities in NZ and only 3% in Australia, which puts us a long way behind other developed countries.
Global Financial Outlook during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The role of effective ...AI Publications
The current study's main goal is to look into the relationship between leadership styles and Erbil's financial outlook. Government officials, administrators, and leaders of large companies and organisations make critical decisions on a regular basis and expect positive outcomes in achieving their goals. 130 participants were involved in the present study. The results revealed that the highest value among all leadership styles was charismatic leadership. According to the research findings, there are more to uncover on the subject of leadership styles and Financial outlook in Erbil. A bigger sample size and including all the key races in Erbil would provide support for further studies.
The document outlines UiTM's innovation blueprint for 2010-2019 to support Malaysia's goal of becoming a developed nation by 2020. The blueprint details UiTM's plans to [1] develop an innovation culture through education and acculturation, [2] build innovation infrastructure like research labs and business parks, and [3] commercialize research through strategic partnerships. The three phase plan aims to produce skilled graduates, valuable research, and eventually make UiTM financially self-sufficient through innovation by 2019.
Support to Human Resource Development in Uganda: a case study of BTC's new st...Thea Mathues
The document outlines a new strategy for BTC's Support to Development for Human Resources project. The strategy aims to have a greater impact through an organizational approach to competency development that focuses on sustainable capacity building, increased transfer of learning, and organizational change. Key elements of the new strategy include conducting needs assessments and training planning, implementing a variety of training modalities, fostering complementarity with other interventions, and emphasizing transfer of learning and organizational change over solely learning outcomes.
1. There is a large gap between the number of graduates coming out of Indian universities and the number that are employable, with estimates that only 25% of engineering and 10% of general graduates have the necessary skills.
2. This skills gap is caused by academics that focus only on theoretical knowledge and a lack of interaction between industry, government, and academia to develop curricula tailored to industry needs.
3. Improving employability will require bringing employers into the course design process, modifying courses to match industry needs, and building links between educational institutions and local employers through activities like guest lectures, internships, and research collaborations.
MindLab's UNDP Knowledge and Innovation evaluationUNDP Eurasia
The Regional Service Center for Europe and the CIS commissioned MindLab the evaluation of the initiative “Knowledge and Innovation in the Europe and CIS Region 2012/2013”. This report represents a thematic evaluation of the innovation activities undertaken by the Regional Service Center for Europe and the CIS and led by its Knowledge and the Innovation in 2011-2013.
Contribution of Skill Development Program on Self-Employment in Nyamagana Dis...AI Publications
This study aimed to investigate the contribution of skill development to self-employment. The study specifically aimed to identify skills development programs required for self-employment among youth. To identify the roles of stakeholders in contributing to skills development programs on self-employment among youth and to examine factors hindering the contribution of skills development programs towards self-employment among youth. Based on the findings through questionnaires and interviews it can be concluded that skills development programs are very important for youth selfemployment in society. That skills development contributes highly to the youth in the determination of entrepreneurship opportunities; it then gives youth time to learn about the management of their enterprises as well as creating a link between one economic sector to another. However, it was established that there are challenges facing skills development programs among youth, which need to be mitigated properly to obtain positive, results about the improvement of youth selfemployment.
This document summarizes a research study that assessed the impact of public sector interventions on business start-up rates among university entrepreneurship graduates in Nigeria. The study used a mixed-methods approach, surveying 391 graduates and interviewing 10. The results found that graduates exhibited high levels of entrepreneurial awareness and willingness to start businesses despite challenges in Nigeria's business environment. The study recommends that the government continue supporting university entrepreneurship programs and work to address obstacles in the business environment hindering new venture formation.
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation F...AlexanderRichford
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation Functions to Prevent Interaction with Malicious QR Codes.
Aim of the Study: The goal of this research was to develop a robust hybrid approach for identifying malicious and insecure URLs derived from QR codes, ensuring safe interactions.
This is achieved through:
Machine Learning Model: Predicts the likelihood of a URL being malicious.
Security Validation Functions: Ensures the derived URL has a valid certificate and proper URL format.
This innovative blend of technology aims to enhance cybersecurity measures and protect users from potential threats hidden within QR codes 🖥 🔒
This study was my first introduction to using ML which has shown me the immense potential of ML in creating more secure digital environments!
This study examines the relationship between training and development programs and employee performance at a highway construction company in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The study aims to identify common training programs, investigate their impact on employee performance, determine if involvement in training relates to performance, and suggest best practices. It argues that training is important for adapting to changes, competing, innovating, and achieving goals. However, limited research exists on training's effects in developing countries. The study seeks to address this gap and add to the understanding of human resource development issues.
The New-Normal of Talent & Knowledge Management – A Framework towards Virtual...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Indian economy since the pre and post-independence period has witnessed a drastic transformation from an agrarian economy to a knowledge-based economy thus creating a knowledge-based workforce and organisations. With the change of time, the learning became more complex and necessity thus creating havoc and high-pace change in the character of the job in an organisation even creating a situation where artificial intelligence is replacing human intelligence.
Today’s employees are more competitive in terms of skills, pay-packages, and also work challenges. Amidst of all these changes, the present uncertainty and crisis hovering the entire world i.e .the Corona Virus pandemic which has forced almost all organizations to accept virtual learning and virtual knowledge sharing as a competitive edge and adapting virtual-cost-effective learning and communication system. It is prime time when the management of the organisation has to initiate a holistic approach towards virtual learning and knowledge sharing with a clear objective of up-skilling its workforce to new normals during and post-pandemic. The new normal norms will bring in new challenges of a new set of skills and competencies and operational processes to revive the broken economy and business setbacks.
This paper further concentrates and focuses on applying and improving virtual knowledge management practices in organisation. It also focuses on effective talent up-gradation and management systems which most important in the present scenario to have a ‘Fact-Based Communication' And 'Virtual Connectivity'.
Here, Descriptive Research is adopted for the study. Literature review of articles and research papers is analytically conducted to develop a significant process for crucial talent management systems that will aid in the up-skilling workforce through virtual mode to combat and resurgence the Post- COVID-19.
Shared Value Creation: Value chain redesign in companies of the sugar sectorjournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT : This article exposes the different arguments in favor of The Shared Value Creation (CVC) within an organization as an inclusive competitive strategy of the social, environmental and economic problems on its different interest groups; It is the redesign of its value chain for a more efficient and effective impact on productivity and business competitiveness.
A theoretical content and a practical perspective are elaborated to model the way to create shared value in an organization throughout a methodology implemented in a company in the sugar sector. The proposed model is made up of five stages: a) Description of the company, b) Strategic diagnosis, c) Executive proposal, d) Change management and f) Strategic decision.
The strategic decision stage includes a six-steps sub model oriented to develop and to redesign a segment of the entire value chain, where implementation begins with the segmentation of critical inputs, awareness suppliers through Value-Sharing, CSR and Sustainability. Subsequent phases consist of an approach to selected suppliers and the strategic breakdown by the company.
The ‘4V’ Approach in Strategic Human Resources Management Post- COVID -19Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The ‘4V’ approach is administered throughout the operational level in an organisation. Expression of empathy among all levels of the hierarchy of the taskforce is the foundation of this ‘4V’approach and need of the hour. The proposed ‘4V’ approach is a continual process; it requires continuous support and initiative of top management for transforming organisational work environment.
It is peak time for top management's leadership to instigate and develop a candour relationship between its people and the organisation's vision. The approach addresses and dilutes the psychological distress of the workforce arising from the deadly COVID -19 pandemic.
In this research, the '4V' approach is a strategic-compliances deliberation, that is developed based on 'Managerial Good Practices' within the operational system of the organisation. The study also confirms upon offering a pious work environment to every individual in the organisation. Comprehending the detailed analysis of each 'V' of the '4V'approach, it is definite that the '4V'approach is psychologically administered.
The uncertainty of COVID-19 is raising without any specific deadline, in this scenario its judicious to accept the new normalness and get our systems ready in parlance with COVID-19 management at the workplace.
The need of the hour is to enhance flexibility and adaptability to accept the conscious changes in life along with re-imaging and innovative ideas to restructure the business setbacks s due to the COVID -19 pandemic. Making the employee feel safe, at ease, imperative to the organisation, ought to be the prime concern of this strategic HR approach and ensuring combating-traits among people against the pandemic situation.
A Case Study On The Implementation Of A Knowledge Management Strategy Oriente...Gina Brown
Irizar implemented a knowledge management strategy oriented towards continuous innovation. The strategy involved disseminating an organizational mission focused on innovation and knowledge sharing. It established strategic positioning through knowledge storage systems and international expansion. This allowed improvements in quality and productivity. Subsequently, Irizar underwent radical organizational changes, redesigning processes and implementing multidisciplinary teams with autonomy. This integrated incremental and radical changes, supporting continuous learning and innovation. As a result, Irizar achieved major operational improvements and increases in various performance indicators, cementing its position as a leader in its sector.
The document is a study that analyzes training practices and their impact on employee productivity at Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) in India. It reviews literature on training and development. LIC provides various training programs for employees, including standard programs, role orientation courses, and sales training. The study aims to examine differences in employee perceptions of training based on gender, designation, and education level. A questionnaire was administered to 250 LIC employees, and statistical analysis was used to analyze the data. The results show that employee training at LIC is average and perceptions do not differ significantly based on demographics. Recommendations include ensuring all employees receive necessary training and properly analyzing training's contribution to organizational effectiveness.
