Stock Market Learning

Risman’s Book Collection

The center of our Nation's economy does not rest
at Fort Knox with its millions of dollars worth of
gold, or even the Treasury that prints the money
that you use. At the center of the United States
economy is Wall Street. Almost every larg e
company in the US and around the world is traded
on a Stock Exchange; from McDonalds to
Lockheed Martin.

To learn more about how the stock market can earn money, and even keep the
economy healthy, we have to look at how it works. With this tutorial, you will
learn how the stock market was created and about the inner workings of the
Stock Exchang e, brokerage firms, buying and selling, mutual funds, and much
more.

Some of you might be wondering why should you care about the stock market.
Maybe you are too young to be investing, or can't see how the market relates to
your every day life. The fact is, even if you have no money in the stock
market, or ar e in school, the stock market does affect you. It affects everything
you do, from going to the mall, to buying that new outfit you have always
wanted. After all, Calvin Klein has to get money to make those outfits!

This tutorial is designed to let you decide what you want to learn about. It is
recommended that you read the topics sequentially, but it is not required. If
you already know about a topic you may want to skip over it. After all,
learning s hould be fun. So jump right in and select a topic.

Any questions or comments should be addressed to 3088@advanced.org .

The Stock Market Learning


Right now, the New York Stock Exchange has billions of dollars changing
hands every day, with thousands of companies being traded, and millions of
people being affected. If we trace the roots of the New York Stock Exchange
to its beginning, we would find that it started out as dirt path in front of Trinity
Church in East Manhattan 200 years ago. At that time, there was no paper
money changing hands, or even the idea of stocks. Rather, they traded silver
for papers saying they owned shares in cargo, that was coming in on ships
every day. The trade flourished.

During the American Revolution, the Colonial Government needed money to
fund its wartime operations. One way they did this was by selling bonds.
Bonds are pieces of paper a person buys for a set price, knowing that after a
certain period of time, they can exchange their bonds for a profit. Along with
bonds, the first of the nation's banks started to sell parts or shares of their own
companies to people in order to raise money. In essence they sold off part of
the company to whomever wanted to buy it, which is the essence of the
modern day stock market.

Wall Street was becoming a major center of
these transactions, and in 1792 twenty-four
men signed an agreement that started the New
York Stock Exchange (NYSE). They agreed to
sell shares or parts of companies between
themselves and charge people commissions, or
fees, to buy and sell for them. They found a
home at 40 Wall Street in New York City. As
they grew they later moved into what is
currently the New York Stock Exchange
Building.

The 1900s brought the Industrial Revolution,
and along with it, a boom in Wall Street.
Everybody wanted a piece of the action, and
Wall Street grew. The New York Stock
Exchange was not the only way to buy stocks
at that time. Many stocks that were deemed
not good enough for the NYSE, were traded
outside on the curbs. This so called quot;curb trading,quot; has now become the
American Stock Exchange (AMEX).


Today, the New York and the American Stock Exchanges, have been joined by
the NASDAQ, and hundreds of local and international Stock Exchanges, that
all play a part in the national and global economy.


Lets say you hear a tip that McDonalds is coming out with a brand new
product that is supposed to double their business. You think to yourself, quot;Darn,
I wish I owned that company.quot; Well you can. McDonalds, along with
thousands of other companies, lets the public buy part of its company. It does
this through selling shares. A share is simply a piece of paper that says you
own part of a company. This part is usually extremely small, perhaps
thousandths of a percent of the total company, but, hey, it is a beginning. You
decide you want to buy part of McDonalds. You run home, and count up all of
the money you have been saving, and find out you have 250 dollars. Well you
are not going to be able to buy the whole company, but it is a start.

