Success factors for managing horizontal purchasing groups: an empirical survey
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The document presents findings from an empirical survey on success factors for managing horizontal purchasing groups. It identifies 19 potential success factors and analyzes their importance for group success. Key findings include: - 12 success factors were identified as statistically significant, including communication, member cooperation, commitment and support, common objectives, and fair allocation of savings. - Groups were most successful when there was no need to enforce cooperation, members contributed sufficient and unique knowledge, and representatives were not often changed. - Fair allocation of savings, open communication, and members having similar influence and objectives were also important for group success.
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Running Head: RISKS AND REWARDS 1
RISKS AND REWARDS 10
Research Design
Name
Institution
Course
Instructor’s Name
Date
Table of Contents
1.Introduction3
2.Research Design3
3.Justification4
4.Literature Review4
5.Data Collection6
6.The Data Being Sought7
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Running Head: RISKS AND REWARDS 1
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Management Capstone
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Research Design
Name
Institution
Course
Instructor’s Name
Date
Table of Contents
1.Introduction3
2.Research Design3
3.Justification4
4.Literature Review4
5.Data Collection6
6.The Data Being Sought7
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9.Findings10
10.Recommendation11
11.Conclusion13
References14
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The fundamentals of
standardizing global marketing
strategy
Nanda K. Viswanathan
Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware, USA, and
Peter R. Dickson
Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
Abstract
Purpose – To examine issues of standardization and adaptation in global marketing strategy and to
explain the dynamics of standardization.
Design/methodology/approach – This is a conceptual research paper that has been developed
based on gaps in prior frameworks of standardization/adaptation. A three-factor model of
standardization/adaptation of global marketing strategy was developed. The three factors include
homogeneity of customer response to the marketing mix, transferability of competitive advantage, and
similarities in the degree of economic freedom.
Findings – The model through the use of feedback effects explains the dynamics of standardization.
Research limitations/implications – Future research needs to empirically test the model. To
enable empirical validation, reliable and valid measures of the three factors proposed in the model need
to be developed. Additionally, the model may be used in future research to delineate the impact a
variable may have on the ability of a firm to follow a standardized global marketing strategy.
Practical implications – The three-factor model aids decisions relating to standardization in a
global marketing context.
Originality/value – The paper furthers the discussion on the issue of standardization. Through the
identification of three factors that impact standardization/adaptation decisions, and the consideration
of feedback effects, the paper provides a foundation for future research addressing the issue.
Keywords Marketing strategy, Standardization, Modelling, International business
Paper type Research paper
Introduction
The increase in world trade, an increasing integration of the world’s major economies,
and the onward march of globalization, will mean that decisions on standardization
and adaptation of marketing strategies will continue to be an important issue
for academic research and marketing practice. In spite of the substantial research on
standardization/adaptation of marketing strategy for over 40 years, the theoretical
foundation for standardization/adaptation research remains weak (Ryans et al., 2003).
There has been with the exception of Jain (1989), Cavusgil et al. (1993) and Johnson and
Arunthanes (1995) little attempt to develop a theoretical framework that would be
informative on standardization issues. In addition, the existing theoretical foundations
of standardization “center on the perception of consumer homogeneity and/or the
movement toward homogeneity” (Ryans et al., 2003). While consumer homogeneity is
an important issue, the dimensions of marketing strategy go beyond a consideration of
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at
www.emeraldinsight.com/0265-1335.htm
IMR
24,1
46
Received February 2004
Revised February ...
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Running Head: DATA SOURCE EVALUATION 1
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Data source in Evaluation
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John Young's presentation at the GDN workshop on 'Maximizing the Impact of Agricultural Research in Africa' held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in October 2008. In his talk, he outlines how organisations can work within complex policy processes to achieve impact and expands on several tools that can be used as part of this process.
Arizona advocacy
This document discusses challenges and solutions to evaluating advocacy work and proposes methods for measuring advocacy outcomes. It addresses three main questions: how advocacy evaluation differs from traditional evaluation, what can be measured about advocacy influencing, and how advocacy influencing can be measured. Regarding the first question, the document notes that attribution is difficult but contribution can be demonstrated. For the second question, it recommends measuring meaningful interim outcomes related to changes in audiences' awareness, action, and will. Finally, it proposes several non-traditional evaluation methods that can be used to measure advocacy outcomes, such as bellwether methodology, policymaker ratings, and critical incident timelines.
