"Strategies for Raising and Sustaining High Agricultural Productivity in Africa", presented at Agricultural Productivity and Food Security in Africa Conference, Addis Ababa,1-3 November 2011
This document discusses sustainable financing of agricultural R&D in Africa. It notes that while African government and donor investment in agricultural R&D grew 20% from 2000-2008, this growth was uneven and not sustainable in many countries. The region also suffers from fragmentation of funding sources, underinvestment relative to GDP, and volatility in funding levels from year to year. Many African nations are highly dependent on unstable donor funding for agricultural R&D. The document suggests commodity levies could generate up to $500 million annually for agricultural R&D in some African countries.
1) The document analyzes land misallocation and low productivity in Malawian agriculture. Using farm-level data, it finds that reallocating land and capital efficiently could increase agricultural output by 3.6 times.
2) It also finds that farms with no access to land markets have much lower productivity (a productivity loss of 0.24) than farms that only operate marketed land (a loss of 0.64).
3) The analysis suggests that developing land rental markets could both maximize output and reduce inequality, with the largest gains accruing to the poorest farmers. It could also trigger substantial structural transformation in Malawi's economy.
Not forgetting the forests for the trees: The art and science of useful impac...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This presentation from the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) was part of ICRAF's Agroforestry Development Impact Seminar (ADIS) series.
"Policy Partnership for African Agriculture" presentation by Akin Adesina, AGRA at the NEPAD, IFPRI, AGRA and World Bank Meeting to Align Efforts on Agricultural Policy and Knowledge Systems, Dakar, Senegal, January 6-7, 2009.
By Keith Fuglie and Nicholas Rada.
Presented at the ASTI-FARA conference Agricultural R&D: Investing in Africa's Future: Analyzing Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities - Accra, Ghana, December 5-7, 2011. http://www.asti.cgiar.org/2011conf
1) The document discusses a study on agricultural productivity in Africa conducted by ReSAKSS and IFPRI's HarvestChoice program, as well as progress establishing country-level SAKSS organizations.
2) The study examines trends in land and labor productivity across Africa, finding that labor productivity has increased faster than land productivity. It also analyzes factors driving productivity through case studies and typologies of agricultural systems and households.
3) Preliminary findings indicate problem identification and targeting were generally well done in projects, but gender and sustainability issues were often not adequately addressed, threatening projects' longevity once donor funding ended.
Agricultural productivity growth and implications for the GTPessp2
Agricultural productivity growth in Ethiopia has been mainly driven by expansion of cultivated area and traditional inputs. Yield growth is becoming more important for output growth. Modern input usage has not contributed as much as expected. Future growth will require increases in total factor productivity. The GTP projections require large increases in TFP over the last three years to meet output targets, especially under an alternative scenario from the Agricultural Transformation Agency.
This document discusses sustainable financing of agricultural R&D in Africa. It notes that while African government and donor investment in agricultural R&D grew 20% from 2000-2008, this growth was uneven and not sustainable in many countries. The region also suffers from fragmentation of funding sources, underinvestment relative to GDP, and volatility in funding levels from year to year. Many African nations are highly dependent on unstable donor funding for agricultural R&D. The document suggests commodity levies could generate up to $500 million annually for agricultural R&D in some African countries.
1) The document analyzes land misallocation and low productivity in Malawian agriculture. Using farm-level data, it finds that reallocating land and capital efficiently could increase agricultural output by 3.6 times.
2) It also finds that farms with no access to land markets have much lower productivity (a productivity loss of 0.24) than farms that only operate marketed land (a loss of 0.64).
3) The analysis suggests that developing land rental markets could both maximize output and reduce inequality, with the largest gains accruing to the poorest farmers. It could also trigger substantial structural transformation in Malawi's economy.
Not forgetting the forests for the trees: The art and science of useful impac...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This presentation from the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) was part of ICRAF's Agroforestry Development Impact Seminar (ADIS) series.
"Policy Partnership for African Agriculture" presentation by Akin Adesina, AGRA at the NEPAD, IFPRI, AGRA and World Bank Meeting to Align Efforts on Agricultural Policy and Knowledge Systems, Dakar, Senegal, January 6-7, 2009.
By Keith Fuglie and Nicholas Rada.
Presented at the ASTI-FARA conference Agricultural R&D: Investing in Africa's Future: Analyzing Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities - Accra, Ghana, December 5-7, 2011. http://www.asti.cgiar.org/2011conf
1) The document discusses a study on agricultural productivity in Africa conducted by ReSAKSS and IFPRI's HarvestChoice program, as well as progress establishing country-level SAKSS organizations.
2) The study examines trends in land and labor productivity across Africa, finding that labor productivity has increased faster than land productivity. It also analyzes factors driving productivity through case studies and typologies of agricultural systems and households.
3) Preliminary findings indicate problem identification and targeting were generally well done in projects, but gender and sustainability issues were often not adequately addressed, threatening projects' longevity once donor funding ended.
Agricultural productivity growth and implications for the GTPessp2
Agricultural productivity growth in Ethiopia has been mainly driven by expansion of cultivated area and traditional inputs. Yield growth is becoming more important for output growth. Modern input usage has not contributed as much as expected. Future growth will require increases in total factor productivity. The GTP projections require large increases in TFP over the last three years to meet output targets, especially under an alternative scenario from the Agricultural Transformation Agency.
Impact of Sustainable Land and Watershed Management (SLWM) Practices in the B...essp2
Sustainable land and watershed management (SLWM) practices were studied in the Blue Nile basin of Ethiopia. The research found that farmers who implemented and sustained SLWM for at least 7 years experienced higher agricultural production values in the medium term. The longer SLWM was sustained, the higher the marginal benefit of an additional year. However, the costs of initial investment and long-term maintenance of SLWM practices may outweigh the private benefits to individual farmers, depending on factors like wage rates and discount rates used. A combination of SLWM with other soil fertility and moisture management techniques may yield quicker returns on investment.
1) The document discusses global food security and agricultural productivity trends from 1950-2050.
2) It notes that from 1950-2000, called the "Age of Abundance", global food supply grew faster than demand, keeping prices low due to steady productivity gains.
