This document analyzes lake level changes in Ethiopia's Main Rift Valley using satellite imagery from 1973-2017. It focuses on lakes in the northern, central, and southern portions of the valley. The study aims to identify which lakes show significant water level changes and quantify the amount of surface area change over time. Results found that many lakes, especially in the central rift, like Ziway, Abiyata, Langano and Shala, showed decreasing water levels. Abiyata declined dramatically, losing about 120 km^2. Lakes in the southern rift, like Abaya and Hawassa, rose while Chamo declined. Lake Beseka in the northern rift increased in size by 37 km^2
The document provides an overview of water supply in Annaba, Algeria. It notes that Annaba faces water scarcity issues despite average annual rainfall of 700mm. Surface water comes from three dams - Cheffia, Mexa, and the ongoing Bougous dam project. Groundwater is supplied by 81 drillings, with overexploitation causing water quality and flow issues in some aquifers. The document also provides background on Annaba's geography, climate, administrative divisions, industries, and water infrastructure projects aimed at improving supply.
Water Supply and Sanitation Management in Annaba: Constraints and Perspectiveslotfi19031966
Water Supply and Sanitation Management in Annaba:
Constraints and Perspectives
lessons learned from: Delegate Management Attributed To German Operator ”GELESENWASSAR”
WEEK 16 & 17 TOPIC 2 PUBLICATION FOR PREDICTING TIDES AND CURRENTS.pptxAlanLeeMoreno
This document discusses publications for predicting tides and currents, including:
1. Tide tables which provide tide level data to help captains adjust docking times.
2. Tide predictions for subordinate stations which are generated using adjustments from a reference station.
3. Publications like tide tables, tide current charts, Reed's Nautical Almanac, and McMillan's Nautical Almanac provide tide and current prediction data for navigation.
4. Computer models now also predict tides and currents using techniques like harmonic analysis of tide records.
Lake Haramaya Groundwater Recharge ReportTena Alamirew
Lake Haramaya dried in 2004. The watersupply for Hararar and its environs continued by driliing serious of deep wells but no one clearly knows what the sustainable yield is. This study provided preliminary estimate of the groundwater recharge. Moreover, the Lake is not dead but sleeping. The information can be used to awaken the lake.
This report estimates that ships equipped with scrubbers will discharge at least 10 gigatonnes of washwater globally per year. About 80% of discharges occur within 200 nautical miles of shore, with hot spots in heavily trafficked areas like the Baltic Sea, North Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and Strait of Malacca. Certain ship types, like container ships, bulk carriers, and oil tankers, account for about 70% of discharges. Countries like Panama, Marshall Islands, and Liberia register many of the ships responsible for around 40% of global scrubber discharges. Significant discharges are also expected in ecologically sensitive areas designated by IMO as Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas.
Our project will study the effects of stream restoration practices, J hook and cross vane, on polluted rivers and streams in the Great Lakes Basin area of Wisconsin. Specifically, we will implement these practices on the Oconto, Peshtigo, and Menominee rivers and study their impact on fish populations like trout. The methodology involves initial studies of water pollution and fish, applying the restoration structures, further evaluation, and a final report. The goal is to better understand how these techniques affect habitats and wildlife in order to inform future conservation efforts.
- Lake Bonneville once expanded to cover over 52,000 km2, reaching as far as Idaho and Nevada, but has since contracted to the smaller Great Salt Lake.
- The study examined changes in lake level, area, volume, and salinity over time for Lake Bonneville and subsequent lakes. It also considered how Lake Bonneville would have impacted a population of 286,440 people if it existed today.
- GIS analysis showed that Lake Bonneville decreased in size through the Stansbury, Provo, Gilbert, and Great Salt Lake stages as salinity increased, demonstrating historic changes in the terminal lake system.