Arizona advocacy
This document discusses challenges and solutions to evaluating advocacy work and proposes methods for measuring advocacy outcomes. It addresses three main questions: how advocacy evaluation differs from traditional evaluation, what can be measured about advocacy influencing, and how advocacy influencing can be measured. Key points include: advocacy requires demonstrating contribution rather than direct attribution; evaluating for learning in addition to accountability; assessing progress toward interim outcomes rather than just end results; and using both traditional and non-traditional methods like bellwether interviews, policymaker ratings, and other techniques to measure changes in awareness, action, and will among target audiences. The document emphasizes measuring meaningful changes and having realistic expectations about what can be attributed to advocacy efforts within complex policy environments.
ACES Participatory Methods Training 2011
The document discusses stakeholder participation and methods for participatory governance. It defines key terms like stakeholders, participation, and participatory governance. It also outlines different levels and types of participation based on models like Arnstein's ladder of participation and Wilcox's wheel of participation. The document provides best practices for effective stakeholder participation, including ensuring empowerment and equity among participants, involving stakeholders early and throughout the process, representing all relevant stakeholders, and selecting methods tailored to the specific decision-making context. It emphasizes that facilitation skills and integrating local and scientific knowledge are essential for robust participatory processes.
Facilitation
This document discusses the role and skills of a facilitator in enabling groups to succeed. It outlines that facilitation focuses on designing and managing group processes, ensuring participation and that the process affects outcomes. The key roles of a facilitator include preparing for and managing meetings, following up, and using their skills and knowledge of group dynamics, decision making and adult learning to guide the group effectively.
Running Head RISKS AND REWARDS1RISKS AND REWARDS10Researc.docx
Running Head: RISKS AND REWARDS 1
RISKS AND REWARDS 10
Research Design
Name
Institution
Course
Instructor’s Name
Date
Table of Contents
1.Introduction3
2.Research Design3
3.Justification4
4.Literature Review4
5.Data Collection6
6.The Data Being Sought7
6.1The Impact of the Government’s Regulation7
6.2The Regulations which Redeemed the Economy8
6.3The Specific Examples of Regulations8
6.4An Economist’s Take8
6.5Future Plans9
7.Measuring the Current Problem Issue9
8.Measuring Success10
9.Findings10
10.Recommendation10
11.Conclusion11
References12
1.
Introduction
The purpose of this research is to identify a management problem and then work out its literature review, methodology, findings, and recommendations. This research will, therefore, focus on the management issues relating to the balancing of risks and rewards in organizations. It is a valuable exercise since these are some of the issues which organizations need to consider when planning their long-term goals. The balancing facilitates sustainability of the endeavors in question (Adams, 2010).2. Research Design
The financial crisis that commenced in the period between 2007 and 2008 did put many organizations and corporate into sharp focus based on how they were managing risks. The understanding of the trade-off between the risks and anticipated rewards became an issue of concern, and this is especially with regard to enabling the organizations to effectively take advantage of the opportunities which are available in the global market. Financial and economic researchers asserted that the problem of balancing risks and rewards had played a significant role in the occurrence of the stated financial crisis, and this was as a result of organizations giving little attention to risk management.
During the economic crisis, it was evident that organizations, especially those that operated in the financial market, had inadequate knowledge regarding risk and reward management. It is essential to note that business risks cannot be totally eliminated from the global market because they ensure availability and occurrence of business opportunities and as such it is essential to ensure a balance between risks and rewards through effective risk assessment and management structures. 3. Justification
Research into the problem of balancing risks and rewards is vital to institutional study because it will add to the available knowledge while at the same time ensuring that financial crisis for instance the one experienced in 2007-2008 are avoided. This study will also stress the significance of balancing risks and rewards because this is an area that has not been given much thought. In this regard, this paper will ensure that organizations take balancing of risks and rewards as an essential part of strategic decision making processes and thus a way of ensuring effective management and assessment of risks.4. Literature Review
Many organizations the world over are usually in business because they view profi.
presenttion policy analysis
This document provides an overview of policy analysis. It defines public policy and policy analysis. The document outlines the approaches, process, and steps of policy analysis. It discusses types of policy analysis including scientific, political, and professional analysis. The key steps in policy analysis are identified as verifying the problem, establishing criteria, identifying alternatives, evaluating alternatives, distinguishing among alternatives, and monitoring implemented policies. The document emphasizes establishing clear objectives and understanding the problem as the foundation for effective policy analysis.
