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1. Structure of Isomerism
• A Biochemical Perspective
• Presented by: Abdul Basit
• Submitted to: Abdullah Sir
• Batch: 1st Semester

2. What is Isomerism?
• Isomerism refers to compounds with the
same molecular formula but different
structural or spatial arrangements.
• Key Point: Isomers have different physical or
chemical properties.

3. Types of Isomerism
• Two main categories:
• 1. Structural (Constitutional) Isomerism
• 2. Stereoisomerism

4. Structural Isomerism
• Different connectivity of atoms.
• Types:
• - Chain isomerism
• - Position isomerism
• - Functional group isomerism
• - Tautomerism
• - Ring-chain isomerism

5. Examples of Structural Isomers
• Butane (C₄ H₁ ₀ ):
• - n-butane
• - isobutane
• C₂ H₆ O:
• - Ethanol
• - Dimethyl ether

6. Stereoisomerism
• Same connectivity but different spatial
arrangement.
• Divided into:
• 1. Geometrical (cis-trans) isomerism
• 2. Optical isomerism

7. Geometrical Isomerism
• Found in alkenes and cyclic compounds.
• Cis-isomer: Same groups on the same side.
• Trans-isomer: Groups on opposite sides.

8. Optical Isomerism
• Molecules that are mirror images but
non-superimposable.
• Based on chirality.
• Examples: Lactic acid, amino acids, glucose.

9. Importance of Isomerism in
Biochemistry
• Affects biological activity and drug function.
• Example: L-Dopa (active) vs. D-Dopa
(inactive)
• Enzymes and receptors are stereospecific.