3) Looking ahead to 2050, it estimates global food demand will need to increase 1.3% annually, and questions whether productivity can continue growing fast enough to meet this demand sustainably.
Impact of Sustainable Land and Watershed Management (SLWM) Practices in the B...essp2
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI). Conference on "Towards what works in Rural Development in Ethiopia: Evidence on the Impact of Investments and Policies". December 13, 2013. Hilton Hotel, Addis Ababa.
The document summarizes research on the impact of sustainable land and watershed management (SLWM) practices in Ethiopia's Blue Nile basin. The research found that:
1) Households that adopted SLWM practices like stone terraces and check dams on their private land for at least 7 years experienced higher agricultural production values in the medium term compared to non-adopting households.
2) The longer households sustained SLWM practices, the higher the marginal benefit of sustaining those practices for an additional year.
3) A benefit-cost analysis found that the benefits of SLWM investments did not outweigh the costs immediately, suggesting the need to provide initial packages of investments and consider other adoption factors.
Implications of Agricultural Productivity Growth for Structural Change and ...essp2
Ethiopia has experienced rapid economic growth over the past decade, with growth occurring across sectors. While agriculture's share of GDP has fallen, it remains a major driver of growth, primarily through improvements in crop yields. Measuring employment based on time spent working rather than primary occupation suggests agriculture's share of rural employment is lower than surveys indicate, at around three-quarters rather than over four-fifths. Positive structural change, with workers moving to higher productivity sectors, accounted for around a quarter of the increase in average labor productivity between 2004-05 and 2012-13. However, at current rates of structural change, agriculture is projected to employ a majority of workers until near the end of the century.
The document summarizes a study analyzing the impacts of accelerated agricultural growth in Mozambique. The study uses an economic model to compare a baseline growth scenario to a "CAADP scenario" where agriculture grows at 7% annually by focusing on high-potential regions. The model finds the CAADP scenario would significantly reduce poverty and food insecurity compared to the baseline. However, the document notes policies should target all regions to ensure equal outcomes and discusses interactions between agriculture and other development strategies.
By Michael Johnson, Sam Benin, Xinshen Diao, and Liangzhi You.
Presented at the ASTI-FARA conference Agricultural R&D: Investing in Africa's Future: Analyzing Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities - Accra, Ghana on December 5-7, 2011. http://www.asti.cgiar.org/2011conf
Presentation by Abdoulaye Mando at the May 15, 2013 event "Natural Resource Management and Food Security for a Growing Population". For more information visit: http://www.wri.org/event/2013/05/natural-resource-management-and-food-security-growing-population
The document summarizes trends in key agriculture and rural development indicators in COMESA from 1990-2010. Productivity of crops like maize, wheat and rice has increased only modestly, with annual growth rates below 1%. Agricultural labor productivity in COMESA has also seen minimal improvement, averaging just 0.1% growth per year. Livestock productivity is also low, with beef yields 153kg/animal versus the global average of 206kg. Wide yield gaps exist between countries and regions within COMESA. Low usage of inputs like fertilizers contributes to low productivity. There is high variability in crop yields due to dependence on rain-fed agriculture and weather. The number of undernourished people in COMESA has
This document discusses the potential for increasing wheat production in sub-Saharan Africa to reduce dependence on imports and meet growing demand. It finds that many countries have suitable agro-ecologies for competitive wheat production. However, constraints include perceptions that wheat is not suitable for Africa, lack of farmer awareness, subsidized imports, lack of mechanization and research capacity. The document calls for a paradigm shift in policies to recognize opportunities, pilot projects to identify suitable varieties, and addressing knowledge gaps such as detailed profitability studies and constraints to smallholder wheat production.
The Economywide Impacts and Risks of Malawi's Farm Input Subsidy ProgramIFPRIMaSSP
The document summarizes a study on the economy-wide impacts of Malawi's Farm Input Subsidy Program (FISP). Key findings from simulations using a CGE model include:
1) FISP increases maize production and reduces prices, helping beneficiaries but also crowding out other crops.
2) The program's benefit-cost ratio ranges from 0.92 to 1.62 depending on fertilizer use efficiency, but falls with higher fertilizer prices or drought.
3) FISP reduces poverty and increases incomes, though indirect economy-wide benefits are smaller than direct production impacts. The analysis calls for further study of targeting, dynamic effects, and alternative policy options.
1) The document discusses investments needed to meet key goals of the SADC Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (SADC-RISDP) and the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) in Southern Africa by 2015.
2) It finds that current levels of public investment in agriculture in the region are low and not sufficient to achieve the goals. Agricultural spending averages only 2.4% of total public spending.
3) The document estimates that countries will need to increase agricultural spending by 20-30% annually based on returns to investments. Higher investments are needed in areas like infrastructure, extension, research, and inputs to boost agricultural productivity.
Trends and Determinants of Cereal Productivity: Econometric ANalysis of Natio...essp2
Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Seventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy, June 24, 2010
Niger's agrifood system grew rapidly from 2009-2019 but lacked transformation. While GDP grew at 6.2% annually, the off-farm sector did not expand fast enough and its share of total agrifood GDP barely changed. Value chains oriented toward the domestic market drove most growth. Looking ahead, no single value chain can drive all development outcomes effectively, but jointly promoting millet, root crops, small ruminants, fisheries, and horticulture offers an approach to achieve multiple goals like reducing poverty and improving diets.
Presented by Endalkachew Wolde-Meskel, ILRI, at the N2Africa-Ethiopia Partners’ Progress Review Meeting, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 30 November-1 December 2017
Cities and agricultural transformation in Ethiopia essp2
The document analyzes the impact of urbanization on agricultural transformation in Ethiopia using teff production as a case study. Regression analyses find that proximity to urban centers is associated with higher agricultural input use, intensification, and profits. Specifically, transportation costs to the largest urban market, Addis Ababa, are negatively correlated with input prices, use of fertilizers, improved seeds and labor, as well as productivity, income, and profits from teff farming. Urbanization may indirectly influence agriculture through changing input-output prices and directly by improving information flows, reducing transaction costs, and strengthening institutions.