You've got the money, you know what stock
you want to buy, now what? Do you go to the
grocery store and ask for a dozen shares of
McDonalds. Not exactly, but close. You don't
go to a grocery store, but rather you call a
broker. A brokerage house is your supermarket
of stocks. You call up any broker and say,
quot;Charles, I've got 250 dollars, and want to buy as much McDonalds as I can.quot;

Charles in return tells you, quot;Let's see, a share of McDonalds costs 20 dollars
(Not the actual price), and I am going to charge you 50 dollars for my services,
so you can buy 10 shares of McDonalds. quot; You then give Charles the money,
and you get the stock. (They usually don't give you the paper stock certificates,
but they transfer ownership over to you.) Voila, you have just bought stock in
a company!

Sounds simple enough, right? Actually it is not if you look at it from the
broker's point of view. When you told the broker you wanted those 10 shares
of stocks, he did not magically buy them for you, or already own them. Rather,
he sent a message to another person who is
working down on the floor of the New York
Stock Exchange (or any other stock exchange).
He tells this person to buy these stocks for you.
This person is called a quot;Floor Broker.quot;

Now this person goes to the part of the Stock
Exchange that is allotted to this particular
stock. Here there are companies that specialize



in this stock. This means that they will usually, if not always, buy and sell
from people at the normal price. The floor broker then buys your ten shares
from one of these people, reports his trade through the hundreds of computers
on the floor, then reports to his colleagues back at the brokerage house that he
bought the stock. The broker keeps a record that you own that stock, rather
than sending you the actual paper stock certificates. If you ever want to sell
them, your broker will sell them, deduct his commission, and then give you the
money.

Got all that? Well if you did not, here it is again using a simplified example.
When you want a stock, you call a broker. The broker calls a person on the
floor (usually an employee of the broker). This person runs to the space that is
allotted to this stock. He then buys the amount of stock from the specialists, or
companies, that are there to sell and buy on a regular basis. He then tells the
firm he bought it, and then you have your stock.


Well it was pretty easy to buy a few shares of McDonalds, but what if you are
not sure about which stock you should buy? Maybe you would rather let a
professional choose the stocks for you. Well, you are not alone. Millions of
people turn over control of their finances to professionals by buying Mutual
Funds. There are two types of mutual funds, open and closed.

Open mutual funds, such as Fidelity Magellan, let people put their money in
them, just like a bank. The difference is that banks take your money and lend it
out, and then pay you interest on the money you gave it. This is static, in that it
does not change. When you put your money in, the bank usually says we will
give you 3 percent interest. When you put your money in a mutual fund, they
take that money, along with that of millions of other people who are investing,
and buy stocks and bonds with it. They then take out part of the profits for
themselves, a commission, and give you your share.

Closed end mutual funds, are similar to their open counterparts in that you turn
over control of your money to professionals but, rather than putting money in
them like a bank, you buy shares like a stock. This means that a closed end
mutual fund acts just like any other stock on the Stock Exchange, they have
Ticker Symbols, and are traded. The difference is that these mutual funds,
instead of making burgers, or creating airplanes, take the money they have,
invest it, and return the profits to the share holders.




Well, we have now learned how to hand over money to people, in exchange
for stocks, but what is to stop them from cheating you, or from running off to
Mexico with your hard earned 250 dollars that was supposed to go to
McDonalds? Well to keep brokers honest, the government has put into place
many commissions, and organizations. Of these organizations the major player
is the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC).

The SEC is a government agency whose purpose is to regulate the securities
industry (the stock markets). It was created after the Great Depression when
Congress passed the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. This agency decides
what is legal, and prosecutes those who break the rules, along with setting
many standards for brokers and investors alike. All companies traded on the
many stock exchanges across America have to be registered with the SEC.
Each must follow rules about what they can do with their stock, how they can
advertise, and much more.

Most of the rules placed on companies are to prevent the owners and
employees from using insider information. Insider information is information
that a person obtains about a company that is not available to the rest of the
public, that can be used to their advantage while buying stocks. For example,
lets say you are the CEO of company XYZ, and company ABC is now in
negotiations with you to merge, and create a much larger company called GHI
Inc. Now, usually mergers cause stock prices to go up, so if you, knowing that
a merger is going to take place, go out and buy a lot of stock from both
company ABC, and XYZ, you are using insider information, and are breaking
the law.