BHMH1101 Fundamentals Of Human Resources Management.docxwrite5
The L&D function at KPMG will need to support changes occurring at the organization in three key ways:
1) Provide cloud-based learning platforms and data analytics to support the development of digital skills among employees and new client-facing business solutions.
2) Expand training programs focused on areas like data science and digital architecture to strengthen client relationships and capitalize on growth opportunities.
3) Develop more agile training programs to help facilitate rapid responses to changes in market demands and organizational needs over the next 1-5 years.
An Assessment of Project Portfolio Management Techniques on Product and Servi...iosrjce
The crises of product and service innovation in most organisations due to global competition and
the need for scientific research in the project portfolio management discipline were factors that motivated this
research. The purpose of this study is to investigate how project portfolio management(ppm) contributes to
product and service innovation. A questionnaire was developed to gather data to compare the PPM methods
used, PPM performance and resulting new product success measures in sixty Nigeria organisations in a diverse
range of service and manufacturing industries. The study findings indicated that PPM practices have a greater
impact in the new product and services success rate. Also, business strategy method result in better alignment
of the projects in the portfolio. This conclusion is supported by the 0.630 Pearson correlations at 0.000
significance between percentage of successful products and PPM performance level. The results reveal that for
better innovation outcomes, management should place a priority on developing and improving PPM.
The Effects of Human Resource Development on Students Academic Performance in...ijtsrd
This study focused on “The Effects of Human Resource Development on Students’ Academic Performance in English Speaking Public Universities in Cameroon”. The main objective was to investigate if students’ academic performance depends on the ways human resources Administrators and Lecturers are being managed. Main concepts of human resources dexamined were seminars and in service training. This study formulated two specific objectives, and was carried out using two research questions which were later translated to two research hypotheses to ascertain the findings of the study. The study used the survey design in which quantitative and qualitative data was used as the basis on which to build and explain data. Data was collected with the use of questionnaires and interview guides. The sample was selected using the simple random sampling technique. The sample was selected using the convenient sampling technique. The sample consisted of 375 lecturers and 649 students from the two English Speaking Public Universities in Cameroon. The interview was conducted with 10 Administrators from both schools. This gave a grand total of 1034 respondents in this study. An analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data resulted in the following findings there is a significant positive relationship between workers attaining seminars and students’ academic performance and there is a significant positive relationship between in service training and students’ academic performance. The study therefore recommended that when the right persons have been selected, they should be paired with experienced personnel of their field to observe how they work in service training before they are given the opportunity to work on their own the Minister of Higher Education through the Head of State should allocate some funds for seminars to be organise for staff. The study therefore concluded that human resource development is an essential tool towards institutional growth and development. Dr. Nforbi Shalotte Lem | Mr. Amungwa Gerald "The Effects of Human Resource Development on Students Academic Performance in Public English Speaking Universities in Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49207.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/49207/the-effects-of-human-resource-development-on-students-academic-performance-in-public-english-speaking-universities-in-cameroon/dr-nforbi-shalotte-lem
Embedding the Principles of CSR from Responsibility to SustainabilityGlobalHunt Foundation
The session provided an in-depth understanding of the CSR compliance requirements in India as per the New Companies Act 2013. Key points discussed included:
- The evolution of CSR guidelines in India from voluntary to mandatory requirements.
- The New Companies Act 2013 mandates companies with over Rs. 1000 crore turnover to spend 2% of net profits on social and environmental projects.
- The Act aims to move companies beyond philanthropic donations to long-term impactful projects. It also focuses on internal ethical practices of companies.
- Requirements around CSR board/committee, CSR policy formulation, fund administration, eligibility of NGO partners, and reporting non-compliance were explained.
- Participants from various companies
Financial Practices of Private Schools in Nueva Ecija during Covid-19 PandemicIJAEMSJORNAL
This study identified the financial practices, challenges and level compliance of selected private schools in Nueva Ecija during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Ten school treasurers from different private high schools in Nueva Ecija were purposively selected as the respondents of the study. The results revealed that while all schools were compliant to the minimum Certification Assessment Instrument (CAI) standards in the area of school budget and finances set by the Private Education Assistance Committee (PEAC) it did not exempt these schools to different financial challenges brought by COVID-19. The data gathered also determined that decrease in student enrollment, difficulty in collecting student financial obligation and decrease in revenue generated inside the school from canteen operation were the top financial challenges encountered by these schools that were mainly attributed to the distance learning modality employed by the private schools due to school lockdowns. Majority of these schools have employed common financial practices in increasing student’s enrollment through increasing the budget on marketing strategy, waiving all school fees to senior high school students coming from public schools and expanding kindergarten subsidy slots and in strategies on intensifying collection of student financial liability by way of orientation on parents/guardians on payment culture, intensifying communication mechanism on collection, account cards available on demand and availability e- payments while continuously improving the overall areas of school operation to perpetually participate as Educational Service Contracting (ESC) schools.
Collaboration between universities and industry NZ and Australialorraine skelton
Knowledge nations are keeping knowledge to themselves.
A report by Deloitte 2018 shows that less than 5% of industry forms collaborations with universities in NZ and only 3% in Australia, which puts us a long way behind other developed countries.
Global Financial Outlook during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The role of effective ...AI Publications
The current study's main goal is to look into the relationship between leadership styles and Erbil's financial outlook. Government officials, administrators, and leaders of large companies and organisations make critical decisions on a regular basis and expect positive outcomes in achieving their goals. 130 participants were involved in the present study. The results revealed that the highest value among all leadership styles was charismatic leadership. According to the research findings, there are more to uncover on the subject of leadership styles and Financial outlook in Erbil. A bigger sample size and including all the key races in Erbil would provide support for further studies.
The document outlines UiTM's innovation blueprint for 2010-2019 to support Malaysia's goal of becoming a developed nation by 2020. The blueprint details UiTM's plans to [1] develop an innovation culture through education and acculturation, [2] build innovation infrastructure like research labs and business parks, and [3] commercialize research through strategic partnerships. The three phase plan aims to produce skilled graduates, valuable research, and eventually make UiTM financially self-sufficient through innovation by 2019.
Support to Human Resource Development in Uganda: a case study of BTC's new st...Thea Mathues
The document outlines a new strategy for BTC's Support to Development for Human Resources project. The strategy aims to have a greater impact through an organizational approach to competency development that focuses on sustainable capacity building, increased transfer of learning, and organizational change. Key elements of the new strategy include conducting needs assessments and training planning, implementing a variety of training modalities, fostering complementarity with other interventions, and emphasizing transfer of learning and organizational change over solely learning outcomes.
1. There is a large gap between the number of graduates coming out of Indian universities and the number that are employable, with estimates that only 25% of engineering and 10% of general graduates have the necessary skills.
2. This skills gap is caused by academics that focus only on theoretical knowledge and a lack of interaction between industry, government, and academia to develop curricula tailored to industry needs.
3. Improving employability will require bringing employers into the course design process, modifying courses to match industry needs, and building links between educational institutions and local employers through activities like guest lectures, internships, and research collaborations.
MindLab's UNDP Knowledge and Innovation evaluationUNDP Eurasia
The Regional Service Center for Europe and the CIS commissioned MindLab the evaluation of the initiative “Knowledge and Innovation in the Europe and CIS Region 2012/2013”. This report represents a thematic evaluation of the innovation activities undertaken by the Regional Service Center for Europe and the CIS and led by its Knowledge and the Innovation in 2011-2013.
Contribution of Skill Development Program on Self-Employment in Nyamagana Dis...AI Publications
This study aimed to investigate the contribution of skill development to self-employment. The study specifically aimed to identify skills development programs required for self-employment among youth. To identify the roles of stakeholders in contributing to skills development programs on self-employment among youth and to examine factors hindering the contribution of skills development programs towards self-employment among youth. Based on the findings through questionnaires and interviews it can be concluded that skills development programs are very important for youth selfemployment in society. That skills development contributes highly to the youth in the determination of entrepreneurship opportunities; it then gives youth time to learn about the management of their enterprises as well as creating a link between one economic sector to another. However, it was established that there are challenges facing skills development programs among youth, which need to be mitigated properly to obtain positive, results about the improvement of youth selfemployment.
This document summarizes a research study that assessed the impact of public sector interventions on business start-up rates among university entrepreneurship graduates in Nigeria. The study used a mixed-methods approach, surveying 391 graduates and interviewing 10. The results found that graduates exhibited high levels of entrepreneurial awareness and willingness to start businesses despite challenges in Nigeria's business environment. The study recommends that the government continue supporting university entrepreneurship programs and work to address obstacles in the business environment hindering new venture formation.
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation F...AlexanderRichford
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation Functions to Prevent Interaction with Malicious QR Codes.
Aim of the Study: The goal of this research was to develop a robust hybrid approach for identifying malicious and insecure URLs derived from QR codes, ensuring safe interactions.
This is achieved through:
Machine Learning Model: Predicts the likelihood of a URL being malicious.
Security Validation Functions: Ensures the derived URL has a valid certificate and proper URL format.
This innovative blend of technology aims to enhance cybersecurity measures and protect users from potential threats hidden within QR codes 🖥 🔒
This study was my first introduction to using ML which has shown me the immense potential of ML in creating more secure digital environments!
