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StandardSpecifications for Highway Bridges 17th Edition-2002 Upper right-handand lower left-hand pictures courtesyof the National Steel Bridge Alliance. Lower right-handpicture courtesy of William Oliva and Scott Becker. Adopted and Publishedby the American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 , ' O Copyright 2002 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproducedin any form without permission of the publishers. Code: HB-17 ISBN: 156051-171-0
AMERICAN ASSOCIATIONOF STATE HIGHWAY A~+-NSPORfA'fION-OPPIC-I-A%S EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2001-2002 VOTING MEMBERS President: Brad Mallory,Pennsylvania Vice President: James Codell,Kentucky Secretary/Treasurer: Larry King, Pennsylvania Regional Representatives: Region I: Joseph Boardman, New York, One-YearTerm James Weinstein,New Jersey, Two-Year Term Region11: Bruce Saltsman,Tennessee, One-YearTerm Fred Van Kirk, West Virginia,Two-Year Term Region 111: Kirk Brown, Illinois,One-YearTerm Henry Hungerbeeler,Missouri,Two-YearTerm Region N: Joseph Perkins,Alaska, One-YearTerm Tom Stephens, Nevada,Two-Year Tern NON-VOTING MEMBERS Immediate Past President: E. Dean Carlson, Kansas Executive Director: John Horsley,Washington,D.C.
HIGHWAY SUBCOMMITTEE ON BRIDGESAND STRUCTURES 2002 TOM LULAY, Oregon, Chaimzan SANDRALARSON, Vice Chaimzan JAMES D. COOPER,Federal Highway Administration, Secretary ALABAMA,William F. Conway,George H. Connor ALASKA, Richard A. Pratt ARIZONA, F. Daniel Davis ARKANSAS, Phil Brand CALIFORMA, Richard Land COLORADO, MarkA. Leonard CONNECTICUT,Gordon Barton DELAWARE, Doug Finney, Dennis O'Shea D.C., Donald Cooney FLORIDA, William N. Nickas GEORGIA, Paul Liles, Brian Swnmers HAWAII,Paul Santo IDAHO,Matthew M. Farrar ILLINOIS,Ralph E. Anderson INDIANA, Mary Jo Hamman IOWA, Norman L. McDonald KANSAS, Kenneth F. Hurst,Loren R. Risch KENTUCKY,StephenE. Goodpaster LOUISIANA, Hossein Ghara, Mark J. Momant MAINE, James E. Tukey MARYLAND, Earle S. Freedman MASSACHUSETI'S, Alexander K. Bardow MICHIGAN,Steve Beck MINNESOTA, Dan Dorgan, Kevin Western MISSISSIPPI,Harry LeeJames MISSOURI, ShyamGupta MONTANA,WilliamS. Fullerton NEBRASKA,Lyman D. Freemon NEVADA,William C. Crawford, Jr. NEW HAMPSHIRE,Mark Richardson NEW JERSEY,Harry A. Capers, Jr., Richard W. Dunne NEW MEXICO, Jimmy D. Camp NEW YORK, James O'Comell, George Christian NORTH CAROLINA,Gregory R. Perfettie NORTH DAKOTA, Terry Udland OHIO, Timothy Keller OKLAHOMA, Robert J. Rusch, Veldo Goins OREGON,Mark E. Hirota PENNSYLVANIA, R. Scott Christie PUERTORICO, Jaime Cabre RHODE ISLAND, Kazem Farhoumand SOUTH CAROLINA, Randy R. Cannon, Jeff Sizemore SOUTH DAKOTA,John C. Cole TENNESSEE,Edward P. Wasserman TEXAS, Mary Lou Ralls U.S. DOT, Nick E. Mpras UTAH, David Nazare VERMONT,James McCarthy VIRGINIA, MalcolmT. Kerley WASHINGTON,Jerry Weigel,Tony M. Allen WESTVIRGINIA,James Sothen WISCONSIN,StanleyW. Woods WYOMING,Gregg C. Fredrick, Keith R. Fulton ALBERTA, Dilip K. Dasmohapatra MANITOBA, IsmailElkholy NORTHERN M A M A ISLANDS,John C. Pangalinan NEW BRUNSWICK,David Cogswell NORTHAMPTON,R. T. Hughes NORTHWESTTERRITORIES,John Bowen NOVASCOTIA,Alan MacRae,Mark Pertus ONTARIO, Vacant SASKATCHEWAN, HervCBachelu FHWA, ShoukryElnahal MASS. METRO. DIST. COMM., David Lenhardt N.J. TURNPIKEAUTHORITY,Richard Raczynski NYSTATE BRIDGEAUTHORITY,William Moreau PORTAUTH. OF NYAND NJ, Joseph J. Kelly, Joseph Zitelli BUREAU OF INDIANAFFAIRS,Wade Casey MILITARYTRAFFIC MANAGEMENT COMMAND, Robert D. Franz U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS-DEPT. OF THEARMY, PaulTan U.S. COASTGUARD, Jacob Patnaik U.S. DEPARTMENTOFAGRICULTURE- FORESTSERVICE. Nelson Hernandez
PREFACE to Seventeenth Edition Major changes and revisions to this edition are as follows: 1. The InterimSpecifications of 1997, 1998, 1999,2000,2001,2002 and 2003 have been adoptedand are included. 2. Thecommentariesfrom1996through2000areprovidedand havebeencross-referenced with each other, whereappropriate. 3. In 1997, Section 15, "TFEBearing Surface," Division I, was replaced by Section 14, "Bearings." 4. In 1997,Section19,"Pot Bearings,"DivisionI, was replacedby Section14,"Bearings." 5. In1997,Section 20,"Disc Bearings,"DivisionI, wasreplacedby Section14,"Bearings." 6. In 2002, Section 16,"Steel Tunnel Liner Plates,"DivisionI, becameSection 15. 7. In 2002,Section17,"Soil-ReinforcedConcreteStructureInteractionSystems,"Division I, becameSection 16. 8. In 2002,Section18,"Soil-ThermoplasticPipe InteractionSystems,"DivisionI, became Section 17. 9. Anew companion CD-ROM with advance search featuresis included with each book. 10. The Federal Highway Administration and the States have established a goal that the LRFD standards be used on all new bridge designs after 2007; only edits related to technical errors in the seventeenthedition will be made hereafter. TheseStandard Specifications are ap- plicable to new structure designs prior to 2007 and for the maintenance and rehabilitationof existing structures.
INTRODUCTION The compilationof these specifications began in 1921 with the organization of the Committee on Bridges and Structures of the American Association of State Highway Officials. During the period from 1921, until printed in 1931, the specifications were gradually developed, and as the several divisions were approved from time to time, they were made available in mimeographed form for use of the State Highway Departmentsand other organizations.A complete specification was availablein 1926 and it was revised in 1928. Though not in printed form, the specifications were valu- able to the bridgeengineeringprofession during the period of development. The first edition of the Standard Specifications was published in 1931, and it was followed by the 1935,1941, 1944,1949,1953,1957, 1961,1965,1969,1973,1977, 1983, 1989, 1992, and 1996 revised editions.The present seventeenth edition consti- tutes a revision of the 1996 specifications, including those changes adopted since the publicationof the sixteentheditionand those through 2002. In the past, InterimSpecifications were usually published in the middle of the cal- endar year, and a revised edition of this book was generally published every 4 years. However, since theFederalHighwayAdministration and the States have established a goal that the LRFD standardsbe used on all new bridge designs after 2007, only edits related to technical errors in the seventeenth edition will be made hereafter. These Standard Specifications are applicable to new structuredesigns prior to 2007 and for the maintenance and rehabilitation of existing structures. Future revisions will have the same status as standards of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and are approved by at least two-thirds of the Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures. These revisions are voted on by the AssociationMemberDepartmentsprior to the publicationof a new editionof this book, and if approvedby atleast two-thirdsof the members, they areincludedin a new edition as standards of the Association. Members of the Associationare the 50 State Highway or TransportationDepartments,the District of Columbia,and Puerto Rico. Each mem- ber has one vote. The U.S. Departmentof Transportationis a nonvoting member. Future revisions will be displayed on AASHTO's website via a link from the title's bookcodelisting, HB-17,in theBookstoreof www.transportation.org. Ane-mail notification will also be sent to previous purchasers notifying them that a revision is availablefor download. Pleasecheck the site periodically to ensure that you have the most up-to-date and accurateinformation. The Standard Spec$cations for Highway Bridges are intended to serve as a stan- dard or guide for the preparation of State specifications and for reference by bridge engineers. Primarily, the specifications set forth minimum requirements which are consistent with current practice, and certain modifications may be necessary to suit local condi- tions.They applyto ordinary highwaybridgesand supplementalspecificationsmay be required for unusual types and for bridges with spans longer than 500 feet. Specifications of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the American Welding Society, the American Wood Preservers Association, and the National Forest ProductsAssociation are referred to, or are recognized. Numerous re- search bulletins are noted for references. TheAmericanAssociationof StateHighway and Transportation Officials wishesto expressits sincere appreciation to the above organizations, as well as to those univer- sities and representativesof industry whose research efforts and consultations have been most helpfulin continual improvement of these specifications. Extensive references have been made to the Standard Spec@cations for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing also published by AASHTO,including equivalent ASTM specifications which have been reproduced in the Association's Standard Specifications by permission of the American Society for Testing and Materials.
Attention is also directed to the following publications prepared and published by AASHTO Guide for Commonly Recognized (CoRe)Structural Elements-1998 Edition AASHTO Guide Specifications for Horizontally Curved Steel Girder Highway Bridges with Design Examples for I-Girder and-Box-Girder Bridges-2002 Edition AASHTO Guide Specij-kations-Thermal Effects in Concrete Bridge Super- structures-1989Edition AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction SpeciJications-1998 Edition AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design SpeciJications,2nd Edition, SI-1998 Edition AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design SpeciJications,2nd Edition, US-1998 Edition AASHTO LRFD Movable Highway Bridge Design SpeciJications,1st Edition- 2001 Edition AASHTO/AWS-Dl.5M/Dl.5:2001 An American National Standard: Bridge Welding Code and its Commentary-2002Edition Bridge Data Exchange (BDX)Technical Data Guide-1995 Edition Construction Handbook for BridgeTemporaryWorks-1995 Edition Guide Design SpeciJicationsfor Bridge TemporaryWorks-1995 Edition Guide for Painting Steel Structures-1997 Edition Guide SpeciJicationsand Commentary for Vessel Collision Design of Highway Bridges-1991 Edition Guide Specijications for Alternative Load Factor Design Procedures for Steel Beam Bridges Using Braced Compact Sections-1991 Edition Guide SpeciJicationsfor Aluminum Highway Bridges-1991 Edition Guide Specifications for Design and Construction of Segmental Concrete Bridges, 2nd Edition-1999 Edition Guide SpeciJicationsfor Design of PedestrianBridges, 1997 Edition Guide SpeciJications for Distribution of Loads for Highway Bridges-1994 Edition Guide SpeciJications for Fatigue Evaluation of Existing Steel Bridges-1990 Edition Guide SpeciJications for Highway ~ r i d ~ e Fabrication with HPS070W Steel- 2000 Edition Guide Specijications for Seismic Isolation Design, 2nd Edition-1999Edition Guide SpeciJications for Strength Design of Truss Bridges (Load Factor Design)-1985 Edition Guide SpeciJications for Strength Evaluation of Existing Steel and Concrete Bridges-1989 Edition Guide SpeciJicationsfor Structural Design of Sound Barriers-1989Edition Guide SpeciJication for the Design of Stress-Laminated Wood Decks-1991 Edition Guidelines for Bridge Management Systems-1993 Edition Manual for Condition Evaluation of Bridges-2000 Edition
Movable Bridge Inspection,Evaluationand Maintenance Manual-1998 Edition Standard Specijications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires and Trafic Signals, 4th Edition-2001 Edition Additional bridges and structures publications prepared and published by other AASHTOcommitteesand task forces are as follows: Guide Specijicationsfor Cathodic Protection of Concrete Bridge Deck-1994 Edition Guide Specijicationsfor PolymerConcrete Bridge Deck Overlays-1995 Edition Guide Specijicationsfor Shotcrete Repair of Highway Bridges-1998 Edition Inspectors'Guide for Shotcrete Repair of Bridges-1999 Edition Manual for Comsion Protection of Concrete Components in Bridges-1992 Edition Two Parts: Guide Specijications for Concrete Overlay Pavements and Bridge Deck-1990 Edition AASHTO Maintenance Manual: The Maintenance and Management of Roadways and Bridges-1999 Edition Thefollowinghave ~ e ~ e d aschairmenof theCommitteesinceitsinceptionin 1921: Messrs, E.F. Kelley, who pioneered the work of the Committee,Albin L. Gemeny, R. B. McMinn,Raymond Archiband,G.S. Paxson,E. M. Johnson, Ward Goodman, Charles Matlock, Joseph S. Jones, Sidney Poleynard, Jack Freide~ch, Henry W. Derthick, Robert C. Cassano,Clellon Loveall,JamesE. Siebels,David Pope, and Tom Lulay.The Committeeexpressesits sincere appreciationof the work of these men and of those ac- tive members of the past, whose names,becauseof retirement,are no longeron the roll. Suggestionsfor the improvement of the specifications are welcomed.They should be sent to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures, AASHTO, 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249, Washington, D.C. 20001. Inquiries as to the intent or application of the specifications should be sent to the same address. ABBREVIATIONS AASHTO ACI AISC AITC ASCE ASME ASTM ANSI AWS AWPA CRSI CS NDS NFPA RMA SAE SSPC WPA WRI WWPA -American Associationof State Highway and Transportation Officials -American ConcreteInstitute -American Instituteof Steel Construction -American Instituteof Timber Construction -American Societyof Civil Engineers -American Society of Mechanical Engineers -American Society for Testing and Materials -American National Standards Institute -American Welding Society -American Wood Preservers Association --Concrete ReinforcingSteel Institute --Commercial Standards -National Design Specifications for Stress Grade Lumber and Its Fastenings -National Forest ProductsAssociation -Rubber ManufacturersAssociation --Society of AutomotiveEngineers -Steel StructuresPainting Council -Western PineAssociation -Wire ReinforcementInstitute -Western Wood ProductsAssociation vii
AASHTOSTANDARD SPECIFICATIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS DIVISION I DESIGN SECTION1- GENERAL PROVISIONS DESIGNANALYSISAND GENERALSTRUCTURAL ........................... INTEGRITY FOR BRIDGES 3 ............................................. Design Analysis 3 .......................................... Structural Integrity 3 BRIDGELOCATIONS ........................................3 WATERWAYS ................................................3 .................................................... General 3 ........................................... HydraulicStudies 4 SiteData ................................................. 4 ......................................... Hydrologic Analysis 4 ......................................... Hydraulic Analysis 4 CULVERTLOCATION,LENGTH, AND WATERWAY OPENINGS ..4 ROADWAYDRAINAGE ....................................... 4 .................................... RAILROADOVERPASSES 4 ................................................ Clearances -4 BlastProtection .............................................4 .......................................... SUPERELEVATION 5 ........................................... FLOOR SURFACES 5 UTILITIES ..................................................5 SECTION 2.. GENERAL FEATURESOF DESIGN ................................................... GENERAL 7 .................................................. Notations 7 .............................. Width of Roadway and Sidewalk 7 ............. STANDARDHIGHWAY CLEARANCES- GENERAL 7 Navigational ................................................ 7 Roadwaywidth .............................................7 Verticalclearance ........................................... 7 ..................................................... Other 7 ........................................ Curbs and Sidewalks 8 ...................... HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR BRIDGES 8 ..................................................... Width 8 ........................................... Vertical Clearance 8 ................. HIGKWAY CLEARANCESFOR UNDERPASSES 8 ..................................................... Width 8 ........................................... VerticalClearance 8 ..................................................... Curbs 8 ...................... HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR TUNNELS 8 ............................................. Roadway Width 8 .................................... Clearancebetween Walls 10 .......................................... Vertical Clearance 10 .................................................... Curbs 10 ....... HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR DEPRESSEDROADWAYS 10 ix
x CONTENTS Division I RoadwayWidth ...........................................-10 Clearance between Walls ....................................10 Curbs ....................................................10 RAILINGS ................................................. -10 Vehicular Railing ...........................................10 General .................................................10 Geometry ...............................................-10 Loads ...................................................11 Bicycle Railing ............................................. 11 General ................................................-11 Geometry and Loads ...................................... -11 PedestrianRailing .......................................... 12 ................................................. General 12 Geometry and Loads ....................................... 13 Structural Specificationsand Guidelines ....................... 13 SECTION &LOADS PARTA- TYPES OF LOADS ................................................ NOTATIONS 17 GENERAL .................................................. 19 DEADLOAD ................................................ 19 ................................................ LIVELOAD 20 OVERLOADPROVISIONS ................................... 20 ........................................... TRAFFICLANES 20 HIGHWAYLOADS ......................................... -20 Standard Truck and Lane Loads .............................. 20 Classes of Loading .........................................-21 Designationof Loadings .....................................-21 Minimum Loading ......................................... 21 HLoading ................................................ 21 HS Loading ...............................................21 IMPACT .................................................... 21 Application ................................................21 GroupA-Impact shall be included ...........................21 Group B- Impact shall not be included ........................ 21 Impact Formula ........................................... 21 LONGITUDINAL FORCES .................................. -23 CENTRIFUGALFORCES ................................... -25 APPLICATION OF LIVE LOAD ............................... 25 Traffic Lane Units .......................................... 25 Number and Positionof Traffic Lane Units ..................... 25 Lane Loads on ContinuousSpans .............................25 Loadingfor MaximumStress ................................25 REDUCTIONIN LOAD INTENSITY ...........................25 ELECTRIC RAILWAY LOADS ................................26 SIDEWALK, CURB,AND RAILING LOADING ..................26 Sidewalk Loading .......................................... 26 CurbLoading .............................................26 Railing Loading ............................................ 26 WIND LOADS .............................................. -26
DivisionI CONTENTS xi ...................................... Superstructure Design 26 .............................. Group 1 1and Group V Loadings 26 ............................ Group 111and Group VI Loadings 26 ........................................ Substructure Design 27 .................................. Forces from Superstructure 27 ..................... Forces Applied Directly to the Substructure 27 ......................................... Overturning Forces 27 ......................................... THERMAL FORCES 28 .................................................... UPLIFT 28 FORCESFROMSTREAM CURRENTAND FLOATING ICE, ........................... AND DRIFT CONDITIONS 28 ............................. Forceof Stream Current on Piers 28 ........................................... Stream Pressure 28 ...................................... PressureComponents 28 ............................. ..... Drift Lodged AgainstPier ; 28 ........................................ Forceof Ice on Piers 29 ................................................. General 29 ........................................ DynamicIce Force 29 ......................................... Static Ice Pressure 30 BUOYANCY ................................................ 30 .......................................... EARTH PRESSURE 30 ............................................ EARTHQUAKES 30 PART B-COMBINATIONS OFLOADS ................................. 3.22 COMBINATIONS OF LOADS 30 PARTC-DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS DISTRIBUTIONOF LOADSTO STRINGERS. LONGITUDINAL ........................ BEAMS. AND FLOOR BEAMS 32 PositionofLoadsforShear .................................. 32 ......... BendingMoments in Stringersand LongitudinalBeams ;32 ................................................. General 32 ................................. Interior Stringers and Beams 32 ........................ OutsideRoadway Stringers and Beams 32 ............................ Steel-Timber-ConcreteT-Beams 32 .................................... ConcreteBox Girders 33 Total Capacity of Stringers and Beams ........................ 33 .................. Bending Moments in Floor Beams (Transverse) 34 ............. Precast ConcreteBeams Used in ~ u l t i - ~ e b Decks 34 DISTRIBUTION OF LOADSAND DESIGN OF CONCRETE ............................................ SLABS ; 35 .............................................. SpanLengths 35 ................................ EdgeDistanceof Wheel Loads 35 BendingMoment ........................................... 35 Case A- Main ReinforcementPerpendicularto Traffic ............................ (Spans 2 to 24 Feet Inclusive) 36 ................. Case B- Main ReinforcementParallel to Traffic 36 ................................... ........ Shear and Bond ; 36 .......................................... CantileverSlabs ; 36 ............................................ Truck Loads -36 .............. CaseA-Reinforcement Perpendicularto Traffic 36 ................... Case B-Reinforcement Parallel to Traffic 36
CONTENTS Division I A _ - Railing Loads ............................................36 SlabsSupported on Four Sides ...............................37 Medianslabs .............................................. 37 LongitudinalEdge Beams ...................................37 UnsupportedTransverseEdges ...............................37 Distribution Reinforcement ..................................37 DISTRIBUTIONOF WHEEL LOADSON TIMBER FLOORING ...38 TransverseFlooring ........................................38 Plank and Nail Laminated Longitudinal Flooring ...............39 LongitudinalGlued LaminatedTimber Decks ................... 39 Bending Moment ......................................... 39 Shear ................................................... 40 Deflections .............................................. 40 StiffenerArrangement ......................................40 ContinuousFlooring ........................................ 40 DISTRIBUTIONOF WHEEL LOADSAND DESIGN OF COMPOSITEWOOD-CONCRETEMEMBERS ......... 40 Distribution of Concentrated Loads for BendingMoment and Shear ........................................... 40 Distributionof BendingMoments in ContinuousSpans ........... 40 Design .................................................... 40 DISTRIBUTIONOF WHEEL LOADS ON STEEL ...................................... GRIDFLOORS 41 General ................................................... 41 FloorsFilled with Concrete .................................. 41 Open Floors ............................................... 41 DISTRIBUTIONOF LOADS FOR BENDINGMOMENT IN SPREAD BOX GIRDERS .......................... 41 Interior Beams ............................................. 41 Exterior Beams ............................................ 41 MOMENTS,SHEARS,AND REACTIONS ...................... 41 TIRE CONTACTAREA ...................................... 42 SECTIONAFOUNDATIONS PARTA-GENERAL REQUIREMENTSAND MATERTALS .................................................. GENERAL 43 FOUNDATIONTYPEAND CAPACITY ......................... 43 Selection of Foundation Qpe .................................43 FoundationCapacity .......................................43 BearingCapacity .......................................... 43 Settlement ............................................... 43 .......................................... OverallStability 43 Soil, Rock, and Other Problem Conditions .....................43 SUBSURFACEEXPLORATIONAND TESTING PROGRAMS ........................................43 ...................................... General Requirements 43 Minimum Depth ...........................................44 Minimum Coverage ........................................45 Laboratory Testing .........................................45 Scour .................................................... 45