The document describes the geology of the Betics Cordillera mountain range in southern Spain. It discusses the formation of the range through the rifting of Pangaea and the collision of Africa and Iberia. The Betics Cordillera can be divided into External Zones comprising folded sediments from continental rifting, and Internal Zones containing metamorphic rocks from the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary collision. Key features include evaporite deposits from early rifting, ophiolite complexes indicating oceanic crust, and Neogene basins containing evidence of turbidity currents and gypsum deposits recording changing environmental conditions.
The document provides an overview of water supply in Annaba, Algeria. It notes that Annaba faces water scarcity issues despite average annual rainfall of 700mm. Surface water comes from three dams - Cheffia, Mexa, and the ongoing Bougous dam project. Groundwater is supplied by 81 drillings, with overexploitation causing water quality and flow issues in some aquifers. The document also provides background on Annaba's geography, climate, administrative divisions, industries, and water infrastructure projects aimed at improving supply.
Water Supply and Sanitation Management in Annaba: Constraints and Perspectiveslotfi19031966
Water Supply and Sanitation Management in Annaba:
Constraints and Perspectives
lessons learned from: Delegate Management Attributed To German Operator ”GELESENWASSAR”
WEEK 16 & 17 TOPIC 2 PUBLICATION FOR PREDICTING TIDES AND CURRENTS.pptxAlanLeeMoreno
This document discusses publications for predicting tides and currents, including:
1. Tide tables which provide tide level data to help captains adjust docking times.
2. Tide predictions for subordinate stations which are generated using adjustments from a reference station.
3. Publications like tide tables, tide current charts, Reed's Nautical Almanac, and McMillan's Nautical Almanac provide tide and current prediction data for navigation.
4. Computer models now also predict tides and currents using techniques like harmonic analysis of tide records.
Lake Haramaya Groundwater Recharge ReportTena Alamirew
Lake Haramaya dried in 2004. The watersupply for Hararar and its environs continued by driliing serious of deep wells but no one clearly knows what the sustainable yield is. This study provided preliminary estimate of the groundwater recharge. Moreover, the Lake is not dead but sleeping. The information can be used to awaken the lake.
This report estimates that ships equipped with scrubbers will discharge at least 10 gigatonnes of washwater globally per year. About 80% of discharges occur within 200 nautical miles of shore, with hot spots in heavily trafficked areas like the Baltic Sea, North Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and Strait of Malacca. Certain ship types, like container ships, bulk carriers, and oil tankers, account for about 70% of discharges. Countries like Panama, Marshall Islands, and Liberia register many of the ships responsible for around 40% of global scrubber discharges. Significant discharges are also expected in ecologically sensitive areas designated by IMO as Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas.
Our project will study the effects of stream restoration practices, J hook and cross vane, on polluted rivers and streams in the Great Lakes Basin area of Wisconsin. Specifically, we will implement these practices on the Oconto, Peshtigo, and Menominee rivers and study their impact on fish populations like trout. The methodology involves initial studies of water pollution and fish, applying the restoration structures, further evaluation, and a final report. The goal is to better understand how these techniques affect habitats and wildlife in order to inform future conservation efforts.
- Lake Bonneville once expanded to cover over 52,000 km2, reaching as far as Idaho and Nevada, but has since contracted to the smaller Great Salt Lake.
- The study examined changes in lake level, area, volume, and salinity over time for Lake Bonneville and subsequent lakes. It also considered how Lake Bonneville would have impacted a population of 286,440 people if it existed today.
- GIS analysis showed that Lake Bonneville decreased in size through the Stansbury, Provo, Gilbert, and Great Salt Lake stages as salinity increased, demonstrating historic changes in the terminal lake system.
The document describes the geology of the Betics Cordillera mountain range in southern Spain. It discusses the formation of the range through the rifting of Pangaea and the collision of Africa and Iberia. The Betics Cordillera can be divided into External Zones comprising folded sediments from continental rifting, and Internal Zones containing metamorphic rocks from the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary collision. Key features include evaporite deposits from early rifting, ophiolite complexes indicating oceanic crust, and Neogene basins containing evidence of turbidity currents and gypsum deposits recording changing environmental conditions.