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
MySQL InnoDB Storage Engine: Deep Dive - MydbopsMydbops
This presentation, titled "MySQL - InnoDB" and delivered by Mayank Prasad at the Mydbops Open Source Database Meetup 16 on June 8th, 2024, covers dynamic configuration of REDO logs and instant ADD/DROP columns in InnoDB.
This presentation dives deep into the world of InnoDB, exploring two ground-breaking features introduced in MySQL 8.0:
• Dynamic Configuration of REDO Logs: Enhance your database's performance and flexibility with on-the-fly adjustments to REDO log capacity. Unleash the power of the snake metaphor to visualize how InnoDB manages REDO log files.
• Instant ADD/DROP Columns: Say goodbye to costly table rebuilds! This presentation unveils how InnoDB now enables seamless addition and removal of columns without compromising data integrity or incurring downtime.
Key Learnings:
• Grasp the concept of REDO logs and their significance in InnoDB's transaction management.
• Discover the advantages of dynamic REDO log configuration and how to leverage it for optimal performance.
• Understand the inner workings of instant ADD/DROP columns and their impact on database operations.
• Gain valuable insights into the row versioning mechanism that empowers instant column modifications.
inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham HillLizaNolte
HERE IS YOUR WEBINAR CONTENT! 'Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr. Graham Hill'. We hope you find the webinar recording both insightful and enjoyable.
In this webinar, we explored essential aspects of Customer Journey Management and personalization. Here’s a summary of the key insights and topics discussed:
Key Takeaways:
Understanding the Customer Journey: Dr. Hill emphasized the importance of mapping and understanding the complete customer journey to identify touchpoints and opportunities for improvement.
Personalization Strategies: We discussed how to leverage data and insights to create personalized experiences that resonate with customers.
Technology Integration: Insights were shared on how inQuba’s advanced technology can streamline customer interactions and drive operational efficiency.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Lee Barnes - Path to Becoming an Effective Test Automation Engineer.pdfleebarnesutopia
So… you want to become a Test Automation Engineer (or hire and develop one)? While there’s quite a bit of information available about important technical and tool skills to master, there’s not enough discussion around the path to becoming an effective Test Automation Engineer that knows how to add VALUE. In my experience this had led to a proliferation of engineers who are proficient with tools and building frameworks but have skill and knowledge gaps, especially in software testing, that reduce the value they deliver with test automation.
In this talk, Lee will share his lessons learned from over 30 years of working with, and mentoring, hundreds of Test Automation Engineers. Whether you’re looking to get started in test automation or just want to improve your trade, this talk will give you a solid foundation and roadmap for ensuring your test automation efforts continuously add value. This talk is equally valuable for both aspiring Test Automation Engineers and those managing them! All attendees will take away a set of key foundational knowledge and a high-level learning path for leveling up test automation skills and ensuring they add value to their organizations.
"NATO Hackathon Winner: AI-Powered Drug Search", Taras KlobaFwdays
This is a session that details how PostgreSQL's features and Azure AI Services can be effectively used to significantly enhance the search functionality in any application.
In this session, we'll share insights on how we used PostgreSQL to facilitate precise searches across multiple fields in our mobile application. The techniques include using LIKE and ILIKE operators and integrating a trigram-based search to handle potential misspellings, thereby increasing the search accuracy.
We'll also discuss how the azure_ai extension on PostgreSQL databases in Azure and Azure AI Services were utilized to create vectors from user input, a feature beneficial when users wish to find specific items based on text prompts. While our application's case study involves a drug search, the techniques and principles shared in this session can be adapted to improve search functionality in a wide range of applications. Join us to learn how PostgreSQL and Azure AI can be harnessed to enhance your application's search capability.
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Keywords: AI, Containeres, Kubernetes, Cloud Native
Event Link: https://meine.doag.org/events/cloudland/2024/agenda/#agendaId.4211
Getting the Most Out of ScyllaDB Monitoring: ShareChat's TipsScyllaDB
ScyllaDB monitoring provides a lot of useful information. But sometimes it’s not easy to find the root of the problem if something is wrong or even estimate the remaining capacity by the load on the cluster. This talk shares our team's practical tips on: 1) How to find the root of the problem by metrics if ScyllaDB is slow 2) How to interpret the load and plan capacity for the future 3) Compaction strategies and how to choose the right one 4) Important metrics which aren’t available in the default monitoring setup.
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during MigrationMydbops
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
Abstract: Discover how PostgreSQL extensions can be your secret weapon! This talk explores how key extensions enhance database capabilities and streamline the migration process for users moving from other relational databases like Oracle.
Key Takeaways:
* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
* Gain valuable strategies for implementing these extensions in PostgreSQL to achieve license freedom.
* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
Mydbops Managed Services specializes in taking the pain out of database management while optimizing performance. Since 2015, we have been providing top-notch support and assistance for the top three open-source databases: MySQL, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL.
Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
Contact us: info@mydbops.com
Visit: https://www.mydbops.com/
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://in.linkedin.com/company/mydbops
For more details and updates, please follow up the below links.
Meetup Page : https://www.meetup.com/mydbops-databa...
Twitter: https://twitter.com/mydbopsofficial
Blogs: https://www.mydbops.com/blog/
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Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
QA or the Highway - Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend appl...zjhamm304
These are the slides for the presentation, "Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend applications" that was presented at QA or the Highway 2024 in Columbus, OH by Zachary Hamm.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
2. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2872 2 of 21
organizations expands by adopting NHRM practices. Moreover, innovative outputs are
expected from innovative work behavior [3], and IWB based on intentional behaviors
generate new and creative ideas useful for organizations; results manifested the relation-
ship between HRM practices and IWB as an opportunity, motivation, ability-enhancing
HRM practices [4]. Adopting a technological process that can create the base for making
challenging decisions is significant [5]. Hence, it is more salutary to study the adoption
of technological information in depth [6]; the ideal solutions can offer ways to solve the
challenges of traditional approaches and provide significant experience changes in orga-
nizational structure and design. It also results in the transformation of organizational
frameworks and current processes, resulting in transforming the learning environments
into more effective innovative learning environments. The results of our studies indicate
that the government in Jordan should tailor a plan to build more sufficient policies for
the online environment. Contingency plans are also needed to support an electronic and
resilient education system [7].
The landscape of innovation turned to cutthroat difficulties and challenges because
of the global crisis pandemic (COVID-19) which also affected the environment in sectors
such as education, which guides us to think about innovative modern solutions and quick
response times in order to correspond with the impact of the pandemic [8]. Government
organizations have the power to fulfill services and not focus on innovation. Furthermore,
employees facing resistance in performing innovation have few incentives and suffer
frm unfair reward systems, but in changing scenarios from past to present, government
organizations trying to promote their strategists to produce innovation while facing rapidly
changing and unpredictable circumstances by concentrating on unique employees and
raising operating systems, as organizations need technological processes and practices to
produce innovations [9].
More than two million learners in Jordan were influenced by the closing of the learning
institutions during the COVID-19 period; the educational sector in Jordanian ministries, like
most governments, aimed to overcome the consequences of the pandemic after lockdown.
During a press conference at the National Centre for Security and Crisis Management,
defense Order No. 7 in April 2020 in Jordan was announced by the Prime Minister of Jordan,
which deals with organizing remote learning for schools, universities, and vocational
training. He debated that COVID-19 presents an opportunity for Jordan to increase the
percentage of remote learning. Based on the announcement, policymakers in the Jordanian
government should develop the educational sector to promote E-learning, which makes
the environment innovative, creative, and more effective [7]. Demanding innovation in
government organizations should expand, especially for maintaining the human capital
value of possessing skills and abilities to ignite unique strategies, particularly in developing
countries [10].
Researchers declared that the technology organizational-environment (TOE) theory is
widely implemented in innovation performance to support the organization’s practices,
proficiency, and competencies. Furthermore, perceived intention and ease of use of inno-
vation need perceived behavioral control. Also, it is an important factor for accepting the
use of information technologies [11,12]. Besides, TOE theory offers sustainable competitive
benefits for organizations and is useful for NHRM practices. Moreover, the new practices
would be unique, and innovative when achieving sustainable implementation of TOE
theory in firms [1]. Hence, the current study, during the COVID-19 pandemic in the educa-
tional sector which required an innovative environment based on technological methods [8].
Applying TOE theory to justify the framework explains the relationships between NHRM
practices, innovation performance (IP), organizational innovation (OI) [1], and innovative
work behavior (IWB) that the relationship between HRM practices and IWB found [4].
Moreover, based on goal theories, Odoardi et al. [13] proposed a model to show the role
of innovation goals that might foster successful accomplishment of innovation-related
outcomes. Traditionally, motivational processes are positive and associated with work orga-
nization outcomes; it also supposes that they might be reasonably conducive to innovation
3. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2872 3 of 21
results, which represent a major pivot for achieving organizational competitiveness and
success. In their study, innovative work behavior (IWB) considered a fraction of an overall
motivational process, includes two vast systems hereinafter: goal generation and goal
striving. Over and above, it produces an innovative climate in organizations supported by
innovative behavior demands and NHRM practices [1]. which lead to the question of how
to decide how NHRM practices have a positive effect on innovation performance through
innovative work behavior. Indeed, Waheed et al. [14] referred that the several recent works
of literature emphasize the positive relationship between NHRM practices and innovation
performance at various stages of corporate performance such the adoption of the latest and
most up to date concepts of HR planning, job analysis, recruitment and selection, along
with the corresponding procedures.