... Division I CONTENTS xlll PART B- SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD ALLOWABLESTRESS DESIGN 4.4 SPREADFOOTJNGS ......................................... 45 ................................................... 4.4.1 General 45 4.4.1.1 Applicability ............................................. 45 4.4.1.2 Footings Supporting Non-Rectangular Columns or Piers ..........45 4.4.1.3 FootingsinFill ........................................... 45 4.4.1.4 Footings in Sloped Portions of Embankments ................... 45 4.4.1.5 Distribution of BearingPressure .............................. 45 ................................................. 4.4.2 Notations 45 ........................................ 4.4.3 DesignTerminology 48 ............................. 4.4.4 Soil and Rock PropertySelection 48 .................................................... 4.4.5 Depth 48 4.4.5.1 MinimumEmbedmentand Bench Width ....................... 48 4.4.5.2 Scour Protection .......................................... 49 4.4.5.3 Footing Excavations ....................................... 49 4.4.5.4 Piping .................................................. 49 4.4.6 Anchorage 49 ................................................ 4.4.7 Geotechnical Designon Soil .................................. 49 4.4.7.1 Bearing Capacity .......................................... 49 4.4.7.1.1 FactorsAffectingBearingCapacity ......................... 50 ..................................... 4.4.7.1.1.1 Eccentric Loading 50 4.4.7.1.1.2 Footing Shape ........................................ 51 ...................................... 4.4.7.1.1.3 Inclined Loading 51 .................................. 4.4.7.1.1.4 Ground Surface Slope 51 4.4.7.1.1.5 EmbedmentDepth ...........; ........................ 51 4.4.7.1.1.6 Ground Water ........................................ 55 4.4.7.1.1.7 Layeredsoils ........................................ 55 4.4.7.1.1.8 Inclined Base ......................................... 57 4.4.7.1.2 Factors of Safety ........................................ 57 4.4.7.2 Settlement ............................................... 57 4.4.7.2.1 Stress Distribution ....................................... 57 ....................................... 4.4.7.2.2 ElasticSettlement 58 ................................. 4.4.7.2.3 ConsolidationSettlement 58 4.4.7.2.4 Secondary Settlement .................................... 61 4.4.7.2.5 TolerableMovement ..................................... 61 4.4.7.3 Dynamic Ground Stability .................................. 61 ................................. 4.4.8 GeotechnicalDesignon Rock 61 .......................................... 4.4.8.1 Bearing Capacity 62 4.4.8.1.1 Footings on CompetentRock .............................. 62 4.4.8.1.2 Footings on Brokenor JointedRock ........................ 62 ........................................ 4.4.8.1.3 Factors of Safety 63 ............................................... 4.4.8.2 Settlement 63 .............................. 4.4.8.2.1 Footings on Competent Rock 63 4.4.8.2.2 Footingson Brokenor Jointed Rock ........................ 63 ..................................... 4.4.8.2.3 TolerableMovement 64 ........................................... 4.4.9 OverallStability 64 4.4.10 DynamidSeismicDesign ..................................... 66 4.4.11 Structural Design .......................................... 66 4.4.11.1 Loads and Reactions ....................................... 66 4.4.11.1.1 Action of Loads and Reactions ............................. 66 4.4.11.1.2 Isolated and Multiple FootingReactions ..................... 67
xiv CONTENTS Division I ................................................ Moments 67 ......................................... Critical Section 67 Distribution of Reinforcement .............................67 ................................................... Shear 67 ......................................... Critical Section 67 Footings on Piles or Drilled Shafts .......................... 67 .............................. Developmentof Reinforcement 67 DevelopmentLength ..................................... 67 ......................................... Critical Section 67 .......................... Transferof Force at Base of Column 67 ........................................ Transfer of Force 67 .......................................... Lateral Forces 67 ............................................... Bearing 68 .......................................... Reinforcement 68 ............................................ Dowel Size 68 ..................................... DevelopmentLength 68 ............................................... Splicing 68 ............................... UnreinforcedConcreteFootings 68 ............................................ Design Stress 68 .............................................. Pedestals 68 ............................................. DRIWN PILES 68 ................................................... General 68 .............................................. Application 68 Materials ................................................ 68 .............................................. Penetration 68 ....................................... LateralTip Restraint 69 ......................................... EstimatedLengths 69 ........................ Estimatedand Minimum Tip Elevation 69 .............................. PilesThroughEmbankmentFill 69 ................................................ Test Piles 69 ................................................. PileTypes 69 ............................................. Friction Piles 69 ......................................... End Bearing Piles 69 CombinationFriction and End Bearing Piles .................... 69 .............................................. Batter Piles 69 Notations ................................................. 69 ........................................ DesignTerminology 70 .......................... Selectionof Soil and Rock Properties 70 .............................. Selectionof DesignPile Capacity 70 .............................. Ultimate GeotechnicalCapacity 70 ........................... FactorsAffectingAxial Capacity 70 ........................... Axial Capacity in CohesiveSoils 70 AxialCapacity in CohesionlessSoils ........................ 70 .................................. Axial Capacity on Rock 70 ................................... Factor of Safety Selection 71 ............................................... Settlement 71 ........................................ Group Pile Loading 71 ...................................... Lateral Loads on Piles 72 ...................................... Uplift Loads on Piles 72 ............................................. Single Pile 72 ............................................. Pile Group 72 .................................. VerticalGround Movement 72 ................................... NegativeSkin Friction 72
DivisionI CONTENTS xv ......................................... ExpansiveSoil 72 Dynamic/Seismic Design ................................... 73 Structural Capacity of Pile Section ............................73 Load Capacity Requirements ................................73 Piles ExtendingAbove Ground Surface ........................ 73 Allowable Stress in Piles ...................................73 Cross-SectionAdjustmentfor Corrosion ....................... 73 Scour ................................................... 74 ..................... ProtectionAgainst Corrosionand Abrasion 74 ..................................... Wave EquationAnalysis 74 Dynamic Monitoring ........................................ 74 MaximumAllowableDrivingStresses .........................74 TolerableMovement ........................................ 74 ................................................. Buoyancy 74 .............................. ProtectionAgainst Deterioration 74 ............................................... Steel Piles 74 ............................................ Concrete Piles 75 ............................................. Timberpiles 75 .......................... Spacing,Clearances, and Embedment 75 ............................................. PileFootings 75 ........................................... Pilespacing 75 Minimum Projectioninto Cap ............................. 75 ............................................... Bent Caps 75 PrecastConcretePiles ...................................... 75 Sizeandshape ...........................................75 MinirnumArea ........................................... 75 Minimum Diameterof Tapered Piles ..........................75 ............................................ DrivingPoints 75 Vertical Reinforcement ..................................... 75 Spiral Reinforcement ...................................... 75 ...................................... Reinforcement Cover 76 .................................................. Splices 76 ......................................... Handling Stresses 76 ................................. Cast-in-Place ConcretePiles 76 ................................................ Materials 76 Shape ...................................................76 ........................................... MinimumArea 76 ......................... General Reinforcement.Requirements 76 ............................ Reinforcement into Superstructure 76 ........................................ ShellRequirements 76 .................................................. Splices 76 ...................................... Reinforcement Cover 76 ............................................... Steel H-Piles 76 .......................................... MetalThickness 76 Splices ...................................................76 .................................................... Caps 77 Lugs, Scabs, and Core-Stoppers ..............................77 Point Attachments ......................................... 77 .................................. Unfilled TubularSteelPiles 77 Metal Thickness .......................................... 77 Splices ...........................&......................77 Driving ................................................. 77 Column Action ........................................... 77
xvi CONTENTS DivisionI . 4.5.20 Prestressed ConcretePiles ...................................77 ........................................... 4.5.20.1 Size and Shape 77 ....................................... 4.5.20.2 Main Reinforcement 77 4.5.20.3 Vertical Reinforcement .....................................77 ...................................... 4.5.20.4 Hollow Cylinder Piles 78 .................................................. 4.5.20.5 Splices 78 ............................................... 4.5.21 TimberPiles 78 ................................................ 4.5.21.1 Materials 78 4.5.21.2 Limitations on UntreatedTimber Pile Use ..................... .78. 4.5.21.3 Limitationson Treated Timber Pile Use ........................ 78 .......................................... 4.6 DRILLEDSHAFTS 78 .................................................. 4.6.1 General -78 .............................................. 4.6.1.1 Application 78 4.6.1.2 Materials ................................................ 78 ............................................. 4.6.1.3 Construction 78 .............................................. 4.6.1.4 Embedment 78 ........................................... 4.6.1.5 Shaft Diameter 78 ............................................. 4.6.1.6 Battershafts 78 4.6.1.7 ShaftsThrough EmbankmentFill ............................. 79 ................................................. 4.6.2 Notations 79 ........................................ 4.6.3 DesignTerminology 80 .......................... 4.6.4 Selectionof Soil and Rock Properties 80 ........................................ 4.6.4.1 PresumptiveValues 80 .......................................... 4.6.4.2 Measured Values 80 ........................................ 4.6.5 GeotechnicalDesign 80 ...................................... 4.6.5.1 Axial Capacity in Soil 80 4.6.5.1.1 Side Resistancein Cohesive Soil ........................... 81 4.6.5.1.2 Side Resistancein CohesionlessSoil ........................ 81 4.6.5.1.3 Tip Resistancein Cohesive Soil ............................ 82 4.6.5.1.4 Tip Resistancein CohesionlessSoil .........................83 4.6.5.2 FactorsAffectingAxial Capacity in Soil .......................83 4.6.5.2.1 Soil Layering and VariableSoil Strength with Depth ............83 .......................................... 4.6.5.2.2 Groundwater 83 ......................................... 4.6.5.2.3 Enlarged Bases 83 ........................................... 4.6.5.2.4 GroupAction 83 ........................................ 4.6.5.2.4.1 CohesiveSoil 83 4.6.5.2.4.2 CohesionlessSoil ..................................... 84 4.6.5.2.4.3 Group in StrongSoil OverlyingWeakerSoil ................84 4.6.5.2.5 Vertical Ground Movement ................................84 4.6.5.2.6 Method of Construction .................................. 84 ..................................... 4.6.5.3 Axial Capacityin Rock 84 ......................................... 4.6.5.3.1 Side Resistance 85 .......................................... 4.6.5.3.2 Tip Resistance 85 4.6.5.3.3 Factors AffectingAxial Capacity in Rock ....................85 .................................... 4.6.5.3.3.1 Rock Stratification 85 4.6.5.3.3.2 Rock Mass Discontinuities ..............................86 4.6.5.3.3.3 Method of Construction ................................86 .......................................... 4.6.5.4 Factors of Safety 86 ......................... 4.6.5.5 Deformation of Axially Loaded Shafts 86 ........................................... 4.6.5.5.1 Shafts in Soil 86 4.6.5.5.1.1 Cohesivesoil ........................................86 4.6.5.5.1.2 CohesionlessSoil .....................................86 4.6.5.5.1.3 Mixed Soil Profile .....................................87 ................................ 4.6.5.5.2 ShaftsSocketed into Rock 87
Division I CONTENTS xvii ..................................... TolerableMovement 87 ........................................... LateralLoading 88 Factors Affecting LaterallyLoaded Shafts ....................88 ......................................... Soil Layering 88 Groundwater ........................................88 .............................................. Scour -88 ......................................... GroupAction 88 ....................................... Cyclic Loading 89 ...................... CombinedAxial and Lateral Loading 89 ....................................... Sloping Ground 89 .............................. TolerableLateral Movements 89 ................................... DynamicISeismicDesign 90 ................ Structural Design and GeneralShaft Dimensions 90 General .................................................90 ............................................ Reinforcement 90 ................................. Longitudinal Bar Spacing 90 Splices ................................................90 ................................ Transverse Reinforcement 90 ....................................... Handling Stresses 90 .................................... ReinforcementCover 90 .......................... Reinforcementinto Superstructure 90 ........................................... EnlargedBases 90 .............................. Center-to-CenterShaft Spacing 91 ............................................... LoadTesting 91 General ................................................. 91 .................................... Load Testing Procedures 91 ................................. Load Test Method Selection 91 NOTE: Article Number IntentionallyNot Used PARTC- STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD LOAD FACTOR DESIGN ..................................................... SCOPE 91 DEFINITIONS ..............................................92 LIMITSTATES. LOAD FACTORS. ........................ AND RESISTANCEFACTORS 92 ................................................... General 92 ................................... serviceability Limit States 92 ....................................... StrengthLimit States 92 ...................................... Strength Requirement 93 Load Combinationsand Load Factors .........................93 ........................................ Performance Factors 93 ......................................... SPREAD FOOTINGS 93 ..................................... General Considerations 93 General ................................................. 93 ................................................... Depth 93 .......................................... Scour Protection 93 .............................................. Frost Action 93 ............................................... Anchorage 93 Groundwater ............................................. 94 ................................................... Uplift 94 ............................................. Deterioration 94 Nearby Structures ......................................... 95 ................................................. Notations 95
Division I CONTENTS xix 4.12.3.3.7a SinglePile Uplift Capacity ............................. 104 ............................. 4.12.3.3.7b Pile Group Uplift Capacity 104 4.12.3.3.8 LateralLoad .......................................... 104 4.12.3.3.9 Batterpile ............................................ 104 ........................................ 4.12.3.3.10 Group Capacity 104 4.12.3.3.10a CohesiveSoil ....................................... 104 .................................... 4.12.3.3.10b Cohesionless Soil 105 4.12.3.3.10~ Pile Group in Strong Soil Overlying a Weak .................................. or CompressibleSoil 105 ................................ 4.12.3.3.11 DynamicISeismicDesign 105 ......................................... 4.12.4 Structural Design 105 ......................................... 4.12.4.1 Buckling of Piles 105 4.12.5 ConstructionConsiderations ................................ 105 ......................................... 4.13 DRILLEDSHAFTS 105 .................................................. 4.13.1 General 105 ................................................ 4.13.2 Notations 105 ....................................... 4.13.3 GeotechnicalDesign 106 4.13.3.1 FactorsAffectingAxialCapacity ............................ 107 ....................................... 4.13.3.1.1 DowndragLoads 107 ................................................ 4.13.3.1.2 Uplift 107 4.13.3.2 Movement Under ServiceabilityLimit State ................... 107 .............................................. 4.13.3.2.1 General 107 .................................... 4.13.3.2.2 TolerableMovement 107 ............................................ 4.13.3.2.3 Settlement 107 4.13.3.2.3a Settlement of Single Drilled Shafts ....................... 107 .................................... 4.13.3.2.3b GroupSettlement 107 ................................... 4.13.3.2.4 Lateral Displacement 107 ........................... 4.13.3.3 Resistance at Strength Limit States 107 ........................... 4.13.3.3.1 Axial Loading of Drilled Shafts 107 4.13.3.3.2 Analytic Estimates of Drilled Shaft Capacity ..................................... in CohesiveSoils 107 4.13.3.3.3 Estimation of Drilled-ShaftCapacityin CohesionlessSoils .....107 ............... .................. 4.13.3.3.4 AxialCapacity in Rock ; 107 ............................................. 4.13.3.3.5 LoadTest 108 ........................................ 4.13.3.3.6 Uplift Capacity 108 .................. 4.13.3.3.6a Uplift Capacity of a SingleDrilledShaft 108 ................................. 4.13.3.3.6b Group Uplift Capacity 108 .......................................... 4.13.3.3.7 LateralLoad 108 ........................................ 4.13.3.3.8 Group Capacity 108 ....................................... 4.13.3.3.8a CohesiveSoil 108 .................................... 4.13.3.3.8b CohesionlessSoil 108 4.13.3.3.8~ Group in Strong Soil OverlyingWeaker CompressibleSoil ...108 ................................ 4.13.3.3.9 DynamicISeismic Design 108 ......................................... 4.13.4 StructuralDesign 108 ................................. 4.13.4.1 Bucklingof DrilledShafts 109 SECTION 5D"TAINING WALLS PARTA- GENERAL REQUIREMENTSAND MATERIALS ................................................. 5.1 GENERAL 111 ............................... 5.2 WALLTYPEAND BEHAVIOR 111 ...................................... 5.2.1 Selectionof Wall Type 111 5.2.1.1 Rigid Gravity and Semi-GravityWalls ........................ 111
xx CONTENTS Division I .............................. Nongravity CantileveredWalls 112 .......................................... Anchored Walls 113 ......................... Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls 114 ................................ PrefabricatedModular Walls 115 ............................................ Wall Capacity 115 ......................................... BearingCapacity 115 .............................................. Settlement 115 ........................ ................ OverallStability ; 115 .................................... Tolerable Deformations 116 .................... Soil, Rock, and Other Problem Conditions 116 SUBSURFACEEXPLORATIONAND TESTING PROGRAMS ....116 ..................................... General Requirements 117 ........................................... MinimumDepth 117 ....................................... Minimum Coverage 117 ........................................ Laboratory Testing 117 .................................................... Scour 117 ............................................... NOTATIONS 117 PARTB- SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD ALLOWABLESTRESS DESIGN ........ RIGID GRAVITYAND SEMI-GRAVITYWALL DESIGN 121 ....................................... Design Terminology 121 ...................... Earth Pressureand Surcharge Loadings 121 ............................... Water Pressure and Drainage 126 .......................................... SeismicPressure 126 ................... Structure Dimensionsand External Stability 126 .......................................... Structure Design 126 ..................................... Base or Footing Slabs 126 ............................................. Wall Stems 126 ................................ Counterfortsand Buttresses 128 ........................................... Reinforcement 128 ............................ Expansionand ContractionJoints 129 .................................................. Backfill 129 .......................................... OverallStability 129 .............. NONGRAVITYCANTILEVEREDWALL DESIGN 129 ....................................... Design Terminology 129 ...................... Earth Pressureand Surcharge Loadings 129 ............................... Water Pressureand Drainage 132 .......................................... Seismic Pressure 132 ................... Structure Dimensions and External Stability 132 .......................................... Structure Design 132 .......................................... OverallStability 133 ....................................... CorrosionProtection 133 ................................ ANCHORED WALL DESIGN 133 ....................................... Design Terminology 133 ...................... Earth Pressureand Surcharge Loadings 133 ............................... Water Pressure and Drainage 136 .......................................... Seismic Pressure 136 ................... Structure Dimensionsand External Stability 136 .......................................... Structure Design 136 ................................................ General 136 .......................................... Anchor Design 136 .......................................... OverallStability 138 ....................................... Corrosion Protection 138 ........................... AnchorLoad Testing and Stressing 138
Division I CONTENTS xxi MECHANICALLYSTABILIZED EARTHWALL DESIGN ....... 138 ...................................... Structure Dimensions 138 ......................................... External Stability 138 .................... Bearing Capacityand FoundationStability 143 Calculationof Loadsfor Internal Stability Design ..............144 ................. Calculation of Maximum ReinforcementLoads 146 Determinationof ReinforcementTensileLoad at the Connection ...................................... totheWdFace 147 Determinationof ReinforcementLength Requiredfor .................................... Internal Stability 147 ........................ Locationof Zone of MaximumStress 147 .......................... Soil ReinforcementPullout Design 148 .............................. ReinforcementStrength Design 149 ................................. Design Life Requirements 152 .......................... Steel Reinforcement ;.........152 .............................. GeosyntheticReinforcement 155 ....................................... AllowableStresses 157 ................................... SteelReinforcements 157 ............................. GeosyntheticReinforcements 157 Soil Reinforcement/FacingConnectionStrength Design .........158 ConnectionStrength for Steel Soil Reinforcements .............158 ConnectionStrength for Geosynthetic Reinforcements ..........158 ................................. Design of Facing Elements 160 Design of Stiff or Rigid Concrete, Steel, and Timber Facings ......160 ............................. Design of Flexible W a l lFacings 160 ...................... Corrosion Issues for MSE Facing Design 161 ............................................ Seismic Design 161 ........................................ Externalstability 161 ......................................... InternalStability 163 FacingISoil ReinforcementConnection Design for ....................................... Seismic Loads 164 .................. Determinationof Lateral Wall Displacements 164 ................................................. Drainage 164 ................................. Special Loading Conditions 165 .................................. ConcentratedDead Loads 165 ................................. TrafficLoads and Barriers 169 ..................................... HydrostaticPressures 170 Design for Presenceof Obstructions in the Reinforced ........................................... Soil Zone 171 ................ PREFABRICATED MODULARWALL DESIGN 171 ...................................... Structure Dimensions 171 ......................................... External Stability 171 .................... BearingCapacity and FoundationStability 173 ......................................... AllowableStresses 174 ................................................. Drainage 174 PARTC- STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD LOAD FACTOR DESIGN .................................................... SCOPE 174 DEFINITIONS ............................................. 174 ............................................... NOTATIONS 174 LIMIT STATES, LOAD FACTORSAND ............................ RESISTANCEFACTORS 175