Final Report - Updating Groundwater and Salinity Maps_June_22_2016 (2)Stephen Olubunmi Fadeyi
This document provides a final report on updating groundwater level and salinity maps for Abu Dhabi Emirate. It details the objectives, methodology, results and conclusions of a project to measure groundwater levels, electrical conductivity, and extraction rates at over 1,300 wells across the Emirate. Key activities included field measurements, data analysis, and mapping of groundwater levels, salinity, and changes since 2009. Maps and data in the appendices show the results of the fieldwork and analysis.
This document outlines a plan by the NOAA Office of Coast Survey to improve nautical charting in Alaska and the Arctic. It aims to support marine transportation through partnerships to collect geodetic, shoreline, sea level, and hydrographic data. Over 50 new large and medium scale charts are proposed for areas with increased shipping, resource development, tourism, and subsistence activities. Regular updates will incorporate new data to build upon existing charts and coverage in this changing region.
1) The document discusses a science project about the regional park of La Pedriza located in the upper course of the River Manzanares. It covers topics like the relief, climate, landscape, vegetation and fauna of the area.
2) The main rock type in La Pedriza is granite, which was formed millions of years ago during the Hercynian orogeny. The climate is Mediterranean with warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters.
3) Features of the river basin such as the source, confluence, tributaries and mouth are identified and labeled on a map. The upper course of the River Manzanares displays characteristics of erosion like interlocking sp
This document summarizes a study on groundwater drawdown in Harney County, Oregon. It finds that groundwater levels are declining based on water level measurements from wells over time. The majority of wells show long-term downward trends in water levels. Precipitation data also shows a decrease. The county relies heavily on groundwater for agriculture but current water usage may not be sustainable long-term. The study analyzes spatial and temporal groundwater trends to help determine if agricultural practices need to be re-evaluated to sustain groundwater resources and the local economy.
This document provides background information on a study investigating heavy metal concentrations in the Sout River, Groen River, and surrounding plant species in South Africa. The study aims to assess water quality influences on reed species Phragmites australis and investigate heavy metal content in the water. Specific heavy metals analyzed include cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc using Phragmites australis as a bioindicator. Water quality parameters like electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature were also investigated. The results of the study will help determine if heavy metals are problematic in the area and their accumulation in the reed species.
This document analyzes the vertical distribution of groundwater contamination at the Tuba City Disposal Site in Arizona. It finds that while the current groundwater extraction system is effectively recovering contaminants, it may be excessively capturing uncontaminated water at depth. The report conducted aquifer isolation tests at two monitoring wells which found evidence of stratification and isolated contaminant plumes within the aquifer. It recommends further studies using downhole logging and multilevel sampling to better understand contaminant distribution with depth and potentially modify extraction well designs to minimize capture of clean water while still effectively remediating the site.
1) The Aswan High Dam was built in Egypt in the 1960s to control flooding of the Nile River and enable irrigation and hydroelectric power generation. It is an embankment dam that is 111m tall and creates Lake Nasser, holding 132 cubic km of water.
2) Sedimentation in the reservoir is a major issue, with the dam trapping between 80-98% of sediments carried by the Nile. This reduces sediments flowing to the Nile delta and causes problems like coastal erosion.
3) To prolong the economic life of the dam, various sediment management techniques can be used such as altering dam operations to sluice sediments through during high flow periods, dredging sediments
This document discusses predictive habitat modelling of wetland habitats in the Ebro Delta using GIS. It aims to analyze how riverine and marine influences, as well as human alterations like roads and channels, affect habitat distribution. The key variables found to explain habitat occurrence were elevation (for higher-elevation habitats like marshes and rice fields) and distance to the coast (for lower-elevation coastal habitats). While the model predictions matched some habitat maps, other habitats showed mismatches likely due to changes from human development restricting their distribution. The results provide a first step toward modelling habitat distribution in the complex, human-altered landscape of the Ebro Delta.
