Slideshow on the Middle East & North Africa for World Regional Geography – Mark M. Miller, Dept. of Geography & Geology, The University of Southern Mississippi
Slideshow on the Middle East & North Africa for World Regional Geography – Mark M. Miller, Dept. of Geography & Geology, The University of Southern Mississippi
With this country presentation, you will be informed about South Africa's Government system, Geography, People, History, Economy, and Attractions. In addition, South Africa's flag meaning, Location, Bordering Countries, Comparisons, Provinces, Industries, Mines, Population, Languages, AIDS facts, Climate, Cousine etc.
3 Topics: 1. Clash of Civilisation ? 2. Citizenship & Inequality. 3. The Shri...rightnow2013
This powerpoint presents three topics in an simplistic form and in a short amount of time.
1. 'Clash of civilizations?'
2. Citizenship & Inequality
3. The Shrinking World
With this country presentation, you will be informed about South Africa's Government system, Geography, People, History, Economy, and Attractions. In addition, South Africa's flag meaning, Location, Bordering Countries, Comparisons, Provinces, Industries, Mines, Population, Languages, AIDS facts, Climate, Cousine etc.
3 Topics: 1. Clash of Civilisation ? 2. Citizenship & Inequality. 3. The Shri...rightnow2013
This powerpoint presents three topics in an simplistic form and in a short amount of time.
1. 'Clash of civilizations?'
2. Citizenship & Inequality
3. The Shrinking World
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
6. Robert Lamb. Top 10 Early Hominid Finds and Their Locations. Discovery. Retrieved April
18, 2013 http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/curiosity/topics/10-early-hominid-finds.htm
Iconic Photos. The Leakeys. Retrieved April 18, 2013:
http://iconicphotos.wordpress.com/2009/05/20
/the-leakeys/
10. Africa Information-Exit to Africa. Spread of HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa, generated by Joint United
Nations Program on AIDs: http://www.exittoafrica.com/html/eta_info_africa.html
12. Salaam-Blyther, Tiaji. Global Access to Clean Drinking Water and
Sanitation: U.S. and International Programs. Congressional Research Service. September 10,
2012: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42717.pdf
16. “Islamic Front. Muslim nations in
Africa.” University of Texas Library.
Retreived 09/15/09:
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/
africa_islam_87.jpg
17. Bustillo, Miguel. 2010. Wal-
Mart Bids $4.6 Billion for
South Africa's Massmart.
September 28:
http://online.wsj.com/news/a
rticles/SB10001424052748704
654004575517300108186976
18. Washington Post. December 22,
2013:
http://www.washingtonpost.com/bu
siness/graham-mackay-who-helped-
turn-south-african-brewery-into-
global-titan-dies-at-
64/2013/12/20/f2fd8354-68ee-11e3-
ae56-22de072140a2_story.html
Mr. Mackay helped lead the
company, originally South
African Breweries, through
some of its most dramatic
recent moments, beginning in
the early 1990s when the late
Nelson Mandela’s release
from prison led to a lifting of
sanctions on South Africa and
offered the potential for the
company to expand
internationally. It has grown
to own such brands as Miller
and Foster’s.
Mr. Mackay “is the man who
took South African Breweries
from being a parochial South
African company, if you like
. . . and built it into being a
first-class brewer,” said Roy
Summers, chairman of the
advisory board for the
International Center for
Brewing and Distilling at
Heriot-Watt University in
Scotland. “He knew the
company would go nowhere if
it just remained a South Africa
company.”
20. “Islamic Front. Muslim nations in
Africa.” University of Texas Library.