This document presents a framework for measuring country-level resilience that integrates micro-level household resilience indicators and macro-level health system capacity indicators. A Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis is used to measure household resilience, while a new Health Systems Capacity Index measures basic health infrastructure. Countries are clustered based on these two metrics. Empirical analysis shows health systems capacity is significantly associated with food insecurity and resilience outcomes. The framework allows for a comprehensive approach to contextualizing food security policies in light of health shocks like COVID-19.
This document tracks key indicators and implementation processes for the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP). It summarizes that over 40 countries have drafted Malabo-compliant agriculture investment plans and over 50 participated in the recent biennial review process. It also analyzes trends for several indicators, finding that government agriculture expenditure declined from 2.5% to 2.1% of spending between 2014-2019/2020, though agriculture growth was positive in 2020 at 2.4%. Undernourishment and poverty levels had been decreasing but are projected to have risen sharply in 2020 due to COVID-19 impacts, reversing prior progress toward CAADP goals. Increased investments are urgently needed to boost resilience and productivity.
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Impact of Sustainable Land and Watershed Management (SLWM) Practices in the B...essp2
Sustainable land and watershed management (SLWM) practices were studied in the Blue Nile basin of Ethiopia. The research found that farmers who implemented and sustained SLWM for at least 7 years experienced higher agricultural production values in the medium term. The longer SLWM was sustained, the higher the marginal benefit of an additional year. However, the costs of initial investment and long-term maintenance of SLWM practices may outweigh the private benefits to individual farmers, depending on factors like wage rates and discount rates used. A combination of SLWM with other soil fertility and moisture management techniques may yield quicker returns on investment.
1) The document discusses global food security and agricultural productivity trends from 1950-2050.
2) It notes that from 1950-2000, called the "Age of Abundance", global food supply grew faster than demand, keeping prices low due to steady productivity gains.
3) Looking ahead to 2050, it estimates global food demand will need to increase 1.3% annually, and questions whether productivity can continue growing fast enough to meet this demand sustainably.
Impact of Sustainable Land and Watershed Management (SLWM) Practices in the B...essp2
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI). Conference on "Towards what works in Rural Development in Ethiopia: Evidence on the Impact of Investments and Policies". December 13, 2013. Hilton Hotel, Addis Ababa.
The document summarizes research on the impact of sustainable land and watershed management (SLWM) practices in Ethiopia's Blue Nile basin. The research found that:
1) Households that adopted SLWM practices like stone terraces and check dams on their private land for at least 7 years experienced higher agricultural production values in the medium term compared to non-adopting households.
2) The longer households sustained SLWM practices, the higher the marginal benefit of sustaining those practices for an additional year.
3) A benefit-cost analysis found that the benefits of SLWM investments did not outweigh the costs immediately, suggesting the need to provide initial packages of investments and consider other adoption factors.
Implications of Agricultural Productivity Growth for Structural Change and ...essp2
Ethiopia has experienced rapid economic growth over the past decade, with growth occurring across sectors. While agriculture's share of GDP has fallen, it remains a major driver of growth, primarily through improvements in crop yields. Measuring employment based on time spent working rather than primary occupation suggests agriculture's share of rural employment is lower than surveys indicate, at around three-quarters rather than over four-fifths. Positive structural change, with workers moving to higher productivity sectors, accounted for around a quarter of the increase in average labor productivity between 2004-05 and 2012-13. However, at current rates of structural change, agriculture is projected to employ a majority of workers until near the end of the century.
The document summarizes a study analyzing the impacts of accelerated agricultural growth in Mozambique. The study uses an economic model to compare a baseline growth scenario to a "CAADP scenario" where agriculture grows at 7% annually by focusing on high-potential regions. The model finds the CAADP scenario would significantly reduce poverty and food insecurity compared to the baseline. However, the document notes policies should target all regions to ensure equal outcomes and discusses interactions between agriculture and other development strategies.
By Michael Johnson, Sam Benin, Xinshen Diao, and Liangzhi You.
Presented at the ASTI-FARA conference Agricultural R&D: Investing in Africa's Future: Analyzing Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities - Accra, Ghana on December 5-7, 2011. http://www.asti.cgiar.org/2011conf
Presentation by Abdoulaye Mando at the May 15, 2013 event "Natural Resource Management and Food Security for a Growing Population". For more information visit: http://www.wri.org/event/2013/05/natural-resource-management-and-food-security-growing-population
The document summarizes trends in key agriculture and rural development indicators in COMESA from 1990-2010. Productivity of crops like maize, wheat and rice has increased only modestly, with annual growth rates below 1%. Agricultural labor productivity in COMESA has also seen minimal improvement, averaging just 0.1% growth per year. Livestock productivity is also low, with beef yields 153kg/animal versus the global average of 206kg. Wide yield gaps exist between countries and regions within COMESA. Low usage of inputs like fertilizers contributes to low productivity. There is high variability in crop yields due to dependence on rain-fed agriculture and weather. The number of undernourished people in COMESA has
This document discusses the potential for increasing wheat production in sub-Saharan Africa to reduce dependence on imports and meet growing demand. It finds that many countries have suitable agro-ecologies for competitive wheat production. However, constraints include perceptions that wheat is not suitable for Africa, lack of farmer awareness, subsidized imports, lack of mechanization and research capacity. The document calls for a paradigm shift in policies to recognize opportunities, pilot projects to identify suitable varieties, and addressing knowledge gaps such as detailed profitability studies and constraints to smallholder wheat production.
The Economywide Impacts and Risks of Malawi's Farm Input Subsidy ProgramIFPRIMaSSP
The document summarizes a study on the economy-wide impacts of Malawi's Farm Input Subsidy Program (FISP). Key findings from simulations using a CGE model include:
1) FISP increases maize production and reduces prices, helping beneficiaries but also crowding out other crops.
2) The program's benefit-cost ratio ranges from 0.92 to 1.62 depending on fertilizer use efficiency, but falls with higher fertilizer prices or drought.
3) FISP reduces poverty and increases incomes, though indirect economy-wide benefits are smaller than direct production impacts. The analysis calls for further study of targeting, dynamic effects, and alternative policy options.
1) The document discusses investments needed to meet key goals of the SADC Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (SADC-RISDP) and the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) in Southern Africa by 2015.
2) It finds that current levels of public investment in agriculture in the region are low and not sufficient to achieve the goals. Agricultural spending averages only 2.4% of total public spending.
