Stemcells biology CIRM California Gov 2020

1. Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine

2. “Glow-in-the-dark” dogs!

3. What is stem cell research? • Understand more about development, aging, disease – Experimental model systems • Prevent or treat diseases and injuries – Cell-based therapies – Pharmaceutical development • Includes testing and drug delivery

4. Trachea transplantation: Example of adult stem cell-based tissue regeneration

5. Outline of Presentation • Introduction to fertilization and embryonic development • What makes stem cells unique? • What do stem cells look like? • What are the different types of stem cells? • What are examples of stem cell research, therapies, and technologies? How did they make those dogs? • Conclusion and future directions

6. In the IVF procedure, sperm and eggs “interact” in a dish leading to insemination. They literally swim up to the egg and burrow toward the nucleus. The first one to get there wins, and all others are blocked out. Male fertility issue: Sometimes sperm cannot latch onto and penetrate the egg. They may choose to have Intra(within)-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) Day 1

9. Day 1

10. Day 2

11. Day 2

12. Day 3

13. Day 4

14. Embryonic Stem Cells Day 5

15. At what point is this a fetus? • Days 7-14: Uterine implantation • Day 14: Three distinct layers begin to form (no more pluripotent stem cells) • Days 14-21: Beginning of future nervous system • Days 21-24: Beginning of future face, neck, mouth, and nose • Weeks 3-8: Beginning of organ formation This picture is Week 5 • Week 5-8+: Now it’s called a fetus (no consensus on a single timepoint)

16. Embryonic Development: Fish embryo Keller et al. 2008

17. Outline of Presentation • Introduction to fertilization and embryonic development • What makes stem cells unique? • What do stem cells look like? • What are the different types of stem cells? • What are examples of stem cell research, therapies, and technologies? • Conclusion and future directions

18. Drawings 4 3 1 2 2.5 5

20. Symmetric cell division

21. Asymmetric cell division 1. Self-renews 2. Differentiates Progenitor cell Stem cell Stem cell

22.  SELF – RENEWAL 

25. Embryonic stem cells in the dish: What do cultured ES cells look like?

26. Fluorescent imaging of embryonic stem cell colonies.

29. This cell Can form the Embryo and placenta This cell Can form the Embryo Fully mature

30. How do cells know what to become? All cells in a person have the same DNA Yet eye cells differ from nose cells Central dogma of biology RNA Protein Cell type Niche factors DNA Genetic engineering Tissue therapy

31. Signals to Stem Cells Other Cells Matrix Molecules Self-Renewal Soluble Factors Differentiation Little, et al. Chemical Reviews (2008).

32. Factors known to affect stem cells • Low stress levels • Regular exercise • Enriching experiences • Learning new information • Healthy diets: rich in antioxidants • Avoid excessive drinking

35. Experimental model system Heart muscle cells beating in a petri dish! Videos by The Exploratorium

36. Bone marrow transplant: Example of adult stem cell-based therapy

37. Spinal cord injury: Example of embryonic stem cell-based therapy Geron video: http://www.geron.com/grnopc1clearance/

38. What are stem cell technologies? • Cloning technologies – Is human cloning a technology? – What is different about cloning embryonic stem cells? • Induced Pluripotent Stem cells – New ways to potentially avoid the use of embryos – Disease-specific stem cell lines created – The promise and potential pitfalls of this approach When does research actually become technology?

39. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) Cloning of embryonic stem cells Egg cell Udder cell

40. Types of Cloning

41. Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells Genetically engineering new stem cells Skin cells iPS cells

43. Why do researchers want to use embryonic stem cells along with other technologies? • Pluripotent – Expanded developmental potential allows them to be used in ways that adult stem cells cannot • Can proliferate indefinitely in culture • Easier to obtain than adult stem cells

44. Science is discovering the unknown • Stem cell field is still in its infancy • Human embryonic stem cell research is a decade old, adult stem cell research has 30-year head start • Holds hope for curing or improving treatments for 70+ diseases How can you help to shape the direction of this field?

45. Students: https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/stemcell2010 Teacher: https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/stemcellteach2010 Take our survey please!

Stemcells biology CIRM California Gov 2020

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