Retreived 09/15/09:
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/
africa_islam_87.jpg
21. National Geographic. Resources.
Retrieved April 15, 2010:
http://www.nationalgeographic.co
m/resources/ngo/maps/view/imag
es/africam.jpg
South Africa
•Apartheid: ended 1990
•Nelson Mandela
Famous People. Retrieved April 21, 2010:
http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/nelson-
mandela-59.php
22. National Geographic. Resources.
Retrieved April 15, 2010:
http://www.nationalgeographic.co
m/resources/ngo/maps/view/imag
es/africam.jpg
Mwebantu. December 10, 2012: http://www.mwebantu.com/2012/12/10/ian-smiths-farm-
seized-in-zimbabwe-as-robert-mugabe-eyes-election/
Zimbabwe
• Apartheid: ended 1979
• Robert Mugabe
• 230 million percent inflation
• Now without own currency
23. CATO Institute. Retrieved April 21, 2010:
http://www.cato.org/zimbabwe
CNN.com. 2009. Retrieved
April 21, 2010:
http://edition.cnn.com/200
9/WORLD/africa/02/02/zim
babwe.dollars/index.html
25. Somalia piracy
England's Royal Navy attack Somali pirates. The Daily Skew. September 7, 2009:
http://skew.dailyskew.com/2008/11/englands-royal-navy-attack-somali.html
26. •In The Know: Situation In Nigeria Seems Pretty
Complex (2:41)
http://www.theonion.com/video/in-the-know-
situation-in-nigeria-seems-pretty-comp,14171/
32. “Islamic Front. Muslim nations in
Africa.” University of Texas Library.
Retreived 09/15/09:
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/
africa_islam_87.jpg
37. Darfur:
Genocide in Sudan
By former Political Geography
student Stephanie Latza
Image: The Moving Target. “The Biden Doctrine: Joe Biden’s Call for U.S. Military Force in Darfur Offers Hope to the Victims
of Genocide”. Retrieved October 30, 2009. http://themovingtarget.wordpress.com/2008/08/27/the-biden-doctrine-joe-bidens-call-for-
us-military-force-in-darfur-offers-hope-to-the-victims-of-genocide/
Terms:
•Genocide
•Sovereignty
•International human
rights
38. Muhlenberg College: Institute for Jewish-Christian Understanding. “100 Days
for Darfur.” Retrieved October 30, 2009.
www.muhlenberg.edu/cultural/ijcu/darfur.html
Stand Up for Darfur. Retrieved October 30, 2009. http://standup4darfur.org/
39. Who’s Fighting?
Janjaweed: Arabic for
“man on horse with
guns”. Gunmen hired
by the Sudanese
Government to help
put down the Sudan
Liberation Army…..
Koerner, Brendan. Slate. “Who are the Janjaweed: A guide to
Sudanese militiamen.” Accessed November14, 2009.
http://www.slate.com/id/2104210/
Image: BBC News, “Sudan: Big Country Big Problems.” Accessed November 14, 2009.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3795269.stm
40. Who’s Fighting?
Sudan Liberation Army: "The
objective of the SLA is to
create a united democratic
Sudan. ..Sudan's unity must
therefore ultimately be based
on the right to self-
determination and the free
will of the various peoples of
Sudan... on an economy and a
political system that address
the uneven development and
marginalization that have
plagued the country since
independence,”
-Political Declaration
published by SLA
BBC News. “Who are Sudan’s Darfur Rebels?”.
Retrieved November 14, 2009.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3702242.stm
41. Darfur Conflict Statistics
• 400,000 deaths since
February 2003
• 2.5 million displaced
peoples
• 200,000 have fled to
Chad
• Humanitarian Aid can
only reach about 20% of
those a
• At least 1 million people
are in danger of dying
from malnutrition
and/or disease
What is the Crisis in Darfur?.
http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/daccampaigns/uploads/
WhatIsTheCrisisInDarfurWhatIsTheCrisisInDarfurHisto
ry_of_Darfur_FLYER.doc.
Image: Retrieved November 14, 2009.
http://backinasecond.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/darfur.jpg
43. Criticism of US involvement
Mike Luckovich. Truth Dig: Drilling
Beneath the Headlines. Retrieved
October 30, 2009.
http://www.truthdig.com/cartoon/ite
m/20060428_luckovich_darfur/
44. "Diamonds: It's to die for." Flickr.com. 27 Sept. 2007. Web. 09 Nov. 2009. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/toddaustin/1448814817/>.