SEC rules and regulations not only pertain to companies on the Exchange, but
to the brokers that trade, and to you, the investor. As an investor, you too,
cannot buy stocks knowing information about a company that know one else
knows. Brokers get the heaviest burden of rules and regulations from the SEC.
Most of these rules are to protect you, the investor. An example of one of these
rules is that when a floor broker goes to buy a stock on your behalf , he must
buy from the lowest priced bidder, and when he is selling, he must sell it to the
highest price bidder. Sounds like common sense, but in fact it is not. Floor
brokers, could easily sell your stock really low to another broker, in exchange
for them selling you a different stock really cheap, to give a better customer a
better price. This would not be fair to you, being sacrificed to give another



person a better price.


You were right to follow your hunch with McDonald's. Your 250 dollars has
skyrocketed into 1000 dollars over a few years. Well, you've been checking the
stock price recently and today, when you go get the newspaper, the headline
reads quot;CRASH!quot;. You read on and discover that the stock market has just
dropped around 500 points, not to mention the fact that McDonald's stock
value which has been slashed in half. You can't believe it- years of work, all
gone, in one day.

Sounds frustrating, but if you were investing in the late 1980s, 1987 to be
exact, it would of been true. On October 19, 1987 the stock market plunged
508 points, or 22 percent of the total market value. It was the worst crash,
since 1927 which signaled the Great Depression. What brought about this
crash, why such a drop in such a little time?

One major reason for the crash was fear. Fear of a correction. Fear of a drop.
Fear of being to late to get out. The 1980s had brought large stock increases,
people had been making fortunes on the huge surges in the stock market.
People began to fear that the market wouldn't be able to go up forever, and
eventually it would fall, and create what is called a correction. The fear began
to accumulate around October 15th, when The Wall Street Journal published
an article entitled, quot;Stocks May Face More than a Correction.quot; It voiced fear
that a correction would bring on a landslide. People began to listen, and big
investment brokers began to worry. The SEC and NYSE listened too. They
even talked about closing the market on the 19th when there was worry that
the crash would come. Even though they decided to keep the market open,
news of a potential collapse was the straw that broke the camel's back. The
morning of 1987, began with a quick loss of around 150 points. Although, the
market did rebound a little before noon, the landslide had begun, and the
market was losing too fast to hold back. Many of the specialists, whose job it is
to negotiate the trades between sellers and buyers, were going out of business,
because the rules state that they must purchase stocks that cannot be sold. In
the end, the market plunged, and after the closing bell rang in the NYSE, there
was silence between the brokers. People were speechless, many broke.




Why does the stock market go up and down? Theses fluctuations occur partly
because companies make money, or lose money, but it is much more involved
than that. A stock is only worth what someone will pay for it. Usually, if a
company makes a lot of money, its value rises, because people are willing to
pay more for a company's stock if the company is doing well. There are many
other factors that affect the value of stocks. One example is interest rates, or
the amount of money you have to pay a bank to loan money, or how much it
has to pay you to keep your money in their bank. If interest rates are high,
stock prices generally go down, because if people can make a decent amount
of money, by keeping their money in banks, or buying bonds, they feel like
they should not take the risk in the stock market.

Many other factors have an effect on the stock market- for example, the state
of the economy. If there is more money floating around, there is more flowing
into companies making their prices rise. Yet another factor is time of year, and
publicity. Many stocks are seasonal, meaning they do well during certain parts
of the year, and worse during others. An example is an ice company, the ones
that package ice that you buy at the supermarket. During the summer, with
picnics, and sweltering heat, their product sells well, and thus their stock price
goes up; But during the winter, when people are not as interested in a picnic
with 20 below temperatures, their price goes down. Publicity has an effect on
stock prices. If an article comes out saying that company ABC, has just
invented this new type of ice that will revolutionize the industry, odds are their
price will increase. Conversely, if an article comes out saying that company
ABC's president is a crook, and stole the pension funds, it is a good bet that the
price will go down.