IGF 2016 Workshop #153 Let's break down silos
- The workshop brought together organizations working in cybersecurity and cybercrime to discuss best practices for cooperation. Key factors for successful cooperation included having a shared challenge to address, building trust between individuals over multiple meetings, establishing transparency and commitment to a common goal.
- Participants described how neutral venues, establishing shared expectations, and voluntary cooperation were important. Government assistance can help initially but regulation should be a last resort.
- Moving forward, the IGF could help distribute these lessons and bring more stakeholders together. Further discussion could strengthen understanding and cooperation between organizations.
6023 session 3_2010
This document discusses educational leadership and ICT policy. It defines policy and discusses key elements of policy, including problem definition, goals, and instruments. It also discusses analyzing policy statements through different frameworks such as logical analysis of internal consistency. The document provides examples of analyzing ICT in education policies and discusses using a self-review framework to evaluate how schools integrate technology.
Running Head RISKS AND REWARDS1RISKS AND REWARDS14MGMT659.docx
Running Head: RISKS AND REWARDS 1
RISKS AND REWARDS 14
MGMT659 -1504A -01
Management Capstone
Phase 4 IP Conclusion on Approach
By John W. Casto
Instructor
Dr. Bryan Forsyth
Research Design
Name
Institution
Course
Instructor’s Name
Date
Table of Contents
1.Introduction3
2.Research Design3
3.Justification4
4.Literature Review4
5.Data Collection6
6.The Data Being Sought7
6.1The Impact of the Government’s Regulation7
6.2The Regulations which Redeemed the Economy8
6.3The Specific Examples of Regulations8
6.4An Economist’s Take8
6.5Future Plans9
7.Measuring the Current Problem Issue9
8.Measuring Success10
9.Findings10
10.Recommendation11
11.Conclusion13
References14
1.
Introduction
The purpose of this research is to identify a management problem and then work out its literature review, methodology, findings, and recommendations. This research will, therefore, focus on the management issues relating to the balancing of risks and rewards in organizations. It is a valuable exercise since these are some of the issues which organizations need to consider when planning their long-term goals. The balancing facilitates sustainability of the endeavors in question (Adams, 2010).2. Research Design
The financial crisis that commenced in the period between 2007 and 2008 did put many organizations and corporate into sharp focus based on how they were managing risks. The understanding of the trade-off between the risks and anticipated rewards became an issue of concern, and this is especially with regard to enabling the organizations to effectively take advantage of the opportunities which are available in the global market. Financial and economic researchers asserted that the problem of balancing risks and rewards had played a significant role in the occurrence of the stated financial crisis, and this was as a result of organizations giving little attention to risk management.
During the economic crisis, it was evident that organizations, especially those that operated in the financial market, had inadequate knowledge regarding risk and reward management. It is essential to note that business risks cannot be totally eliminated from the global market because they ensure availability and occurrence of business opportunities and as such it is essential to ensure a balance between risks and rewards through effective risk assessment and management structures. 3. Justification
Research into the problem of balancing risks and rewards is vital to institutional study because it will add to the available knowledge while at the same time ensuring that financial crisis for instance the one experienced in 2007-2008 are avoided. This study will also stress the significance of balancing risks and rewards because this is an area that has not been given much thought. In this regard, this paper will ensure that organizations take balancing of risks and rewards as an essential part of strategic decision making processes and thus a way of ensuring effective managemen.
Acacia Research and Learning Forum Tutorial 2
The document outlines the agenda and activities of a policy engagement tutorial held in Dakar, Senegal. It includes:
- Storytelling exercises where participants shared experiences engaging with policy processes
- Identification of 6 key lessons for effective policy engagement based on collective experiences
- Presentation of frameworks for analyzing the political context, evidence, and links between policy and research communities when influencing policy
- Discussion of tools for strategic policy engagement including the Alignment, Interest and Influence Matrix to map stakeholders and prioritize targets.
Mediation and how it works
This document summarizes research on quantitative analysis of mediation. It finds that state and regional mediators have the highest success rates, with directive strategies most effective for resolving high-intensity conflicts and procedural strategies best for low-intensity. The research uses theoretical literature and comparative analysis of a dataset to interpret mediation effectiveness. However, the methods and data codification could be more clearly explained, and examining social networks and international platforms may provide a more comprehensive view. In summary, while state and regional mediation seem most effective, mediation can help resolve disputes in various contexts when groups cannot find common ground.
