This document summarizes the work of James Gilchrist and his laboratory focusing on creating thin films of material by depositing infinitesimally thin layers of particles onto substrates. Gilchrist and his students explore the complex behaviors of particle suspensions and their self-organizing properties. They have discovered a variety of applications for these thin films including improving LED brightness by creating a microlens array coating. The work requires creativity and discipline to understand the fundamental physics behind particle interactions and optimize conditions to achieve desired film structures and properties. Anomalies and failures are seen as opportunities to advance their understanding.
As customer areas require more and more details to remain competitive, it has dropped to data base designers and directors to help ensure that the details are handled effectively and can be recovered for research efficiently.
This certificate document certifies that SSG Craig Tauterouff successfully completed the Google Analytics certification exam. The certificate is valid through June 10, 2018 and was issued by Google Partners on December 10, 2016 for Craig Tauterouff's achievement in analytics certification.
The Big Bang model describes the origin and evolution of our universe. It postulates that approximately 13.8 billion years ago, the entire observable universe was only a few millimeters in size and extremely hot and dense. Since then, the universe has been expanding and cooling. Evidence for the Big Bang includes the expansion of the universe, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and the relative abundance of light elements like hydrogen and helium. The Doppler effect and redshift help astronomers measure the speeds at which distant galaxies are receding from Earth, leading to the discovery that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. Dark matter and dark energy are hypothesized to explain discrepancies in measurements of the density and expansion rate of the universe.
Sistema de información de una organización saray sierrasaraysierrap
después de leer este articulo se puede llegar a la conclusión de que si se conduce a la organización a una adecuada gestión de la misma, permitirá identificar los principales procesos a realizar y a obtener una orientación de un buen funcionamiento de los sistemas de información para que estos sean favorables a la creación de conocimiento y continuidad del negocio.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Les données de vente B2B de Mapa et Spontex transitent dans le cloud avec ...Caroline Boscher
Les marques Mapa et Spontex sont autant connues du grand public que des professionnels. Les entreprises éponymes qui fabriquent et commercialisent, respectivement, gants en latex et éponges cellulosiques, appartiennent à la division Jarden Home & Family du groupe américain Jarden Corporation. Leaders sur leurs marchés, elles cherchent en permanence à consolider leurs positions. La rapidité et la fiabilité des
échanges EDI avec leurs clients sont essentielles à leur performance.
Quand les deux sociétés ont quitté début 2010 le groupe Hutchinson, filiale de Total, pour rejoindre Jarden, une nouvelle solution d’intégration des flux EDI a dû rapidement être trouvée. Dès juillet 2010, le logiciel IBM Sterling B2B Integration Services était opérationnel.
As customer areas require more and more details to remain competitive, it has dropped to data base designers and directors to help ensure that the details are handled effectively and can be recovered for research efficiently.
This certificate document certifies that SSG Craig Tauterouff successfully completed the Google Analytics certification exam. The certificate is valid through June 10, 2018 and was issued by Google Partners on December 10, 2016 for Craig Tauterouff's achievement in analytics certification.
The Big Bang model describes the origin and evolution of our universe. It postulates that approximately 13.8 billion years ago, the entire observable universe was only a few millimeters in size and extremely hot and dense. Since then, the universe has been expanding and cooling. Evidence for the Big Bang includes the expansion of the universe, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and the relative abundance of light elements like hydrogen and helium. The Doppler effect and redshift help astronomers measure the speeds at which distant galaxies are receding from Earth, leading to the discovery that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. Dark matter and dark energy are hypothesized to explain discrepancies in measurements of the density and expansion rate of the universe.
Sistema de información de una organización saray sierrasaraysierrap
después de leer este articulo se puede llegar a la conclusión de que si se conduce a la organización a una adecuada gestión de la misma, permitirá identificar los principales procesos a realizar y a obtener una orientación de un buen funcionamiento de los sistemas de información para que estos sean favorables a la creación de conocimiento y continuidad del negocio.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Les données de vente B2B de Mapa et Spontex transitent dans le cloud avec ...Caroline Boscher
Les marques Mapa et Spontex sont autant connues du grand public que des professionnels. Les entreprises éponymes qui fabriquent et commercialisent, respectivement, gants en latex et éponges cellulosiques, appartiennent à la division Jarden Home & Family du groupe américain Jarden Corporation. Leaders sur leurs marchés, elles cherchent en permanence à consolider leurs positions. La rapidité et la fiabilité des
échanges EDI avec leurs clients sont essentielles à leur performance.
Quand les deux sociétés ont quitté début 2010 le groupe Hutchinson, filiale de Total, pour rejoindre Jarden, une nouvelle solution d’intégration des flux EDI a dû rapidement être trouvée. Dès juillet 2010, le logiciel IBM Sterling B2B Integration Services était opérationnel.
Noam Baruch- Digital Certificate- Masterclasses in New MediaNoam Baruch
This certificate recognizes the recipient for successfully completing the Masterclasses in New Media program by The Culture Trip. It was awarded by Noam Baruch, the Editorial & Social Media Director of The Culture Trip, on February 11, 2016.