A stock is a certificate that shows that you own a small fraction of a
corporation. When you buy a stock, you are paying for a small percentage of
everything that that company owns, buildings, chairs, computers, etc. When
you own a stock, you are referred to as a shareholder or a stockholder. In
essence, a stock is a representation of the amount of a company that you
own.

The benefit of owning stock in a corporation is that whenever the corporation
profits, you profit as well. For example, if you buy stock in Coca Cola, and
they come out with a new drink that everyone buys in massive quantities, then
the company will profit tremendously, and so will you. A stock also gives you
the right to make decisions that may influence the company. Each stock you
own has a little bit of voting power, so the more stocks you own, the more
decision making power you have.

In order to vote, you must either attend a corporate meeting, or you fill out a
proxy ballot. A proxy ballot is a quot;subsitutequot; for your absence at the corporate
meeting. A ballot is a series of proposals that you may either vote for or
against. Common questions are who should be on the board of directors, and
whether or not to issue additional stock. You can profit more by making smart
decisions, such as voting for a smarter board of directors. Also, if you think
that issuing additional stock may increase the value of the stock, then you
would vote for issuing additional stock.

There are four levels of stock you can purchase. The lowest
level of stock are the penny stocks. Penny stocks are small
companies that have almost no chance of making it big, and
they are usually of no value. These stocks could be a local
chain of stores, or a company that does not provide anything
desirable.

Moving up one level, there are the growth stocks. Growth stocks are new
companies that have a lot of potential for success, but they are
not stable, and do not always become successful. These growth
stocks are not always a safe investment, since they are not
well- established. Secondary issues are well- established
businesses that are almost totally insured to continue growing
in strength. They are a good investment, since the profit can
increase a lot, but finding the companies can be hard. The


highest level of stocks you can buy are blue chip stocks. The older companies
usually are blue chip, such as International Business Machines (IBM) and
AT&T, and Coca Cola. These blue chip stocks are the safest investment you
can make, but they also take a lot more time to profit with.

If you want to profit from buying a stock, you must decide on a successful
company to invest your money in. There are many factors about the company
you have to base your decision on. By analysing all of the aspects, you have a
better chance of predicting whether or not the stock will rise in value. Some
questions to keep in mind are :

How much profit has the company made recently? If the company has
not recently made a lot of profit, chances are it may never profit, and it is not a
good idea to invest in it. If the company has made a lot of profit recently, then
it may be a good investment, since the profit may continue to rise.
Is the product or service provided popular and in demand? If the
company offers an undesirable product, then the company may fail, since no
one will buy from them. If the company dies, then you suffer massive losses,
so you do not want to invest in companies with an undesirable product or
service. You want to invest in a company with a service or product that is in
high demand. If a company invents a new kind of food that is incredible, and
everyone wants tons of it, then you can profit greatly, since the company will
make tons of profit.
Is there a lot of close competition? If the company is the only company
that offers something, then everyone has to buy from that company, meaning
the company will grow larger, and profit a lot. For example, if there was a
company called Sneakies and it was the only company to offer sneakers, then
everyone would be forced to buy from them, and that would result in huge
profits for Sneakies. In real life, though, there are big time competitors, such as
Nike and Reebok. Therefore, Sneakies would not make a whole lot of profit,
and neither would you.

Stock analysts regularly get the answers to these questions, and many others,
and make predictions about the stocks value in the future.




Blue chip, secondary issues, growth stock, and penny stock corporations can
issue different types of stock. The basic two types of stock are common stock
and preferred stock. Both types of stock have their pros and cons, so before
buying a corporations stock, you must decide which one pleases you most.