However, particularly during the COVID-19 crisis [7], little literature has discussed
the abovementioned relation scenario, as authors suggested for future studies checking
the evolutionary perspective of NHRM’s effect on innovation performance with more
experimental confirmation that can be upgraded and adapted to new knowledge contexts
over time. Also, the frame of the study can be verified in the service industry sectors
in developing countries, and concentrate on the innovation concept to retest the concept
in-depth taking into consideration its internal factors [1].
Consequently, in the current study innovation can be upgraded over time for new
knowledge contexts by looking at it within the COVID-19 pandemic as a burning issue.
Also, this study proposes to fill this gap as a new contribution to this academic area and
suggests the Ministry of Education in the educational sector (as a service industry) in
Amman-Jordan (developing country) as a target population. The study largely contributes
to expanding the linkage between NHRM practices and innovation performance medi-
ated by organizational innovation (OI), and through innovative work behavior (IWB) the
mediating variable added to the relation.
In accord with the aims and objectives of this research, the endeavor is to contribute to
the literature of HRM through innovative practices that can aid organizations in managing
a crisis. This research further expands the geographical borders of the literature through
conducting research in the Middle East and specifically, Jordan. In this sense, the major
audience of this study is practitioners within the education sector to enhance HRM practices
within this industry.
The study highlighted the innovative circumstances during the critical and unpre-
dictable period that affected the world, and it tries to investigate the impact of new human
resource management practices-which based on technological issues classified as inno-
vation concepts and based on innovation performance during the COVID-19 pandemic
with the interplay of organizational innovation and innovative work behavior in the ed-
ucational sector, namely in the Ministry of Education in Amman which offered a quick
response to the new situation represented by human resources as one of the main assets in
the organization.
2. Literature Review and Hypotheses Development
2.1. New Human Resource Management Practices
Schuler and Jackson [15] introduced the importance of linking HRM practices and the
competitive strategy of firms; strategy-based innovation needs to be created via mid-level
people who take the initiative for change and solve problems with new ideas. They referred
that some new HRM practices that have a wide generalization and are not entirely new but
have reappeared lately. De Miranda Castro et al. [16] considered the horizontal directness
among the several human resource practices to business administration leads to good
quality of working life and more alignment between HR subsystems and the strategy of
organizations. That E-HRM is a unique side that reflected the practices. However, NHRM
has other aspects such as “flexibility” to deal with new situations. Also, strategy-based
innovation, an initiative for change, and solving problems with new ideas. Researchers
explained that NHRM practices are clusters that intend to produce responsibility, flexibility,
4. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2872 4 of 21
creativity, autonomy, and participation in production, not being interested in traditional
HRM practices such as recruiting, selection training, and career paths. Information technol-
ogy integrating with NHRM practices can achieve innovative performance, thus reducing
mistakes and risks. Indeed, researchers demonstrated the empirical association connecting
NHRM practices and innovation performance at organizations’ planning. NHRM practices
give significance to individual systems [2,17] and reduce bureaucratization. However, the
inflexibility of hiring and promotion processes often diminishes employees’ opportunities
to do diverse work [18]. At the same time, several systems are formed within NHRM prac-
tices to gather employees’ recommendations for gaining recent changes, decentralization
of decision rights, team spirit in organizations, and quality of work [19].
Al-Harazneh and Sila [20] targeted internet and technology advancement trajectory
has affected our lives, particularly education systems. As well, as the technology has a
robust consequence on human resource management (HRM) processes and practices in a
new approach and handled since the 1990s that corresponds with the replacement of face-
to-face HRM activities and web-based HRM digitalization through automation systems.
The employee’s skills and behaviors affect organizations’ implementation outcomes and
raise the value in performance, improving a firm’s effectiveness in HR-related tasks.
Furthermore, Nedumaran and Rani [21] encourage thinking innovatively using the
HR technology named E-HRM to enhance accurately and effectively more flexible human
resources management practices, facilitate the tasks and reshape work and life commu-
nication and behaviors. As an example on can cite E-recruitment, whereby candidates
are allowed to apply online during job boards providing a database that allows searching,
screening, and filtering applications for an interview. It is a conscious support tool in a
modern company, using automated tool web-based online channels.
The practices go well with shifting scenarios to upskilling and digitizing the processes
such as E-recruitment, especially in the present crisis [22]. However, the outsourcing of
highly skilled IT workers produced a different design of HR practices. In comparison, the
conventional HRM approach to recruitment aims at a lower cost and often satisfies the
company’s HR needs [23].
2.2. Organizational Innovation
According to Moohammad et al. [24], several scholars and institutions have presented
definitions of innovation. For instance, it is ‘a process that involves the generation of
new ideas or practices within an organization’ furthermore, they explored the fact that
the propensity to practice innovation is greater if organizations are larger. In particular,
surviving organizations in the fast-changing global system need to cope with the challenges
of continuously progressing technological capacities. Meanwhile, Adam et al. [25]. said
that innovation represents “a new ability to create wealth with resources and discuss
innovation completely and systematically”. Innovation strength is in new management,
technology, products, and services practices. It demands ideas to be better and executed in
organizations, effectively facing environmental changes.
Waheed et al. [2] linked main trends to clarify innovation in organizations to gain a
competitive advantage by the critical relation with NHRM practices to achieve innovative
performances (IP). First, they focused on the practitioners of IT dexterity in organizations.
Then, they implemented IT-based training, which lead to IP that previous investigations
had overlooked in the use of IT ambidexterity in organizational performance. Also, their
study revealed that organizations should not only focus on existing processes, technology,
products and services, but need to practice different HR strategies like job rotation, auton-
omy, training, and development, with the most high-level (IT) system for producing an
innovative performance. Moreover, organizations are headed to adapting to new circum-
stances, innovating to obtain space in changes in the political-economic environment and
investing essentially in human capital. HRM practices positively impact organizational
innovations during both employee and organizational behavior; HRM practices allow the
5. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2872 5 of 21
employee to acquire skills to deal with new shifts in workplaces to work as a team to create
successful innovations within organizations [26].
Technology issuance has enabled the adoption and undertaking of innovations in
organizations and the influence of web-based HR on the HRM system force implemented
by HR professionals of behavioral, intention, and position. Examiners studied Jordan as
a developing country producing innovative pioneering changes in IT applications. The
population is aimed at the telecommunications sector in Jordan. Companies include the
Orange, Zain, and Umniah companies in Jordan. The authors specified the telecommunica-
tions sector because it is one of the main sectors that invests in human assets and pursues
constant innovation in the Jordanian organizations telecommunication sector by studying
the elements that digitize their HRM and affect organizational usefulness in different areas
(Al-Harazneh and Sila [20]).
2.3. Innovative Work Behavior
Employees produce indispensable innovation in organizations with creative and new
ideas, which are identified as innovative work behavior (IWB); moreover, it refers to ideas’
development and implementation aspects that enable employees to display merit perfor-
mance [4]. Responsiveness to changes and new technology reveals the significant challenges
facing organizations and employees to seek innovation; individual innovation processes are
supported by HRM practices such as flexible job design [27]. However, adopting an inno-
vative approach in the workplace may lead to paying a price and conflict, particularly with
co-workers [28]. On the other hand, researchers focus on the multi-dimensional aspects
linked to innovative work behavior, such as formulating, experimenting and evaluating
ideas and solutions [29]. Plus, great importance for research and development professionals
lies in promoting innovation amongst participants within the organization, increasing the
amount of discretion allowed individuals in their job performance. These variables are cited
as required boundary restrictions in patterns of creativity, even though the complexity of
studying individual innovative behavior in a natural work context is still increasing. Where
turbulent environments are always found, every employee’s job description is based on
innovation in organizations [30]. Intrinsic motivation of responsibility and engaging IWB
of employees is enhanced through leadership participation; directly, increased employee
IWB helps enhance the organization’s innovative capability and innovative results [31].
Lin et al. [32] confirmed that fast technologies improved innovative work, efficiencies,
talented and competent employees, changing work enhancement, enriching physical,
mental, and social defenses. Technology may also guide improved recruitment, training,
career management, and performance evaluations in organizations. Outcomes of the
study show that abusive management has a significantly negative correlation with job
performance and the quality of employees’ work behavior.
2.4. Innovation Performance
Innovation can be instated via individuals or organizations; it is a process that starts
with an idea, progresses with the improvement, and ends with a novel output such as a
process, product, or service. Organizational performance is influenced by innovation, a
highly trained skilled workforce, and resource-based innovative knowledge with high-
technology. Additionally, revenue growth is affected by the quality of innovation. The
innovation performance relationship considers the value of recruitment outcomes and
retention of employees [33]. Innovation system requirements are continuing innovation
in products and processes that rely on technical skills and knowledge, particularly in
educational sectors, by focusing on human resources. Work in organizations depends
on employees’ capacity to tackle a complicated problem [34], like changing the business
environment conditions during the COVID-19 period, raising the need for innovative
activities to improve products by knowledge to enhance performance [35].
6. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2872 6 of 21
2.5. Human Resource Management Practices, Innovation Performance, Educational Sector, and the
COVID-19 Pandemic
Future sustainability challenges that refer to population and employment are based
on education, the key for sustainable development and human development. Innovations
in education affect governance and policy by upholding laws and regulations. Presently,
these are being reconstructed by new digital technologies such as artificial intelligence and
the internet in flexibility and creative work [36], developing skills among students and
higher efficiency with enhanced teaching and learning [37].