3) The document estimates that countries will need to increase agricultural spending by 20-30% annually based on returns to investments. Higher investments are needed in areas like infrastructure, extension, research, and inputs to boost agricultural productivity.
Trends and Determinants of Cereal Productivity: Econometric ANalysis of Natio...essp2
Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Seventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy, June 24, 2010
Niger's agrifood system grew rapidly from 2009-2019 but lacked transformation. While GDP grew at 6.2% annually, the off-farm sector did not expand fast enough and its share of total agrifood GDP barely changed. Value chains oriented toward the domestic market drove most growth. Looking ahead, no single value chain can drive all development outcomes effectively, but jointly promoting millet, root crops, small ruminants, fisheries, and horticulture offers an approach to achieve multiple goals like reducing poverty and improving diets.
Presented by Endalkachew Wolde-Meskel, ILRI, at the N2Africa-Ethiopia Partners’ Progress Review Meeting, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 30 November-1 December 2017
Cities and agricultural transformation in Ethiopia essp2
The document analyzes the impact of urbanization on agricultural transformation in Ethiopia using teff production as a case study. Regression analyses find that proximity to urban centers is associated with higher agricultural input use, intensification, and profits. Specifically, transportation costs to the largest urban market, Addis Ababa, are negatively correlated with input prices, use of fertilizers, improved seeds and labor, as well as productivity, income, and profits from teff farming. Urbanization may indirectly influence agriculture through changing input-output prices and directly by improving information flows, reducing transaction costs, and strengthening institutions.
Similar to Strategies for Raising and Sustaining High Agricultural Productivity in Africa_2011 (20)
This document presents a framework for measuring country-level resilience that integrates micro-level household resilience indicators and macro-level health system capacity indicators. A Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis is used to measure household resilience, while a new Health Systems Capacity Index measures basic health infrastructure. Countries are clustered based on these two metrics. Empirical analysis shows health systems capacity is significantly associated with food insecurity and resilience outcomes. The framework allows for a comprehensive approach to contextualizing food security policies in light of health shocks like COVID-19.
This document tracks key indicators and implementation processes for the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP). It summarizes that over 40 countries have drafted Malabo-compliant agriculture investment plans and over 50 participated in the recent biennial review process. It also analyzes trends for several indicators, finding that government agriculture expenditure declined from 2.5% to 2.1% of spending between 2014-2019/2020, though agriculture growth was positive in 2020 at 2.4%. Undernourishment and poverty levels had been decreasing but are projected to have risen sharply in 2020 due to COVID-19 impacts, reversing prior progress toward CAADP goals. Increased investments are urgently needed to boost resilience and productivity.
The document provides an agenda and recap of the first day of the 2021 ReSAKSS Conference. The conference objectives are to discuss the 2021 Annual Trends and Outlook Report (ATOR) and examine issues related to food systems, vulnerability, resilience, and progress implementing the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP). Day 1 included opening remarks, keynote presentations on the ATOR and COVID-19 impacts, and panel discussions on related topics. Day 2 will feature presentations and discussions on country responses to COVID-19, social protection, and measurement issues discussed in the ATOR. The full ATOR and conference presentations will be made available online.
This document discusses measuring progress toward goals in the Malabo Declaration in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. It proposes a health systems sensitive resilience index to supplement existing indicators. The approach develops a resilience capacities index considering health systems capacity and economic/country factors. Results show regional differences and rank country resilience. Incorporating this index with an existing Malabo indicator shifts some country rankings. The author concludes replicating high-resilience models and early identification of vulnerable countries could help direct resources to avert crises.
A presentation by Dr. Benjamin Davis, Director, Inclusive Rural Transformation and Gender Equality Division, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted global trade and commodity markets, negatively impacting food systems in Africa. Using simulation models, the document analyzes the effects of changes in international prices and trade volumes of primary commodities exported by 23 African countries. It finds that food processing and services were most vulnerable. Countries with diversified exports were less impacted. It recommends diversifying export baskets and adopting digital technologies to strengthen food systems against external shocks.
A presentation by Dr. John Ulimwengu, ReSAKSS Africawide Coordinator, Senior Research Fellow, Africa Region, International
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Earth, and Co-editor of the 2021 Annual Trends and Outlook Report (ATOR)
African countries have diversified both their exports and trade partners over the last decade, African agricultural trade still suffers from structural problems as well as exogenous shocks. Against this backdrop, the 2021 Africa Agriculture Trade Monitor (AATM) analyzes continental and regional trends in African agricultural trade flows and policies. The report finds that many African countries continue to enjoy the most success in global markets with cash crops and niche products. At the intra-African level, countries are becoming more interconnected in trade of key commodities, but there remain many potential but unexploited trade relationships. The report examines the livestock sector in detail, finding that despite its important role in Africa, the sector is concentrated in low value- added products that are informally traded. The report also examines trade integration in the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), which remains limited due to factors including tariffs, nontariff measures, poor transport infrastructure, and weak institutions. Finally, the report discusses the implications of two major events affecting African trade in 2020 and 2021: the COVID-19 pandemic and the implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA).
This document provides an overview of the programs and activities of AKADEMIYA2063, an organization that uses data and analytics for evidence-based policy planning and implementation in Africa. It describes AKADEMIYA2063's continental and subnational tracking platforms that facilitate review and benchmarking of countries' progress. It also outlines their capacities for data analysis, strategic growth analysis, investment prioritization, vulnerability assessments, and policy innovation platforms. Major publications produced include the Malabo Montpellier Panel reports, the Africa Agriculture Trade Monitor, and the official CAADP trends and outlook report.
This document summarizes the impact of COVID-19 on staple food prices in Southern Africa, with a focus on maize markets in Malawi. Government restrictions to curb the pandemic disrupted markets and trade. In Malawi, maize prices in both urban and rural areas declined significantly compared to predictions as demand fell and supply rose due to recent harvests. Border restrictions impacted cross-border trade more than domestic markets. Future responses should minimize disruptions to local and cross-border trade to reduce negative effects on producers, businesses, and food access.