xxii CONTENTS DivisionI .................................. ServiceabilityLimit States 175 ...................................... Strength LimitStates 175 ..................................... Strength Requirement 175 Load Combinationsand Load Factors ........................ 175 ........................................ PerformanceFactors 175 GRAVITYANDSEMI-GRAVITY WALL DESIGN,AND CANTILEVERWALL DESIGN .......................175 .............................. Earth PressureDue to Backfill 175 Earth PressureDue to Surcharge ............................ 176 ................................ Water Pressureand Drainage 176 ........................................... SeismicPressure 176 Movement UnderServiceabilityLimitStates ....:.............176 ......................... ........ Safety Against Soil Failure ; 176 Bearing Capacity Failure ................................... 177 .................................................. Sliding 177 ............................................. Overturning 177 OverallStability (RevisedArticle 5.2.2.3) ..................... 177 ............................ SafetyAgainst Structural Failure 179 ..................................... Base of FootingSlabs 179 ............................................. Wall Stems 179 ................................ Counterforts and Buttresses 179 ........................................... Reinforcement 179 Expansion and Contraction Joints ............................ 179 .................................................. Backfill 179 SECTION&CULVERTS CULVERT LOCATION. LENGTH. AND WATERWAY ........................................ OPENINGS 181 .............................................. DEAD LOADS 181 Culvert in trench. or culvert untrenched on yieldingfoundation...181 Culvert untrenchedon unyieldingfoundation ..................181 ............................................... FOOTINGS .- 181 DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS THROUGH ...................................... EARTHFILLS 181 DISTRIBUTION REINF'ORCEMENT ......................... 181 ................................................... DESIGN 181 SECTION 7CUBSTRUCTURES PARTA . 4 ENERALREQUIREMENTSAND MATERIALS ................................................. 7.1 GENERAL 183 ................................................ 7.1.1 Definition 183 ................................................... 7.1.2 Loads 183 ............................................. 7.1.3 Settlement :.183 7.1.4 Foundationand Retaining Wall Design .......................183 ............................................... 7.2 NOTATIONS 183 PART B- SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD ALLOWABLESTRESS DESIGN 7.3 PIERS ........................... ; ;........................183 ................................................ 7.3.1 Pier Types 183
DivisionI CONTENTS xxiii .......................................... Solid Wall Piers 183 ........................................ DoubleWallPiers 183 Bentpiers .............................................. 184 ...................................... Single-ColumnPiers 184 ............................................ Pier Protection 184 ............................................... Collision 184 .......................................... CollisionWalls 184 .................................................. Scour 184 ................................................. Facing 184 .......................................... TUBULAR PIERS 184 ................................................ Materials 184 ............................................. Configuration 184 .............................................. ABUTMENTS 184 AbutmentTypes .......................................... 184 .......................................... StubAbutment 184 ................................... Partial-DepthAbutment 184 ..................................... Full-DepthAbutment 184 ........................................ IntegralAbutment 185 ................................................. Loading 185 ................................................ Stability 185 ............................. Reinforcementfor Temperature 185 .................................. Drainage and Backfilling 185 ........................................ Integral Abutments 185 ............. Abutmentson MechanicallyStabilizedEarthWalls 185 ............................. Abutments on ModularSystems 186 ................................................ Wingwalls 187 ................................................. Length 187 ........................................... Reinforcement 187 PART C-STRENGTH DESIGNMETHOD LOAD FACTOR DESIGN .................................................. 7.6 GENERAL 187 SECTION &REINFORCED CONCRETE PARTA-GENERALREQUIREMENTSAND MATERIALS ......................................... APPLICATION ; ...189 ................................................. General -189 Notations ................................................. 189 ............................................... Definitions 192 ............................................... CONCRETE 192 ......................................... REINFORCEMENT 193 PART B- ANALYSIS ................................................. GENERAL 193 ........................... EXPANSIONAND CONTRACTION 193 ................................................ STIFFNESS 193 MODULUS OF ELASTICITYAND POISSON'S RATIO ..........193 ............................................ SPAN LENGTH 193 ............................... CONTROL OF DEFLECTIONS 194 .................................................. General 194
CONTENTS Division I Superstructure Depth Limitations ...........................194 Superstructure DeflectionLimitations ........................194 COMPRESSIONFLANGE WIDTH ...........................194 T-Girder ................................................. 194 Box Girders .............................................. 194 SLABAND WEB THICKNESS ...............................194 ............................................. DIAPHRAGMS 195 COMPUTATIONOF DEFLECTIONS .........................195 PART C- DESIGN GENERAL ................................................. 195 Design Methods ........................................... 195 CompositeFlexural Members ...............................196 ConcreteArches .......................................... 196 SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD (AllowableStress Design) ....197 General Requirements .....................................197 AllowableStresses ......................................... 197 Concrete ............................................... 197 Flexure .............................................. 197 Shear ................................................ 197 Bearingstress ......................................... 197 Reinforcement ........................................... 197 Flexure .................................................. 197 CompressionMembers ..................................... 197 Shear .................................................... 198 Shear Stress ............................................. 198 ShearStress Carried by Concrete ............................198 Shear in Beams and One-way Slabs and Footings .............198 Shear in CompressionMembers ........................... 198 Shear in Tension Members ...............................198 Shear in Lightweight Concrete ............................ 198 Shear Stress Canied by Shear Reinforcement ..................199 ShearFriction ........................................... 199 Shear-Friction Design Method ............................ 199 Horizontal Shear Design for CompositeConcrete FlexuralMembers .................................... 200 Ties for HorizontalShear ................................ 200 Special Provisions for Slabs and Footings .....................200 Special Provisions for Slabs of Box Culverts ...................201 SpecialProvisionsfor Brackets and Corbels ...................201 STRENGTHDESIGN METHOD(Load Factor Design) ...........202 Strength Requirements .....................................202 Required Strength ........................................ 202 Design Strength ..........................................202 DesignAssumptions .......................................202 Flexure .................................................. 203 Maximum Reinforcement of FlexuralMembers ................203 Rectangular Sections with Tension ReinforcementOnly ..........203 Flanged Sections with Tension ReinforcementOnly .............203 Rectangular Sections with Compression Reinforcement ..........204 Other Cross Sections ......................................204 CompressionMembers ..................................... 204
Division I CONTENTS xxv ..................................... General Requirements 204 ............................. Compression Member Strengths 204 ...................................... Pure Compression 204 ........................................... Pure Flexure 205 ............................... Balanced Strain Conditions 205 ......................... Combined Flexure and Axial Load 205 .......................................... BiaxialLoading 205 ................... Hollow RectangularCompression Members 205 .................. SlendernessEffects in Compression Members 206 ..................................... General Requirements 206 ApproximateEvaluation of SlendernessEffects ................206 .................................................... Shear 207 ........................................... Shearstrength 207 ......................... Shear Strength Provided by Concrete 208 Shear in Beams and One-way Slabs and Footings .............208 ........................... Shear in Compression Members 208 ............................... Shear in TensionMembers 208 ............................ Shear in Lightweight Concrete 208 Shear Strength Provided by Shear Reinforcement ............... 208 ........................................... ShearFriction 209 ............................ Shear-FrictionDesign Method 209 Horizontal Shear Strength for CompositeConcrete .................................... FlexuralMembers 210 ................................ Ties for Horizontal Shear 210 ..................... Special Provisionsfor Slabs and Footings 210 ................... Special Provisionsfor Slabs of Box Culverts 211 ................... Special Provisions for Brackets and Corbels 211 .......................................... Bearing Strength 212 ................................ Serviceability Requirements 212 ............................................. Application 212 ..................................... ServiceLoad Stresses 212 ...................................... FatigueStress Limits 212 ....................... Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement 212 PART D-REINFORCEMENT ............... REINFORCEMENT OF FLEXURALMEMBERS 213 ................................... Minimum Reinforcement 213 ............................... Distributionof Reinforcement 213 FlexuralTension Reinforcement in Zones of Maximum Tension ...213 Transverse Deck Slab Reinforcement in T-Girders ..................................... andBoxGirders 213 ................... Bottom Slab Reinforcementfor Box Girders 214 ................... Lateral Reinforcementof Flexural Members 214 Reinforcementfor Hollow RectangularCompressionMembers ...214 ........... REINFORCEMENT OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS 215 Maximumand Minimum LongitudinalReinforcement ..........215 ..................................... Lateral Reinforcement 215 General ................................................ 215 ................................................. Spirals 215 ................................................... Ties 215 ..................................... Seismic Requirements 216 ..................... LIMITS FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT 216
xxvi CONTENTS DivisionI ............................. MinimumShear Reinforcement 216 ............................... Types of Shear Reinforcement 216 ............................. Spacingof Shear Reinforcement 216 SHRINKAGEAND TEMPERATUREREINFORCEMENT ....... 216 ................... SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT 216 ....................... PROTECTIONAGAINST CORROSION 217 ....................................... HOOKSAND BENDS 217 ........................................... Standard Hooks 217 .................................. Minimum Bend Diameters 217 DEVELOPMENTOF FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT ..........218 .................................................. General 218 ............................. PositiveMoment Reinforcement 218 ............................ Negative Moment Reinforcement 218 DEVELOPMENT OF DEFORMEDBARSAND DEFORMED ................................. WIRE IN TENSION 219 DEVELOPMENTOF DEFORMEDBARS IN COMPRESSION ....219 DEVELOPMENTOF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT ..............220 ........................ DEVELOPMENTOF BUNDLEDBARS 220 DEVELOPMENTOF STANDARDHOOKS IN TENSION ........ 220 DEVELOPMENTOF WELDED WIRE FABRIC IN TENSION ....221 ..................................... Deformed WireFabric 221 ....................................... SmoothWire Fabric 222 ............................... MECHANICALANCHORAGE 222 ............................ SPLICESOF REINFORCEMENT 222 LapSplices ............................................... 222 ................... WeldedSplices and MechanicalConnections 222 Splices of Deformed Bars and Deformed Wirein Tension ........223 .............................. Splices of Bars in Compression 223 ................................ Lap Splices in Compression 223 ...................................... End-BearingSplices 223 Welded Splicesor MechanicalConnections ....................223 Splices of Welded Deformed Wire Fabric in Tension ............. 223 Splices of Welded Smooth Wire Fabric in Tension ............... 224 SECTION 9-PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PARTA.4 ENERALREQUIREMENTSAND MATERIALS ............................................. APPLICATION 225 ................................................... General 225 ................................................ Notations 225 ............................................... Definitions 227 ............................................... CONCRETE 228 ......................................... REINFORCEMENT 228 .......................................... Prestressing Steel 228 .............................. Non-PrestressedReinforcement 228 PART B- ANALYSIS ................................................. GENERAL 228 ........................... EXPANSIONAND CONTRACTION 228 ............................................. SPAN LENGTH 228 FRAMES AND CONTINUOUS CONSTRUCTION...............228
Division I CONTENTS xxvii Cast-in-PlacePost-Tensioned Bridges ......................... 228 BridgesComposedof Simple-Span Precast Prestressed Girders Made Continuous ................................... 229 General ................................................229 Positive Moment Connectionat Piers ......................... 229 NegativeMoments ....................................... 229 SegmentalBox Girders ..................................... 229 General ................................................ 229 Flexure ................................................. 229 Torsion ................................................ 229 EFFECTIVE FLANGEWIDTH ............................... 229 T-Beams ................................................. 229 Box Girders .............................................. 229 PrecastRrestressed ConcreteBeams with WideTop Flanges ......230 FLANGEAND WEBTHICKNESS-BOX GIRDERS ............230 -Top Flange . ;............................................... 230 Bottom Flange ............................... :.............. 230 Web ..................................................... 230 DIAPHRAGMS ....................;........................ 230 General ..................................................230 T-Beams ................................................. 230 BoxGirders ............................. .-................. 230 DEFLECTIONS ............................................ 230 General .................................................. 230 SegmentalBox Girders ..................................... 231 Superstructure Deflection Limitations ........................ 231 DECK PANELS ............................................ 231 General ................................ : .................. 231 Bending Moment ........................................... 231 PARTC- DESIGN GENERAL ..................................................... 231 DesignTheory and General Considerations .................... 231 BasicAssumptions ......................................... 231 CompositeFlexural Members ..........;.................... 231 LOAD FACTORS ........................................... 232 ALLOWABLE STRESSES ................................... 232 PrestressingSteel .......................................... 232 Concrete .................................................. 232 Temporary Stresses Before Losses Due to Creep and Shrinkage ........................................ 232 Stress at ServiceLoad After Losses Have Occiured ............. 232 CrackingStress ..................:........................ 233 AnchorageBearingStress .................................. 233 LOSS OFPRESTRESS ................;..................... 233 Friction Losses .......................... ; ................. 233 Prestress Losses .................................. ;........ 233 General ............................................... -233 Shrinkage ............................................ 233 ElasticShortening ...................................... 234 Creep of Concrete ..............; ......................... 234 Relaxation of PrestressingSteel ........................... 234 Estimated Losses ............................................ 236
xxviii CONTENTS Division I .................................... FLEXURALSTRENGTH 236 .................................................. General 236 ...................................... RectangularSections 236 .......................................... FlangedSections 236 ............................................... Steel Stress 237 ....................................... DUCTILITY LIMITS 237 ................................ Maximum PrestressingSteel 237 ........................................... MinimumSteel 237 ..................... NON-PRESTRESSEDREINFORCEMENT 238 .................................................... SHEAR 238 .................................................. General 238 ......................... Shear Strength Provided by Concrete 238 Shear Strength Provided by Web Reinforcement ...............239 HorizontalShear Design-Composite Flexural Members ........239 .................................. Ties for Horizontal Shear 240 .................... POST-TENSIONEDANCHORAGE ZONES 240 ............................ Geometryof the Anchorage Zone 240 ............................... General Zonearid Local Zone 240 ............................................ General Zone 240 ............................................. Local Zone 240 .......................................... Responsibilities 240 ................................. Design of the General Zone 241 ......................................... Design Methods 241 ................................ Nominal Material Strengths 241 ........................... Use of SpecialAnchorageDevices 241 General Design Principles and DetailingRequirements ...........241 .................................. IntermediateAnchorages 242 ............................................. Diaphragms 243 .................................. MultipleSlab Anchorages 243 Applicationof Strut-and-Tie Models to the Design .................................. of Anchorage Zones 243 General ................................................ 243 Nodes ................................................. 244 .................................................. Struts 244 Ties ................................................... 244 ...................................... ElasticStressAnalysis 244 ..................................... ApproximateMethods 244 ............................................. Limitations 244 ..................................... CompressiveStresses 245 .......................................... Bursting Forces 245 ...................................... Edge-Tension Forces 245 ................................... DesignoftheLocalZone 246 .............................. Dimensions of the Locg Zone 246 .......................................... Bearing Strength 246 ................................. Special AnchorageDevices 247 ...................... PRETENSIONEDANCHORAGE ZONES 247 CONCRETE STRENGTHAT STRESS TRANSFER .............247 ............................................ DECK PANELS 247 PART D-DETAILING 9.25 FLANGEREINFORCEMENT ................................247 ........................... 9.26 COVERAND SPACING OF STEEL 247
Division I CONTENTS xxix .......................................... 9.26.1 Minimum Cover 247 ......................................... 9.26.2 Minimum Spacing 248 ................................................ 9.26.3 Bundling -248 .............................................. 9.26.4 Size of Ducts 248 9.27 POST-TENSIONINGANCHORAGESAND COUPLERS .........248 9.28 EMBEDMENT OF PRESTRESSEDSTRAND ..................249 ................................................ 9.29 BEARINGS 249 SECTION 1eSTRUCTURALSTEEL PARTA . 4 ENERALREQUIREMENTSAND MATERIALS ............................................. APPLICATION 251 ................................................ Notations 251 MATERIALS ............................................... 257 .................................................. General 257 .......................................... Structural Steels 257 Steelsfor Pins, Rollers. and Expansion Rockers ................257 Fasteners-Rivetsand Bolts ................................ 257 ................................................ Weld Metal 257 Cast Steel. DuctileIron Castings. Malleable Castings. Cast Iron. .......................... and Bronze or Copper Alloy 257 ................................. Cast Steel and DuctileIron 257 ....................................... Malleable Castings 257 ............................................... CastIron 257 PART B- DESIGN DETAILS REPETITIVE LOADINGANDTOUGHNESS ................................ CONSIDERATIONS 259 AllowableFatigueStress Ranges ............................. 259 .............................................. Load Cycles 259 ....................... Charpy V-NotchImpact Requirements 259 .................................................... Shear 259 EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF SPAN ............................. 259 ............................................ DEPTH RATIOS 260 ............................................. DEFLECTION 260 LIMITING LENGTHS OF MEMBERS ........................ 263 ......................... MINIMUMTHICKNESS OF METAL 265 EFFECTIVEAREA OFANGLESAND TEE SECTIONS INTENSION ....................................... 265 .......................... OUTSTANDINGLEGS OFANGLES 266 ........................... EXPANSIONAND CONTRACTION 266 ..................................... FLEXURAL MEMBERS 266 ........................................... COVER PLATES 266 ................................................... CAMBER 267 HEAT-CURVED ROLLED BEAMSAND WELDED .................................. PLATE GIRDERS 267 .................................................... Scope 267 .............................. Minimum Radiusof Curvature 267 .................................................. Camber 267 .................................................... TRUSSES 268