During the COVID-19 pandemic, organizations must act effectively and efficiently
using relevant knowledge and innovation by utilizing information technology to manage
the resources to remain sustainable [35]; starkly, the pandemic revealed the importance
of fundamental changes in HRM practices for dealing with people [38]. HRM performed
a significant function during the digital shift such as teaching and helping employees to
handle digital platforms. Globally, the crisis required employees to have technological
skills to perform their work remotely. Also, managers were required to obtain the skills
to motivate and regulate their employees in this new scenario [39]. Laursen and Foss [40]
have referred to the complementarities among several technologies and learning while ad-
dressing NHRM practices and innovation performance. Decision-makers need to respond
immediately, considering crises are opportunities [41]. Moreover, HR professionals should
channel their energies towards enhancing and up skilling employee’s transformation to
adapt to changed workplace practices to be flexible and lying on new innovative technology,
such as digitizing the recruitment process to deal with contemporary or future predica-
ments [22]. Furthermore, to expand the process of innovation, government, communities,
and educational institutions should share schools in managing the knowledge sources like
providing exceptional training and attending workshops to attain organizational learning
full of spark innovation [42], such as using current skillsets to infer new methods that facili-
tate a learning environment [43], plus, the use of EdTech innovation to follow up-to-date
trends to obtain effective outcomes in colleges and schools. The findings showed positive
effects on learning outcomes in one of the Jordanian universities [44]. The Jordanian ed-
ucational system introduced personal computers two decades ago in collaboration with
the British government, which was a significant innovation challenge which faced the
educationalists [45]. E-Learning as a teaching method was tested during the COVID-19
pandemic in the educational sector in Jordan, and the research found that the influence of
E-learning education has both positive and negative aspects, and proper training is needed
to achieve the proper benefits; this also guides the government to enhance E-learning as a
teaching system even after COVID-19 [46]. Also, more readiness and contingency plans
are needed in Jordan to develop an education system that supports distance learning [7].
Besides, the time has come for educational organizations to continue to attract quality
human capital and achieve a competitive advantage [47].
The COVID-19 emergency pandemic shifted the attitudes of learning to the online
style. In this study, Jordan, a Middle Eastern country with a 10 million strong population,
showed good potential in the 2000s in using and applying information and communication
technology (ICT) applications at moderate prices for ADSL and fiber-optics. The conven-
tional face-to-face teaching and learning pattern was the norm. In sum, it is no longer
optional to follow with online learning but a necessity because of the COVID-19 E-learning
trial. Jordan is described as a limited resources country where the educational systems enjoy
a great reputation. The education sector and institutions lead by using communication
technology, establishing their infrastructure. Therefore, E-learning should be supported
continuously by training and gaining technological skills for all staff and students [48].
Grencikova et al. [49] described the importance of creative HR practices linked with the
performance in organizations. Their study argued the biggest challenge that faced HRM
practices was dealing with the deficit of qualified, skilled, and motivated people in the
global labor market. Researchers suggested creating an age-diverse group of employees
participating in the distinct ideas of talented young people and senior’s work experience
7. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2872 7 of 21
to be as trainers for other employees’ systematic training and development processes to
introduce professionals in their knowledge, skills, and abilities to get the successful perfor-
mance in their jobs and meet fluctuations in circumstances and requirements of their jobs
in organizations.
NHRM practices have flexibleness and inventiveness to deal with complexity and
accelerated varieties of the environment. Scholars have revealed a significant positive
relationship linking NHRM practices and innovation performance in semi-government
organizations based on IT- techniques [1,2]; further, organizational sustainability depends
on constant innovation. Innovation appears as is a significant technological tool that can
upgrade in a new context over time [1], During the COVID-19 period in the educational
sector [8]. By following this idea, plus the light of former literature, our current study pro-
poses the impact between NHRM practices and innovation performance in the educational
sector during the COVID-19 pandemic. The following hypothesis can be formulated from
the preceding discussion:
Hypothesis 1 (H1). NHRM practices are positively related to innovation performance in the
educational sector during the COVID-19 pandemic.
2.6. Organizational Innovation as a Mediator
Besides the above literature, NHRM practices associate innovation performance me-
diating by organizational innovation; although earlier studies’ results acknowledging the
organizational innovation as a mediator, it cannot be practiced in IT in public and private
organizations [1]. Therefore, the following hypothesis is stated:
Hypothesis 2 (H2). NHRM practices have a positive association with innovation performance
through organizational innovation in the educational sector during the COVID-19 pandemic.
2.7. Innovative Work Behavior as a Mediator
The findings of Sanz-Valle and Jiménez-Jiménez [50] defined innovation as “the intro-
duction of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), process, marketing
method or new organizational method in the internal practices of the business, workplace
organization or external relations”. Their results establish that there is strong proof of the
effect of the system of human resource management practices on both employee’s IWB
and product innovation. Moreover, employees’ IWB mediates the relationship between
HRM and product innovation. Over and above, the innovative climate in organizations is
boosted by innovative behavior requirements and NHRM practices [1]. Also, a relation-
ship between HRM practices and IWB was found [4]. Based on the above literature, the
following hypothesis is proposed:
Hypothesis 3 (H3). NHRM practices have a positive effect on innovation performance through
innovative work behavior in the educational sector during the COVID-19 pandemic.
To this end, the current study proposes the model that presents the relation interplay-
ing through the two mediators, organizational innovation and innovative work behavior
between NHRM practices and innovation performance during the COVID-19 pandemic.
As shown in Figure 1.
8. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2872 8 of 21
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 21
Figure 1. The model. Sources: Independent Variable (NHRM), Dependent variable (IP) and Media-
tor Variable (OI): Waheed et al. [1]. Mediator Variable (IWB): Bos-Nehles et al. [4]. The study is
conducted during the pandemic time: Ebersberger Kuckertz [8].
3. Methods
3.1. Design of Research, Instrument, Sample Technique, and Data Collection
The current research adopted a quantitative method, followed the deductive ap-
proach and, employed a cross-sectional design that collected data from more than one
case and at a single point in time wherein the objectives are established during the re-
search study as a basis for a set of hypotheses concerning the existence of associations
between specific variables [51]. The study aims to examine the impact of NHRM practices
on innovation performance mediated by organizational innovation and innovative work
behavior in the educational sector during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data was gathered by
using an online questionnaire administered starting in March 2021 and ending in April
2021 to 450 employees at the headquarters of the Ministry of Education in Amman (Jor-
dan) who participated in the online survey. A Google link questionnaire was sent to em-
ployees via emails and social media channels—a WhatsApp employees group—using in-
formation provided by the respective departments of the ministry. The speed in obtaining
data is above all necessary due to the COVID crisis [7]. Online-based surveys are becom-
ing a popular, reachable, quick way of collecting data and analyzing the results with lower
cost, and fewer errors compared with manual tools. Also, mobile surveys on smartphones
are often more comfortable for participants [52].
Questionnaire validity was confirmed starting with unofficial interviews and distin-
guished professional discussions with the director of the HR department and other man-
agers in the RD department to clarify the related and unrelated terms linked to innova-
tion during the pandemic period in the Ministry for ensuring the improvement and read-
iness of the questionnaire. Then, official consent was obtained from the Ministry. Later,
employees were allow to voluntarily respond due to their working hours. The percentage
of employees’ decreased to 50% during the COVID 19 pandemic; luckily, that gave them
more time to respond flexibly, especially using the online questionnaire and speeded up
the collection of data for researchers. The questionnaire was developed in the English lan-
guage (translated into the Arabic Language-referee translator); the questionnaire was pi-
loted through copies (30) distributed around the headquarters in Amman to be sure that
the statements were understandable, well defined, and the language was clear [53]. The
results show that the questions were fully understood, and no difficulties were found. The
survey comprised two distinct sections: Section one presents demographic variables of
Figure 1. The model. Sources: Independent Variable (NHRM), Dependent variable (IP) and Mediator
Variable (OI): Waheed et al. [1]. Mediator Variable (IWB): Bos-Nehles et al. [4]. The study is conducted
during the pandemic time: Ebersberger Kuckertz [8].
3. Methods
3.1. Design of Research, Instrument, Sample Technique, and Data Collection
The current research adopted a quantitative method, followed the deductive approach
and, employed a cross-sectional design that collected data from more than one case and
at a single point in time wherein the objectives are established during the research study
as a basis for a set of hypotheses concerning the existence of associations between specific
variables [51]. The study aims to examine the impact of NHRM practices on innovation
performance mediated by organizational innovation and innovative work behavior in
the educational sector during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data was gathered by using an
online questionnaire administered starting in March 2021 and ending in April 2021 to
450 employees at the headquarters of the Ministry of Education in Amman (Jordan) who
participated in the online survey. A Google link questionnaire was sent to employees via
emails and social media channels—a WhatsApp employees group—using information
provided by the respective departments of the ministry. The speed in obtaining data is
above all necessary due to the COVID crisis [7]. Online-based surveys are becoming a
popular, reachable, quick way of collecting data and analyzing the results with lower cost,
and fewer errors compared with manual tools. Also, mobile surveys on smartphones are
often more comfortable for participants [52].