Thanks
to
Human
Rights
seminar
student
Mary
Meyers
Franco
45. Polgreen, Lydia. "Diamonds Mover From Blood to Sweat and Tears." Nytimes.com.
25 Mar. 2005. 09 Nov. 2009
<http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/25/world/africa/25diamonds.html>.
•In Africa, they have been a
cause to terrorize many
innocent civilians
•Civilians have been forced to
mine for diamonds in very
harsh conditions with the
threat of death and basically
no pay (2)
• Rape, amputations, torture,
and mass murder are
examples of the types of
abuse civilians have suffered
from (1)
2.) "Blood Diamonds." History.com. The History Channel.
09 Nov. 2009
<http://www.history.com/content/blooddiamonds/about-
blood-diamonds>.
1.) Workman, Daniel. "Blood Diamond Countries."
Internationaltrade.suite.101.com. 09 Nov. 2009
<http://internationaltrade.suite101.com/article.cf
m/blood_diamond_countries>.
46. Flow of Blood Diamonds
• Sierra Leone
• Angola
• Democratic Republic of Congo
• Liberia
• Ivory Coast
48. Statistics
•1990s Sierra Leone civil war led to 50,000 deaths and thousands of amputees
•Civil war in Angola was responsible for 500,000 deaths and 100,000 maimings
• Made $4 billion off of blood diamonds between 1992 and1999
•Republic of Congo stills has conflict today
•Hundreds of millions of blood diamonds still transported out of country each
year
•Responsible for 2.5 million deaths and millions of wounded victims
Workman, Daniel. "Blood Diamond Countries." Internationaltrade.suite.101.com. 09 Nov. 2009
<http://internationaltrade.suite101.com/article.cfm/blood_diamond_countries>.
50. Prevention
•The Kimberly Process: Protects against blood diamonds entering
the rightful diamond supply chain. Officially adopted in 2003
• It is mandated by the United Nations
•74 governments are now apart of the Kimberly process
•99% of the global production of rough diamonds is done by
Kimberly Process participants
"Conflict Diamonds." DiamondFacts.com 09 Nov. 2009 <http://www.diamondfacts.com/conflict/index.html>.
51. Red Areas = Participants in the Kimberly Process
"The Kimberly Process." Wikipedia.org. Web. 11 Nov. 09. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kimberley_Process
52. Requirements of the Kimberly Process :
•Each shipment of rough diamonds crossing an international border must
be:
•Transported in a tamper-resistant container
•Accompanied by a government-validated Kimberley Process
Certificate
•Each certificate must be resistant to forgery, uniquely numbered and
describe the shipment's contents
•The shipment can only be exported to another Kimberley Process
participant country
•It is illegal for uncertified shipments of rough diamonds to either be
imported or exported by a Kimberley Process participant country
•If any concerns arise regarding a country's adherence to the Kimberley
Process, they are investigated and dealt with at an intergovernmental
level
"Conflict Diamonds." DiamondFacts.com. 09 Nov. 2009
http://www.diamondfacts.com/conflict/eliminating_conflict_diamonds.html
55. Facts to Know about Diamonds
•Conflict diamonds have been reduced
from approximately 4% to considerably
less than 1% since the implementation
of the Kimberley Process in 2003
•An estimated 5 million people have
access to appropriate healthcare
globally thanks to revenues from
diamonds
•Diamond revenues enable every child
in Botswana to receive free education
up to the age of 13
•Sierra Leone is now at peace and
exported approximately $125 million
diamonds in 2006
•Approximately $8.5 billion worth of
diamonds a year come from African
countries
•An estimated 65% of the world's
diamonds come from African countries
"Diamond Facts." DiamondFacts.com. Web. 16 Nov. 2009.
<http://www.diamondfacts.com/facts/index.html>.
56. Make sure that the jeweler is willing to spend
time providing the information you need.
A reputable jeweler should:
•Only use suppliers who can provide a
guarantee that their diamonds are from
sources free of conflict
•Have a conflict diamond policy
•Be able to answer a customer's questions
about the topic
"Buying With Confidence." DiamondFacts.com. Web. 16 Nov. 2009.
<http://www.diamondfacts.com/confidence/index.html>.