This document summarizes a machine learning framework for forecasting food crop production in Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic. Remotely sensed data from satellites, including measurements of vegetation health, land surface temperature, and rainfall, were used to train neural networks. The models generated forecasts of maize production for 2020 in Malawi, identifying areas likely to see declines compared to 2017. Maps showed expected temperature increases and rainfall declines across the country. The conclusions call for building resilient food systems and increased data/analytics capacity to support policy responses to food crises.
The document discusses the effects of COVID-19 on agriculture in Malawi. It presents findings from research on the impacts of market disruptions and restrictions on maize prices in surplus and deficit areas of Malawi. Spatial analysis identified districts highly vulnerable to food insecurity impacts from COVID-19 due to factors like population density, disease burdens, and limited health infrastructure. Remote sensing data and machine learning techniques were used to analyze potential disruptions to food production systems and predict declines in 2020 maize production in some areas of Malawi compared to 2017 levels. Global trade disruptions and lower international prices for commodities exported from Malawi were found to cause slight reductions in GDP growth and increases in overall and urban poverty.
This document analyzes community vulnerability to COVID-19 in Malawi using spatial data. It finds the Southern Region and several districts within have the highest overall vulnerability due to factors like high stunting rates, low food expenditures, and poor access to healthcare. Urban areas like cities face high vulnerability from population density. Food price changes in 2020 decreased demand for key micronutrients in both rural and urban households, with a larger impact on rural areas, potentially exacerbating existing micronutrient deficiencies. The analysis identifies priority areas for crisis prevention and mitigation based on chronic vulnerability.
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Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during Migration
Strategies for Raising and Sustaining High Agricultural Productivity in Africa_2011
1. 1-3 November 2011
UNECA, Addis Ababa
Strategies for Raising and
Sustaining High Agricultural
Productivity in Africa
ReSAKSS Plenary session
Chair: Samuel Benin
Presenters: Zhe Guo, Bingxin Yu, Alejandro Nin Pratt,
Stella Massawe
Research Team: Stan Wood, Melanie Bacou, Linden McBride,
Joseph Karugia, Paul Guthiga, Maurice Ogada, Emmanuel Musaba,
Pius Chilonda, Precious Zikhali, Mbaye Yade, Manson Nwafor,
Maurice, Taondyande, Claude Bizimana
2. Strategic Analysis and Monitoring of CAADP
ReSAKSS organized around and Agricultural Performance in Africa
4 nodes of operation
Knowledge Management, Capacity
Strengthening, and Policy Communications
support
review and
dialogue
evidence- and outcome-based planning and
implementation of agricultural-sector policies
and strategies in Africa
3. Background to this Study
• CAADP provides an agriculture-led integrated
framework of development priorities for
reducing poverty and hunger and increasing
food security
– CAADP target: 6% AgGDP growth rate per year
– Possible for many African countries
– Substantial investments required (greater than the
10% target in many cases) because of moderate
and slow productivity growth
4. As countries enter operational phase of
investment program design and execution,
Key Question: how to raise and maintain high agricultural
productivity across different parts of the continent?
5. ReSAKSS 2011 M&E work
• Answer above question, which requires
addressing several follow-up questions:
– Fundamental and conceptual: definition and
measurement of agricultural productivity
– Complex: understanding the determinants and
drivers of productivity
– Challenging: program design and implementation
by translating the knowledge into effective action
6. What is “Productivity”?
• Partial Factor Productivity
– Land Productivity
Yield = Output / Harvested area
– Labor Productivity
LP = Output / Total hours worked
Useful measures but:
do not measure productivity of all resources
can lead to misleading policy prescriptions
7. Land and Labor Productivity in SSA, 1961-2009
Land productivity (2004-06 US$
PPP)
Labor productivity (2004-06 US$ PPP)
SSA as a whole: labor productivity >> land productivity; but
land productivity increased much faster, more than tripled
8. As expected, different picture when
consider different sub-regions of Africa
Eastern &
Land productivity (2004-06 US$
Central SSA
Western
PPP)
Southern
Labor productivity (2004-06 US$ PPP)
9. Again, different picture when consider
different countries
Land productivity (2004-06 US$ Ethiopia,
1993-2009
Nigeria
Kenya
PPP)
South Africa
Labor productivity (2004-06 US$ PPP)
10. Total Factor Productivity
• Productivity of a production unit (farm, district,
region, country, etc) is the ratio of the outputs that it
produces to the inputs it uses to produce those
outputs
Total Output
• TFP =
Total Inputs
• Agricultural growth in the long run depends on TFP
– Efficiency: reallocation of productive factors
– Technical change: technological advancement
11. TFP growth in SSA
Two different periods: both driven more by
efficiency change than technical change
1.01
1
TFP levels 1970=1
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Growth Rate (%)
TFP components 1970-1984 1985-1994 1995-2009
Efficiency change -0.28 0.07 0.15
Based on Technical change -0.03 0.05 0.10
FAOSTAT TFP -0.32 0.12 0.25
12. More workers; and
Less land and inputs per worker
Yield Labor productivity TFP
2
1.8
TFP (green)
1.6
Index 1970=1
1.4 Yield (blue)
1.2
1 Labor productivity (red)
0.8
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Inputs/Ha Inputs/Worker HA/worker
2
1.8
1.6 Inputs per hectare (brown)
1.4
1.2
1
Inputs per worker (yellow)
0.8
0.6 Land-labor ratio (pink)
0.4
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
13. Livestock, root crops, and oil crops explain
more than 60% of output growth in 1995-2009
Contribution to growth Share in output
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
15. Why is agricultural productivity
growth in SSA so low?
• Intrinsic lower productivity of natural
resources?
• No technology available?
• Poor infrastructure, high transaction costs
and constrained market access?
• Policy: high prices of inputs as a result of
distortions?
• Underdeveloped markets, institutions?