Four different views of a policy model : an analysis and some suggestions
A policy model has (at least) four different interpretations: (a) intention: the intention/interpretation of the simulation designer/programmer, (b) validation: the meaning established by the validation of the model in terms of the mapping(s) to sets of evidence, (c) use: the meaning established as a result of the use of a model in a policy making/advice context and (d) interpretation: the narrative interpretation of the policy maker/advisor when justifying decisions made where this refers to a policy model.
These four different interpretations are loosely connected via social processes. The relation between intention and validation is relatively well discussed in the context of “scientific” model specification and development. The relation between use and interpretation has been discussed in a number of specific contexts. However when and how a relationship between the scientific world of intention/validation and the policy world of use/interpretation are established in practice is an area with little active research.
Both personal experience and philosophical considerations suggest that these two worlds are very different in terms of both purpose and method. However this does not mean that there cannot be any well-founded connection between them. The key question is understanding the social processes of how this can happen, what are the conditions that facilitate it happening and what is the nature of the relationship between the four views when it does happen.
Interestingly these issues have been faced and extensively discussed in the field of Artificial Intelligence, which has confronted the distinction between meaning of internal models (loosely, the beliefs of an agent about its environment) in these four ways. The field of AI has not come up with a final solution to these problems, and is itself divided into those that inhabit separate approaches that adopt a subset of these approaches to model meaning. However it is suggestive of some ways forward, namely:
• a recognition of the problem that there are these different ways of attributing meaning to a policy model (and hence avoid some common errors derived from conflating these four views);
• symbol grounding in the sense of learning meanings through repeated use and adjustment (either in response to validation or interpretation views or both);
• and the observation of scientific-policy interaction as it actually occurs (e.g. an ethnographic study of scientist/policy advisor interaction).
Some developments in the area of participatory policy modelling can be seen as forays into this arena, albeit without structured assessment.
The fundamentals ofstandardizing global marketingstrateg.docx
The fundamentals of
standardizing global marketing
strategy
Nanda K. Viswanathan
Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware, USA, and
Peter R. Dickson
Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
Abstract
Purpose – To examine issues of standardization and adaptation in global marketing strategy and to
explain the dynamics of standardization.
Design/methodology/approach – This is a conceptual research paper that has been developed
based on gaps in prior frameworks of standardization/adaptation. A three-factor model of
standardization/adaptation of global marketing strategy was developed. The three factors include
homogeneity of customer response to the marketing mix, transferability of competitive advantage, and
similarities in the degree of economic freedom.
Findings – The model through the use of feedback effects explains the dynamics of standardization.
Research limitations/implications – Future research needs to empirically test the model. To
enable empirical validation, reliable and valid measures of the three factors proposed in the model need
to be developed. Additionally, the model may be used in future research to delineate the impact a
variable may have on the ability of a firm to follow a standardized global marketing strategy.
Practical implications – The three-factor model aids decisions relating to standardization in a
global marketing context.
Originality/value – The paper furthers the discussion on the issue of standardization. Through the
identification of three factors that impact standardization/adaptation decisions, and the consideration
of feedback effects, the paper provides a foundation for future research addressing the issue.
Keywords Marketing strategy, Standardization, Modelling, International business
Paper type Research paper
Introduction
The increase in world trade, an increasing integration of the world’s major economies,
and the onward march of globalization, will mean that decisions on standardization
and adaptation of marketing strategies will continue to be an important issue
for academic research and marketing practice. In spite of the substantial research on
standardization/adaptation of marketing strategy for over 40 years, the theoretical
foundation for standardization/adaptation research remains weak (Ryans et al., 2003).
There has been with the exception of Jain (1989), Cavusgil et al. (1993) and Johnson and
Arunthanes (1995) little attempt to develop a theoretical framework that would be
informative on standardization issues. In addition, the existing theoretical foundations
of standardization “center on the perception of consumer homogeneity and/or the
movement toward homogeneity” (Ryans et al., 2003). While consumer homogeneity is
an important issue, the dimensions of marketing strategy go beyond a consideration of
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at
www.emeraldinsight.com/0265-1335.htm
IMR
24,1
46
Received February 2004
Revised February ...
Evaluating AL - ALA white paper v4.0
This document discusses different approaches to evaluating action learning programs. It argues that traditional evaluation models like Kirkpatrick's 4 levels and ROI methods are insufficient for complex interventions like action learning that involve emergent and unpredictable outcomes. More effective approaches involve engaging stakeholders, using mixed qualitative and quantitative methods, and recognizing the impact of organizational context. The key is conducting a realistic evaluation that can demonstrate both predicted and unexpected results over time to meet the different needs of stakeholders.