Questionnaire validity was confirmed starting with unofficial interviews and dis-
tinguished professional discussions with the director of the HR department and other
managers in the RD department to clarify the related and unrelated terms linked to
innovation during the pandemic period in the Ministry for ensuring the improvement and
readiness of the questionnaire. Then, official consent was obtained from the Ministry. Later,
employees were allow to voluntarily respond due to their working hours. The percentage
of employees’ decreased to 50% during the COVID-19 pandemic; luckily, that gave them
more time to respond flexibly, especially using the online questionnaire and speeded up
the collection of data for researchers. The questionnaire was developed in the English
language (translated into the Arabic Language-referee translator); the questionnaire was
piloted through copies (30) distributed around the headquarters in Amman to be sure that
the statements were understandable, well defined, and the language was clear [53]. The
results show that the questions were fully understood, and no difficulties were found. The
survey comprised two distinct sections: Section one presents demographic variables of the
participants, while section two presents items for four variables of interest. Participants
responded using a five-point Likert-type scale.
Simple random sampling (SRS) is a probability convenience sampling technique used
in this paper because everyone has an equal chance of being selected; in other words,
9. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2872 9 of 21
everyone can be sampled [54], so the researchers assumed a (95%) confidence level, (0.5)
standard deviation, and a margin of error (confidence interval) of (+/−5%) to determine
the sample size. A population size of 2126 were determined from the size of the HR
department. A sample size of 323 was then considered for the research [55]. In addition,
the Google Survey sample size calculator was used to define the right number. A total
of 450 questionnaires were distributed to the respondents for the targeted population
for this research, defined to include employees who work at the Ministry of Education
(MOE) in Amman. Invalid questionnaires due to missing data were discarded—a standard
procedure applied in online surveys to ensure credible and applicable questionnaires [56,57].
Researchers examined the probability of non-response bias utilizing the recommendations
of Collier and Bienstock [58]. In the end, only 425 questionnaires were returned, resulting
in a 94% response rate, and 358 were ultimately used for analysis due to missing data.
3.2. Measurement Scales
NHRM practices refers to the exogenous construct being tested in the model concern-
ing innovation performance. Organizational innovation and innovative work behavior
are the mediating variables for the study model. Items for variables except IWB were
adopted from a former study [1], and [27] adopted IWB items. Our scales were from
the available and extant literature. NHRM, IP, OI scales were driven from the work of
Waheed et al. [1], the IWB scale was derived from Dorenbosch et al. [27], adapted based
on HR interviews in the ministry, for example, replacing “Organization” with: “Ministry.”
Also, the added statement “during COVID-19 pandemic” was added to each question to
confirm participants’ attention. It accurately reflected the situation during the response
period because employees were still under new circumstances and dealing with innovative
materials. The constructs were evaluated through 44 items. The reliability of all items was
0.945. NHRM constructs were evaluated through 16 items. These items included titles to
electronic-recruitment, selection, reward system, teamwork, training and development,
and involvement of employees. The reliability of the 16 items was 0.951. Organizational
innovation was assessed through six questions. These items aim to measure trying new
ideas, trends and encourage innovation exercises in the organization. The reliability of
the 6 items was 0.905. Innovation performance is measured using seven items, referring
to the subjectivity of performance to indicate the organization’s evaluation procedures,
attraction and retention of employees, associations between employees and management,
and the motive for innovative ideas. The reliability of the seven items was 0.893. Response
choices for the NHRM variable, organizational innovation and, innovation performance
varied from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree [5]. Likewise, 1 = very little extent
to 5 = very great extent were used as response choices for innovative work behavior, which
is measured using 15 items adopted from the study [27]; researchers in the current study
selected the items to construct IWB and adapted them to fit the population target and time
of the pandemic. These items mirrored the initial stages of innovation problem recogni-
tion and idea generation, promotion, realization, the usage of computer technology, and
financial resources. The reliability of the 15 items was 0.947.
As shown in Table 1, other important demographic variables included gender, age,
education, job experience, and job title.
The table shows the profile of the employees who participated in the current study.
More than three-quarters of the 358 participants were aged between 30 to 50 and above,
with high educational degrees, and their job experiences was greater than 11 years. As for
the gender, there were more male employees than female ones, with percentages of 51.1%
and 48.9%, respectively. In addition, 36.6% of participants’ positions held supervisory jobs.
10. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2872 10 of 21
Table 1. Sample characteristics.
Measures Items Frequency (n = 358) %
Gender
Male 183 51.1
Female 175 48.9
Age
20 to 29 5 1.4
30 to 40 102 28.5
41 to 50 189 52.8
Above 50 62 17.3
Education
High school 4 1.1
Diploma 18 5.0
Bachelor 125 34.9
Post-Graduate 211 58.9
Job Experience
1 to 4 years 10 2.8
5 years to 10 years 45 12.6
11 years to 15 years 85 23.7
Above 15 years 218 60.9
Job Title
Employee 227 63.4
Head of Department 94 26.2
Director of Department 16 4.5
Directorate Director 21 5.9
4. Data Analysis and Results
We used Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) version 21.0 (SPSS Inc. Chicago,
IL, USA for data preparation [59]. Also, partial least squares-structural equation modeling
(PLS-SEM) was applied using Smart PLS 3.3.3 (SmartPLS GmbH, Gewerbering, Germany)
to for examine the suggested model. PLS-SEM works with formative measured constructs
plus it runs when a small population limits the sample size, nevertheless, PLS-SEM also
works well with large sample sizes [60]. PLS-SEM has the advantage of estimating the
entire theoretical structural model simultaneously and reduces measurement faults; for
that, this method was the favored one for the current study [61]. The common method
variance (CMV) may impair the strength of the empirical structural connections amongst
the constructs because the data analyzed in the existing research were self-reported and
cross-sectional. Hence, we conducted a full collinearity test to determine whether any
construct had a variance inflation factor (VIF) value equal to or more than (3.3) [62,63]. As a
result, the pathological (VIFs) of all construct’s results varied from 1.810 to 3.101, indicating
that CMV was not significant in this study.
4.1. Assessing the Formative Measurement Model
The indicator loadings estimated all model construction, internal consistency, con-
vergent and discriminant validity. A level of 0.70 is considered the ideal level as referred
to by Hair et al. [63]. The result of Table 2 show that all 44 of the indicators exceeded
0.70, and the average variance extracted (AVE) values were higher than 0.50 [64]. These
results confirm the convergence validity. Dijkstra-Henseler’s rho (pA) is a better measure
to evaluate the internal consistency; it is more valuable than conventional Cronbach’s
alpha and the more liberal composite reliability [65]. As exhibited in Table 2, all rho values
topped the 0.7 threshold [66], indicating sufficient construct validity. Relying on Henseler
et al. [67], we implemented the heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio of correlations criterion
to assess discriminant validity. Table 3 shows that all HTMT values were less than the more
conservative threshold of 0.85, meaning discriminant validity was achieved. The additional
bootstrap test showed that the criterion for HTMT inference was sufficiently met as none of
the HTMT confidence intervals included the value of 1 [67]. The upper bound of the 95%
confidence interval of HTMT was below 0.85 [65].
11. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2872 11 of 21
Table 2. Results for constructs.
Construct Item Code Loadings α rho (pA) CR AVE
NHRM Practices (Waheed et al.) [1]. 0.951 0.952 0.95 0.545
1.
“Necessary actions are being taken by the HR
department to avoid layoffs during the
COVID-19 pandemic”
NHRM1 0.701
2.
“The HR department’s hiring procedure is more
efficient due to the adoption of E-recruitment
during the COVID-19 pandemic.”
NHRM2 0.712
3.
“Adoption of an E-HRM portal to maintain the
employee’s record and information during
COVID-19 pandemic”
NHRM3 0.701
4.
“The HR department is reorganizing employees
to appropriate positions effectively as per
situations during the COVID-19 pandemic”
NHRM4 0.753
5.
“The effort which I put in my job is fairly
rewarded during the COVID-19 pandemic”
NHRM5 0.706
6.
“One’s contribution recognition reflects the
fairness of the reward system during the
COVID-19 pandemic”
NHRM6 0.703
7.
“Individual performance-based reward system
during the COVID-19 pandemic”
NHRM7 0.704
8.
“The Ministry allows me to make decisions
regarding my job during the COVID-19
pandemic”
NHRM8 0.703
9.
“Individual are allowed to make decisions in the
absence of top-level [management] in the
immediate work situation during the COVID-19
pandemic”
NHRM9 0.785
10.
“The HR department keeps employees informed
about the work issues as well as its performance
during the COVID-19 pandemic”
NHRM10 0.703
11.
“I feel that I am part of the team during the
COVID-19 pandemic”
NHRM11 0.704
12.
“Team members have the ability to solve
problems during the COVID-19 pandemic”
NHRM12 0.871
13.
“Team members support the innovation process
during the COVID-19 pandemic”
NHRM13 0.797
14.
“Appropriate job training for employees is set by
the Ministry during the COVID-19 pandemic”
NHRM14 0.703
15.
“The Ministry encourages employees to extend
their abilities during the COVID-19 pandemic”
NHRM15 0.701
16.
“Training of new skills and technology to
compete in the learning industry [is provided]
during the COVID-19 pandemic”
NHRM16 0.838
Organizational Innovation (Waheed et al.) [1] 0.905 0.909 0.905 0.615
17.
“The Ministry often tries new ideas during
COVID-19 pandemic”
OI1 0.763
18.
“The Ministry often tries out new trends to
perform tasks during the COVID-19 pandemic”
OI2 0.757
12. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2872 12 of 21
Table 2. Cont.