Diseño de planta de tratamiento lagunas anae facul madur (1)GUEVARABERNARDOARIAN
This document presents the design of a wastewater treatment plant for the town of Urubamba in Cusco, Peru. It begins with an introduction describing the need for the plant to treat wastewater entering the Vilcanota River. It then provides background details on the town, including population, climate, economy and hydrology. Future population projections estimate the population will reach 29,309 people by 2041. Preliminary wastewater flow calculations are shown based on this projection. The design of the pretreatment stage, including calculations for a grit chamber, is then presented.
Cambodia Groundwater Irrigation - Exec SummaryMichael Roberts
This document summarizes a thesis on the physical and socioeconomic impacts of groundwater irrigation in Cambodia's Mekong Delta region. Physical investigations found that increased pumping is lowering the water table and could lead to saltwater contamination if not managed properly. Socioeconomic studies show groundwater irrigation benefits wealthy farmers most and may harm poorer communities as water tables decline. The author recommends controlling groundwater use, preparing for lower water tables, and further monitoring and research.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document summarizes a hydrologic report on flooding and sedimentation in the Magasawang Tubig and Bucayao River Basins in Oriental Mindoro, Philippines. It describes the area, stream types and geometry, flow regimes, sedimentation and flooding problems, and identifies mitigation measures. Key findings include extensive sediment deposition from upstream rivers loosening after a 1994 earthquake, flood flows bifurcating from one river to another, and recommendations for comprehensive basin studies and erosion control.
1. The document discusses river landscapes and processes such as meanders, flood plains, and flooding. It includes diagrams of river features and flooding case studies.
2. Flood plains are formed through hydraulic power and erosion of the outside bend of river meanders. Meanders also migrate downstream over time. When the river floods, silt and sand are deposited building up the flood plain.
3. Flooding can have severe effects if water cannot drain back into river channels due to high levees that are formed by sediment deposition during repeated floods.
1) The interaction between saltwater and freshwater in coastal aquifers is influenced by density differences, creating an invisible interface.
2) Excessive pumping of groundwater can cause seawater to move inland, deteriorating water quality in coastal aquifers.
3) The Ghyben-Herzberg relation is a fundamental model for describing saline intrusion and can be used to calculate the position of the freshwater-saltwater interface.
FucueE 1013 Pattern of tcour and deposition within canyons .pdfkiraan007
FucueE 10.13 Pattern of tcour and deposition within canyons of Big Thompson and North Fork.
Big Thampson rivers. Floedway is about 200 in wide with grastats of 24 percent ishroba et al,
1979 . 19. The heavist peecipitation from this fload secured enough time. The river determines
how much time is between 1930 and 2040 hours MDT at Glen Comfort and "enough"; it may be a
few years, a few decades, or a 1930 and 2200 hours at Clen Haven. There was lute oppor. few
centuries. But over time, rivers will occupy and turity to wam anyone. Uie this intormation with the
other modify their floodplains. information in this exercise to prepare two paragraphs, one On a
shorter tiene period, floods will cover parts apguing for and the other againet parchave of a
waterfront of the tiver valley. How much gets covered is deterlot for a houne in one of the miny
river valleys er canyons mined by how big the floods are. similar to Big Thompson along the Front
Range of the Fockies. Uae a aeparate sheet is paper for your anwwer. QUESTIONS (10, PART D)
Refer to Figure 2.10 in Chapter 2 . Blooningted, Indiana. 1. Sketh a toposraphic profile of the
valley of Griffy Creck. Meandering Rivers and Identification of Flood Township 16 in the East.