The document discusses the range of magnitudes of various physical quantities in the universe. It lists quantities like length, mass, time, and others, and estimates their sizes which can range from 10-15 meters for subnuclear particles to 1026 meters for the size of the visible universe. Masses range from 10-30 kilograms for an electron to 1050 kilograms for the mass of the universe. Times range from 10-23 seconds for light passing through a nucleus to 1018 seconds for the age of the universe. The document emphasizes being able to express ratios of quantities as differences in orders of magnitude.
This document discusses atomic, nuclear and particle physics concepts including:
1. Discrete energy levels in atoms lead to line spectra fingerprints of elements. Electrons can only have certain quantized energy levels and jump between them, emitting photons of specific wavelengths.
2. The Bohr model of the atom helped explain line spectra by proposing electrons orbit nuclei in fixed, quantized energy levels. Electron transitions between levels emit or absorb photons of specific energies.
3. Atoms are composed of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Evidence for neutrons comes from isotopes having the same number of protons but different masses.
4. Radio
Flashcards were created to promote citizenship. The flashcards were designed to teach citizenship and were created by Erica Corso in 2015. The document discusses flashcards that were made in 2015 by Erica Corso to help teach people about citizenship.
This document discusses the importance of measurement in physics and introduces the International System of Units (SI Units) used to measure physical quantities. It provides definitions and examples of base units like the meter, kilogram, second, kelvin, and ampere. Prefixes are also introduced to write very large and small numbers in standard form with powers of ten. Examples are provided to convert between different units of length, mass, time, volume, velocity, pressure, and acceleration.
Rowena Simbulan wrote a document on November 22, 2016 with the identifier 14077. The document appears to be technical in nature and related to computing given the reference to TCPDF, which is a open source PHP library for generating PDF documents.
Didactic Sequence ANIMALS plus Lesson Plan 1 and 2Cielo Sampietro
This document outlines lesson plans for teaching English to 5-6 year old students. The lessons focus on animals, their actions, habitats, and physical characteristics. The first lesson introduces new ocean, swamp, and desert animals and has activities where students identify animals, color pictures, and review vocabulary. The second lesson reviews previous material and introduces the concept of habitats. It includes a riddle game to review animals. Both lessons begin with singing, incorporate flashcards and pictures, and aim to develop students' vocabulary, pronunciation, and understanding of animals.
This document discusses rainwater harvesting and provides reasons to practice it. It explains that rainwater harvesting involves collecting, conveying, and storing rainfall for beneficial use. Some benefits of rainwater harvesting include conserving water resources, providing water at low cost, replenishing groundwater, and acting as good environmental stewards. The document also describes methods of rainwater harvesting like surface runoff collection, percolation pits, and recharge wells to divert rainwater runoff into aquifers and replenish groundwater supplies.
Oscillations and waves can be described using several key parameters:
1. Amplitude refers to the maximum displacement from equilibrium.
2. Period is the time for one full oscillation. Frequency is the number of oscillations per second, with frequency and period inversely related.
3. Oscillations follow simple harmonic motion (SHM) when the restoring force is proportional to displacement and directed towards equilibrium. SHM can model many systems like masses on springs or pendulums.
Le paiement est la concrétisation d'une expérience client réussie. Avec des consommateurs hyper-connectés et de plus en plus exigeants, les entreprises font face aujourd’hui à un dilemme. D’une part, offrir à leurs clients une diversité de moyens et canaux de paiements répondant à leurs attentes, et d’autre part, optimiser la gestion opérationnelle et financière de ces différents canaux et moyens de paiement, et ce à un niveau international…
This document introduces 12 finalists for the 2009 Blavatnik Awards competition, which recognizes and celebrates young scientists and engineers in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. It provides brief biographies of 3 finalists - Sreekanth Chalasani, Paul Chirik, and Ofer Feinerman - summarizing their educational backgrounds, current positions, and innovative research focused on neurobiology, green chemistry, and immunology respectively.
The document discusses studies performed to understand the adhesive mechanisms of limpets. Tests were conducted to determine how much limpets rely on suction versus adhesive mucus for adhesion. It was found that limpets use both suction and mucus but rely more heavily on suction. Chemical analysis of the mucus found it contains water, carbon, and oxygen bonds. Adhesion force tests on limpets in the wild and in an aquarium found those in the wild require more force to remove. The goal is to understand limpet adhesion to help develop new biodegradable adhesives.
Meta materials are artificial materials engineered with precise structures that can manipulate waves like light in unconventional ways. Researchers have developed meta materials that bend microwaves but making materials that bend visible light requires even smaller nanoscale structures. Recent work by researchers at the University of California and Imperial College London has created meta materials that can control the direction of light, bringing invisibility cloaks and other applications closer to reality, though challenges remain in developing materials that work across all visible wavelengths.