A common stock is the basic stock a corporation issues. It just shows that you
own a fraction of the company. The common stocks are directly influenced by
failures and successes of the company. Common stocks are more of a gamble.
Since there is a higher chance of making profit, common stock owners are
issued their dividends or profits after the preferred stock.

After all the common stock has been issued, companies begin to distribute
preferred stock. The preferred stock owners are given their dividends before
the common stock owners are. Also, if the company goes out of business, and
liquidates, the preferred stock owners are paid back the money they invested
before the common stockholders are reimbursed. The main drawback of
preferred stocks is that they cannot benefit as much from company profits
because they are only paid a fixed dividend payment.

There are also classes of preferred stock. These different classes are often
labelled A,B,C and so on. The different classes usually have different market
prices, restrictions, and dividend payments.

When no one is buying a stock because of a high price, companies will often
issue a stock split. When they issue a stock split, a company gives you more
stock for your money. They simply distribute more stocks, and decrease the
price for a stock. This just allows someone who doesn't have as much money
to invest in a company. If you own stock in a company that splits two for one,
you would get twice the amount of stocks that you had before, but each stock
will have decreased in value by fifty percent. Stocks can split into any number,
but they can also reverse split which means that the stocks double in value,
but you only get to keep half the stocks you had before. In either split, you do
not lose any money. It is just like trading in two five dollar bills for one ten
dollar bill, or vice versa.




The first step when buying stocks is to decide what company to buy stock in.
You can buy stock in any publicly held corporation, which means that the
public can control the corporation. You cannot buy stock in a privately held
or closely held corporation, which are corporations that are controlled either
by a small group of individuals or by close friends and family. Fortunately,
most of the larger companies are publicly held, and you can buy from them.
When selecting a company to invest in, you should make sure they are in a
strong industry, and make sure the company is strong or growing. For
example, Coca Cola Enterprises is a large company that is one of the strongest
in the soft drinks industry. This would make it a good stock to invest in,
although finding a newer company that is growing rapidly might get you more
profits quicker. Choosing the company to invest in is
no easy job, and there are many different methods
people have come up with to select one.
Fundamental analysis is one method, in which you
study the company's current management and
position in the market. Technical analysis is another
method which is totally based on charts, in which you
indentify trends the company has, and invest accordingly. One popular method
is just throwing darts at the stock page, which often beats out all the other
methods.

After you decide what company to invest in, you need to find a broker. A
broker is the only person that can make an order to buy or sell stocks. There
are two types of brokers that every brokerage firm has. The first type of
broker is a stockbroker, who researches investments, helps make goals, and
give advice on investing. Discount brokers on the other hand, do not offer
advice, and they do no research. They just are middle men in the transactions.
When you give a stockbroker your order, they relay the order to the
floorbrokers. The floorbrokers do all the actual buying and selling, and they
hold a seat on the exchange.

After you find a broker and buy the stocks, the broker does the rest of the
work. You just have to call him up and place an order with him. The most
basic order is the market order, where you just ask the broker to buy or sell
your stocks at the best price he can get his hands on. Another type of order
which takes more research and predicting on your part is a limit order. In a
limit order, you tell the broker to trade only when the stock is at a certain price
or better. A stop order is an order which can save you from extreme loss. In a


stop order, you tell the broker to sell your shares if the stock drops too low,
and you tell him the price not to let it drop below.


To track how your stocks are doing, you have to look at stock listings. Stock
listings are published in just about every newspaper. The listings look
confusing at first, since they look like a mixture of numbers, but can be a very
useful tool when tracking your stock's progress. The listings are organized into
many columns, including the following information : 52 weeks high and low,
company name, symbol, dividend, percent yield, PE ratio, volume, high, low,
close and net change.

52 weeks high and low This field is a good indicator about a stocks volatility.
Volatility is an indicator of the riskiness and potential for profit that the stock
has. The greater the difference between the high and low, the riskier the stock
is for loss and gain. If the difference between the high and low is small, then
there is little potential for either loss or gain.

Company name - This field is usually abbreviated in the listings, and listed
alphabetically.