Construct Item Code Loadings α rho (pA) CR AVE
19.
“The Ministry is innovative in its operations
during the COVID-19 pandemic”
OI3 0.834
20.
“The Ministry frequently introduces new
products and services during the COVID-19
pandemic”
OI4 0.885
21.
“Innovation level in our ministry is risky and
resisted during the COVID-19 pandemic”
OI5 0.719
22.
“Since one year ago introduction of new services
has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic”
OI6 0.737
Innovative Work Behavior
Dorenbosch et al. [27]
0.947 0.948 0.947 0.545
23.
“To what extent do you actively think
concerning improvements in the work of direct
colleagues during the COVID-19 pandemic?”
IWB1 0.728
24.
“To what extent do you generate ideas to
improve or renew services your department
provides during the COVID-19 pandemic?”
IWB2 0.710
25.
“To what extent do you generate ideas on how to
optimize knowledge and skills within your
department during the COVID-19 pandemic?”
IWB3 0.743
26.
“To what extent do you generate new solutions
to old problems during the COVID-19
pandemic?”
IWB4 0.772
27.
“To what extent do you discuss matters with
direct colleagues concerning your/their work
during the COVID-19 pandemic?”
IWB5 0.705
28.
“To what extent do you suggest new ways of
communicating within your department during
the COVID-19 pandemic?”
IWB6 0.729
29.
“To what extent do you try to detect
impediments to collaboration and coordination
during the COVID-19 pandemic?”
IWB7 0.751
30.
“To what extent do you actively engage in
gathering information to identify deviations
within your department during the COVID-19
pandemic?”
IWB8 0.704
31.
“To what extent do you, in collaboration with
colleagues, get to transform new ideas in a way
that they become applicable in practice during
the COVID-19 pandemic?”
IWB9 0.703
32.
“To what extent do you realize ideas within your
department/ministry with an amount of
persistence during the COVID-19 pandemic?”
IWB10 0.780
33.
“To what extent do you make your supervisor
enthusiastic for your ideas during the COVID-19
pandemic?”
IWB11 0.856
34.
“To what extent do you identify new ways to use
computer technology more effectively in your
work during the COVID-19 pandemic?”
IWB12 0.754
13. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2872 13 of 21
Table 2. Cont.
Construct Item Code Loadings α rho (pA) CR AVE
35.
“To what extent do you independently identify
and deploy new computer applications into your
work situations during the COVID-19
pandemic?”
IWB13 0.703
36.
“To what extent do you seek new possibilities to
gain financial means or to reduce costs during
the COVID-19 pandemic?”
IWB14 0.703
37.
“To what extent do you keep yourself informed
about your department’s financial situation
during the COVID-19 pandemic?”
IWB15 0.719
Innovation Performance (Waheed et al.) [1] 0.893 0.895 0.893 0.544
38.
“Quality of products and services during the
COVID-19 pandemic”
IP1 0.734
39.
“Development of products and services during
the COVID-19 pandemic”
IP2 0.737
40.
“Evaluation of the ministry subjectively during
the COVID-19 pandemic”
IP3 0.704
41.
“Ability to retain and attract employees during
the COVID-19 pandemic”
IP4 0.703
42.
“The general relationship between employees
and management during the COVID-19
pandemic”
IP5 0.701
43.
“The motivation for creativity/flexibility of
employeef during the COVID-19 pandemic”
IP6 0.727
44.
“Innovative ideas during the COVID-19
pandemic
IP7 0.848
Table 3. Discriminant validity (HTMT (0.85) criterion).
1 2 3 4
1. Innovation Performance
2. Innovative Work Behavior 0.549
3. NHRM Practices 0.449 0.313
4. Organizational Innovation 0.667 0.520 0.259
Note: Shaded boxes are the standard reporting format for HTMT ratios.
The correlations between variables along with means and standard deviations are
presented in Table 3.
Table 4 shows that discriminant validity is not established using Fornel and Larcker’s
criterion as the square root of AVE values for each construct is not greater than its correlation
coefficients with other constructs of the model.
Table 4. Fornell-Larcker validity (HTMT (0.85) criterion).
1 2 3 4
1. Innovation Performance 0.738
2. Innovative Work Behavior 0.552 0.738
3. NHRM Practices 0.450 0.315 0.738
4. Organizational Innovation 0.670 0.522 0.260 0.785
Notes: Shaded boxes are the standard reporting format for HTMT ratios.
14. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2872 14 of 21
4.2. Assessing the Structural Model
The analysis started with a collinearity test before analyzing the structural relation-
ships, which was conducted by testing the variance inflation factors (VIFs). The results
indicated that the VIF values of all predictor constructs were in the realm of 1.810 to 3.101,
which is really well below the most conservative threshold of 3.3 [62,63]. Accordingly, no
collinearity issues were recognized. Five thousand subsamples were applied as a boot-
strapping procedure to examine the hypothesized relationships amongst the constructs of
the model.
As disclosed in Table 5, the relationship between NHRM and IP was bolstered by the
significant estimated path coefficients (H1: β = 0.253, t = 5.448, p 0.05). Therefore, the
results provide support for H1.
Table 5. Results of hypotheses testing (path coefficient).
Original
Sample (O)
Sample Mean (M)
Standard
Deviation
(STDEV)
T Statistics
(|O/STDEV|)
p Values
IWB - IP 0.2155 0.2141 0.0659 3.2712 0.001
NHRM - IP 0.2536 0.2543 0.0466 5.4488 0
NHRM - IWB 0.315 0.3216 0.0527 5.9821 0
NHRM - OI 0.2605 0.2669 0.0554 4.7046 0
OI - IP 0.4915 0.4916 0.0673 7.3032 0
NHRM→OI→IP 0.128 0.13 0.033 3.874 0.000
NHRM→IWB→IP 0.068 0.069 0.025 2.708 0.007
Hypothesis Parameters β SE t-value p-value
H1
Direct effects
NHRM→IP 0.253 0.046 5.448 0.000 Significant
NHRM→OI 0.260 0.054 4.782 0.000 Significant
NHRM→IWB 0.315 0.053 5.906 0.000 Significant
OI→IP 0.491 0.068 7.192 0.000 Significant
IWB→IP 0.215 0.066 3.244 0.000 Significant
Indirect effect
H2 NHRM→OI→IP 0.128 0.032 3.958 0.000 Significant
H3 NHRM→IWB→IP 0.068 0.025 2.708 0.007 Significant
Notes. NHRM = New Human Resources Management; IWB = Innovative Work Behavior; OI = Organizational
Innovation; IP = Innovation Performance.
H2 and H3 examine whether the relationship between new human resources man-
agement practices and innovation performance is mediated by innovative work behavior
and organizational innovation. Following the transmittal approach Rung-Tusanatham
et al. [68] considered that models are complex when involving mediation effects. They
listed recommendations that refer to forgetting the total indirect effect examining specific
indirect effects and confirming that significant relations between variables should exist. As
a result, we assessed the indirect effect of new human resources management practices on
innovation performance through innovative work behavior and organizational innovation.
The results presented in Table 5 indicate that innovative work behavior and organizational
innovation had a significant mediation effect (β = 0.068, p 0.05; β = 0.128, p 0.05), The
value of the indirect effects in Table 5 (0.128, 0.02) is small. However, the p-value is still
less than the standard 0.05, so the relation is significant statistically and partially mediated.
Therefore, the Ministry should increase its creative efforts; more vital innovative work
15. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2872 15 of 21
behavior applied by the Ministry supports the volume of organizational innovation, thus
supporting H2 and H3.
Results were based on bootstrapping with 5000 subsamples (two-tailed). Figures 2 and 3
show more explanationd for the relation (the T value) and indicate an increase in the
units (the R square)—Figure 2 shows that 1.00 units increase in NHRM will result in
0.254 units increase in innovation performance, 0.260 units increase in organizational
innovation, 0.315 units increase in innovative work behavior. A 1.00 unit increase in
organizational innovation will result in 0.491 units increase in innovation performance,
while a 1.00 units increase in innovative work behavior will result in 0.215 units increase in
innovation performance.
NHRM→OI 0.260 0.054 4.782 0.000 Significant
NHRM→IWB 0.315 0.053 5.906 0.000 Significant
OI→IP 0.491 0.068 7.192 0.000 Significant
IWB→IP 0.215 0.066 3.244 0.000 Significant
Indirect effect
H2 NHRM→OI→IP 0.128 0.032 3.958 0.000 Significant
H3 NHRM→IWB→IP 0.068 0.025 2.708 0.007 Significant
Notes. NHRM = New Human Resources Management; IWB = Innovative Work Behavior; OI =
Organizational Innovation; IP = Innovation Performance.
Results were based on bootstrapping with 5000 subsamples (two-tailed). Figures 2
and 3 show more explanationd for the relation (the T value) and indicate an increase in
the units (the R square)—Figure 2 shows that 1.00 units increase in NHRM will result in
0.254 units increase in innovation performance, 0.260 units increase in organizational in-
novation, 0.315 units increase in innovative work behavior. A 1.00 unit increase in organ-
izational innovation will result in 0.491 units increase in innovation performance, while a
1.00 units increase in innovative work behavior will result in 0.215 units increase in inno-
vation performance.