Brian grew up loving astronomy and earned his PhD in particle physics. He is now a researcher with the ATLAS experiment at CERN, a physics professor at the University of Manchester, and a science communicator on BBC programs. He believes exploration of the universe through experiments like those at CERN is vital. Kathy McCormick also earned her PhD in physics and now works as a subject matter expert for the US Customs and Border Protection, where she defines regulations and tests new security equipment, drawing on her experience with radiation detection equipment during her thesis research. Sam Wurzel earned his master's in physics and co-founded Octopart, an online parts search engine, after becoming frustrated searching paper catalogs as a graduate student and being
Valuing International Collaboration in ResearchWiley
The document celebrates the 2017 nominees for the APEC Science Prize for Innovation, Research and Education (ASPIRE) award. It provides brief biographies of 8 nominees from various APEC economies who have impressive backgrounds and research in new material technologies. The nominees discuss the importance of international collaboration, noting how it enriches research, builds bridges between cultures, and accelerates progress through sharing of expertise and perspectives.
The document provides an overview of recent developments at the Institute of Materials Science (IMS) at the University of Connecticut:
- UConn and FEI Co. signed an agreement to develop a $25 million world-class center for electron microscopy and materials science research housed at UConn's new Innovation Partnership Building. The center will feature some of the most advanced electron microscopes in the world.
- IMS faculty member Dr. Anson Ma led teams of students in collaborating with a company to 3D print prototypes of artificial organs, such as kidneys, using advanced 3D printing techniques.
- New IMS faculty member Dr. Kelly Burke studies the development of novel responsive biomaterials and their interactions
Optimisation of Biogas Production using NanotechnologyYogeshIJTSRD
Nanotechnology largely affects a more extensive scope of biotechnological, pharmacological and unadulterated innovative applications. In this paper we would be covering the use of nanotechnology in the production as well as optimisation of biogas. This paper clearly shows the potential and relationship between the both – biogas production and nanotechnology via various feedstock characterisation studies which was done during this paper. The aim of this paper is to showcase how these both technologies complement each other and how nanotechnology is applied in feedstock and convert it to biogas. Our study shows how nanotechnology is applied on pressmud and gas production is enhanced at laboratory level. The digestion of pressmud with nanomaterials were studied. Our study clearly indicates that the biogas production can surely be enhanced in case of treating pressmud by using magnetite nanoparticles which gives higher methane yields compared to normal digestion without nanoparticles. This study not only confirms the enhanced biogas generation from pressmud but also confirms that on other biodegradable material the same principle can be applied and gas production can be enhanced. Our study surely will be an important tool for implementing of nanotechnology in biogas research and enhanced production wherever the press mud is available. Srinivas Kasulla | S J Malik | Ahmad Allam Siddiqui "Optimisation of Biogas Production using Nanotechnology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39867.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/39867/optimisation-of-biogas-production-using-nanotechnology/srinivas-kasulla
Univ of IL Micro + Nanotechnology Lab highlightsLaura Schmitt
The latest advances from one of the premier university-based photonics, microelectronics, biotechnology, and nanotechnology research facilities in the country.
New technique could bring quality-control tool for nanocompositescoldcrease3412
Researchers have developed a new technique using Kelvin probe scanning and an atomic force microscope that can detect defects below the surface of nanocomposites. This technique maps electrical charge below the surface and can detect nanostructures like carbon nanotubes embedded in a polymer matrix up to 400 nanometers deep. It allows quality control at the nanoscale by identifying clumping or uneven distribution of nanostructures that can hinder performance. The collaboration between Purdue University and Universidad de los Andes researchers was able to explore the depth detection limits of characterization techniques based on atomic force microscopy.
Strong field science core proposal for uph ill siteahsanrabbani
This document provides a 3-year project summary for an international collaboration on strong field science:
1. The project aims to strengthen India's participation in experiments studying matter under extreme light intensities through international collaboration.
2. Indian researchers will perform experiments at international facilities and host foreign researchers, while also building expertise for potential future domestic facilities.
3. The project aims to consolidate Indian efforts in this area and increase international exposure, with a goal of developing robust Indian competence in studying matter with petawatt laser pulses.
The Micro + Nanotechnology Lab (MNTL) at the University of Illinois conducts interdisciplinary research at the intersection of engineering and biology. MNTL provides state-of-the-art cleanrooms and a biosafety level-2 complex, enabling 300 students and faculty to conduct photonics, microelectronics, biotechnology, and nanotechnology research. This document highlights some recent research from MNTL including the development of a new technique to create synthetic tumor environments using hydrogels, a transistor-injected quantum cascade laser, and a self-rolled-up nanomembrane for neuron cell culturing.
Noam Baruch- Digital Certificate- Masterclasses in New MediaNoam Baruch
This certificate recognizes the recipient for successfully completing the Masterclasses in New Media program by The Culture Trip. It was awarded by Noam Baruch, the Editorial & Social Media Director of The Culture Trip, on February 11, 2016.
The document discusses the range of magnitudes of various physical quantities in the universe. It lists quantities like length, mass, time, and others, and estimates their sizes which can range from 10-15 meters for subnuclear particles to 1026 meters for the size of the visible universe. Masses range from 10-30 kilograms for an electron to 1050 kilograms for the mass of the universe. Times range from 10-23 seconds for light passing through a nucleus to 1018 seconds for the age of the universe. The document emphasizes being able to express ratios of quantities as differences in orders of magnitude.