16. No simple answers
• Multiple factors interacting differently
– Natural resource quality
– Population pressure
– Infrastructure
– Distance to major markets and road density
– Market for outputs, inputs and services, labor markets
– Policies and government interventions
– Household characteristics
• This diversity suggests that spatial heterogeneity
matters and that answers should be geographically
focused
17. Overview of Session (and Study) Framework and Sequence
A. Regional Spatial B. Key System Typologies
Characterization of for focusing productivity
Agricultural Productivity efforts (e.g. country x
Opportunities & farming system)
Challenges
Focus Geographies/Systems
D. Case Study Analysis of
C. Representative Farm
Factors Affecting the Scale
Analysis of Productivity
and Sustainability of
Enhancing Options
Productivity Growth
18. Spatial Dimensions of
Agricultural Productivity
Zhe Guo and Stanley Wood
HarvestChoice
International Food Policy Research Institute
z.guo@cgiar.org
19. Regional Spatial Data/Analysis Platform
• A harmonized set of spatial variables, conformed to a
standardized 10km (5 arc minute) grid covering the whole of
Africa (focusing on SSA), generated by HarvestChoice.
• About 300,000 grid cell records each with 200+ gridcell
attributes. Attributes range from observed, e.g. rainfall through
imputed, e.g. poverty, to highly-modeled, e.g. potential maize
yields under different management practices.
• Provides a basis for undertaking consistent region-wide
assessment of agricultural development opportunities and
constraints, such as the ReSAKSS productivity study.
• Facilitates regional targeting and prioritization of agricultural
development hotspots, e.g. AGRA breadbaskets, Feed the Future
Farming Systems, Gates Ag. Development Strategy, CGIAR CRPs*
* As well as the type of regionally-strategic, agroecosystem-based concentration zones for
agricultural production and processing proposed by Josue Dione in his plenary address.
20. Spatial variables influencing productivity
• Agricultural potential
• Footprint of agriculture
• Market access
• Demographics
• Human welfare
26. Market Access
Travel time to major settlements
Travel time to market with population Travel time to market with
greater than 20,000 population greater than 500,000
29. Human Welfare
Poverty & Global Hunger Index
Absolute number of poor Global Hunger Index
living under $1.25 per day
30. Flexible approach to spatial aggregation and analysis
POVERTY (1000 people)
FS_NAME E S W Total Cum %
Cereal-root crop mixed 2,764 11,811 30,570 45,145 15.5
Maize mixed 28,065 16,277 9 44,352 30.7
Root crop 14,219 2,451 27,644 44,314 45.9
Agro-pastoral millet/sorghum 384 1,868 24,729 26,981 55.1
Forest based 20,365 87 3,535 23,988 63.3
Highland perennial 23,278 23,278 71.3
Tree crop 1,569 541 17,199 19,308 77.9
MAIZE AREA (1000 ha)
FS_NAME E S W Total
Maize mixed 2,860 3,197 0 6,057 24.2
Cereal-root crop mixed 128 1,214 2,718 4,059 40.4
Large commercial_smalholder 3,440 3,440 54.1
Root crop 711 329 2,228 3,268 67.2
Tree crop 145 4 1,647 1,796 74.3
HIGH PHOSPHORUS FIXATION (SHARE OF GRID CELL AREA, %)
TRAVEL TIME TO CLOSEST PORT (hours) E S W Total
FS_NAME perennial
Highland E S 34.0 W Total 34.0
Forest based
Coastal artisanal fishing 15 14.0
22 26.0
15 15.0
15 16.0
Tree crop
Large commercial_smalholder 13.0
19 37.0 9.0
19 12.0
Tree crop Highland temperate mixed 17 13.0
16 11.0
20 8.0
19 11.0
Maize mixed
Highland temperate mixed 26 17.0
18 6.0
19 6.0
21 11.0
Rice-Tree crop 26 26
31. Example of Potential Regional
Development Strategies
Ag. Mkt Pop
Pot. Access Density Potential Development Strategies
High High High HHH Perishable cash crops
HHH Dairy, intensive livestock
HHH Non-perishable cash crops
HHH Rural non-farm development
Low High HLH Non-perishable cash crops
HLH High input perennials
HLH Livestock intensification, improved grazing
Medium High High MHH High Input cereals
MHH Perishable cash crops
MHH Dairy, intensive livestock
MHH Rural non-farm development
Low High MLH High Input cereals
MLH Non-perishable cash crops
MLH Livestock intensification, improved grazing
Low High High LHH with irrigation investment
LHH High Input cereals
LHH Perishable Cash Crops
LHH Dairy, intensive livestock
LHH Rural non-farm development
Low Low LLL Low input cereals
LLL Limited livestock intensification
LLL Emigration
Source: ASARECA Strategy. Omamo et al. 2006
32. Summary
• We use a region-wide, consistent, high-resolution
spatial database to underpin our efforts to;
• delineate and characterize regionally-significant focus
areas
• identify the nature and severity of specific productivity
constraints & opportunities
• Enables the study to take account of spatial (and
spatio-temporal) heterogeneity of conditions under
which we seek to raise productivity
• Provides a framework for scaling up/out the results
of the farm level and case study analyses
33. A Typology of
Agricultural Productivity Zones
Bingxin Yu
International Food Policy Research Institute
b.yu@cgiar.org
34. Overview of Session (and Study) Framework and Sequence
A. Regional Spatial B. Key System Typologies
Characterization of for focusing productivity
Agricultural Productivity efforts (e.g. country x
Opportunities & farming system)
Challenges
Focus Geographies/Systems
D. Case Study Analysis of
C. Representative Farm
Factors Affecting the Scale
Analysis of Productivity
and Sustainability of
Enhancing Options
Productivity Growth
35. Farming Systems
• Spatial heterogeneity exists
• Common pattern across country border
• Concept of farming systems
• Bridge between macro (regional, national)
and micro (household, pixel) analysis
• Identify pathways of technology adoption
and agricultural productivity growth
• Design localized agri. development
strategy and policy intervention based on
sub-system
36. Farming Systems – cont’d
• Similarity in agricultural potential/ existing
production pattern
• Definition: farmers, resources, interactions
• Biophysical, socio-economic and human
elements interdependent
• Biophysical: land, water, forest, climate
• Human: demography
• Socio-economic : market access
37. Approach
• Expand FAO definition of farming system
• Quantify factors affecting productivity of
each farming system
• Agricultural activities
• Agricultural potential
• Population density
• Market access
• Nuance within each farming system
38. Methodology
Spatial and Statistical Methods
1. Combine similar FAO farming systems
2. Sub-national spatial info
• Crop and livestock production
• Socio-economic indicators
3. Identify appropriate number of groups
4. Define groups within each farm system