Mark the floodplain oe the profile Plains on Topographic Maps The first step in avoiding flood
hazards is to avoid building in rivers. Some geoscientists suggest that the area known as the food
plain should instead jast be 2. Is the Drive-in Theater (Southwest of the dami) in a floodcalled part
of the river. The implication of this is important. Food plains are natural parts of river syotems that
do not happen to be covered by water alf of the time. When flood plains are covered by watec,
however, the damage to unprepared (and in some 3. E Payne Cemetery (east-central part of the
mapy in a cases even prepared) people and communities can be disastrous. In this part of the
exescise we are going to use several diffenent topographic maps in the colored plates section of
the book, and identify differtent flood plains on the maps. First, refer to Figure 10.14, which is a
sketch of typical topographic features seen along a flood plain. Note on this figure that natural
rivens meander (bend) a lot. The floodplain is the topograptically low area adjacent to the river.
Although when we look at a river it may appeat to have a permanent charnel, meandering rivers
will change their channels and erode and redeposit over their entire floodplain, givem.
Final River Fushoge Catchment Report Rev 1Seán Bolton
This report investigates the River Fushoge catchment area in County Laois, Ireland. It examines precipitation and recharge analysis, flood flow estimates, flood level modeling using HEC-RAS software, surface water quality, groundwater conditions including proposed well sites, and assimilative capacity for wastewater. Various calculations, figures, tables and maps are included relating to catchment geology, river conditions, and modeling outputs. The investigation focuses on a downstream section of the river near a proposed development site requiring water and wastewater infrastructure.
Novel Analysis of Mono Basin using ArcGISSachin Mehta
The document summarizes geological investigations of the Mono Basin and surrounding area using ArcGIS. It describes three main tasks: 1) investigating correlations between faults and springs; 2) charting shoreline development over time; and 3) using hyperspectral imaging to study the Mono Craters. ArcGIS was used to map faults, springs, and shorelines to analyze their relationships and identify potential geothermal sites. Hyperspectral data from the AVIRIS sensor was analyzed to identify mineral compositions and study the Mono Craters.
This document summarizes a study of water quality and chemistry in a pond and wetland system on Railroad Branch in Vermont. Samples were taken from 7 sites, including the inlet and outlet of the pond, under various hydrologic conditions. Laboratory analysis found fluctuations in temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and cation concentrations between sites. Results showed the wetland was able to regulate cation flow between the inlet and outlet. Organic constituents in the pond/wetland also appeared to influence acidity. The data provides insight into the biochemistry of the area and establishes a baseline for further study.
The document proposes enhancing the Blackwater crossing of the River Medina in the UK. Recent restoration efforts on the river have had some successes but also failures. The proposal suggests improvements like adding reed beds, wall coverings, and artificial riffles to improve habitat diversity and aesthetics. Considerations for the design include withstanding high flows and securing vegetation properly.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Final Report - Updating Groundwater and Salinity Maps_June_22_2016 (2)Stephen Olubunmi Fadeyi
This document provides a final report on updating groundwater level and salinity maps for Abu Dhabi Emirate. It details the objectives, methodology, results and conclusions of a project to measure groundwater levels, electrical conductivity, and extraction rates at over 1,300 wells across the Emirate. Key activities included field measurements, data analysis, and mapping of groundwater levels, salinity, and changes since 2009. Maps and data in the appendices show the results of the fieldwork and analysis.
This document outlines a plan by the NOAA Office of Coast Survey to improve nautical charting in Alaska and the Arctic. It aims to support marine transportation through partnerships to collect geodetic, shoreline, sea level, and hydrographic data. Over 50 new large and medium scale charts are proposed for areas with increased shipping, resource development, tourism, and subsistence activities. Regular updates will incorporate new data to build upon existing charts and coverage in this changing region.
1) The document discusses a science project about the regional park of La Pedriza located in the upper course of the River Manzanares. It covers topics like the relief, climate, landscape, vegetation and fauna of the area.
2) The main rock type in La Pedriza is granite, which was formed millions of years ago during the Hercynian orogeny. The climate is Mediterranean with warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters.