This document discusses atomic, nuclear and particle physics concepts including:
1. Discrete energy levels in atoms lead to line spectra fingerprints of elements. Electrons can only have certain quantized energy levels and jump between them, emitting photons of specific wavelengths.
2. The Bohr model of the atom helped explain line spectra by proposing electrons orbit nuclei in fixed, quantized energy levels. Electron transitions between levels emit or absorb photons of specific energies.
3. Atoms are composed of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Evidence for neutrons comes from isotopes having the same number of protons but different masses.
4. Radio
Flashcards were created to promote citizenship. The flashcards were designed to teach citizenship and were created by Erica Corso in 2015. The document discusses flashcards that were made in 2015 by Erica Corso to help teach people about citizenship.
This document discusses the importance of measurement in physics and introduces the International System of Units (SI Units) used to measure physical quantities. It provides definitions and examples of base units like the meter, kilogram, second, kelvin, and ampere. Prefixes are also introduced to write very large and small numbers in standard form with powers of ten. Examples are provided to convert between different units of length, mass, time, volume, velocity, pressure, and acceleration.
Rowena Simbulan wrote a document on November 22, 2016 with the identifier 14077. The document appears to be technical in nature and related to computing given the reference to TCPDF, which is a open source PHP library for generating PDF documents.
Didactic Sequence ANIMALS plus Lesson Plan 1 and 2Cielo Sampietro
This document outlines lesson plans for teaching English to 5-6 year old students. The lessons focus on animals, their actions, habitats, and physical characteristics. The first lesson introduces new ocean, swamp, and desert animals and has activities where students identify animals, color pictures, and review vocabulary. The second lesson reviews previous material and introduces the concept of habitats. It includes a riddle game to review animals. Both lessons begin with singing, incorporate flashcards and pictures, and aim to develop students' vocabulary, pronunciation, and understanding of animals.
This document discusses rainwater harvesting and provides reasons to practice it. It explains that rainwater harvesting involves collecting, conveying, and storing rainfall for beneficial use. Some benefits of rainwater harvesting include conserving water resources, providing water at low cost, replenishing groundwater, and acting as good environmental stewards. The document also describes methods of rainwater harvesting like surface runoff collection, percolation pits, and recharge wells to divert rainwater runoff into aquifers and replenish groundwater supplies.
Oscillations and waves can be described using several key parameters:
1. Amplitude refers to the maximum displacement from equilibrium.
2. Period is the time for one full oscillation. Frequency is the number of oscillations per second, with frequency and period inversely related.
3. Oscillations follow simple harmonic motion (SHM) when the restoring force is proportional to displacement and directed towards equilibrium. SHM can model many systems like masses on springs or pendulums.
Le paiement est la concrétisation d'une expérience client réussie. Avec des consommateurs hyper-connectés et de plus en plus exigeants, les entreprises font face aujourd’hui à un dilemme. D’une part, offrir à leurs clients une diversité de moyens et canaux de paiements répondant à leurs attentes, et d’autre part, optimiser la gestion opérationnelle et financière de ces différents canaux et moyens de paiement, et ce à un niveau international…
This document introduces 12 finalists for the 2009 Blavatnik Awards competition, which recognizes and celebrates young scientists and engineers in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. It provides brief biographies of 3 finalists - Sreekanth Chalasani, Paul Chirik, and Ofer Feinerman - summarizing their educational backgrounds, current positions, and innovative research focused on neurobiology, green chemistry, and immunology respectively.
The document discusses studies performed to understand the adhesive mechanisms of limpets. Tests were conducted to determine how much limpets rely on suction versus adhesive mucus for adhesion. It was found that limpets use both suction and mucus but rely more heavily on suction. Chemical analysis of the mucus found it contains water, carbon, and oxygen bonds. Adhesion force tests on limpets in the wild and in an aquarium found those in the wild require more force to remove. The goal is to understand limpet adhesion to help develop new biodegradable adhesives.
Meta materials are artificial materials engineered with precise structures that can manipulate waves like light in unconventional ways. Researchers have developed meta materials that bend microwaves but making materials that bend visible light requires even smaller nanoscale structures. Recent work by researchers at the University of California and Imperial College London has created meta materials that can control the direction of light, bringing invisibility cloaks and other applications closer to reality, though challenges remain in developing materials that work across all visible wavelengths.
Brian grew up loving astronomy and earned his PhD in particle physics. He is now a researcher with the ATLAS experiment at CERN, a physics professor at the University of Manchester, and a science communicator on BBC programs. He believes exploration of the universe through experiments like those at CERN is vital. Kathy McCormick also earned her PhD in physics and now works as a subject matter expert for the US Customs and Border Protection, where she defines regulations and tests new security equipment, drawing on her experience with radiation detection equipment during her thesis research. Sam Wurzel earned his master's in physics and co-founded Octopart, an online parts search engine, after becoming frustrated searching paper catalogs as a graduate student and being
Valuing International Collaboration in ResearchWiley
The document celebrates the 2017 nominees for the APEC Science Prize for Innovation, Research and Education (ASPIRE) award. It provides brief biographies of 8 nominees from various APEC economies who have impressive backgrounds and research in new material technologies. The nominees discuss the importance of international collaboration, noting how it enriches research, builds bridges between cultures, and accelerates progress through sharing of expertise and perspectives.