Symbol - This field is a one to four character symbol used as a sort of
nickname for the company.

Dividend - This field is listed in dollar format, and it is the cash amount of
money that the company will pay you each year for each stock.

Percent yield - This field is calculated by dividing the dividend by the closing
price. It just tells you how much of the price of the stock you will be paid in
dividends each year.

PE ratio - The price-earnings ratio calculates the relationship between the
price of a company's stock, and the annual earnings of a company. It is
calculated by divinding the closing price of the stock by the earnings per share
of each stock.

Volume - The volume is the amount of stocks that were traded the day before.
This number is given in hundreds, so to get the actual number of stocks traded,
multiply the number in that field by one hundred. If a small z is before the
number, then the volume is not given in hundreds, and is the actual number of
stocks traded.

High, low and close - These are the highest and lowest prices of the stock the



day before, and the closing price for the day before. This is an indicator of how
much the price of the stock fluctuated throughout the previous day.

Net change - This is the change of the price of the stock from the previous
day. This gives you an idea whether the price is dropping or rising.

In addition to the stock listings, stock price charts can sometimes offer a better
view of how the stock is doing. The price charts graphically organize the value
of the stock over time. The charts can give you information on the company's
historical performance, the stock's stability or volatility, the stock's current
price relative to the past, and the stock's growth rate.


There are several quot;tricksquot; that experienced investors use to make a profit. Like
the rest of the stock market, these tricks are very risky, and you should know
what you are doing if you use these tricks. The tricks include selling short,
buying on margin, and buying warrants.

The first risky trick is short selling. Basically, short selling is selling a stock
before you actually buy it. To sell short, you first borrow stocks from a broker.
Then, you sell them immediately on the market. You keep the money that you
earned from selling the stocks, and wait, hoping that the price for the stock will
drop. If the price for the stock does drop, then you can buy back the stock, and
give them back to your broker. You will then have made a profit, since you
sold them for more than you bought them for. For example, if you borrow 100
stocks at 4 dollars per stock, and sell them in the market, you have 400 dollars.
If you wait a while, and the price of the stock decreases to 2 dollars per stock,
you can buy 100 stocks for 200 dollars. You then return the 100 stocks to the
broker, pay a little bit of interest, and keep the other 200 dollars.
Unfortunately, selling short does not always end as well as that. Consider if
you borrow 100 stocks at 4 dollars a stock again. You then sell them and get
400 dollars. You wait a few weeks, but the price of the stock continues to
increase. Before you know it, the price of the stock is 6 dollars. You have to
give the broker his stocks, and you have to pay him interest. This means that
you have to pay 600 dollars to get the stocks back, and right there, you just lost
200 dollars.

Buying on margin is another trick which is basically buying stocks on
borrowed money. You must first set up a margin account, which has a
minimum balance of 2000 dollars. Once you have a margin account, you can
borrow up to 50 percent of the cost of buying the stocks you want. By
borrowing 50 percent of the cost, you are controlling something twice as



valuable as what you paid for. This will enable you to gain more profits with
less money. For example, if you put in 500 dollars, and the broker lends you
500 dollars, then you have 1000 dollars to work with. You then buy 100 stocks
at 10 dollars a stock. If the price for the stock increases to 15 dollars, and you
sell at that price, then you have 1500 dollars. You then pay back the broker the
500 dollars plus interest, and you have made roughly 1000 dollars, doubling
your initial investment of 500 dollars,. If you had only invested 500 dollars of
your own money, you would have only gotten 50 stocks. Then, after selling
them for 15 dollars, you would have made only 750 dollars, which is only 250
dollars more than your initial investment. The risky part about this is that your
losses are also magnified. Had you bought 100 stocks on margin at 10 dollars,
and the price had dropped to 5 dollars, you would have lost all 500 of your
dollars, since you have to pay the broker back his 500 dollars. If you had
invested only your 500 dollars and bought 50 stocks at 10 dollars, and the price
dropped to 5 dollars, then you would only have lost 250 dollars.