CONTENTS DivisionI General ..................................................268 Truss Members ...........................................268 SecondaryStresses ........................................ 268 Diaphragms ..............................................268 Camber ..................................................269 WorkingLinesand Gravity Axes ............................269 portal and sway~ r a c i n ~ ...................................269 Perforated Cover Plates ....................................269 Stay Plates ............................................... 269 LacingBars .............................................. 270 GussetPlates ............................................. 270 Half-ThroughTrussSpans .................................. 270 Fastener Pitch in Ends of CompressionMembers ............... 271 Net Section of Riveted or High-StrengthBolted Tension Members ................................... 271 BENTSAND TOWERS ...................................... 271 .................................................. General 271 Single Bents .............................................. 271 Batter ................................................... 271 Bracing .................................................. 271 BottomStruts ............................................ 272 SPLICES .................................................. 272 General .................................................. 272 Design Strength .......................................... 272 Fillers ................................................. 272 Design Force for Flange Splice Plates ........................ 272 Truss Chords and Columns ................................. 272 Flexural Members ......................................... 273 General ................................................ 273 Flange Splices ........................................... 273 Web Splices ............................................. 275 CompressionMembers ..................................... 277 Tension Members .......................................... 277 Welded Splices ............................................ 277 STRENGTH OF CONNECTIONS ............................. 278 General .................................................. 278 End Connectionsof Floor Beams and Stringers ................ 279 End Connectionsof Diaphragmsand Cross Frames ............. 279 DIAPHRAGMSAND CROSS FRAMES ... :.................... 279 General .................................................. 279 Stresses Due to Wind Loading When Top Flanges Are ContinuouslySupported .......................... 279 Flanges ................................................ 279 Diaphragmsand Cross Frames ..............................279 StressesDue to W i d Load When Top Flanges Are Not ContinuouslySupported ......................280 LATERAL BRACING ....................................... 280 CLOSED SECTIONSAND POCKETS .........................280 WELDING ................................................. 280 General ..................................................280 EffectiveSize of FilletWelds ................................ 280 MaximumSize of Fillet Welds .............................. 280 MinimumSize of FilletWelds .............................. 280 Minimum EffectiveLength of Fillet Welds .....................281
DivisionI CONTENTS xxxi .................................... Fillet Weld End Returns 281 Seal Welds ............................................... 281 .......................... FASTENERS(RIVETSAND BOLTS) 281 General .................................................. 281 HoleTypes ............................................... 282 Washer Requirements ...................................... 282 Size of Fasteners (Rivetsor High-StrengthBolts) ...............283 Spacing of Fasteners ....................................... 283 Pitch and Gage of Fasteners ................................ 283 MinimumSpacing of Fasteners ............................. 283 Minimum Clear DistanceBetween Holes ...................... 283 Maximum Spacingof Fasteners ............................. 283 MaximumSpacingof Sealingand Stitch Fasteners ..............283 Sealing Fasteners ........................................ 283 Stitch Fasteners .......................................... 283 Edge Distanceof Fasteners .................................. 284 General ................................................ 284 Long Rivets .............................................. 284 LINKSANDHANGERS ..................................... 284 Net Section ................................................ 284 Locationof Pins ........................................... 284 Size of Pins ............................................... 284 Pi Plates ................................................284 PinsandPinNuts .........................................285 UPSET ENDS .............................................. 285 EYEBARS ................................................. 285 Thickness and Net Section .................................. 285 Packingof Eyebars ........................................ 285 FORKEDENDS ............................................ 285 FIXEDAND EXPANSIONBEARINGS ........................ 285 General .................................................. 285 Bronze or Copper-Alloy Sliding Expansion Bearings ............ 285 Rollers .................................................. 285 Sole Plates and Masonry Plates .............................. 286 Masonry Bearings ......................................... 286 Anchor Bolts ............................................. 286 Pedestals and Shoes ....................... ; ................ 286 FLOOR SYSTEM ........................................... 286 Stringers ................................................. 286 Floor Beams ..............................................286 Cross Frames ............................................. 286 Expansion Joints ..........................; ...............286 EndFloorBeams .......................................... 287 End Panel of Skewed Bridges ...............................287 SidewalkBrackets ......................................... 287 Stay-in-PlaceDeck Forms .................................. 287 Concrete Deck Panels .....................................287 Metal Stay-in-PlaceForms ................................. 287 PART C- SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN 10.31 SCOPE .................................................... 287 10.32 ALLOWABLESTRESSES ................................... 287
xxxii CONTENTS DivisionI .................................................... 10.32.1 Steel 287 ............................................... 10.32.2 Weld Metal 287 10.32.3 Fasteners (Rivetsand Bolts) .................................290 ................................................ 10.32.3.1 General 290 10.32.3.3 Applied Tension, CombinedTension, and Shear ................292 ................................................. 10.32.3.4 Fatigue 292 10.32.4 Pins, Rollers, and Expansion Rockers .........................292 10.32.5 Cast Steel, DuctileIron Castings, Malleable Castings, ....................................... and Cast Iron 293 10.32.5.1 Cast Steel and Ductile Iron .................................293 ....................................... 10.32.5.2 Malleable Castings 293 10.32.5.3 CastIron ............................................... 293 10.32.5.4 Bronze or Copper-Alloy ...................................293 10.32.6 BearingonMasonry ....................................... 294 ........................................... 10.33 ROLLED BEAMS 294 .................................................. 10.33.1 General 294 10.33.2 Bearingstiffeners ......................................... 294 .......................................... 10.34 PLATE GIRDERS 294 .................................................. 10.34.1 General 294 10.34.2 Flanges .................................................. 294 .......................................... 10.34.2.1 Welded Girders 294 10.34.2.2 Riveted or Bolted Girders .................................. 295 .................................... 10.34.3 Thickness of Web Plates 296 10.34.3.1 Girders Not StiffenedLongitudinally ......................... 296 10.34.3.2 GirdersStiffened Longitudinally ............................ 296 10.34.4 TransverseIntermediate Stiffeners ............................297 ..................................... 10.34.5 LongitudinalStiffeners 298 ......................................... 10.34.6 BearingStiffeners 299 .......................................... 10.34.6.1 Welded Girders 299 .................................. 10.34.6.2 Riveted or Bolted Girders 299 .................................................. 10.35 TRUSSES 300 10.35.1 Perforated Cover Plates and Lacing Bars ..................... 300 10.35.2 Compression Members-Thickness of Metal ..................300 ..................................... 10.36 COMBINEDSTRESSES 301 ........................................ 10.37 SOLID RIBARCHES 302 10.37.1 MomentAmplification and AllowableStress ...................302 ............................................... 10.37.2 Web Plates 303 10.37.3 Flangeplates ............................................. 303 ..................................... 10.38 COMPOSITEGIRDERS 303 .................................................. 10.38.1 General 303 ......................................... 10.38.2 Shear Connectors 304 ..................................... 10.38.3 Effective FlangeWidth 304 .................................................. 10.38.4 Stresses 304 ................................................... 10.38.5 Shear 305 10.38.5.1 Horizontalshear ......................................... 305 ............................................... 10.38.5.1.1 Fatigue 305 ...................................... 10.38.5.1.2 Ultimatestrength 306 10.38.5.1.3 AdditionalConnectors to Develop Slab Stresses ..............307 ........................................... 10.38.5.2 VerticalShear 307 10.38.6 Deflection ................................................307 ................................ 10.39 COMPOSITEBOX GIRDERS 307 .................................................. 10.39.1 General 307 10.39.2 Lateral Distributionof Loadsfor Bending Moment .............307
Division I CONTENTS xxxiii 10.39.3 Design of Web Plates ....................................... 307 10.39.3.1 Verticalshear ........................................... 307 10.39.3.2 SecondaryBendingStresses ................................ 308 10.39.4 Designof Bottom Flange Plates .............................. 308 10.39.4.1 Tension Flanges ......................................... 308 10.39.4.2 Compression Flanges Unstiffened ........................... 308 10.39.4.3 CompressionFlanges Stiffened Longitudinally ................. 308 ... 10.39.4.4 Compression Flanges Stiffened Longitudinallyand Transversely 311 ...................... 10.39.4.5 CompressionFlange Stiffeners,General 312 .............................. 10.39.5 Design of Flange to Web Welds 312 10.39.6 Diaphragms .............................................. 312 10.39.7 Lateral Bracing ........................................... 312 10.39.8 Accessand Drainage ....................................... 312 10.40 HYBRID GIRDERS ......................................... 312 10.40.1 General .................................................. 312 10.40.2 AllowableStresses ......................................... 313 10.40.2.1 Bending ................................................ 313 10.40.2.2 Shear .................................................. 313 10.40.2.3 Fatigue ................................................. 314 ............................... 10.40.3 PlateThickness Requirements 314 ............................. 10.40.4 Bearing Stiffener Requirements 314 ................. 10.41 ORTHOTROPIC-DECKSUPERSTRUCTURES 314 10.41.1 General .................................................. 314 10.41.2 Wheel Load ContactArea .................................. 314 ............................... 10.41.3 Effective Width of Deck Plate 314 10.41.3.1 RibsandBeams .......................................... 314 10.41.3.2 Girders .................................................. 314 10.41.4 AllowableStresses ......................................... 314 ........................ 10.41.4.1 Local BendingStresses in Deck Plate 314 10.41.4.2 Bending Stressesin LongitudinalRibs ........................ 315 ........................ 10.41.4.3 ~ e h d i n ~ Stressesin Transverse Beams 315 ..................... 10.41.4.4 ~ntersections of Ribs, Beams, and Girders 315 10.41.4.5 Thicknessof Plate Elements ................................ 315 ......................... 10.41.4.5.1 LongitudinalRibs and Deck Plate 315 10.41.4.5.2 Girders and TransverseBeams ............................315 ................... 10.41.4.6 MaximumSlenderness of LongitudinalRibs 315 10.41.4.7 Diaphragms ............................................. 315 .................................... 10.41.4.8 Stiffness Requirements 315 10.41.4.8.1 Deflections ........................................... 315 10.41.4.8.2 =brations ............................................ 315 10.41.4.9 Wearingsurface ......................................... 316 10.41.4.10 Closed Ribs ............................................. 316 PART D- STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD LOAD FACTOR DESIGN 10.42 SCOPE .................................................... 316 10.43 LOADS .................................................... 316 10.44 DESIGNTHEORY .......................................... 316 10.45 ASSUMPTIONS ............................................ 316 ................. 10.46 DESIGNSTRESS FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL 316 ................................ 10.47 MAXIMUMDESIGNLOADS 317 10.48 FLEXURALMEMBERS .....................................317
xxxiv CONTENTS Division I ......................................... CompactSections 317 ................................ Braced NoncompactSections 318 ............................................... Transitions 318 .................................. Partially Braced Members 319 .............................. TransverselyStiffened Girders 320 ............................. LongitudinallyStiffened Girders 321 Bearingstiffeners .........................................321 ................................................... Shear -321 ........................... SINGLYSYMMETRICSECTIONS 322 .................................................. General 322 ........... Singly SymmetricSectionswith TransverseStiffeners 322 ............. LongitudinallyStiffenedSingly SymmetricSections 322 ................ SinglySymmetricBraced NoncompactSections 323 Partially Braced Members with Singly SymmetricSections .....:323 ..................................... COMPOSITESECTIONS 323 ................................... PositiveMoment Sections 324 ........................................ Compact Sections 324 ..................................... Noncompact Sections 325 .................................. Negative MomentSections 325 ........................................ CompactSections 326 ..................................... Noncompact Sections 326 ................................ COMPOSITE BOX GIRDERS 326 ........................................ .MaximumStrength 326 ....................................... Lateral Distribution 327 Webplates ...............................................327 TensionFlanges ...........................................327 ...................... ............... Compression Flanges ; 327 .............................................. Diaphragms 328 .............................. Design of Flange to Web Welds 328 ..................................... SHEAR CONNECTORS 328 .................................................. General 328 ...................................... Design of Connectors 328 Maximumspacing ........................................328 ......................................... HYBRID GIRDERS 328 ............................... NoncompositeHybrid Sections 329 ........................................ CompactSections 329 ............................... Braced NoncompactSections 329 .................................. Partially Braced Members 329 ................................. Composite HybridSections 329 .................................................... Shear 329 ................................. COMPRESSION MEMBERS 330 AxialLoading ............................................330 ....................................... Maximum Capacity 330 ......................................... Effective Length 330 .......................... Combined Axial Load and Bending 330 ....................................... Maximum Capacity 330 ............................... Equivalent Moment FactorC 331 ........................................ SOLID RIBARCHES 331 ................. MomentAmplificationand AllowableStresses 331 ................................................ Web Plates 331 .............................................. Flange Plates 331 .................... SPLICES, CONNECTIONS,AND DETAILS 331 ............................................... Connectors 331
Division I CONTENTS xxxv 10.56.1.1 General ................................................ 331 10.56.1.2 Welds .................................................. 331 10.56.1.3 Bolts and Rivets ......................................... 331 ....................................... 10.56.1.4 Slip-CriticalJoints 333 10.56.2 BoltsSubjected to Prying Action by Connected Parts ........... 333 10.56.3 Rigid Connections .........................................333 ............................................... 10.57 OVERLOAD 333 ..................................... 10.57.1 NoncompositeSections 334 ........................................ 10.57.2 CompositeSections 334 ........................................ 10.57.3 Slip-CriticalJoints 334 10.58 FATIGUE .................................................. 335 .................................................. 10.58.1 General 335 ................................... 10.58.2 Composite Construction ; 335 ....................................... 10.58.2.1 Slab Reinforcement 335 10.58.2.2 Shear Connectors ........................................ 335 10.58.3 Hybrid Beams and Girders ................................. 335 10.59 DEFLECTION ............................................. 335 10,60 ORTHOTROPICSUPERSTRUCTURES ....................... 335 10.61 CONSTRUCTIBILITY ...................................... 336 10.61.1 WebBendBuckling ........................................ 336 10.61.2 Web Shear Buckling ....................................... 336 10.61.3 Lateral-TorsionalBucklingof the CrossSection ................ 336 10.61.4 Compression FlangeLocal Buckling .......................... 336 SECTION 11ALUMINUMDESIGN ................................................. 11.1 GENERAL 337 11.2 BRIDGES ................................................. 337 11.3 SOIL-METALPLATE INTERACTIONSYSTEMS .............. 337 11.4 STRUCTURAL SUPPORTSFOR HIGHWAYSIGNS, LUMINAIRES.AND TRAFFICSIGNALS .............. 337 11.5 BRIDGE RAILING ......................................... 337 SECTION 1243OIL-CORRUGATEDMETALSTRUCTURE INTERACTIONSYSTEMS ................................................. GENERAL 339 Scope .................................................... 339 Notations ................................................ 339 Loads ................................................... 339 Design ................................................... 340 Materials ................................................ 340 SoilDesign ............................................... 340 Soil Parameters .......................................... 340 PipeArch Design ........................................ 340 Arch Design ............................................ 340 ............................ Abrasiveor Corrosive Conditions 341 MinimumSpacing ......................................... 341 End Treatment ............................................ 341 ............................... Construction and Installation 341 .................................... SERVICELOAD DESIGN 341 Wall Area ................................................ 341
xxxvi CONTENTS DivisionI Buckling ................................................. 341 ............................................ Seam Strength 341 ........................... Handlingand InstallationStrength 341 .................................... LOAD FACTOR DESIGN 342 WallArea ................................................ 342 ................................................. BucMing 342 ............................................ Seam Strength 342 ........................... Handlingand InstallationStrength 342 ................................ CORRUGATEDMETAL PIPE 342 .................................................. General 342 ......................... ServiceLoad Design-safety factor, SF 342 Load Factor Design-capacity modification factor, + ............ 342 .......................................... Flexibility Factor 343 .................. ...................... MinimumCover ; 343 ............................................ Seam Strength 343 ......................................... SectionProperties 344 ........................................... Steel Conduits 344 AluminumConduits ......................................344 ...................... Chemicaland MechanicalRequirements 345 ........................................ Smooth-Lined Pipe 345 .................................. SPIRAL RIB METAL PIPE 345 .................................................. General 345 ............................................... Soil Design 345 Pipe-ArchDesign ........................................ 345 ........................................ SpecialConditions 345 ............................... Constructionand Installation 345 Design ...................................................345 ......................................... Flexibility Factor 346 ......................................... MinimumCover 346 SectionProperties ......................................... 346 ........................................... Steel Conduits 346 ...................................... AluminumConduits 346 ...................... Chemical and MechanicalRequirements 346 Steel Spiral Rib Pipe and Pipe-Arch Requirements- ..................................... AASHTO M 218 346 AluminumSpiralRib Pipe and Pipe-Arch Requirements- ..................................... AASHTO M 197 346 ................... STRUCTURALPLATE PIPE STRUCTURES 347 .................................................. General 347 ServiceLoad Design-safety factor. SF .......................347 Load Factor Design-capacity modification ............................................ factor. + 347 Flexibility Factor ......................................... 347 MinimumCover ......................................... 347 ............................................ SeamStrength 347 ......................................... Section Properties 347 ........................................... Steel Conduits 347 AluminumConduits ......................................347 ......................... Chemicaland MechanicalProperties 348 AluminumStructural Plate Pipe, Pipe-Arch. and Arch Material .............. Requirements-AASHTO M 219, Alloy 5052 348 Steel Structural Plate Pipe, Pipe-Arch, and Arch Material ......................... Requirements-AASHTO M 167 348
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
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- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
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- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
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- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
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- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
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- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
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- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
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- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf
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- Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges-American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) (2002).pdf

  • 1. StandardSpecifications for Highway Bridges 17th Edition-2002 Upper right-handand lower left-hand pictures courtesyof the National Steel Bridge Alliance. Lower right-handpicture courtesy of William Oliva and Scott Becker. Adopted and Publishedby the American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 , ' O Copyright 2002 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproducedin any form without permission of the publishers. Code: HB-17 ISBN: 156051-171-0
  • 2. AMERICAN ASSOCIATIONOF STATE HIGHWAY A~+-NSPORfA'fION-OPPIC-I-A%S EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2001-2002 VOTING MEMBERS President: Brad Mallory,Pennsylvania Vice President: James Codell,Kentucky Secretary/Treasurer: Larry King, Pennsylvania Regional Representatives: Region I: Joseph Boardman, New York, One-YearTerm James Weinstein,New Jersey, Two-Year Term Region11: Bruce Saltsman,Tennessee, One-YearTerm Fred Van Kirk, West Virginia,Two-Year Term Region 111: Kirk Brown, Illinois,One-YearTerm Henry Hungerbeeler,Missouri,Two-YearTerm Region N: Joseph Perkins,Alaska, One-YearTerm Tom Stephens, Nevada,Two-Year Tern NON-VOTING MEMBERS Immediate Past President: E. Dean Carlson, Kansas Executive Director: John Horsley,Washington,D.C.