based on major agricultural activities
39. Data
• Country X farming system X agricultural
potential
• Crop and livestock output value (SPAM and
FAO international prices)
• Population density
• Market access
• Agricultural potential (NDVI)
40. 6 Major Farming Systems
Unique constraints and comparative advantages
Farming Pop. Market
system density access Population Crop area Livestock
per ha hours million million ha mill. coweq
Tree-root
crop 0.4 7.0 99.3 28.3 27.3
Forest based 0.1 10.5 43.1 5.1 5.5
Highlands 1.0 6.1 70.5 8.0 38.2
Cereal-root
crop 0.3 6.4 83.1 30.3 61.0
Maize mixed 0.3 7.9 91.0 16.9 46.7
Pastoral 0.2 9.6 83.2 33.0 77.4
41. Tree-Root Crop Farming System
• Value share • Major activities
• cassava
• sweet potato
• cocoa
• cattle
• banana/plantain
• rice
goat/sheep groundnut maize • maize
rice banana cattle
other cocoa sweetpotato • groundnut
cassava • goat/sheep
42. Tree-Root Crop Farming System
West and Central Africa
• Statistics determine 3 distinctive groups
Sub- Dominant agri. Population Agricultural Market
system activities density potential access
Maize + banana
1 + cattle high medium medium
Rice + sweet
2 potato + cocoa medium high high
3 roots high high low
43. Forest-Based Farming System
• Major activities: rice, sweet potato, cassava,
groundnut, banana/plantain, coffee, cattle,
pig/chicken
Sub- Dominant agri. Population Agricultural Market
system activities density potential access
1 Rice + cattle low high low
Cassava +
2 banana low high very low
3 Root + banana low high very low
4 Coffee high low very low
44. Highlands Farming System
• Major activities: maize, pulses, sweet
potato, cassava, banana, cattle, sheep/goat
Sub- Dominant agri. Population Agricultural Market
system activities density potential access
Maize + sweet
1 potato + livestock high medium medium
Cattle dominate
2 livestock very high medium medium
3 Maize + cattle high medium low
4 Roots + cattle high high medium
Pulse + sweet extremely
5 potato + banana high high medium
45. Cereal-Root Crop Farming System
• Major activities: rice, maize, sorghum/
millet, pulse, sweet potato, cassava,
groundnut, cotton, cattle, sheep/goat
Sub- Dominant agri. Population Agricultural Market
system activities density potential access
1 Cassava medium high medium
2 Cattle medium medium medium
sorghum/millet
+ groundnut +
3 cattle high medium medium
46. Pastoral Farming System
• Major activities: maize, sorghum/millet,
pulse, cassava, groundnut, cattle, sheep/goat
Sub- Dominant agri. Population Natural Market
system activities density endowment (NDVI) access
1 Cattle medium medium low
sorghum/millet +
2 pulse + cattle medium low high
Cattle dominate
3 livestock low medium very low
Maize + cassava
4 + cattle low medium low
sheep/goat extremely extremely
5 dominant livestock low low low
47. Maize Mixed Farming System
East and Southern Africa
• Major activities: maize, sorghum/millet, pulse,
cassava, sugarcane, tobacco, cattle, sheep/goat
Sub- Dominant agri. Population Agricultural Market
system activities density potential access
Maize + tobacco +
1 cattle medium high low
2 Tobacco + cattle medium medium medium
3 Sugarcane + cattle medium medium medium
Cattle dominate
4 livestock high medium low
48. Heterogeneity within a Country
case of Ethiopia
• Identify comparative advantages
Sorghum Sheep/
Sub- Maize / millet Cattle goat Agricultural Market
Farm system system share share share share Pop. den potential access
Highlands 2 10.1 4.8 55.5 7.4 high high low
Cereal-root very
crop 2 6.9 5.2 63.5 8.9 high medium low
Maize very
mixed 3 8.4 8.7 51.8 9.2 medium medium low
Pastoral 1 9.9 13.7 46.9 7.9 medium medium low
Pastoral 5 4.0 25.3 17.4 47.5 medium high medium
49. Determinants of Agricultural
Productivity Growth and
Economic Analysis of Alternative
Strategies
Alejandro Nin Pratt
International Food Policy Research Institute
a.ninpratt@cgiar.org
50. Overview of Session (and Study) Framework and Sequence
A. Regional Spatial B. Key System Typologies
Characterization of for focusing productivity
Agricultural Productivity efforts (e.g. country x
Opportunities & farming system)
Challenges
Focus Geographies/Systems
D. Case Study Analysis of
C. Representative Farm
Factors Affecting the Scale
Analysis of Productivity
and Sustainability of
Enhancing Options
Productivity Growth
51. The Case of Maize
Other, 23% Maize-
mixed,
39%
Tree- root
crop, 20%
Cereal-root
crop, 18%
52. 1) Identify predominant production
systems grouping households with
similar crops
Maize- Permanent
Beans-maize
specialized crops-maize
Share in regional maize
45% 10% 46%
production
Number of households 0.86 0.45 2.2
Share of maize in output
77% 23% 25%
value
53. 2) Identify groups of households within the
previous groups that are different in their
behavior and welfare under different
scenarios
• Input use
• Assets
• Labor
• Sales and market access
54. Maize- Perm. Crops-
specialized maize
Low High Low High
inputs inputs inputs inputs
% over total households 18 3 47 6
Yield (Kgs/HA) 1,319 2,610 1,049 2,519
Value of inputs/HA 2.9 151 14 184
ASSETS
Area (HA) 1.3 1.5 1.86 2.44
Cow equivalents/HA 1 1.15 2.23 1.89
Value of equipment/HA 70 81 78 102
LABOR
Family work days 156 106 176 165
Hired work days 36 23 31 63
SALES
Maize sales as share of output % 18 24 11 10
Total sales/output value % 9 11 50 36
55. 3) Use this information in
household models
• Simulate household behavior given
– Available technologies for different crops and
livestock activities
– Cash constraint
– Labor constraint
– Land constraint
– Transaction costs
• Understand the importance of different
constraints on household decisions
56. 4) Link household models in an
economy-wide model
• Analyze impact of different events on
individual household decisions and the
effect of these decisions on other
households and the economy
– Output prices in local, regional and national
markets
– Labor markets
– Consumption and demand
• Derive policy implications
57. Case Studies of Productive
and Sustainable Agricultural
Investment Programs
Joseph Karugia and Stella Massawe
International Livestock Research Institute
s.massawe@cgiar.org
58. Overview of Session (and Study) Framework and Sequence
A. Regional Spatial B. Key System Typologies
Characterization of for focusing productivity
Agricultural Productivity efforts (e.g. country x
Opportunities & farming system)
Challenges
Focus Geographies/Systems
D. Case Study Analysis of
C. Representative Farm
Factors Affecting the Scale
Analysis of Productivity
and Sustainability of
Enhancing Options
Productivity Growth
59. Learning from successes and failures
• Positive or negative outcomes provide
useful basis for learning.