The document provides an overview of recent developments at the Institute of Materials Science (IMS) at the University of Connecticut:
- UConn and FEI Co. signed an agreement to develop a $25 million world-class center for electron microscopy and materials science research housed at UConn's new Innovation Partnership Building. The center will feature some of the most advanced electron microscopes in the world.
- IMS faculty member Dr. Anson Ma led teams of students in collaborating with a company to 3D print prototypes of artificial organs, such as kidneys, using advanced 3D printing techniques.
- New IMS faculty member Dr. Kelly Burke studies the development of novel responsive biomaterials and their interactions
Optimisation of Biogas Production using NanotechnologyYogeshIJTSRD
Nanotechnology largely affects a more extensive scope of biotechnological, pharmacological and unadulterated innovative applications. In this paper we would be covering the use of nanotechnology in the production as well as optimisation of biogas. This paper clearly shows the potential and relationship between the both – biogas production and nanotechnology via various feedstock characterisation studies which was done during this paper. The aim of this paper is to showcase how these both technologies complement each other and how nanotechnology is applied in feedstock and convert it to biogas. Our study shows how nanotechnology is applied on pressmud and gas production is enhanced at laboratory level. The digestion of pressmud with nanomaterials were studied. Our study clearly indicates that the biogas production can surely be enhanced in case of treating pressmud by using magnetite nanoparticles which gives higher methane yields compared to normal digestion without nanoparticles. This study not only confirms the enhanced biogas generation from pressmud but also confirms that on other biodegradable material the same principle can be applied and gas production can be enhanced. Our study surely will be an important tool for implementing of nanotechnology in biogas research and enhanced production wherever the press mud is available. Srinivas Kasulla | S J Malik | Ahmad Allam Siddiqui "Optimisation of Biogas Production using Nanotechnology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39867.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/39867/optimisation-of-biogas-production-using-nanotechnology/srinivas-kasulla
Univ of IL Micro + Nanotechnology Lab highlightsLaura Schmitt
The latest advances from one of the premier university-based photonics, microelectronics, biotechnology, and nanotechnology research facilities in the country.
New technique could bring quality-control tool for nanocompositescoldcrease3412
Researchers have developed a new technique using Kelvin probe scanning and an atomic force microscope that can detect defects below the surface of nanocomposites. This technique maps electrical charge below the surface and can detect nanostructures like carbon nanotubes embedded in a polymer matrix up to 400 nanometers deep. It allows quality control at the nanoscale by identifying clumping or uneven distribution of nanostructures that can hinder performance. The collaboration between Purdue University and Universidad de los Andes researchers was able to explore the depth detection limits of characterization techniques based on atomic force microscopy.
Strong field science core proposal for uph ill siteahsanrabbani
This document provides a 3-year project summary for an international collaboration on strong field science:
1. The project aims to strengthen India's participation in experiments studying matter under extreme light intensities through international collaboration.
2. Indian researchers will perform experiments at international facilities and host foreign researchers, while also building expertise for potential future domestic facilities.
3. The project aims to consolidate Indian efforts in this area and increase international exposure, with a goal of developing robust Indian competence in studying matter with petawatt laser pulses.
The Micro + Nanotechnology Lab (MNTL) at the University of Illinois conducts interdisciplinary research at the intersection of engineering and biology. MNTL provides state-of-the-art cleanrooms and a biosafety level-2 complex, enabling 300 students and faculty to conduct photonics, microelectronics, biotechnology, and nanotechnology research. This document highlights some recent research from MNTL including the development of a new technique to create synthetic tumor environments using hydrogels, a transistor-injected quantum cascade laser, and a self-rolled-up nanomembrane for neuron cell culturing.
FINAL REPORT - Functionalizing Diatoms with TiO2 for Solar Cell ApplicationsChris Dowdy
This document describes a project to functionalize diatom frustules with titanium dioxide nanoparticles to increase the efficiency of solar cells. The goals are to establish the best cleaning method for diatoms to optimize bonding with titanium dioxide, and to functionalize different shaped diatoms with titanium dioxide to mimic plant thylakoids and increase the solar cell's surface area and electrical output. Bleach cleaning of diatoms was tested as a safer, cheaper alternative to acid cleaning. Initial results showed successful insertion of titanium dioxide nanoparticles onto a cleaned diatom frustule, pointing to further testing on actual solar cells.