  • 3. HIGHWAY SUBCOMMITTEE ON BRIDGESAND STRUCTURES 2002 TOM LULAY, Oregon, Chaimzan SANDRALARSON, Vice Chaimzan JAMES D. COOPER,Federal Highway Administration, Secretary ALABAMA,William F. Conway,George H. Connor ALASKA, Richard A. Pratt ARIZONA, F. Daniel Davis ARKANSAS, Phil Brand CALIFORMA, Richard Land COLORADO, MarkA. Leonard CONNECTICUT,Gordon Barton DELAWARE, Doug Finney, Dennis O'Shea D.C., Donald Cooney FLORIDA, William N. Nickas GEORGIA, Paul Liles, Brian Swnmers HAWAII,Paul Santo IDAHO,Matthew M. Farrar ILLINOIS,Ralph E. Anderson INDIANA, Mary Jo Hamman IOWA, Norman L. McDonald KANSAS, Kenneth F. Hurst,Loren R. Risch KENTUCKY,StephenE. Goodpaster LOUISIANA, Hossein Ghara, Mark J. Momant MAINE, James E. Tukey MARYLAND, Earle S. Freedman MASSACHUSETI'S, Alexander K. Bardow MICHIGAN,Steve Beck MINNESOTA, Dan Dorgan, Kevin Western MISSISSIPPI,Harry LeeJames MISSOURI, ShyamGupta MONTANA,WilliamS. Fullerton NEBRASKA,Lyman D. Freemon NEVADA,William C. Crawford, Jr. NEW HAMPSHIRE,Mark Richardson NEW JERSEY,Harry A. Capers, Jr., Richard W. Dunne NEW MEXICO, Jimmy D. Camp NEW YORK, James O'Comell, George Christian NORTH CAROLINA,Gregory R. Perfettie NORTH DAKOTA, Terry Udland OHIO, Timothy Keller OKLAHOMA, Robert J. Rusch, Veldo Goins OREGON,Mark E. Hirota PENNSYLVANIA, R. Scott Christie PUERTORICO, Jaime Cabre RHODE ISLAND, Kazem Farhoumand SOUTH CAROLINA, Randy R. Cannon, Jeff Sizemore SOUTH DAKOTA,John C. Cole TENNESSEE,Edward P. Wasserman TEXAS, Mary Lou Ralls U.S. DOT, Nick E. Mpras UTAH, David Nazare VERMONT,James McCarthy VIRGINIA, MalcolmT. Kerley WASHINGTON,Jerry Weigel,Tony M. Allen WESTVIRGINIA,James Sothen WISCONSIN,StanleyW. Woods WYOMING,Gregg C. Fredrick, Keith R. Fulton ALBERTA, Dilip K. Dasmohapatra MANITOBA, IsmailElkholy NORTHERN M A M A ISLANDS,John C. Pangalinan NEW BRUNSWICK,David Cogswell NORTHAMPTON,R. T. Hughes NORTHWESTTERRITORIES,John Bowen NOVASCOTIA,Alan MacRae,Mark Pertus ONTARIO, Vacant SASKATCHEWAN, HervCBachelu FHWA, ShoukryElnahal MASS. METRO. DIST. COMM., David Lenhardt N.J. TURNPIKEAUTHORITY,Richard Raczynski NYSTATE BRIDGEAUTHORITY,William Moreau PORTAUTH. OF NYAND NJ, Joseph J. Kelly, Joseph Zitelli BUREAU OF INDIANAFFAIRS,Wade Casey MILITARYTRAFFIC MANAGEMENT COMMAND, Robert D. Franz U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS-DEPT. OF THEARMY, PaulTan U.S. COASTGUARD, Jacob Patnaik U.S. DEPARTMENTOFAGRICULTURE- FORESTSERVICE. Nelson Hernandez
  • 4. PREFACE to Seventeenth Edition Major changes and revisions to this edition are as follows: 1. The InterimSpecifications of 1997, 1998, 1999,2000,2001,2002 and 2003 have been adoptedand are included. 2. Thecommentariesfrom1996through2000areprovidedand havebeencross-referenced with each other, whereappropriate. 3. In 1997, Section 15, "TFEBearing Surface," Division I, was replaced by Section 14, "Bearings." 4. In 1997,Section19,"Pot Bearings,"DivisionI, was replacedby Section14,"Bearings." 5. In1997,Section 20,"Disc Bearings,"DivisionI, wasreplacedby Section14,"Bearings." 6. In 2002, Section 16,"Steel Tunnel Liner Plates,"DivisionI, becameSection 15. 7. In 2002,Section17,"Soil-ReinforcedConcreteStructureInteractionSystems,"Division I, becameSection 16. 8. In 2002,Section18,"Soil-ThermoplasticPipe InteractionSystems,"DivisionI, became Section 17. 9. Anew companion CD-ROM with advance search featuresis included with each book. 10. The Federal Highway Administration and the States have established a goal that the LRFD standards be used on all new bridge designs after 2007; only edits related to technical errors in the seventeenthedition will be made hereafter. TheseStandard Specifications are ap- plicable to new structure designs prior to 2007 and for the maintenance and rehabilitationof existing structures.
  • 5. INTRODUCTION The compilationof these specifications began in 1921 with the organization of the Committee on Bridges and Structures of the American Association of State Highway Officials. During the period from 1921, until printed in 1931, the specifications were gradually developed, and as the several divisions were approved from time to time, they were made available in mimeographed form for use of the State Highway Departmentsand other organizations.A complete specification was availablein 1926 and it was revised in 1928. Though not in printed form, the specifications were valu- able to the bridgeengineeringprofession during the period of development. The first edition of the Standard Specifications was published in 1931, and it was followed by the 1935,1941, 1944,1949,1953,1957, 1961,1965,1969,1973,1977, 1983, 1989, 1992, and 1996 revised editions.The present seventeenth edition consti- tutes a revision of the 1996 specifications, including those changes adopted since the publicationof the sixteentheditionand those through 2002. In the past, InterimSpecifications were usually published in the middle of the cal- endar year, and a revised edition of this book was generally published every 4 years. However, since theFederalHighwayAdministration and the States have established a goal that the LRFD standardsbe used on all new bridge designs after 2007, only edits related to technical errors in the seventeenth edition will be made hereafter. These Standard Specifications are applicable to new structuredesigns prior to 2007 and for the maintenance and rehabilitation of existing structures. Future revisions will have the same status as standards of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and are approved by at least two-thirds of the Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures. These revisions are voted on by the AssociationMemberDepartmentsprior to the publicationof a new editionof this book, and if approvedby atleast two-thirdsof the members, they areincludedin a new edition as standards of the Association. Members of the Associationare the 50 State Highway or TransportationDepartments,the District of Columbia,and Puerto Rico. Each mem- ber has one vote. The U.S. Departmentof Transportationis a nonvoting member. Future revisions will be displayed on AASHTO's website via a link from the title's bookcodelisting, HB-17,in theBookstoreof www.transportation.org. Ane-mail notification will also be sent to previous purchasers notifying them that a revision is availablefor download. Pleasecheck the site periodically to ensure that you have the most up-to-date and accurateinformation. The Standard Spec$cations for Highway Bridges are intended to serve as a stan- dard or guide for the preparation of State specifications and for reference by bridge engineers. Primarily, the specifications set forth minimum requirements which are consistent with current practice, and certain modifications may be necessary to suit local condi- tions.They applyto ordinary highwaybridgesand supplementalspecificationsmay be required for unusual types and for bridges with spans longer than 500 feet. Specifications of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the American Welding Society, the American Wood Preservers Association, and the National Forest ProductsAssociation are referred to, or are recognized. Numerous re- search bulletins are noted for references. TheAmericanAssociationof StateHighway and Transportation Officials wishesto expressits sincere appreciation to the above organizations, as well as to those univer- sities and representativesof industry whose research efforts and consultations have been most helpfulin continual improvement of these specifications. Extensive references have been made to the Standard Spec@cations for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing also published by AASHTO,including equivalent ASTM specifications which have been reproduced in the Association's Standard Specifications by permission of the American Society for Testing and Materials.
  • 6. Attention is also directed to the following publications prepared and published by AASHTO Guide for Commonly Recognized (CoRe)Structural Elements-1998 Edition AASHTO Guide Specifications for Horizontally Curved Steel Girder Highway Bridges with Design Examples for I-Girder and-Box-Girder Bridges-2002 Edition AASHTO Guide Specij-kations-Thermal Effects in Concrete Bridge Super- structures-1989Edition AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction SpeciJications-1998 Edition AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design SpeciJications,2nd Edition, SI-1998 Edition AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design SpeciJications,2nd Edition, US-1998 Edition AASHTO LRFD Movable Highway Bridge Design SpeciJications,1st Edition- 2001 Edition AASHTO/AWS-Dl.5M/Dl.5:2001 An American National Standard: Bridge Welding Code and its Commentary-2002Edition Bridge Data Exchange (BDX)Technical Data Guide-1995 Edition Construction Handbook for BridgeTemporaryWorks-1995 Edition Guide Design SpeciJicationsfor Bridge TemporaryWorks-1995 Edition Guide for Painting Steel Structures-1997 Edition Guide SpeciJicationsand Commentary for Vessel Collision Design of Highway Bridges-1991 Edition Guide Specijications for Alternative Load Factor Design Procedures for Steel Beam Bridges Using Braced Compact Sections-1991 Edition Guide SpeciJicationsfor Aluminum Highway Bridges-1991 Edition Guide Specifications for Design and Construction of Segmental Concrete Bridges, 2nd Edition-1999 Edition Guide SpeciJicationsfor Design of PedestrianBridges, 1997 Edition Guide SpeciJications for Distribution of Loads for Highway Bridges-1994 Edition Guide SpeciJications for Fatigue Evaluation of Existing Steel Bridges-1990 Edition Guide SpeciJications for Highway ~ r i d ~ e Fabrication with HPS070W Steel- 2000 Edition Guide Specijications for Seismic Isolation Design, 2nd Edition-1999Edition Guide SpeciJications for Strength Design of Truss Bridges (Load Factor Design)-1985 Edition Guide SpeciJications for Strength Evaluation of Existing Steel and Concrete Bridges-1989 Edition Guide SpeciJicationsfor Structural Design of Sound Barriers-1989Edition Guide SpeciJication for the Design of Stress-Laminated Wood Decks-1991 Edition Guidelines for Bridge Management Systems-1993 Edition Manual for Condition Evaluation of Bridges-2000 Edition
  • 7. Movable Bridge Inspection,Evaluationand Maintenance Manual-1998 Edition Standard Specijications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires and Trafic Signals, 4th Edition-2001 Edition Additional bridges and structures publications prepared and published by other AASHTOcommitteesand task forces are as follows: Guide Specijicationsfor Cathodic Protection of Concrete Bridge Deck-1994 Edition Guide Specijicationsfor PolymerConcrete Bridge Deck Overlays-1995 Edition Guide Specijicationsfor Shotcrete Repair of Highway Bridges-1998 Edition Inspectors'Guide for Shotcrete Repair of Bridges-1999 Edition Manual for Comsion Protection of Concrete Components in Bridges-1992 Edition Two Parts: Guide Specijications for Concrete Overlay Pavements and Bridge Deck-1990 Edition AASHTO Maintenance Manual: The Maintenance and Management of Roadways and Bridges-1999 Edition Thefollowinghave ~ e ~ e d aschairmenof theCommitteesinceitsinceptionin 1921: Messrs, E.F. Kelley, who pioneered the work of the Committee,Albin L. Gemeny, R. B. McMinn,Raymond Archiband,G.S. Paxson,E. M. Johnson, Ward Goodman, Charles Matlock, Joseph S. Jones, Sidney Poleynard, Jack Freide~ch, Henry W. Derthick, Robert C. Cassano,Clellon Loveall,JamesE. Siebels,David Pope, and Tom Lulay.The Committeeexpressesits sincere appreciationof the work of these men and of those ac- tive members of the past, whose names,becauseof retirement,are no longeron the roll. Suggestionsfor the improvement of the specifications are welcomed.They should be sent to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures, AASHTO, 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249, Washington, D.C. 20001. Inquiries as to the intent or application of the specifications should be sent to the same address. ABBREVIATIONS AASHTO ACI AISC AITC ASCE ASME ASTM ANSI AWS AWPA CRSI CS NDS NFPA RMA SAE SSPC WPA WRI WWPA -American Associationof State Highway and Transportation Officials -American ConcreteInstitute -American Instituteof Steel Construction -American Instituteof Timber Construction -American Societyof Civil Engineers -American Society of Mechanical Engineers -American Society for Testing and Materials -American National Standards Institute -American Welding Society -American Wood Preservers Association --Concrete ReinforcingSteel Institute --Commercial Standards -National Design Specifications for Stress Grade Lumber and Its Fastenings -National Forest ProductsAssociation -Rubber ManufacturersAssociation --Society of AutomotiveEngineers -Steel StructuresPainting Council -Western PineAssociation -Wire ReinforcementInstitute -Western Wood ProductsAssociation vii
  • 8. AASHTOSTANDARD SPECIFICATIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS DIVISION I DESIGN SECTION1- GENERAL PROVISIONS DESIGNANALYSISAND GENERALSTRUCTURAL ........................... INTEGRITY FOR BRIDGES 3 ............................................. Design Analysis 3 .......................................... Structural Integrity 3 BRIDGELOCATIONS ........................................3 WATERWAYS ................................................3 .................................................... General 3 ........................................... HydraulicStudies 4 SiteData ................................................. 4 ......................................... Hydrologic Analysis 4 ......................................... Hydraulic Analysis 4 CULVERTLOCATION,LENGTH, AND WATERWAY OPENINGS ..4 ROADWAYDRAINAGE ....................................... 4 .................................... RAILROADOVERPASSES 4 ................................................ Clearances -4 BlastProtection .............................................4 .......................................... SUPERELEVATION 5 ........................................... FLOOR SURFACES 5 UTILITIES ..................................................5 SECTION 2.. GENERAL FEATURESOF DESIGN ................................................... GENERAL 7 .................................................. Notations 7 .............................. Width of Roadway and Sidewalk 7 ............. STANDARDHIGHWAY CLEARANCES- GENERAL 7 Navigational ................................................ 7 Roadwaywidth .............................................7 Verticalclearance ........................................... 7 ..................................................... Other 7 ........................................ Curbs and Sidewalks 8 ...................... HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR BRIDGES 8 ..................................................... Width 8 ........................................... Vertical Clearance 8 ................. HIGKWAY CLEARANCESFOR UNDERPASSES 8 ..................................................... Width 8 ........................................... VerticalClearance 8 ..................................................... Curbs 8 ...................... HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR TUNNELS 8 ............................................. Roadway Width 8 .................................... Clearancebetween Walls 10 .......................................... Vertical Clearance 10 .................................................... Curbs 10 ....... HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR DEPRESSEDROADWAYS 10 ix
  • 9. x CONTENTS Division I RoadwayWidth ...........................................-10 Clearance between Walls ....................................10 Curbs ....................................................10 RAILINGS ................................................. -10 Vehicular Railing ...........................................10 General .................................................10 Geometry ...............................................-10 Loads ...................................................11 Bicycle Railing ............................................. 11 General ................................................-11 Geometry and Loads ...................................... -11 PedestrianRailing .......................................... 12 ................................................. General 12 Geometry and Loads ....................................... 13 Structural Specificationsand Guidelines ....................... 13 SECTION &LOADS PARTA- TYPES OF LOADS ................................................ NOTATIONS 17 GENERAL .................................................. 19 DEADLOAD ................................................ 19 ................................................ LIVELOAD 20 OVERLOADPROVISIONS ................................... 20 ........................................... TRAFFICLANES 20 HIGHWAYLOADS ......................................... -20 Standard Truck and Lane Loads .............................. 20 Classes of Loading .........................................-21 Designationof Loadings .....................................-21 Minimum Loading ......................................... 21 HLoading ................................................ 21 HS Loading ...............................................21 IMPACT .................................................... 21 Application ................................................21 GroupA-Impact shall be included ...........................21 Group B- Impact shall not be included ........................ 21 Impact Formula ........................................... 21 LONGITUDINAL FORCES .................................. -23 CENTRIFUGALFORCES ................................... -25 APPLICATION OF LIVE LOAD ............................... 25 Traffic Lane Units .......................................... 25 Number and Positionof Traffic Lane Units ..................... 25 Lane Loads on ContinuousSpans .............................25 Loadingfor MaximumStress ................................25 REDUCTIONIN LOAD INTENSITY ...........................25 ELECTRIC RAILWAY LOADS ................................26 SIDEWALK, CURB,AND RAILING LOADING ..................26 Sidewalk Loading .......................................... 26 CurbLoading .............................................26 Railing Loading ............................................ 26 WIND LOADS .............................................. -26
  • 10. DivisionI CONTENTS xi ...................................... Superstructure Design 26 .............................. Group 1 1and Group V Loadings 26 ............................ Group 111and Group VI Loadings 26 ........................................ Substructure Design 27 .................................. Forces from Superstructure 27 ..................... Forces Applied Directly to the Substructure 27 ......................................... Overturning Forces 27 ......................................... THERMAL FORCES 28 .................................................... UPLIFT 28 FORCESFROMSTREAM CURRENTAND FLOATING ICE, ........................... AND DRIFT CONDITIONS 28 ............................. Forceof Stream Current on Piers 28 ........................................... Stream Pressure 28 ...................................... PressureComponents 28 ............................. ..... Drift Lodged AgainstPier ; 28 ........................................ Forceof Ice on Piers 29 ................................................. General 29 ........................................ DynamicIce Force 29 ......................................... Static Ice Pressure 30 BUOYANCY ................................................ 30 .......................................... EARTH PRESSURE 30 ............................................ EARTHQUAKES 30 PART B-COMBINATIONS OFLOADS ................................. 3.22 COMBINATIONS OF LOADS 30 PARTC-DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS DISTRIBUTIONOF LOADSTO STRINGERS. LONGITUDINAL ........................ BEAMS. AND FLOOR BEAMS 32 PositionofLoadsforShear .................................. 32 ......... BendingMoments in Stringersand LongitudinalBeams ;32 ................................................. General 32 ................................. Interior Stringers and Beams 32 ........................ OutsideRoadway Stringers and Beams 32 ............................ Steel-Timber-ConcreteT-Beams 32 .................................... ConcreteBox Girders 33 Total Capacity of Stringers and Beams ........................ 33 .................. Bending Moments in Floor Beams (Transverse) 34 ............. Precast ConcreteBeams Used in ~ u l t i - ~ e b Decks 34 DISTRIBUTION OF LOADSAND DESIGN OF CONCRETE ............................................ SLABS ; 35 .............................................. SpanLengths 35 ................................ EdgeDistanceof Wheel Loads 35 BendingMoment ........................................... 35 Case A- Main ReinforcementPerpendicularto Traffic ............................ (Spans 2 to 24 Feet Inclusive) 36 ................. Case B- Main ReinforcementParallel to Traffic 36 ................................... ........ Shear and Bond ; 36 .......................................... CantileverSlabs ; 36 ............................................ Truck Loads -36 .............. CaseA-Reinforcement Perpendicularto Traffic 36 ................... Case B-Reinforcement Parallel to Traffic 36