• Incorporating lessons in the design
and implementation of agricultural
interventions-better quality
• How do we define success?
– Increase in yields, agricultural labour
productivity, introduction of new higher-
value enterprise
61. Wei Wei Integrated project in Kenya
• Initiated in 1987, outputs were:
– Construction of intake weir on the Wei Wei river;
– Laying of an underground steel and PVC pipeline network to distribute water
through gravity-fed sprinkler irrigation units on each plot;
– Reclaiming and improving over 700 hectares of land; Setting up of a pilot
farm of 50 hectares to provide logistical, equipment and other inputs support
to the whole scheme;
– Developing and allocating 540 individual plots of 1 hectare each.
• The project has generated a number of benefits to the
community:
– Crop yields, earnings and food security: maize and sorghum yields
have increased from a paltry 0.5 tonnes/ha to 3.5 tonnes/ha and 4
tonnes/ha, respectively.
– New crops such as green grams, cow peas and okra were introduced.
62. Wei Wei Integrated project continued
• The project has also created employment and income-generation
opportunities, either on the farms or through commerce
• Adoption of innovations, not only within the project area but also in
those areas outside the project. The community members are expanding
land under irrigation on their own initiative;
• Strengthening social capital through increased commercial activities. The
farmers have also organized themselves into groups to negotiate for
better prices for their produce.
• Lessons: Community involvement, introduced in an area with a tradition
of irrigation, complementary investments, cost effectiveness of the
irrigation approach used, capacity building, government support
63. Investment on Irrigation through ASDP in Tanzania
• Since 2006, rehabilitated old irrigation schemes and
constructed some new ones
• As a result of the schemes, the area under irrigation increased
from 264,388 ha in the year 2006/2007 to 317,245 ha in 2010
(20 % increase)
2006 2009
Average Rice yields in 1.8 to 2.0 4.0 to 5.0
irrigation schemes (t/ha)
Rice yields in Mbeya 1.5 2.0-2.5
Rice yields in Morogoro 1.5 5
Rice yields in Manyara 1.5 6
Maize yield in Siha 0.7 3.5-4.5
Onions From one season per year Three seasons per year.
Each season 60 bags
Factors for success: involvement of the farmers, government support, complimentary
investments
64. Bura Irrigation Scheme in Kenya
• In Tana River District, started in 1981 production of cotton, maize
and groundnuts, vegetables
• No cash crops planted for 15 years (from 1990-2005), no
subsistence crops for 9 years (1994-2002): frequent breakdowns of
the Nanighi Pumping Station or lack of adequate funds to operate
the pumping units, lack of water
• Famine, increased poverty levels and unemployment for the
Scheme farmers and community; at some point, farmers at the
project were relying on famine relief food supplies.
• The irrigation canal network was heavily silted up covered by
bushes
• Management challenges, several changes. In 2005, the Scheme was
taken over by NIB
65. Hifadhi Ardhi Dodoma (HADO) in Tanzania
• Soil rehabilitation in Kondoa District; very deep gullies
• The objective was to reclaim degraded lands and improve agricultural and
livestock keeping productivity by primarily enabling the local farmers to adopt
effective land husbandry practices.
• Specific objectives: i) Ensure self-sufficient in wood requirements; ii) Encourage
communal wood-growing schemes in the region; iii) Promote communal bee
keeping and other income generating activities; iv) Encourage the establishment
of shelter belts, windbreaks, shade trees, avenues and fruit tree growing; v)
Conserve soil and water and to reclaim depleted land.
• The approach was top-down with little real participation of the local people in
planning and implementing project activities. It emphasized cattle de-stocking,
soil conservation measures such as contour banking and tree planting for
shelterbelts, agro forestry and village woodlots.
• In severely eroded areas, cattle were excluded, effectively evicting their owners as
well.
66. HADO Cont’d
• The HADO programme did demonstrate that restoration of
vegetative cover on some degraded semi-arid lands is possible.
• No baseline study was carried out at the beginning of the
project, consequently, no basis for comparison
• Though large areas were conserved, the project was criticized
for relocating people.
• Lessons: HADO project was a failure, mainly because:
– Like the earlier efforts in the colonial period, HADO was a top-down
and technocratic project with little real participation by the local
people in setting goals or in designing and implementing the project;
– A multi-disciplinary approach was not used, so forestry technical staff
did all rehabilitation work
– Through the eviction of farmers the project exported problems
elsewhere.
67. Key Messages
• Proper targeting: correct intervention for the Farming system?
• Involvement of the local communities and appropriate
partnerships
• Correct implementation strategies: Avoid extreme actions
drastic measures, targeting issues
• Invest in capacity; financial, technical, managerial
• Ensure supporting policy and institutional environment
• Complementary interventions
• Conditions for sustainability
69. Overview of Session (and Study) Framework and Sequence
A. Regional Spatial B. Key System Typologies
Characterization of for focusing productivity
Agricultural Productivity efforts (e.g. country x
Opportunities & farming system)
Challenges
Focus Geographies/Systems
Strategic
Opportunities for
D. Case Study Analysis of
Productivity C. Representative Farm
Factors Affecting the Scale
Enhancing Policies & Analysis of Productivity
and Sustainability of
Enhancing Options
Investments Productivity Growth
70. Some Discussion Points
• How can we improve the analysis
implementable results?
– Data, methods, …
• What are key case studies (specific
agricultural productivity) investment
programs to learn from – both successful
and not-successful?
• …