Figure 2. Measurement model with effects size (B-value). Notes. NHRM = New Human Resources Man-
agement; OI = Organizational Innovation; IWB = Innovative Work Behavior; IP = Innovation Performance.
ainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 of 21
Figure 2. Measurement model with effects size (B-value). Notes. NHRM = New Human Resources
Management; OI = Organizational Innovation; IWB = Innovative Work Behavior; IP = Innovation
Performance
Figure 3. Measurement model with effects size (t-value). Notes. NHRM = New Human Resources
Management; OI = Organizational Innovation; IWB = Innovative Work Behavior; IP = Innovation
Performance
Hypothesis 1 predicted that NHRM will have a positive and significant effect on inno-
vation performance. The outcome revealed that the beta and t-value (β = 0.253, t = 5.448, p
= 0.000) and also explains R-square (innovation performance) = 0.562 of the variances. 1.00
units increase in NHRM will result to 0.254 units increase in innovation performance.
Hypotheses 2 and 3 predicted that NHRM practices would positively and significantly
impact innovation performance through indirect effects (innovative work behavior and
organizational innovation). The results presented in Table 5 indicate that innovative work
behavior and organizational innovation had a significant mediation effect (β = 0.068, t =
2.708, p 0.05; β = 0.128, t = 3.874, p 0.05)
Figure 3. Measurement model with effects size (t-value). Notes. NHRM = New Human Resources Man-
agement; OI = Organizational Innovation; IWB = Innovative Work Behavior; IP = Innovation Performance.
Hypothesis 1 predicted that NHRM will have a positive and significant effect on inno-
vation performance. The outcome revealed that the beta and t-value (β = 0.253, t = 5.448,
p = 0.000) and also explains R-square (innovation performance) = 0.562 of the variances.
1.00 units increase in NHRM will result to 0.254 units increase in innovation performance.
Hypotheses 2 and 3 predicted that NHRM practices would positively and significantly
impact innovation performance through indirect effects (innovative work behavior and
16. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2872 16 of 21
organizational innovation). The results presented in Table 5 indicate that innovative work
behavior and organizational innovation had a significant mediation effect (β = 0.068,
t = 2.708, p 0.05; β = 0.128, t = 3.874, p 0.05).
5. Discussion
The NHRM practices as a distinctive term produce positive effects on innovation
performance by interplaying organizational innovation and innovative work behavior. We
analyzed the impact of NHRM practices on innovation performance through two mediation
roles of organizational innovation and innovative work behavior during the COVID-19
Pandemic in the educational sector using data collected from the Ministry of Education in
Amman (Jordan).
Innovation performance enhancements were the critical purpose of investigating the
important role of NHRM practices through innovative behavior of organizational innova-
tion and innovative work behavior of the employees in the ministry to face an unpredictable
crisis such as coronavirus disease. To attain sustainability and carry out innovation, any
technologically superior project’s prosperity requires knowledgeable, vital, and skilled
human resources [10]. Therefore, HR policy support is seen as essential in assuring the
powerful implementation of sustainability practices of human resources in the workplace
of organizations; several terms link the association between sustainability and human
resources, that many sustainability practices of HR considered important in forming an
atmosphere of human resources sustainability in organizations to enhance the institutional
system, and the workplace labor productivity through employees participation and consul-
tation; the HR sustainability approach creates long-term benefits to the organization not
only in terms of performance of organizations [69] as such the current or/and future crises
required HR professionals for guiding employees to cope with stress and adjust the new
remote working practices, relying on innovative technology at an unusual speed, rethink
and redefine their role as the organizations and managing the crisis from an HRM point of
view [22].
Consequently, the current paper results of all hypotheses showed to support the
results of earlier studies. The first hypothesis proposed the positive impact between NHRM
practices and innovation performance during the COVID-19 pandemic, which is related to
the findings of studies of [1,2,39,40,49].
Incipiently, the mediation results contribute to the literature and basis knowledge of
HRM. The role of organizational innovation is one of mediation is matched with prior
studies, although rare of the studies revealed the role of innovation as a mediator [5],
other researchers showed the connections amongst innovation, organizational drivers, and
performance, it was clarified that the impact of (personal and organizational drivers) is
mediated by organizational innovation [70].
Innovative work behavior, the other mediator, also harmonized with previous studies
and proved between NHRM practices and innovation performances such as the important
findings of Sanz-Valle and Jiménez-Jiménez [50] reported that employee’s IWB mediates
the relationship between HRM and product innovation.
5.1. Theoretical Implications
This paper’s research addressed the use and impact of NHRM practices on innovation
performance through static technology-organization-environment (TOE) theory, which
appeared as a competitive advantage for the ministry of education as a government organi-
zation under global competition during the COVID-19 pandemic. Online questionnaires
were distributed to 450 targeted employees who work at the Ministry of Education (MOE)
in Amman. It is further, explained that NHRM practices are described as clusters intended
to produce responsibility, flexibility, creativity, autonomy, and participation. Embedded
within the premises of TOE, it can be seen that the aforementioned aspects have a vital role
in terms of enabling innovation to grow for employees and their performance.
17. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2872 17 of 21
Furthermore, this investigation used organizational innovation and innovative work
behavior as signifying concepts interpret between NHRM practices and innovation per-
formance and analyzed their mediating effects; they were necessary to determine better
implications of NHRM practices and innovation performance, and this is deemed a new de-
velopment in educational government sector through the ministry. Moreover, goal theories
are used to explain innovative results through innovative work behavior.
Eventually, compared to earlier studies, this study added a new exploration of NHRM
practices on innovation performance by examining the indirect effect of innovative work
behavior besides organizational innovation as mediators between NHRM practices and
organizational innovation during the global COVID pandemic. It was partially mediated
the relation in the model of study, and it increases more through organizational innovation
(OI); via organizational innovation was positively stronger. Thus, our findings explained
a direct relationship between NHRM practices and innovation performance, as was as-
sumed earlier. Even though earlier study investigators found that there might not be
direct relationships between NHRM practices and innovation performance, the degree
of mediations was full [1]. The degree of mediation is considered full since the direct
effect was found to be statistically insignificant [71]. Our research referred that innova-
tion was a distinctive factor between them that played a unique role in the relationship.
Both mediators partially supported this investigation because the direct relation between
NHRM practices and innovation performance is stronger by coefficient estimated (H1:
β = 0.253, t = 5.448, p 0.05). All the relations were significant based on the results of
Rungtusanatham et al. [68]. Additionally, contextual variables (mediators) were not only
considered for their importance but also the role and impacts of NHRM practices were
considered the main account, where previously, researchers gave little consideration to
NHRM practices’ interest, the role of NHRM practices and examine the direct effects of
NHRM practices on innovation performance.
5.2. Managerial Implications
This research managerially implicates concentrating on the educational sector’s in-
novation to be ready to overcome obstacles, especially when environmental turbulence
situations like pandemics appear, constituting unpredictable situations globally like the
COVID-19 crisis. Human resources as an essential core in the organization’s need to be
ready to face new circumstances by training for innovation in practices, surrounded with
new and flexible ideas to increase the distinguish in NHRM which gives the awareness
for all positions among employees. It is a completed and integrated process that covers
all variables starting with NHRM practices that produce innovation, organization inno-
vation, and innovative work behavior among employees to reach the goal of innovation
performance. Managers are invited to guide people to acquire new skills, follow updated
technological procedures, and train them to deal with remote working and remote learning
in the Ministry to face the new situations effectively and speedily, with a high-quality
response. As a new mediator added to the research model, the innovative work behavior
needs to be more vital in the Ministry to support the importance of the other mediator
organizational innovation. Innovation plays a crucial role in the Ministry helped greatly
during the pandemic with the speedy availability of remote activities. Managers in this
sector as well as decision-makers within schools and the education sector can use the
current findings to implement new HRM systems in their organizations for further improve
mechanisms as well as enable innovation in the functions of their firms.
6. Conclusions
The current study concludes that new human resource management (NHRM) practices
are an essential tool in the educational industry. Therefore, the Ministry of Education
as a service industry should promote HRM strategies by supporting innovation in all
departments. The direct effect of NHRM as an independent variable (IV) statistically
significantly impacted the dependent variable (DV) innovation performance. Moreover,
18. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2872 18 of 21
organizational innovation and innovative work behavior interplayed as mediator variables
(MV) that were statistically significant, indicating a partial mediation on the dependent
variable (DV) innovation performance during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The limitations of this study include the following: the research was carried out within
a specific services industry (the educational industry) in the Ministry of Education as a
public sector, and in one country (Jordan). Future researchers could attempt to replicate the
results in other contexts as such examine the comparison between the public and private
sectors within the educational industry during the COVID-19 crisis to carry out a com-
parative analysis to increase the benefits of the research findings, also, they can conduct a
longitudinal search because this paper relied on cross-sectional data to test the evolutionary
perspectives of NHRM’s effect on innovation performance. Besides, the present research
followed a quantitative approach; other researchers have a good opportunity to investigate
the relation based on mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative). Over time, the innova-
tion can be upgraded for new knowledge contexts to test the relationship in other crises or
unpredictable conditions like subsequent or/and post-coronavirus periods.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, R.K.; methodology, R.K.; software, R.K.; validation, R.K.;
formal analysis, R.K.; investigation, R.K.; resources, R.K.; data curation, R.K.; writing—original draft
preparation, R.K.; writing—review and editing, P.F.; visualization, P.F.; supervision, P.F.; project
administration, R.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration
of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Girne American University, (protocol
code 2020-21-Fall-0069 and date of approval 17 March 2021).
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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