3) Features of the river basin such as the source, confluence, tributaries and mouth are identified and labeled on a map. The upper course of the River Manzanares displays characteristics of erosion like interlocking sp
This document summarizes a study on groundwater drawdown in Harney County, Oregon. It finds that groundwater levels are declining based on water level measurements from wells over time. The majority of wells show long-term downward trends in water levels. Precipitation data also shows a decrease. The county relies heavily on groundwater for agriculture but current water usage may not be sustainable long-term. The study analyzes spatial and temporal groundwater trends to help determine if agricultural practices need to be re-evaluated to sustain groundwater resources and the local economy.
This document provides background information on a study investigating heavy metal concentrations in the Sout River, Groen River, and surrounding plant species in South Africa. The study aims to assess water quality influences on reed species Phragmites australis and investigate heavy metal content in the water. Specific heavy metals analyzed include cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc using Phragmites australis as a bioindicator. Water quality parameters like electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature were also investigated. The results of the study will help determine if heavy metals are problematic in the area and their accumulation in the reed species.
This document analyzes the vertical distribution of groundwater contamination at the Tuba City Disposal Site in Arizona. It finds that while the current groundwater extraction system is effectively recovering contaminants, it may be excessively capturing uncontaminated water at depth. The report conducted aquifer isolation tests at two monitoring wells which found evidence of stratification and isolated contaminant plumes within the aquifer. It recommends further studies using downhole logging and multilevel sampling to better understand contaminant distribution with depth and potentially modify extraction well designs to minimize capture of clean water while still effectively remediating the site.
1) The Aswan High Dam was built in Egypt in the 1960s to control flooding of the Nile River and enable irrigation and hydroelectric power generation. It is an embankment dam that is 111m tall and creates Lake Nasser, holding 132 cubic km of water.
2) Sedimentation in the reservoir is a major issue, with the dam trapping between 80-98% of sediments carried by the Nile. This reduces sediments flowing to the Nile delta and causes problems like coastal erosion.
3) To prolong the economic life of the dam, various sediment management techniques can be used such as altering dam operations to sluice sediments through during high flow periods, dredging sediments
This document discusses predictive habitat modelling of wetland habitats in the Ebro Delta using GIS. It aims to analyze how riverine and marine influences, as well as human alterations like roads and channels, affect habitat distribution. The key variables found to explain habitat occurrence were elevation (for higher-elevation habitats like marshes and rice fields) and distance to the coast (for lower-elevation coastal habitats). While the model predictions matched some habitat maps, other habitats showed mismatches likely due to changes from human development restricting their distribution. The results provide a first step toward modelling habitat distribution in the complex, human-altered landscape of the Ebro Delta.
Diseño de planta de tratamiento lagunas anae facul madur (1)GUEVARABERNARDOARIAN
This document presents the design of a wastewater treatment plant for the town of Urubamba in Cusco, Peru. It begins with an introduction describing the need for the plant to treat wastewater entering the Vilcanota River. It then provides background details on the town, including population, climate, economy and hydrology. Future population projections estimate the population will reach 29,309 people by 2041. Preliminary wastewater flow calculations are shown based on this projection. The design of the pretreatment stage, including calculations for a grit chamber, is then presented.
Cambodia Groundwater Irrigation - Exec SummaryMichael Roberts
This document summarizes a thesis on the physical and socioeconomic impacts of groundwater irrigation in Cambodia's Mekong Delta region. Physical investigations found that increased pumping is lowering the water table and could lead to saltwater contamination if not managed properly. Socioeconomic studies show groundwater irrigation benefits wealthy farmers most and may harm poorer communities as water tables decline. The author recommends controlling groundwater use, preparing for lower water tables, and further monitoring and research.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document summarizes a hydrologic report on flooding and sedimentation in the Magasawang Tubig and Bucayao River Basins in Oriental Mindoro, Philippines. It describes the area, stream types and geometry, flow regimes, sedimentation and flooding problems, and identifies mitigation measures. Key findings include extensive sediment deposition from upstream rivers loosening after a 1994 earthquake, flood flows bifurcating from one river to another, and recommendations for comprehensive basin studies and erosion control.
1. The document discusses river landscapes and processes such as meanders, flood plains, and flooding. It includes diagrams of river features and flooding case studies.