Buying warrants is a less risky trick. A warrant is sold by a company that is
planning on issuing stocks soon. The warrant gives you the right to buy stocks
at a certain price. For example, if you buy a warrant to buy a stock at 5 dollars
for 1 dollar, and the stock ends up being issued at 10 dollars a share, then you
can sell the shares for a profit of 4 dollars per share, since you paid only 6
dollars total, and sold them at 10 dollars.


ABC DEF GHI JKL MNO PQR STU VWXYZ
Amex - The American Stock Exchange, Inc.

bear - an investor who sells his stocks, and gambles on buying it back at a
lower price.

bear market - a market where stock prices are falling, favoring a bear.

block trade - a transaction involving over 10,000 shares.

blue chip - the highest and best shares to buy. Comes from poker, where a
blue chip is the most valuable.

broker - the person who can order stocks to be bought or sold.

bull - an investor who buys stocks, and gambles on selling it at a higher price.

bull market - a market where stock prices are rising, favoring a bull.

close - the final price of the stock at the end of the trading day.



closely held corporation - a corporation that only allows a few people to
invest in it, such as friends and relatives.

commission - the profit that a broker gets every time you buy or sell a stock
through him or her.

cyclical stock - a stock that tends to rise and fall with the economy.

dip - a drop in the price of a stock that is temporary, making it the ideal time to
buy the stock.

discount brokers - a simple broker that only takes orders on buying and
selling.

Dow Jones Average - a market indicator that averages 65 stocks in 3 different
categories to determine how the market as a whole is doing.

fundamental analysis- a method of stock analysis based on the management
of the company and past stock movements.

going public - when a company puts their stock up for sale.

gross - value before tax.

growth stocks - stocks that pay low dividends, but are expected to grow.

high - the highest price of the stock during the trading day.

home run - a referral to an investors large gain in a short period.

hostile takeover - a company or person that tries to buy a controlling amount
of stocks in a company in order to control it. Usually this is not for the good of
the company, and is similar to raiders.

hot stock - a stock whose price rises quickly the day it goes public.

income stocks - stocks that have consistently paid high dividends.

Initial Public Offering (IPO) - The formal name for going public.

limit order - an order that limits the price the broker can buy or sell at.

limit order to sell - an order to sell stocks only if they can be sold at a certain
price.

low - the lowest price of the stock during the trading day.

market order - an order to buy or sell at the best price available.

market trend - the upward or downward movement of a market for six


months or more.

NYSE - The New York Stock Exchange.

odd lot - an amount of stocks that is not the usual trading number.

portfolio - a collection of stocks that is owned by an investor.

privately held corporation - a corporation that allows only a select group of
people to purchase stock.

proxy ballot - a voting ballot that allows you to control what happens with the
company you have stock in.

publicly held corporation - a corporation that allows anyone in the public to
purchase their stock.

raiders - a person or group of people that attempt to buy over 50% of the
shares of a company in order to control the company by using the voting
power of the stocks.

round lot - an amount of stocks that is the usual trading number, such as 100
on the NYSE.

SEC - Securities and Exchange Commission.

shareholder - a person who buys stock in a corporation, and therefore
becomes a part-owner of the corporation.

stag - an investor who buys and sells stocks rapidly, usually to make profits
quickly.

stock certificate - the actual piece of paper that is evidence of stock
ownership, usually watermarked and patterned to make itself hard to forge.

stockbrokers - a broker that in addition to taking orders, also offers advice on
investing.

stop order - an order to sell all stocks if the price of the stock drops to a
certain point.

technical analysis - an analysis of a stocks future based strictly on numbers,
such as earnings, sales, and assets.

tombstones - the advertisments that are put out when a company goes public.

white knight - a person or company that saves another company from an
unwanted hostile takeover.

yo-yo stock - a stock with a price that often rises and often drops rapidly.



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