DavidAllen1update_Senior_Thesis_248PMAPRIL182016David Allen
This document discusses the synthesis and analysis of core substituted di-cyano naphthalene di-imide derivatives and their application in donor-acceptor columnar liquid crystal mixtures. Columnar liquid crystals have potential applications in organic electronics due to their ability to enhance charge transport properties. This project focuses on synthesizing three derivatives of the electron poor naphthalene diimide component - di-cyano NDI, di-TMSacetylide NDI, and di-fluoro NDI. These derivatives were mixed with various electron rich components and analyzed via spectroscopy and microscopy. The mixtures showed novel absorbance profiles that could allow for tuning of the charge transfer band to enhance liquid crystal properties. Future work will involve altering
Nanotechnology refers to science and engineering at the nanoscale, which is approximately 1 to 100 nanometers. At this scale, materials exhibit unique properties and phenomena due to their small size. Some key aspects of nanotechnology discussed in the document include the tools used to visualize nanomaterials like electron microscopes, various manufacturing techniques, and the large surface area and quantum effects present at the nanoscale. The document also outlines significant government funding for nanotechnology research globally as well as potential applications and concerns regarding human health, the environment, and the economy.
1) Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University and EPFL have developed a new computational design tool that can transform flat sheets of materials like plastic or metal into complex 3D shapes by introducing hexagonal cuts that allow for uniform expansion.
2) Scientists at Rice University have found that the traditional models of electronic behavior do not apply to ultra-flat 2D material interfaces and have simulated novel electric field effects at the boundaries of 2D materials like graphene.
3) Researchers at Georgia Tech have created the most efficient humanoid robot to date, called Durus, which walks with a natural human gait involving heel strikes and toe-off, achieving higher efficiency than flat-footed robots.
An overview of the scientific, technological and engineering achievements of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory researchers from January to March 2014. For more Science and Technology Updates, visit https://st.llnl.gov/showcase/st-update.
This document is a master's thesis report submitted by Ganesh Kumar Tirumalasetty to three universities in partial fulfillment of a master's degree in advanced materials science. The thesis investigates the mechanical characterization of hybrid biocomposites, with a focus on testing mollusc shells. Chapter 1 introduces biomimetics and the potential to develop new materials by understanding the mechanical properties of natural composites like mollusc shells. While previous studies examined shells using microindentation and nanoindentation in dry conditions, this study aims to characterize shells in wet conditions as well, and develop methods to test intricately shaped biological materials.
Comparing the Bulk Modulus of Aerogels Obtained Through Different Formulas-Cr...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Comparing the Bulk Modulus of Aerogels Obtained Through Different Formulas by Ryan Aycock* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
The document describes the development of an artificial cornea (keratoprosthesis) using nanotechnology to modify a biomaterial and restore eyesight to patients with no other treatment options. It discusses the ethical considerations involved in testing such a device and highlights the need for biocompatibility and proper surface functionalization. The artificial cornea was created using a hydrophobic base material with differentially functionalized surfaces - the haptic surface promotes tissue ingrowth for anchoring while the optic surfaces allow for tear film formation and light transmission without cell adhesion.
A team of Harvard scientists led by Professor Markus Greiner has created an antiferromagnet using an ultracold gas of lithium atoms, achieving the lowest temperatures yet for such a system. Antiferromagnets are important to study as they may be precursors to high-temperature superconductivity. The quantum antiferromagnet allows full control over individual atoms and parameters, enabling detailed study and simulation of real materials to help understand superconductivity. This "quantum wind tunnel" could aid in designing new superconductors and advancing materials science.
1. FEATURE
“This is as much art as it is science,” says James Gilchrist,
the Class of 1961 Associate Professor of Chemical
Engineering. To the uninitiated, it might appear no small
part magic as well.
Gilchrist focuses on a process—placing infinitesimally
thin films of material onto substrates—that is deceptively
simple but loaded with complexity and possibility.
Using a combination of high-end instruments and
improvisational tools, he and his students explore the
16 • RESOLVE • A FOCUS ON LEHIGH ENGINEERING
EXPLORING THE SEEMING CHAOS OF PARTICLE BEHAVIOR, RESEARCHERS DISCOVER
A STARTLING DEGREE OF SELF-ORGANIZATION AND A WIDE ARRAY OF APPLICATIONS.
A USEFUL STATE OF STORY BY CHRIS QUIRK
PHOTOGRAPHY BY RYAN HULVAT
chaotic intricacies of particle behaviors, and a host of
potential applications that these behaviors make possible.
In the Laboratory for Particle Mixing and Self-Organization,
Gilchrist works with a team of Ph.D. candidates and a
senior polymers researcher. Since the field is wide open,
the work demands creativity as well as discipline.
“There is much that we don’t know yet about the struc-
ture and dynamics of the systems of suspensions and
granular flow,” Gilchrist says. “We can visualize a lot, but we
2. LEHIGH UNIVERSITY • P.C. ROSSIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE • 17
equilibrium is formed where air and the denser fluid meet.
Particle structures in thin films are often hexagonal in
form, though sometimes square (called cubic packing),
the latter being less common but having useful properties.
“If someone needs that, we can dial it in by changing the
experimental conditions,” Gilchrist says.
CAPTURING LIGHT FROM LEDS...