Advocacy assginment
This document discusses the various stages of the advocacy policy planning cycle. It identifies the main stages as issue identification, research analysis, setting goals and objectives, packaging advocacy messages, identifying targets and creating allies, assessing resources, developing an action plan, and monitoring and evaluation. Each stage is discussed in detail, providing examples and references from other sources. The cycle is described as sequential but also allowing for overlap and flexibility based on the issue and context. The overall process aims to systematically plan and implement advocacy initiatives to achieve policy changes.
Running Head DATA SOURCE EVALUATION .docx
Running Head: DATA SOURCE EVALUATION 1
DATA SOURCE EVALUATION 2
Data source in Evaluation
Name:
Anthony Tyler
Institution:
Strayer University
Professor:
Dr. Jacob
Date:
June 7, 2020
Data source in Evaluation
There are various sources of data that are used in the process of evaluation in that data is easily acquired in most convenient forms such that it can be used in proper evaluation that aids the best result (Long, et al 2015).
Current and Previous Data
An individual who is involved in an evaluation should start by considering data that is already available as well as the data that had been used previously. According to the program it has been out of operation for more than five years, therefore, being inactive. Knowing what program had been used by checking records that have been documented (Boulmetis et al, 2016). For example, looking at reports written previously allows the evaluator to have the whole idea.
Plan Recipient
The most convenient way to source data is when an evaluator relies on the plan or the program that the recipients have in existence. This is because this is a way that can provide a route way to achieve evaluation needs (Greene et al, 2017). Discussion together with the recipients is a better way to access information while surveys that are involved verify the whole process.
Records from observation
Images that have been recorded in various forms are essential data capturing sources (Greene et al, 2017). Some of these sources include pictures, stored clips, and videos which is the preferred data acquiring points that have been in use. This rationale provides well-elaborated information to the evaluator since well-represented data in form of images and videos that a good example of well-processed data that can be used in making the final resolution in management. However, other means of collecting data depend on the source and individuals that are being involved in their disposition and capacity to provide information (Boulmetis et al, 2016). Actual situations are preferred as they can give accountancy of the real experiences in the entire program and the reason behind occurrences.
Questions
1. According to your accountancies tell us which is the appropriate period when you get to follow programs directives in an actual way
2. Talk about a schedule that was tight and how you handled the schedule.
3. Describe the occurrence when bad information had been brought to your manager, what the reaction
4. During your duty explain incidences that you had a mistake that shows serious improvement is required in a certain field of work.
5. Do you think there is any relationship that exists between Latinos in the schools as appointees and Americans who make them run away from schools?
6. What kind of association should be in existence between a me.
10policyanalysddddddddddis-211028063453.pdf
This document provides an overview of policy analysis, outlining several key points:
- It defines policy analysis and describes it as a process used to determine what a policy will or has achieved. Approaches include descriptive analysis of existing policies and prescriptive analysis to formulate new policies.
- The importance of policy analysis is highlighted, such as assessing situations, seeking acceptance, providing opportunities for modification, and facilitating evidence-based decision making.
- Several models of policy analysis are described, including process, substantive, eightfold path, logical-positivist, and participatory policy analysis.
- The use of indicators and outcomes to evaluate policies is discussed, noting they can measure results at the population, agency
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Success factors for managing horizontal purchasing groups: an empirical survey
- 1. Success factors for managing horizontal purchasing groups: an empirical survey Presenter Fredo Schotanus Co-authors Jan Telgen Luitzen de Boer University of Twente Initiative of Purchasing Studies
- 2. Definitions Buyer Buyer Buyer Supplier vertical alliance horizontal purchasing group Supplier Supplier Introduction 1 / 19
- 3. An example of a purchasing group Buyer B Buyer C Buyer A x 4 Introduction 2 / 19
- 10. Activities Group with x members O 1 … Properties: … … Overall performance Advantages Disadvantages Scores: … … Potential success factors Scores: … … O x Method The survey 9 / 19
- 18. Combinations of allocation methods EP + Equal Amount cost method Findings and discussion 17 / 19 Equal Price (EP) + no formal cost method EP + Proportional cost method total % uniformity of contr. uniformity of vol. successful % 27% 2,7 2,5 76% 24% 2,3 1,9 79% 26% 2,7 2,2 90%
Editor's Notes
- IPSERA 2008
- Practical relevance
- Academic relevance