  • 11. CONTENTS Division I A _ - Railing Loads ............................................36 SlabsSupported on Four Sides ...............................37 Medianslabs .............................................. 37 LongitudinalEdge Beams ...................................37 UnsupportedTransverseEdges ...............................37 Distribution Reinforcement ..................................37 DISTRIBUTIONOF WHEEL LOADSON TIMBER FLOORING ...38 TransverseFlooring ........................................38 Plank and Nail Laminated Longitudinal Flooring ...............39 LongitudinalGlued LaminatedTimber Decks ................... 39 Bending Moment ......................................... 39 Shear ................................................... 40 Deflections .............................................. 40 StiffenerArrangement ......................................40 ContinuousFlooring ........................................ 40 DISTRIBUTIONOF WHEEL LOADSAND DESIGN OF COMPOSITEWOOD-CONCRETEMEMBERS ......... 40 Distribution of Concentrated Loads for BendingMoment and Shear ........................................... 40 Distributionof BendingMoments in ContinuousSpans ........... 40 Design .................................................... 40 DISTRIBUTIONOF WHEEL LOADS ON STEEL ...................................... GRIDFLOORS 41 General ................................................... 41 FloorsFilled with Concrete .................................. 41 Open Floors ............................................... 41 DISTRIBUTIONOF LOADS FOR BENDINGMOMENT IN SPREAD BOX GIRDERS .......................... 41 Interior Beams ............................................. 41 Exterior Beams ............................................ 41 MOMENTS,SHEARS,AND REACTIONS ...................... 41 TIRE CONTACTAREA ...................................... 42 SECTIONAFOUNDATIONS PARTA-GENERAL REQUIREMENTSAND MATERTALS .................................................. GENERAL 43 FOUNDATIONTYPEAND CAPACITY ......................... 43 Selection of Foundation Qpe .................................43 FoundationCapacity .......................................43 BearingCapacity .......................................... 43 Settlement ............................................... 43 .......................................... OverallStability 43 Soil, Rock, and Other Problem Conditions .....................43 SUBSURFACEEXPLORATIONAND TESTING PROGRAMS ........................................43 ...................................... General Requirements 43 Minimum Depth ...........................................44 Minimum Coverage ........................................45 Laboratory Testing .........................................45 Scour .................................................... 45
  • 12. ... Division I CONTENTS xlll PART B- SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD ALLOWABLESTRESS DESIGN 4.4 SPREADFOOTJNGS ......................................... 45 ................................................... 4.4.1 General 45 4.4.1.1 Applicability ............................................. 45 4.4.1.2 Footings Supporting Non-Rectangular Columns or Piers ..........45 4.4.1.3 FootingsinFill ........................................... 45 4.4.1.4 Footings in Sloped Portions of Embankments ................... 45 4.4.1.5 Distribution of BearingPressure .............................. 45 ................................................. 4.4.2 Notations 45 ........................................ 4.4.3 DesignTerminology 48 ............................. 4.4.4 Soil and Rock PropertySelection 48 .................................................... 4.4.5 Depth 48 4.4.5.1 MinimumEmbedmentand Bench Width ....................... 48 4.4.5.2 Scour Protection .......................................... 49 4.4.5.3 Footing Excavations ....................................... 49 4.4.5.4 Piping .................................................. 49 4.4.6 Anchorage 49 ................................................ 4.4.7 Geotechnical Designon Soil .................................. 49 4.4.7.1 Bearing Capacity .......................................... 49 4.4.7.1.1 FactorsAffectingBearingCapacity ......................... 50 ..................................... 4.4.7.1.1.1 Eccentric Loading 50 4.4.7.1.1.2 Footing Shape ........................................ 51 ...................................... 4.4.7.1.1.3 Inclined Loading 51 .................................. 4.4.7.1.1.4 Ground Surface Slope 51 4.4.7.1.1.5 EmbedmentDepth ...........; ........................ 51 4.4.7.1.1.6 Ground Water ........................................ 55 4.4.7.1.1.7 Layeredsoils ........................................ 55 4.4.7.1.1.8 Inclined Base ......................................... 57 4.4.7.1.2 Factors of Safety ........................................ 57 4.4.7.2 Settlement ............................................... 57 4.4.7.2.1 Stress Distribution ....................................... 57 ....................................... 4.4.7.2.2 ElasticSettlement 58 ................................. 4.4.7.2.3 ConsolidationSettlement 58 4.4.7.2.4 Secondary Settlement .................................... 61 4.4.7.2.5 TolerableMovement ..................................... 61 4.4.7.3 Dynamic Ground Stability .................................. 61 ................................. 4.4.8 GeotechnicalDesignon Rock 61 .......................................... 4.4.8.1 Bearing Capacity 62 4.4.8.1.1 Footings on CompetentRock .............................. 62 4.4.8.1.2 Footings on Brokenor JointedRock ........................ 62 ........................................ 4.4.8.1.3 Factors of Safety 63 ............................................... 4.4.8.2 Settlement 63 .............................. 4.4.8.2.1 Footings on Competent Rock 63 4.4.8.2.2 Footingson Brokenor Jointed Rock ........................ 63 ..................................... 4.4.8.2.3 TolerableMovement 64 ........................................... 4.4.9 OverallStability 64 4.4.10 DynamidSeismicDesign ..................................... 66 4.4.11 Structural Design .......................................... 66 4.4.11.1 Loads and Reactions ....................................... 66 4.4.11.1.1 Action of Loads and Reactions ............................. 66 4.4.11.1.2 Isolated and Multiple FootingReactions ..................... 67
  • 13. xiv CONTENTS Division I ................................................ Moments 67 ......................................... Critical Section 67 Distribution of Reinforcement .............................67 ................................................... Shear 67 ......................................... Critical Section 67 Footings on Piles or Drilled Shafts .......................... 67 .............................. Developmentof Reinforcement 67 DevelopmentLength ..................................... 67 ......................................... Critical Section 67 .......................... Transferof Force at Base of Column 67 ........................................ Transfer of Force 67 .......................................... Lateral Forces 67 ............................................... Bearing 68 .......................................... Reinforcement 68 ............................................ Dowel Size 68 ..................................... DevelopmentLength 68 ............................................... Splicing 68 ............................... UnreinforcedConcreteFootings 68 ............................................ Design Stress 68 .............................................. Pedestals 68 ............................................. DRIWN PILES 68 ................................................... General 68 .............................................. Application 68 Materials ................................................ 68 .............................................. Penetration 68 ....................................... LateralTip Restraint 69 ......................................... EstimatedLengths 69 ........................ Estimatedand Minimum Tip Elevation 69 .............................. PilesThroughEmbankmentFill 69 ................................................ Test Piles 69 ................................................. PileTypes 69 ............................................. Friction Piles 69 ......................................... End Bearing Piles 69 CombinationFriction and End Bearing Piles .................... 69 .............................................. Batter Piles 69 Notations ................................................. 69 ........................................ DesignTerminology 70 .......................... Selectionof Soil and Rock Properties 70 .............................. Selectionof DesignPile Capacity 70 .............................. Ultimate GeotechnicalCapacity 70 ........................... FactorsAffectingAxial Capacity 70 ........................... Axial Capacity in CohesiveSoils 70 AxialCapacity in CohesionlessSoils ........................ 70 .................................. Axial Capacity on Rock 70 ................................... Factor of Safety Selection 71 ............................................... Settlement 71 ........................................ Group Pile Loading 71 ...................................... Lateral Loads on Piles 72 ...................................... Uplift Loads on Piles 72 ............................................. Single Pile 72 ............................................. Pile Group 72 .................................. VerticalGround Movement 72 ................................... NegativeSkin Friction 72
  • 14. DivisionI CONTENTS xv ......................................... ExpansiveSoil 72 Dynamic/Seismic Design ................................... 73 Structural Capacity of Pile Section ............................73 Load Capacity Requirements ................................73 Piles ExtendingAbove Ground Surface ........................ 73 Allowable Stress in Piles ...................................73 Cross-SectionAdjustmentfor Corrosion ....................... 73 Scour ................................................... 74 ..................... ProtectionAgainst Corrosionand Abrasion 74 ..................................... Wave EquationAnalysis 74 Dynamic Monitoring ........................................ 74 MaximumAllowableDrivingStresses .........................74 TolerableMovement ........................................ 74 ................................................. Buoyancy 74 .............................. ProtectionAgainst Deterioration 74 ............................................... Steel Piles 74 ............................................ Concrete Piles 75 ............................................. Timberpiles 75 .......................... Spacing,Clearances, and Embedment 75 ............................................. PileFootings 75 ........................................... Pilespacing 75 Minimum Projectioninto Cap ............................. 75 ............................................... Bent Caps 75 PrecastConcretePiles ...................................... 75 Sizeandshape ...........................................75 MinirnumArea ........................................... 75 Minimum Diameterof Tapered Piles ..........................75 ............................................ DrivingPoints 75 Vertical Reinforcement ..................................... 75 Spiral Reinforcement ...................................... 75 ...................................... Reinforcement Cover 76 .................................................. Splices 76 ......................................... Handling Stresses 76 ................................. Cast-in-Place ConcretePiles 76 ................................................ Materials 76 Shape ...................................................76 ........................................... MinimumArea 76 ......................... General Reinforcement.Requirements 76 ............................ Reinforcement into Superstructure 76 ........................................ ShellRequirements 76 .................................................. Splices 76 ...................................... Reinforcement Cover 76 ............................................... Steel H-Piles 76 .......................................... MetalThickness 76 Splices ...................................................76 .................................................... Caps 77 Lugs, Scabs, and Core-Stoppers ..............................77 Point Attachments ......................................... 77 .................................. Unfilled TubularSteelPiles 77 Metal Thickness .......................................... 77 Splices ...........................&......................77 Driving ................................................. 77 Column Action ........................................... 77
  • 15. xvi CONTENTS DivisionI . 4.5.20 Prestressed ConcretePiles ...................................77 ........................................... 4.5.20.1 Size and Shape 77 ....................................... 4.5.20.2 Main Reinforcement 77 4.5.20.3 Vertical Reinforcement .....................................77 ...................................... 4.5.20.4 Hollow Cylinder Piles 78 .................................................. 4.5.20.5 Splices 78 ............................................... 4.5.21 TimberPiles 78 ................................................ 4.5.21.1 Materials 78 4.5.21.2 Limitations on UntreatedTimber Pile Use ..................... .78. 4.5.21.3 Limitationson Treated Timber Pile Use ........................ 78 .......................................... 4.6 DRILLEDSHAFTS 78 .................................................. 4.6.1 General -78 .............................................. 4.6.1.1 Application 78 4.6.1.2 Materials ................................................ 78 ............................................. 4.6.1.3 Construction 78 .............................................. 4.6.1.4 Embedment 78 ........................................... 4.6.1.5 Shaft Diameter 78 ............................................. 4.6.1.6 Battershafts 78 4.6.1.7 ShaftsThrough EmbankmentFill ............................. 79 ................................................. 4.6.2 Notations 79 ........................................ 4.6.3 DesignTerminology 80 .......................... 4.6.4 Selectionof Soil and Rock Properties 80 ........................................ 4.6.4.1 PresumptiveValues 80 .......................................... 4.6.4.2 Measured Values 80 ........................................ 4.6.5 GeotechnicalDesign 80 ...................................... 4.6.5.1 Axial Capacity in Soil 80 4.6.5.1.1 Side Resistancein Cohesive Soil ........................... 81 4.6.5.1.2 Side Resistancein CohesionlessSoil ........................ 81 4.6.5.1.3 Tip Resistancein Cohesive Soil ............................ 82 4.6.5.1.4 Tip Resistancein CohesionlessSoil .........................83 4.6.5.2 FactorsAffectingAxial Capacity in Soil .......................83 4.6.5.2.1 Soil Layering and VariableSoil Strength with Depth ............83 .......................................... 4.6.5.2.2 Groundwater 83 ......................................... 4.6.5.2.3 Enlarged Bases 83 ........................................... 4.6.5.2.4 GroupAction 83 ........................................ 4.6.5.2.4.1 CohesiveSoil 83 4.6.5.2.4.2 CohesionlessSoil ..................................... 84 4.6.5.2.4.3 Group in StrongSoil OverlyingWeakerSoil ................84 4.6.5.2.5 Vertical Ground Movement ................................84 4.6.5.2.6 Method of Construction .................................. 84 ..................................... 4.6.5.3 Axial Capacityin Rock 84 ......................................... 4.6.5.3.1 Side Resistance 85 .......................................... 4.6.5.3.2 Tip Resistance 85 4.6.5.3.3 Factors AffectingAxial Capacity in Rock ....................85 .................................... 4.6.5.3.3.1 Rock Stratification 85 4.6.5.3.3.2 Rock Mass Discontinuities ..............................86 4.6.5.3.3.3 Method of Construction ................................86 .......................................... 4.6.5.4 Factors of Safety 86 ......................... 4.6.5.5 Deformation of Axially Loaded Shafts 86 ........................................... 4.6.5.5.1 Shafts in Soil 86 4.6.5.5.1.1 Cohesivesoil ........................................86 4.6.5.5.1.2 CohesionlessSoil .....................................86 4.6.5.5.1.3 Mixed Soil Profile .....................................87 ................................ 4.6.5.5.2 ShaftsSocketed into Rock 87
  • 16. Division I CONTENTS xvii ..................................... TolerableMovement 87 ........................................... LateralLoading 88 Factors Affecting LaterallyLoaded Shafts ....................88 ......................................... Soil Layering 88 Groundwater ........................................88 .............................................. Scour -88 ......................................... GroupAction 88 ....................................... Cyclic Loading 89 ...................... CombinedAxial and Lateral Loading 89 ....................................... Sloping Ground 89 .............................. TolerableLateral Movements 89 ................................... DynamicISeismicDesign 90 ................ Structural Design and GeneralShaft Dimensions 90 General .................................................90 ............................................ Reinforcement 90 ................................. Longitudinal Bar Spacing 90 Splices ................................................90 ................................ Transverse Reinforcement 90 ....................................... Handling Stresses 90 .................................... ReinforcementCover 90 .......................... Reinforcementinto Superstructure 90 ........................................... EnlargedBases 90 .............................. Center-to-CenterShaft Spacing 91 ............................................... LoadTesting 91 General ................................................. 91 .................................... Load Testing Procedures 91 ................................. Load Test Method Selection 91 NOTE: Article Number IntentionallyNot Used PARTC- STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD LOAD FACTOR DESIGN ..................................................... SCOPE 91 DEFINITIONS ..............................................92 LIMITSTATES. LOAD FACTORS. ........................ AND RESISTANCEFACTORS 92 ................................................... General 92 ................................... serviceability Limit States 92 ....................................... StrengthLimit States 92 ...................................... Strength Requirement 93 Load Combinationsand Load Factors .........................93 ........................................ Performance Factors 93 ......................................... SPREAD FOOTINGS 93 ..................................... General Considerations 93 General ................................................. 93 ................................................... Depth 93 .......................................... Scour Protection 93 .............................................. Frost Action 93 ............................................... Anchorage 93 Groundwater ............................................. 94 ................................................... Uplift 94 ............................................. Deterioration 94 Nearby Structures ......................................... 95 ................................................. Notations 95
  • 17.