One application for the particle structures that Gilchrist’s
group creates is the light-emitting diode, or LED, which is
gaining popularity as a domestic lighting choice because
of its superior energy efficiency. Gilchrist was approached
by Nelson Tansu, associate professor of electrical and
computer engineering, who produces high-end LEDs
and wanted to make them brighter. The two researchers
hypothesized that a particulate coating on the surface of
an LED could improve light extraction within the LED—if
well-chosen particles behaved like miniature lenses.
“The inside of an LED is a high-index refraction mate-
rial, while air is low-index refraction,” says Gilchrist. “Our
first idea was to just use a rough surface to refract light,
and extract it from the LED that way. We created a film––
basically a microlens array––where the particles were the
same gauge as the wavelengths of the light being emitted,
which is where the efficiency comes in.”
The researchers aimed for a 5- to 10-percent increase
in the amount of light emitted from the LED. In their first
trial, the LEDs produced twice the amount of light.
can’t visualize everything, so we have to imagine what’s
going on behind the scenes and what physics are impact-
ing the interactions. That’s where the creativity comes in.
“On the other hand, if we aren’t disciplined in our
experiments, our results won’t let us see these physics
in action.”
The films that Gilchrist’s group creates typically begin
as fluid suspensions of minute particles that are often
chosen for unique qualities that will yield a specific prod-
uct or data. The suspensions are deposited microscopical-
ly or applied via a secondary carrier fluid. A considerable
number of outcomes is made possible by manipulating the
materials and the process, and the products emanating
from the lab are highly sought after.
The variables in play in the manufacturing process are
myriad. The ambient temperature, evaporation rate, sur-
face tension and viscosity of the suspension fluid impact
the final particle structure in the films. In addition, the
speed and angle of the application plate, the qualities of
the substrate, and the particle size can all be finely tuned.
The goal of these manipulations is to reveal the essential
characteristics of the process and the dynamics of com-
plex interactions of suspensions.
What makes much of the group’s work not just viable
but valuable is a remarkable self-organization that fre-
quently occurs, or is made to occur, as particles are
applied during film deposition. Thanks to microscopic
imaging, the researchers can watch a wedge scrape a fluid
suspension loaded with particles across a flat surface.
The layer of film that is left behind is a single particle
thick. The suspended particles sort themselves into per-
fect arrays. Sometimes, when the array is inconsistent,
the particles even correct and snap into place
on the grid after a momentary delay once the wedge
has moved past.
The seemingly magnetic––and fortuitous––phenomenon
has been dubbed the “Cheerios effect.” Just as bits of
breakfast cereal floating in a bowl of milk will cling togeth-
er, particles in a suspension can attract each other. The
behavior is a combination of two factors. As particles are
trapped in the film, they form dimples in the fluid’s surface
and drag neighboring particles toward them. In addition,
because of the difference in pressure between fluid and
air, the fluid surface can act like a membrane. This mem-
brane resists objects that are pressed into it, causing further
pressures that buffet suspended particles as a delicate
The spot (above)
reflects the optimal
ordering of light
diffracted by a
laser shining through
a coating. At left, a
rainbow of colors is
generated by silica
particles coating
a silicon wafer.
3. Gilchrist now leads a group that is attempting to
perfect the film. “The challenges are to make it more
uniform and more efficient and to scale it up,” he says.
The group, which includes Mark Snyder, assistant profes-
sor of chemical engineering, has received a $1.1 million
grant from NSF.
Eric Daniels, a research scientist, is working with
Gilchrist on the NSF project, among others. He anchored
the lab during Gilchrist’s recent sabbatical at the California
Institute of Technology, and his prior experience at
Lehigh’s Emulsion Polymers Institute has proved helpful,
especially as EPI has been a major resource for many of
the projects at the lab.
“We frequently use parts synthesized by EPI,” says
Gilchrist. “They are a crucial partner. The particles we use
have to be uniform and manufactured to a critical toler-
ance. We could not do these projects without them.”
One of Daniels’ main tasks has been preparing a
recently acquired piece of hardware, an Automated
Langmuir-Blodgett, for operation. Though it looks no more
sophisticated than a stainless steel printing press, it has
the potential to deposit a microscopically fine layer of
particles using a wet-on-wet technique at high speed.
With a mechanism that resembles a conveyer belt, the
machine lays a suspension evenly on a fluid-laden sub-
strate passing beneath it.
18 • RESOLVE • A FOCUS ON LEHIGH ENGINEERING
... AND PATHOGENS FROM THE BLOODSTREAM
The potential applications for thin films are so rich that,
rather than having to seek collaborators, opportunities
seem to come looking for Gilchrist and his crew. Alexander
Weldon, who will complete his Ph.D. in May, is preparing
a microfilm for use on a new device being developed by
Xuanhong Cheng, assistant professor of materials science
and engineering and bioengineering, to enable the capture
of blood-borne pathogens.
“We’ll put down layers of particles in their device, and
functionalize them using antibodies or something that
would bind to, say, a cancer cell,” says Weldon. “The
particles will grab pathogens and trigger an irreversible
reaction. It could be used as a diagnostic or detection
tool. We have to discover how to optimize this through the
right particle size and pore size. It’s a very fulfilling col-
laboration.” Weldon was lead author on a paper in Applied
Materials and Interfaces that showed how to employ two
particles of different sizes to create a film with pores that
could be fine-tuned to filter such targeted pathogens out
of blood or other suspensions.