  • 18. Division I CONTENTS xix 4.12.3.3.7a SinglePile Uplift Capacity ............................. 104 ............................. 4.12.3.3.7b Pile Group Uplift Capacity 104 4.12.3.3.8 LateralLoad .......................................... 104 4.12.3.3.9 Batterpile ............................................ 104 ........................................ 4.12.3.3.10 Group Capacity 104 4.12.3.3.10a CohesiveSoil ....................................... 104 .................................... 4.12.3.3.10b Cohesionless Soil 105 4.12.3.3.10~ Pile Group in Strong Soil Overlying a Weak .................................. or CompressibleSoil 105 ................................ 4.12.3.3.11 DynamicISeismicDesign 105 ......................................... 4.12.4 Structural Design 105 ......................................... 4.12.4.1 Buckling of Piles 105 4.12.5 ConstructionConsiderations ................................ 105 ......................................... 4.13 DRILLEDSHAFTS 105 .................................................. 4.13.1 General 105 ................................................ 4.13.2 Notations 105 ....................................... 4.13.3 GeotechnicalDesign 106 4.13.3.1 FactorsAffectingAxialCapacity ............................ 107 ....................................... 4.13.3.1.1 DowndragLoads 107 ................................................ 4.13.3.1.2 Uplift 107 4.13.3.2 Movement Under ServiceabilityLimit State ................... 107 .............................................. 4.13.3.2.1 General 107 .................................... 4.13.3.2.2 TolerableMovement 107 ............................................ 4.13.3.2.3 Settlement 107 4.13.3.2.3a Settlement of Single Drilled Shafts ....................... 107 .................................... 4.13.3.2.3b GroupSettlement 107 ................................... 4.13.3.2.4 Lateral Displacement 107 ........................... 4.13.3.3 Resistance at Strength Limit States 107 ........................... 4.13.3.3.1 Axial Loading of Drilled Shafts 107 4.13.3.3.2 Analytic Estimates of Drilled Shaft Capacity ..................................... in CohesiveSoils 107 4.13.3.3.3 Estimation of Drilled-ShaftCapacityin CohesionlessSoils .....107 ............... .................. 4.13.3.3.4 AxialCapacity in Rock ; 107 ............................................. 4.13.3.3.5 LoadTest 108 ........................................ 4.13.3.3.6 Uplift Capacity 108 .................. 4.13.3.3.6a Uplift Capacity of a SingleDrilledShaft 108 ................................. 4.13.3.3.6b Group Uplift Capacity 108 .......................................... 4.13.3.3.7 LateralLoad 108 ........................................ 4.13.3.3.8 Group Capacity 108 ....................................... 4.13.3.3.8a CohesiveSoil 108 .................................... 4.13.3.3.8b CohesionlessSoil 108 4.13.3.3.8~ Group in Strong Soil OverlyingWeaker CompressibleSoil ...108 ................................ 4.13.3.3.9 DynamicISeismic Design 108 ......................................... 4.13.4 StructuralDesign 108 ................................. 4.13.4.1 Bucklingof DrilledShafts 109 SECTION 5D"TAINING WALLS PARTA- GENERAL REQUIREMENTSAND MATERIALS ................................................. 5.1 GENERAL 111 ............................... 5.2 WALLTYPEAND BEHAVIOR 111 ...................................... 5.2.1 Selectionof Wall Type 111 5.2.1.1 Rigid Gravity and Semi-GravityWalls ........................ 111
  • 19. xx CONTENTS Division I .............................. Nongravity CantileveredWalls 112 .......................................... Anchored Walls 113 ......................... Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls 114 ................................ PrefabricatedModular Walls 115 ............................................ Wall Capacity 115 ......................................... BearingCapacity 115 .............................................. Settlement 115 ........................ ................ OverallStability ; 115 .................................... Tolerable Deformations 116 .................... Soil, Rock, and Other Problem Conditions 116 SUBSURFACEEXPLORATIONAND TESTING PROGRAMS ....116 ..................................... General Requirements 117 ........................................... MinimumDepth 117 ....................................... Minimum Coverage 117 ........................................ Laboratory Testing 117 .................................................... Scour 117 ............................................... NOTATIONS 117 PARTB- SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD ALLOWABLESTRESS DESIGN ........ RIGID GRAVITYAND SEMI-GRAVITYWALL DESIGN 121 ....................................... Design Terminology 121 ...................... Earth Pressureand Surcharge Loadings 121 ............................... Water Pressure and Drainage 126 .......................................... SeismicPressure 126 ................... Structure Dimensionsand External Stability 126 .......................................... Structure Design 126 ..................................... Base or Footing Slabs 126 ............................................. Wall Stems 126 ................................ Counterfortsand Buttresses 128 ........................................... Reinforcement 128 ............................ Expansionand ContractionJoints 129 .................................................. Backfill 129 .......................................... OverallStability 129 .............. NONGRAVITYCANTILEVEREDWALL DESIGN 129 ....................................... Design Terminology 129 ...................... Earth Pressureand Surcharge Loadings 129 ............................... Water Pressureand Drainage 132 .......................................... Seismic Pressure 132 ................... Structure Dimensions and External Stability 132 .......................................... Structure Design 132 .......................................... OverallStability 133 ....................................... CorrosionProtection 133 ................................ ANCHORED WALL DESIGN 133 ....................................... Design Terminology 133 ...................... Earth Pressureand Surcharge Loadings 133 ............................... Water Pressure and Drainage 136 .......................................... Seismic Pressure 136 ................... Structure Dimensionsand External Stability 136 .......................................... Structure Design 136 ................................................ General 136 .......................................... Anchor Design 136 .......................................... OverallStability 138 ....................................... Corrosion Protection 138 ........................... AnchorLoad Testing and Stressing 138
  • 20. Division I CONTENTS xxi MECHANICALLYSTABILIZED EARTHWALL DESIGN ....... 138 ...................................... Structure Dimensions 138 ......................................... External Stability 138 .................... Bearing Capacityand FoundationStability 143 Calculationof Loadsfor Internal Stability Design ..............144 ................. Calculation of Maximum ReinforcementLoads 146 Determinationof ReinforcementTensileLoad at the Connection ...................................... totheWdFace 147 Determinationof ReinforcementLength Requiredfor .................................... Internal Stability 147 ........................ Locationof Zone of MaximumStress 147 .......................... Soil ReinforcementPullout Design 148 .............................. ReinforcementStrength Design 149 ................................. Design Life Requirements 152 .......................... Steel Reinforcement ;.........152 .............................. GeosyntheticReinforcement 155 ....................................... AllowableStresses 157 ................................... SteelReinforcements 157 ............................. GeosyntheticReinforcements 157 Soil Reinforcement/FacingConnectionStrength Design .........158 ConnectionStrength for Steel Soil Reinforcements .............158 ConnectionStrength for Geosynthetic Reinforcements ..........158 ................................. Design of Facing Elements 160 Design of Stiff or Rigid Concrete, Steel, and Timber Facings ......160 ............................. Design of Flexible W a l lFacings 160 ...................... Corrosion Issues for MSE Facing Design 161 ............................................ Seismic Design 161 ........................................ Externalstability 161 ......................................... InternalStability 163 FacingISoil ReinforcementConnection Design for ....................................... Seismic Loads 164 .................. Determinationof Lateral Wall Displacements 164 ................................................. Drainage 164 ................................. Special Loading Conditions 165 .................................. ConcentratedDead Loads 165 ................................. TrafficLoads and Barriers 169 ..................................... HydrostaticPressures 170 Design for Presenceof Obstructions in the Reinforced ........................................... Soil Zone 171 ................ PREFABRICATED MODULARWALL DESIGN 171 ...................................... Structure Dimensions 171 ......................................... External Stability 171 .................... BearingCapacity and FoundationStability 173 ......................................... AllowableStresses 174 ................................................. Drainage 174 PARTC- STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD LOAD FACTOR DESIGN .................................................... SCOPE 174 DEFINITIONS ............................................. 174 ............................................... NOTATIONS 174 LIMIT STATES, LOAD FACTORSAND ............................ RESISTANCEFACTORS 175
  • 21. xxii CONTENTS DivisionI .................................. ServiceabilityLimit States 175 ...................................... Strength LimitStates 175 ..................................... Strength Requirement 175 Load Combinationsand Load Factors ........................ 175 ........................................ PerformanceFactors 175 GRAVITYANDSEMI-GRAVITY WALL DESIGN,AND CANTILEVERWALL DESIGN .......................175 .............................. Earth PressureDue to Backfill 175 Earth PressureDue to Surcharge ............................ 176 ................................ Water Pressureand Drainage 176 ........................................... SeismicPressure 176 Movement UnderServiceabilityLimitStates ....:.............176 ......................... ........ Safety Against Soil Failure ; 176 Bearing Capacity Failure ................................... 177 .................................................. Sliding 177 ............................................. Overturning 177 OverallStability (RevisedArticle 5.2.2.3) ..................... 177 ............................ SafetyAgainst Structural Failure 179 ..................................... Base of FootingSlabs 179 ............................................. Wall Stems 179 ................................ Counterforts and Buttresses 179 ........................................... Reinforcement 179 Expansion and Contraction Joints ............................ 179 .................................................. Backfill 179 SECTION&CULVERTS CULVERT LOCATION. LENGTH. AND WATERWAY ........................................ OPENINGS 181 .............................................. DEAD LOADS 181 Culvert in trench. or culvert untrenched on yieldingfoundation...181 Culvert untrenchedon unyieldingfoundation ..................181 ............................................... FOOTINGS .- 181 DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS THROUGH ...................................... EARTHFILLS 181 DISTRIBUTION REINF'ORCEMENT ......................... 181 ................................................... DESIGN 181 SECTION 7CUBSTRUCTURES PARTA . 4 ENERALREQUIREMENTSAND MATERIALS ................................................. 7.1 GENERAL 183 ................................................ 7.1.1 Definition 183 ................................................... 7.1.2 Loads 183 ............................................. 7.1.3 Settlement :.183 7.1.4 Foundationand Retaining Wall Design .......................183 ............................................... 7.2 NOTATIONS 183 PART B- SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD ALLOWABLESTRESS DESIGN 7.3 PIERS ........................... ; ;........................183 ................................................ 7.3.1 Pier Types 183
  • 22. DivisionI CONTENTS xxiii .......................................... Solid Wall Piers 183 ........................................ DoubleWallPiers 183 Bentpiers .............................................. 184 ...................................... Single-ColumnPiers 184 ............................................ Pier Protection 184 ............................................... Collision 184 .......................................... CollisionWalls 184 .................................................. Scour 184 ................................................. Facing 184 .......................................... TUBULAR PIERS 184 ................................................ Materials 184 ............................................. Configuration 184 .............................................. ABUTMENTS 184 AbutmentTypes .......................................... 184 .......................................... StubAbutment 184 ................................... Partial-DepthAbutment 184 ..................................... Full-DepthAbutment 184 ........................................ IntegralAbutment 185 ................................................. Loading 185 ................................................ Stability 185 ............................. Reinforcementfor Temperature 185 .................................. Drainage and Backfilling 185 ........................................ Integral Abutments 185 ............. Abutmentson MechanicallyStabilizedEarthWalls 185 ............................. Abutments on ModularSystems 186 ................................................ Wingwalls 187 ................................................. Length 187 ........................................... Reinforcement 187 PART C-STRENGTH DESIGNMETHOD LOAD FACTOR DESIGN .................................................. 7.6 GENERAL 187 SECTION &REINFORCED CONCRETE PARTA-GENERALREQUIREMENTSAND MATERIALS ......................................... APPLICATION ; ...189 ................................................. General -189 Notations ................................................. 189 ............................................... Definitions 192 ............................................... CONCRETE 192 ......................................... REINFORCEMENT 193 PART B- ANALYSIS ................................................. GENERAL 193 ........................... EXPANSIONAND CONTRACTION 193 ................................................ STIFFNESS 193 MODULUS OF ELASTICITYAND POISSON'S RATIO ..........193 ............................................ SPAN LENGTH 193 ............................... CONTROL OF DEFLECTIONS 194 .................................................. General 194
  • 23. CONTENTS Division I Superstructure Depth Limitations ...........................194 Superstructure DeflectionLimitations ........................194 COMPRESSIONFLANGE WIDTH ...........................194 T-Girder ................................................. 194 Box Girders .............................................. 194 SLABAND WEB THICKNESS ...............................194 ............................................. DIAPHRAGMS 195 COMPUTATIONOF DEFLECTIONS .........................195 PART C- DESIGN GENERAL ................................................. 195 Design Methods ........................................... 195 CompositeFlexural Members ...............................196 ConcreteArches .......................................... 196 SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD (AllowableStress Design) ....197 General Requirements .....................................197 AllowableStresses ......................................... 197 Concrete ............................................... 197 Flexure .............................................. 197 Shear ................................................ 197 Bearingstress ......................................... 197 Reinforcement ........................................... 197 Flexure .................................................. 197 CompressionMembers ..................................... 197 Shear .................................................... 198 Shear Stress ............................................. 198 ShearStress Carried by Concrete ............................198 Shear in Beams and One-way Slabs and Footings .............198 Shear in CompressionMembers ........................... 198 Shear in Tension Members ...............................198 Shear in Lightweight Concrete ............................ 198 Shear Stress Canied by Shear Reinforcement ..................199 ShearFriction ........................................... 199 Shear-Friction Design Method ............................ 199 Horizontal Shear Design for CompositeConcrete FlexuralMembers .................................... 200 Ties for HorizontalShear ................................ 200 Special Provisions for Slabs and Footings .....................200 Special Provisions for Slabs of Box Culverts ...................201 SpecialProvisionsfor Brackets and Corbels ...................201 STRENGTHDESIGN METHOD(Load Factor Design) ...........202 Strength Requirements .....................................202 Required Strength ........................................ 202 Design Strength ..........................................202 DesignAssumptions .......................................202 Flexure .................................................. 203 Maximum Reinforcement of FlexuralMembers ................203 Rectangular Sections with Tension ReinforcementOnly ..........203 Flanged Sections with Tension ReinforcementOnly .............203 Rectangular Sections with Compression Reinforcement ..........204 Other Cross Sections ......................................204 CompressionMembers ..................................... 204
  • 24. Division I CONTENTS xxv ..................................... General Requirements 204 ............................. Compression Member Strengths 204 ...................................... Pure Compression 204 ........................................... Pure Flexure 205 ............................... Balanced Strain Conditions 205 ......................... Combined Flexure and Axial Load 205 .......................................... BiaxialLoading 205 ................... Hollow RectangularCompression Members 205 .................. SlendernessEffects in Compression Members 206 ..................................... General Requirements 206 ApproximateEvaluation of SlendernessEffects ................206 .................................................... Shear 207 ........................................... Shearstrength 207 ......................... Shear Strength Provided by Concrete 208 Shear in Beams and One-way Slabs and Footings .............208 ........................... Shear in Compression Members 208 ............................... Shear in TensionMembers 208 ............................ Shear in Lightweight Concrete 208 Shear Strength Provided by Shear Reinforcement ............... 208 ........................................... ShearFriction 209 ............................ Shear-FrictionDesign Method 209 Horizontal Shear Strength for CompositeConcrete .................................... FlexuralMembers 210 ................................ Ties for Horizontal Shear 210 ..................... Special Provisionsfor Slabs and Footings 210 ................... Special Provisionsfor Slabs of Box Culverts 211 ................... Special Provisions for Brackets and Corbels 211 .......................................... Bearing Strength 212 ................................ Serviceability Requirements 212 ............................................. Application 212 ..................................... ServiceLoad Stresses 212 ...................................... FatigueStress Limits 212 ....................... Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement 212 PART D-REINFORCEMENT ............... REINFORCEMENT OF FLEXURALMEMBERS 213 ................................... Minimum Reinforcement 213 ............................... Distributionof Reinforcement 213 FlexuralTension Reinforcement in Zones of Maximum Tension ...213 Transverse Deck Slab Reinforcement in T-Girders ..................................... andBoxGirders 213 ................... Bottom Slab Reinforcementfor Box Girders 214 ................... Lateral Reinforcementof Flexural Members 214 Reinforcementfor Hollow RectangularCompressionMembers ...214 ........... REINFORCEMENT OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS 215 Maximumand Minimum LongitudinalReinforcement ..........215 ..................................... Lateral Reinforcement 215 General ................................................ 215 ................................................. Spirals 215 ................................................... Ties 215 ..................................... Seismic Requirements 216 ..................... LIMITS FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT 216
  • 25. xxvi CONTENTS DivisionI ............................. MinimumShear Reinforcement 216 ............................... Types of Shear Reinforcement 216 ............................. Spacingof Shear Reinforcement 216 SHRINKAGEAND TEMPERATUREREINFORCEMENT ....... 216 ................... SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT 216 ....................... PROTECTIONAGAINST CORROSION 217 ....................................... HOOKSAND BENDS 217 ........................................... Standard Hooks 217 .................................. Minimum Bend Diameters 217 DEVELOPMENTOF FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT ..........218 .................................................. General 218 ............................. PositiveMoment Reinforcement 218 ............................ Negative Moment Reinforcement 218 DEVELOPMENT OF DEFORMEDBARSAND DEFORMED ................................. WIRE IN TENSION 219 DEVELOPMENTOF DEFORMEDBARS IN COMPRESSION ....219 DEVELOPMENTOF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT ..............220 ........................ DEVELOPMENTOF BUNDLEDBARS 220 DEVELOPMENTOF STANDARDHOOKS IN TENSION ........ 220 DEVELOPMENTOF WELDED WIRE FABRIC IN TENSION ....221 ..................................... Deformed WireFabric 221 ....................................... SmoothWire Fabric 222 ............................... MECHANICALANCHORAGE 222 ............................ SPLICESOF REINFORCEMENT 222 LapSplices ............................................... 222 ................... WeldedSplices and MechanicalConnections 222 Splices of Deformed Bars and Deformed Wirein Tension ........223 .............................. Splices of Bars in Compression 223 ................................ Lap Splices in Compression 223 ...................................... End-BearingSplices 223 Welded Splicesor MechanicalConnections ....................223 Splices of Welded Deformed Wire Fabric in Tension ............. 223 Splices of Welded Smooth Wire Fabric in Tension ............... 224 SECTION 9-PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PARTA.4 ENERALREQUIREMENTSAND MATERIALS ............................................. APPLICATION 225 ................................................... General 225 ................................................ Notations 225 ............................................... Definitions 227 ............................................... CONCRETE 228 ......................................... REINFORCEMENT 228 .......................................... Prestressing Steel 228 .............................. Non-PrestressedReinforcement 228 PART B- ANALYSIS ................................................. GENERAL 228 ........................... EXPANSIONAND CONTRACTION 228 ............................................. SPAN LENGTH 228 FRAMES AND CONTINUOUS CONSTRUCTION...............228
  • 26. Division I CONTENTS xxvii Cast-in-PlacePost-Tensioned Bridges ......................... 228 BridgesComposedof Simple-Span Precast Prestressed Girders Made Continuous ................................... 229 General ................................................229 Positive Moment Connectionat Piers ......................... 229 NegativeMoments ....................................... 229 SegmentalBox Girders ..................................... 229 General ................................................ 229 Flexure ................................................. 229 Torsion ................................................ 229 EFFECTIVE FLANGEWIDTH ............................... 229 T-Beams ................................................. 229 Box Girders .............................................. 229 PrecastRrestressed ConcreteBeams with WideTop Flanges ......230 FLANGEAND WEBTHICKNESS-BOX GIRDERS ............230 -Top Flange . ;............................................... 230 Bottom Flange ............................... :.............. 230 Web ..................................................... 230 DIAPHRAGMS ....................;........................ 230 General ..................................................230 T-Beams ................................................. 230 BoxGirders ............................. .-................. 230 DEFLECTIONS ............................................ 230 General .................................................. 230 SegmentalBox Girders ..................................... 231 Superstructure Deflection Limitations ........................ 231 DECK PANELS ............................................ 231 General ................................ : .................. 231 Bending Moment ........................................... 231 PARTC- DESIGN GENERAL ..................................................... 231 DesignTheory and General Considerations .................... 231 BasicAssumptions ......................................... 231 CompositeFlexural Members ..........;.................... 231 LOAD FACTORS ........................................... 232 ALLOWABLE STRESSES ................................... 232 PrestressingSteel .......................................... 232 Concrete .................................................. 232 Temporary Stresses Before Losses Due to Creep and Shrinkage ........................................ 232 Stress at ServiceLoad After Losses Have Occiured ............. 232 CrackingStress ..................:........................ 233 AnchorageBearingStress .................................. 233 LOSS OFPRESTRESS ................;..................... 233 Friction Losses .......................... ; ................. 233 Prestress Losses .................................. ;........ 233 General ............................................... -233 Shrinkage ............................................ 233 ElasticShortening ...................................... 234 Creep of Concrete ..............; ......................... 234 Relaxation of PrestressingSteel ........................... 234 Estimated Losses ............................................ 236
  • 27. xxviii CONTENTS Division I .................................... FLEXURALSTRENGTH 236 .................................................. General 236 ...................................... RectangularSections 236 .......................................... FlangedSections 236 ............................................... Steel Stress 237 ....................................... DUCTILITY LIMITS 237 ................................ Maximum PrestressingSteel 237 ........................................... MinimumSteel 237 ..................... NON-PRESTRESSEDREINFORCEMENT 238 .................................................... SHEAR 238 .................................................. General 238 ......................... Shear Strength Provided by Concrete 238 Shear Strength Provided by Web Reinforcement ...............239 HorizontalShear Design-Composite Flexural Members ........239 .................................. Ties for Horizontal Shear 240 .................... POST-TENSIONEDANCHORAGE ZONES 240 ............................ Geometryof the Anchorage Zone 240 ............................... General Zonearid Local Zone 240 ............................................ General Zone 240 ............................................. Local Zone 240 .......................................... Responsibilities 240 ................................. Design of the General Zone 241 ......................................... Design Methods 241 ................................ Nominal Material Strengths 241 ........................... Use of SpecialAnchorageDevices 241 General Design Principles and DetailingRequirements ...........241 .................................. IntermediateAnchorages 242 ............................................. Diaphragms 243 .................................. MultipleSlab Anchorages 243 Applicationof Strut-and-Tie Models to the Design .................................. of Anchorage Zones 243 General ................................................ 243 Nodes ................................................. 244 .................................................. Struts 244 Ties ................................................... 244 ...................................... ElasticStressAnalysis 244 ..................................... ApproximateMethods 244 ............................................. Limitations 244 ..................................... CompressiveStresses 245 .......................................... Bursting Forces 245 ...................................... Edge-Tension Forces 245 ................................... DesignoftheLocalZone 246 .............................. Dimensions of the Locg Zone 246 .......................................... Bearing Strength 246 ................................. Special AnchorageDevices 247 ...................... PRETENSIONEDANCHORAGE ZONES 247 CONCRETE STRENGTHAT STRESS TRANSFER .............247 ............................................ DECK PANELS 247 PART D-DETAILING 9.25 FLANGEREINFORCEMENT ................................247 ........................... 9.26 COVERAND SPACING OF STEEL 247
  • 28. Division I CONTENTS xxix .......................................... 9.26.1 Minimum Cover 247 ......................................... 9.26.2 Minimum Spacing 248 ................................................ 9.26.3 Bundling -248 .............................................. 9.26.4 Size of Ducts 248 9.27 POST-TENSIONINGANCHORAGESAND COUPLERS .........248 9.28 EMBEDMENT OF PRESTRESSEDSTRAND ..................249 ................................................ 9.29 BEARINGS 249 SECTION 1eSTRUCTURALSTEEL PARTA . 4 ENERALREQUIREMENTSAND MATERIALS ............................................. APPLICATION 251 ................................................ Notations 251 MATERIALS ............................................... 257 .................................................. General 257 .......................................... Structural Steels 257 Steelsfor Pins, Rollers. and Expansion Rockers ................257 Fasteners-Rivetsand Bolts ................................ 257 ................................................ Weld Metal 257 Cast Steel. DuctileIron Castings. Malleable Castings. Cast Iron. .......................... and Bronze or Copper Alloy 257 ................................. Cast Steel and DuctileIron 257 ....................................... Malleable Castings 257 ............................................... CastIron 257 PART B- DESIGN DETAILS REPETITIVE LOADINGANDTOUGHNESS ................................ CONSIDERATIONS 259 AllowableFatigueStress Ranges ............................. 259 .............................................. Load Cycles 259 ....................... Charpy V-NotchImpact Requirements 259 .................................................... Shear 259 EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF SPAN ............................. 259 ............................................ DEPTH RATIOS 260 ............................................. DEFLECTION 260 LIMITING LENGTHS OF MEMBERS ........................ 263 ......................... MINIMUMTHICKNESS OF METAL 265 EFFECTIVEAREA OFANGLESAND TEE SECTIONS INTENSION ....................................... 265 .......................... OUTSTANDINGLEGS OFANGLES 266 ........................... EXPANSIONAND CONTRACTION 266 ..................................... FLEXURAL MEMBERS 266 ........................................... COVER PLATES 266 ................................................... CAMBER 267 HEAT-CURVED ROLLED BEAMSAND WELDED .................................. PLATE GIRDERS 267 .................................................... Scope 267 .............................. Minimum Radiusof Curvature 267 .................................................. Camber 267 .................................................... TRUSSES 268
  • 29. CONTENTS DivisionI General ..................................................268 Truss Members ...........................................268 SecondaryStresses ........................................ 268 Diaphragms ..............................................268 Camber ..................................................269 WorkingLinesand Gravity Axes ............................269 portal and sway~ r a c i n ~ ...................................269 Perforated Cover Plates ....................................269 Stay Plates ............................................... 269 LacingBars .............................................. 270 GussetPlates ............................................. 270 Half-ThroughTrussSpans .................................. 270 Fastener Pitch in Ends of CompressionMembers ............... 271 Net Section of Riveted or High-StrengthBolted Tension Members ................................... 271 BENTSAND TOWERS ...................................... 271 .................................................. General 271 Single Bents .............................................. 271 Batter ................................................... 271 Bracing .................................................. 271 BottomStruts ............................................ 272 SPLICES .................................................. 272 General .................................................. 272 Design Strength .......................................... 272 Fillers ................................................. 272 Design Force for Flange Splice Plates ........................ 272 Truss Chords and Columns ................................. 272 Flexural Members ......................................... 273 General ................................................ 273 Flange Splices ........................................... 273 Web Splices ............................................. 275 CompressionMembers ..................................... 277 Tension Members .......................................... 277 Welded Splices ............................................ 277 STRENGTH OF CONNECTIONS ............................. 278 General .................................................. 278 End Connectionsof Floor Beams and Stringers ................ 279 End Connectionsof Diaphragmsand Cross Frames ............. 279 DIAPHRAGMSAND CROSS FRAMES ... :.................... 279 General .................................................. 279 Stresses Due to Wind Loading When Top Flanges Are ContinuouslySupported .......................... 279 Flanges ................................................ 279 Diaphragmsand Cross Frames ..............................279 StressesDue to W i d Load When Top Flanges Are Not ContinuouslySupported ......................280 LATERAL BRACING ....................................... 280 CLOSED SECTIONSAND POCKETS .........................280 WELDING ................................................. 280 General ..................................................280 EffectiveSize of FilletWelds ................................ 280 MaximumSize of Fillet Welds .............................. 280 MinimumSize of FilletWelds .............................. 280 Minimum EffectiveLength of Fillet Welds .....................281
  • 30. DivisionI CONTENTS xxxi .................................... Fillet Weld End Returns 281 Seal Welds ............................................... 281 .......................... FASTENERS(RIVETSAND BOLTS) 281 General .................................................. 281 HoleTypes ............................................... 282 Washer Requirements ...................................... 282 Size of Fasteners (Rivetsor High-StrengthBolts) ...............283 Spacing of Fasteners ....................................... 283 Pitch and Gage of Fasteners ................................ 283 MinimumSpacing of Fasteners ............................. 283 Minimum Clear DistanceBetween Holes ...................... 283 Maximum Spacingof Fasteners ............................. 283 MaximumSpacingof Sealingand Stitch Fasteners ..............283 Sealing Fasteners ........................................ 283 Stitch Fasteners .......................................... 283 Edge Distanceof Fasteners .................................. 284 General ................................................ 284 Long Rivets .............................................. 284 LINKSANDHANGERS ..................................... 284 Net Section ................................................ 284 Locationof Pins ........................................... 284 Size of Pins ............................................... 284 Pi Plates ................................................284 PinsandPinNuts .........................................285 UPSET ENDS .............................................. 285 EYEBARS ................................................. 285 Thickness and Net Section .................................. 285 Packingof Eyebars ........................................ 285 FORKEDENDS ............................................ 285 FIXEDAND EXPANSIONBEARINGS ........................ 285 General .................................................. 285 Bronze or Copper-Alloy Sliding Expansion Bearings ............ 285 Rollers .................................................. 285 Sole Plates and Masonry Plates .............................. 286 Masonry Bearings ......................................... 286 Anchor Bolts ............................................. 286 Pedestals and Shoes ....................... ; ................ 286 FLOOR SYSTEM ........................................... 286 Stringers ................................................. 286 Floor Beams ..............................................286 Cross Frames ............................................. 286 Expansion Joints ..........................; ...............286 EndFloorBeams .......................................... 287 End Panel of Skewed Bridges ...............................287 SidewalkBrackets ......................................... 287 Stay-in-PlaceDeck Forms .................................. 287 Concrete Deck Panels .....................................287 Metal Stay-in-PlaceForms ................................. 287 PART C- SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN 10.31 SCOPE .................................................... 287 10.32 ALLOWABLESTRESSES ................................... 287
  • 31. xxxii CONTENTS DivisionI .................................................... 10.32.1 Steel 287 ............................................... 10.32.2 Weld Metal 287 10.32.3 Fasteners (Rivetsand Bolts) .................................290 ................................................ 10.32.3.1 General 290 10.32.3.3 Applied Tension, CombinedTension, and Shear ................292 ................................................. 10.32.3.4 Fatigue 292 10.32.4 Pins, Rollers, and Expansion Rockers .........................292 10.32.5 Cast Steel, DuctileIron Castings, Malleable Castings, ....................................... and Cast Iron 293 10.32.5.1 Cast Steel and Ductile Iron .................................293 ....................................... 10.32.5.2 Malleable Castings 293 10.32.5.3 CastIron ............................................... 293 10.32.5.4 Bronze or Copper-Alloy ...................................293 10.32.6 BearingonMasonry ....................................... 294 ........................................... 10.33 ROLLED BEAMS 294 .................................................. 10.33.1 General 294 10.33.2 Bearingstiffeners ......................................... 294 .......................................... 10.34 PLATE GIRDERS 294 .................................................. 10.34.1 General 294 10.34.2 Flanges .................................................. 294 .......................................... 10.34.2.1 Welded Girders 294 10.34.2.2 Riveted or Bolted Girders .................................. 295 .................................... 10.34.3 Thickness of Web Plates 296 10.34.3.1 Girders Not StiffenedLongitudinally ......................... 296 10.34.3.2 GirdersStiffened Longitudinally ............................ 296 10.34.4 TransverseIntermediate Stiffeners ............................297 ..................................... 10.34.5 LongitudinalStiffeners 298 ......................................... 10.34.6 BearingStiffeners 299 .......................................... 10.34.6.1 Welded Girders 299 .................................. 10.34.6.2 Riveted or Bolted Girders 299 .................................................. 10.35 TRUSSES 300 10.35.1 Perforated Cover Plates and Lacing Bars ..................... 300 10.35.2 Compression Members-Thickness of Metal ..................300 ..................................... 10.36 COMBINEDSTRESSES 301 ........................................ 10.37 SOLID RIBARCHES 302 10.37.1 MomentAmplification and AllowableStress ...................302 ............................................... 10.37.2 Web Plates 303 10.37.3 Flangeplates ............................................. 303 ..................................... 10.38 COMPOSITEGIRDERS 303 .................................................. 10.38.1 General 303 ......................................... 10.38.2 Shear Connectors 304 ..................................... 10.38.3 Effective FlangeWidth 304 .................................................. 10.38.4 Stresses 304 ................................................... 10.38.5 Shear 305 10.38.5.1 Horizontalshear ......................................... 305 ............................................... 10.38.5.1.1 Fatigue 305 ...................................... 10.38.5.1.2 Ultimatestrength 306 10.38.5.1.3 AdditionalConnectors to Develop Slab Stresses ..............307 ........................................... 10.38.5.2 VerticalShear 307 10.38.6 Deflection ................................................307 ................................ 10.39 COMPOSITEBOX GIRDERS 307 .................................................. 10.39.1 General 307 10.39.2 Lateral Distributionof Loadsfor Bending Moment .............307
  • 32. Division I CONTENTS xxxiii 10.39.3 Design of Web Plates ....................................... 307 10.39.3.1 Verticalshear ........................................... 307 10.39.3.2 SecondaryBendingStresses ................................ 308 10.39.4 Designof Bottom Flange Plates .............................. 308 10.39.4.1 Tension Flanges ......................................... 308 10.39.4.2 Compression Flanges Unstiffened ........................... 308 10.39.4.3 CompressionFlanges Stiffened Longitudinally ................. 308 ... 10.39.4.4 Compression Flanges Stiffened Longitudinallyand Transversely 311 ...................... 10.39.4.5 CompressionFlange Stiffeners,General 312 .............................. 10.39.5 Design of Flange to Web Welds 312 10.39.6 Diaphragms .............................................. 312 10.39.7 Lateral Bracing ........................................... 312 10.39.8 Accessand Drainage ....................................... 312 10.40 HYBRID GIRDERS ......................................... 312 10.40.1 General .................................................. 312 10.40.2 AllowableStresses ......................................... 313 10.40.2.1 Bending ................................................ 313 10.40.2.2 Shear .................................................. 313 10.40.2.3 Fatigue ................................................. 314 ............................... 10.40.3 PlateThickness Requirements 314 ............................. 10.40.4 Bearing Stiffener Requirements 314 ................. 10.41 ORTHOTROPIC-DECKSUPERSTRUCTURES 314 10.41.1 General .................................................. 314 10.41.2 Wheel Load ContactArea .................................. 314 ............................... 10.41.3 Effective Width of Deck Plate 314 10.41.3.1 RibsandBeams .......................................... 314 10.41.3.2 Girders .................................................. 314 10.41.4 AllowableStresses ......................................... 314 ........................ 10.41.4.1 Local BendingStresses in Deck Plate 314 10.41.4.2 Bending Stressesin LongitudinalRibs ........................ 315 ........................ 10.41.4.3 ~ e h d i n ~ Stressesin Transverse Beams 315 ..................... 10.41.4.4 ~ntersections of Ribs, Beams, and Girders 315 10.41.4.5 Thicknessof Plate Elements ................................ 315 ......................... 10.41.4.5.1 LongitudinalRibs and Deck Plate 315 10.41.4.5.2 Girders and TransverseBeams ............................315 ................... 10.41.4.6 MaximumSlenderness of LongitudinalRibs 315 10.41.4.7 Diaphragms ............................................. 315 .................................... 10.41.4.8 Stiffness Requirements 315 10.41.4.8.1 Deflections ........................................... 315 10.41.4.8.2 =brations ............................................ 315 10.41.4.9 Wearingsurface ......................................... 316 10.41.4.10 Closed Ribs ............................................. 316 PART D- STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD LOAD FACTOR DESIGN 10.42 SCOPE .................................................... 316 10.43 LOADS .................................................... 316 10.44 DESIGNTHEORY .......................................... 316 10.45 ASSUMPTIONS ............................................ 316 ................. 10.46 DESIGNSTRESS FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL 316 ................................ 10.47 MAXIMUMDESIGNLOADS 317 10.48 FLEXURALMEMBERS .....................................317
  • 33. xxxiv CONTENTS Division I ......................................... CompactSections 317 ................................ Braced NoncompactSections 318 ............................................... Transitions 318 .................................. Partially Braced Members 319 .............................. TransverselyStiffened Girders 320 ............................. LongitudinallyStiffened Girders 321 Bearingstiffeners .........................................321 ................................................... Shear -321 ........................... SINGLYSYMMETRICSECTIONS 322 .................................................. General 322 ........... Singly SymmetricSectionswith TransverseStiffeners 322 ............. LongitudinallyStiffenedSingly SymmetricSections 322 ................ SinglySymmetricBraced NoncompactSections 323 Partially Braced Members with Singly SymmetricSections .....:323 ..................................... COMPOSITESECTIONS 323 ................................... PositiveMoment Sections 324 ........................................ Compact Sections 324 ..................................... Noncompact Sections 325 .................................. Negative MomentSections 325 ........................................ CompactSections 326 ..................................... Noncompact Sections 326 ................................ COMPOSITE BOX GIRDERS 326 ........................................ .MaximumStrength 326 ....................................... Lateral Distribution 327 Webplates ...............................................327 TensionFlanges ...........................................327 ...................... ............... Compression Flanges ; 327 .............................................. Diaphragms 328 .............................. Design of Flange to Web Welds 328 ..................................... SHEAR CONNECTORS 328 .................................................. General 328 ...................................... Design of Connectors 328 Maximumspacing ........................................328 ......................................... HYBRID GIRDERS 328 ............................... NoncompositeHybrid Sections 329 ........................................ CompactSections 329 ............................... Braced NoncompactSections 329 .................................. Partially Braced Members 329 ................................. Composite HybridSections 329 .................................................... Shear 329 ................................. COMPRESSION MEMBERS 330 AxialLoading ............................................330 ....................................... Maximum Capacity 330 ......................................... Effective Length 330 .......................... Combined Axial Load and Bending 330 ....................................... Maximum Capacity 330 ............................... Equivalent Moment FactorC 331 ........................................ SOLID RIBARCHES 331 ................. MomentAmplificationand AllowableStresses 331 ................................................ Web Plates 331 .............................................. Flange Plates 331 .................... SPLICES, CONNECTIONS,AND DETAILS 331 ............................................... Connectors 331
  • 34. Division I CONTENTS xxxv 10.56.1.1 General ................................................ 331 10.56.1.2 Welds .................................................. 331 10.56.1.3 Bolts and Rivets ......................................... 331 ....................................... 10.56.1.4 Slip-CriticalJoints 333 10.56.2 BoltsSubjected to Prying Action by Connected Parts ........... 333 10.56.3 Rigid Connections .........................................333 ............................................... 10.57 OVERLOAD 333 ..................................... 10.57.1 NoncompositeSections 334 ........................................ 10.57.2 CompositeSections 334 ........................................ 10.57.3 Slip-CriticalJoints 334 10.58 FATIGUE .................................................. 335 .................................................. 10.58.1 General 335 ................................... 10.58.2 Composite Construction ; 335 ....................................... 10.58.2.1 Slab Reinforcement 335 10.58.2.2 Shear Connectors ........................................ 335 10.58.3 Hybrid Beams and Girders ................................. 335 10.59 DEFLECTION ............................................. 335 10,60 ORTHOTROPICSUPERSTRUCTURES ....................... 335 10.61 CONSTRUCTIBILITY ...................................... 336 10.61.1 WebBendBuckling ........................................ 336 10.61.2 Web Shear Buckling ....................................... 336 10.61.3 Lateral-TorsionalBucklingof the CrossSection ................ 336 10.61.4 Compression FlangeLocal Buckling .......................... 336 SECTION 11ALUMINUMDESIGN ................................................. 11.1 GENERAL 337 11.2 BRIDGES ................................................. 337 11.3 SOIL-METALPLATE INTERACTIONSYSTEMS .............. 337 11.4 STRUCTURAL SUPPORTSFOR HIGHWAYSIGNS, LUMINAIRES.AND TRAFFICSIGNALS .............. 337 11.5 BRIDGE RAILING ......................................... 337 SECTION 1243OIL-CORRUGATEDMETALSTRUCTURE INTERACTIONSYSTEMS ................................................. GENERAL 339 Scope .................................................... 339 Notations ................................................ 339 Loads ................................................... 339 Design ................................................... 340 Materials ................................................ 340 SoilDesign ............................................... 340 Soil Parameters .......................................... 340 PipeArch Design ........................................ 340 Arch Design ............................................ 340 ............................ Abrasiveor Corrosive Conditions 341 MinimumSpacing ......................................... 341 End Treatment ............................................ 341 ............................... Construction and Installation 341 .................................... SERVICELOAD DESIGN 341 Wall Area ................................................ 341
  • 35. xxxvi CONTENTS DivisionI Buckling ................................................. 341 ............................................ Seam Strength 341 ........................... Handlingand InstallationStrength 341 .................................... LOAD FACTOR DESIGN 342 WallArea ................................................ 342 ................................................. BucMing 342 ............................................ Seam Strength 342 ........................... Handlingand InstallationStrength 342 ................................ CORRUGATEDMETAL PIPE 342 .................................................. General 342 ......................... ServiceLoad Design-safety factor, SF 342 Load Factor Design-capacity modification factor, + ............ 342 .......................................... Flexibility Factor 343 .................. ...................... MinimumCover ; 343 ............................................ Seam Strength 343 ......................................... SectionProperties 344 ........................................... Steel Conduits 344 AluminumConduits ......................................344 ...................... Chemicaland MechanicalRequirements 345 ........................................ Smooth-Lined Pipe 345 .................................. SPIRAL RIB METAL PIPE 345 .................................................. General 345 ............................................... Soil Design 345 Pipe-ArchDesign ........................................ 345 ........................................ SpecialConditions 345 ............................... Constructionand Installation 345 Design ...................................................345 ......................................... Flexibility Factor 346 ......................................... MinimumCover 346 SectionProperties ......................................... 346 ........................................... Steel Conduits 346 ...................................... AluminumConduits 346 ...................... Chemical and MechanicalRequirements 346 Steel Spiral Rib Pipe and Pipe-Arch Requirements- ..................................... AASHTO M 218 346 AluminumSpiralRib Pipe and Pipe-Arch Requirements- ..................................... AASHTO M 197 346 ................... STRUCTURALPLATE PIPE STRUCTURES 347 .................................................. General 347 ServiceLoad Design-safety factor. SF .......................347 Load Factor Design-capacity modification ............................................ factor. + 347 Flexibility Factor ......................................... 347 MinimumCover ......................................... 347 ............................................ SeamStrength 347 ......................................... Section Properties 347 ........................................... Steel Conduits 347 AluminumConduits ......................................347 ......................... Chemicaland MechanicalProperties 348 AluminumStructural Plate Pipe, Pipe-Arch. and Arch Material .............. Requirements-AASHTO M 219, Alloy 5052 348 Steel Structural Plate Pipe, Pipe-Arch, and Arch Material ......................... Requirements-AASHTO M 167 348