The potential for the work coming out of Gilchrist’s lab
is versatile. And while more efficient LEDs and solar cells,
pathogen detectors, better batteries and higher-resolution
HD displays are just some of the beguiling applications of
thin films, that’s not how Gilchrist interprets his mandate.
“We’re here to do fundamental science,” he says. “We are
not going to be the people that coat things—we want to
enable others to coat things better.”
Muangnapoh, Perera, Joy
and Joshi use a blade
(right) and an Automated
Langmuir-Blodgett (below)
to deposit microscopically
fine layers of particles.
“WE HAVE TO OPTIMIZE THIS THROUGH THE RIGHT PARTICLE
SIZE AND PORE SIZE. IT’S VERY FULFILLING.” —Alex Weldon
4. One fundamental problem that the group is exploring is
the radical change in viscosity and particle behavior that
a suspension can undergo when it is sheared. Rubbing a
suspension between thumb and forefinger is an example
of shearing; as the internal structure changes, it changes
the viscosity.
LEARNING FROM ANOMALIES ...
Tharanga Perera, a Ph.D. candidate, is attempting to rec-
oncile empirical results with theoretical calculations on
the shearing of suspensions. The calculations have been
unresolved for almost 20 years. One challenge is to locate
and track individual particles in a suspension. To test and
verify the existing numerical calculations, Perera uses
sophisticated confocal microscopy that can capture a 3D
nanoscale image at high speed. This allows him to experi-
mentally determine particle location and check the results
against computer simulations. To generate more robust
data, he makes changes in the experiments that cannot
be executed on the computer.
Along with the successes come equally prized anoma-
lies, which frequently spark innovation. “We can do an
experiment where 90 percent of things go the way we
anticipate,” says Gilchrist, “but a lot of our most interest-
ing work ends up being driven by the 10 percent we
aren’t expecting.”
While working with inorganic, magnesium oxide films,
Midhun Joy, a Ph.D. candidate, came across a way of more
easily creating cubic-packed structures in the films by
changing the substrate properties. His motivation was to
avoid the cracks that had been occurring in films placed
on less flexible glass carriers. While he was examining a
sample done with the polymer substrate, Joy noticed the
cubic structure of the particles––a happy, but unantici-
pated, result.
“We don’t understand exactly why this is happening, so
we’re studying the fundamentals of how it occurs,” said
Gilchrist. Other engineers have expressed strong interest
in the possibilities for this work.
In another project, Tanyakorn Muangnapoh, a Ph.D. can-
didate, came to Gilchrist with a problem: How could the
group deal with unavoidable vibrations that affected the
manufacturing process as film was being deposited? The
group came up with the novel idea of deliberately adding
vibrations into the deposition process to determine if they
might actually be beneficial.
“It was as if we decided to shake a gumball machine
to see if we could get more efficient packing,” Gilchrist
says. Muangnapoh tried different parameters and reported
positive results.
“He told me the good news, that the vibrations pro-
duced these nice monolayer coatings,” says Gilchrist.
LEHIGH UNIVERSITY • P.C. ROSSIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE • 19
“The ‘bad’ news was that even when he altered the
parameters, he still got the monolayer coatings. We
weren’t expecting that.”
Muangnapoh, with Weldon and Gilchrist as coauthors,
recently described his results in a paper published in
Applied Physics Letters. “We still don’t totally know what’s
going on,” says Gilchrist. “We understand the heuristics
of it; now we need to keep working to find out fundamen-
tally what’s happening.”
... AND FROM FAILURES
Failure is sometimes more than an option; it is actively
pursued and analyzed.
“We’ve spent a lot of time studying how things go
wrong as opposed to right,” Gilchrist says. For instance,
if something goes wrong during the particle deposition
process––if particles of different sizes fall awry, if an impu-
rity is introduced or if a heated substrate causes the film
to buckle––the defect can snowball and become irrevers-
ible, resulting in stripes or streaking in the film.
Kedar Joshi, a Ph.D. candidate, is seeking to find out
if adding surfactants to a suspension will reduce the
surface tensions to avoid these instabilities. Gilchrist
and his students have created hundreds of failed samples
to better understand the minute choreography that takes
place in these nanoparticle pileups.
“You can’t predict this stuff,” says Gilchrist. “The
LED improvements, in part, came about because a
student was dissatisfied with the project he was
working on. We’ve had some major discoveries by
dissatisfied students.
“My students are independent. I want them to tell
me I’m wrong,” Gilchrist says. “Often, when I have
students facing a challenge, I tell them to try a number
of things. They often say, ‘I already did.’
“I love that. My attitude is that if you receive your
Ph.D., you should be one of the world’s leading experts
on your topic. That says all you need to know about the
quality of our chemical engineering program at Lehigh.”
31
2 4
Image 1 shows ideal
coating. Image 2,
3 and 4 show the
stripes, streaks and
cracks that form
when the process
goes amiss.