2. Flood plains are formed through hydraulic power and erosion of the outside bend of river meanders. Meanders also migrate downstream over time. When the river floods, silt and sand are deposited building up the flood plain.
3. Flooding can have severe effects if water cannot drain back into river channels due to high levees that are formed by sediment deposition during repeated floods.
1) The interaction between saltwater and freshwater in coastal aquifers is influenced by density differences, creating an invisible interface.
2) Excessive pumping of groundwater can cause seawater to move inland, deteriorating water quality in coastal aquifers.
3) The Ghyben-Herzberg relation is a fundamental model for describing saline intrusion and can be used to calculate the position of the freshwater-saltwater interface.
FucueE 1013 Pattern of tcour and deposition within canyons .pdfkiraan007
FucueE 10.13 Pattern of tcour and deposition within canyons of Big Thompson and North Fork.
Big Thampson rivers. Floedway is about 200 in wide with grastats of 24 percent ishroba et al,
1979 . 19. The heavist peecipitation from this fload secured enough time. The river determines
how much time is between 1930 and 2040 hours MDT at Glen Comfort and "enough"; it may be a
few years, a few decades, or a 1930 and 2200 hours at Clen Haven. There was lute oppor. few
centuries. But over time, rivers will occupy and turity to wam anyone. Uie this intormation with the
other modify their floodplains. information in this exercise to prepare two paragraphs, one On a
shorter tiene period, floods will cover parts apguing for and the other againet parchave of a
waterfront of the tiver valley. How much gets covered is deterlot for a houne in one of the miny
river valleys er canyons mined by how big the floods are. similar to Big Thompson along the Front
Range of the Fockies. Uae a aeparate sheet is paper for your anwwer. QUESTIONS (10, PART D)
Refer to Figure 2.10 in Chapter 2 . Blooningted, Indiana. 1. Sketh a toposraphic profile of the
valley of Griffy Creck. Meandering Rivers and Identification of Flood Township 16 in the East.
Mark the floodplain oe the profile Plains on Topographic Maps The first step in avoiding flood
hazards is to avoid building in rivers. Some geoscientists suggest that the area known as the food
plain should instead jast be 2. Is the Drive-in Theater (Southwest of the dami) in a floodcalled part
of the river. The implication of this is important. Food plains are natural parts of river syotems that
do not happen to be covered by water alf of the time. When flood plains are covered by watec,
however, the damage to unprepared (and in some 3. E Payne Cemetery (east-central part of the
mapy in a cases even prepared) people and communities can be disastrous. In this part of the
exescise we are going to use several diffenent topographic maps in the colored plates section of
the book, and identify differtent flood plains on the maps. First, refer to Figure 10.14, which is a
sketch of typical topographic features seen along a flood plain. Note on this figure that natural
rivens meander (bend) a lot. The floodplain is the topograptically low area adjacent to the river.
Although when we look at a river it may appeat to have a permanent charnel, meandering rivers
will change their channels and erode and redeposit over their entire floodplain, givem.
Final River Fushoge Catchment Report Rev 1Seán Bolton
This report investigates the River Fushoge catchment area in County Laois, Ireland. It examines precipitation and recharge analysis, flood flow estimates, flood level modeling using HEC-RAS software, surface water quality, groundwater conditions including proposed well sites, and assimilative capacity for wastewater. Various calculations, figures, tables and maps are included relating to catchment geology, river conditions, and modeling outputs. The investigation focuses on a downstream section of the river near a proposed development site requiring water and wastewater infrastructure.
Novel Analysis of Mono Basin using ArcGISSachin Mehta
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1. Lake level change in the main Ethiopian rift valley using multi-temporal imageries
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF NATURAL SCIENCE
GRADUATE STUDIES UNDER SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENS
Stream: Remote sensing and Geoinformatics
Lake level change in the main Ethiopian rift valley using multi-temporal
satellite imageries
By: Tewabe Melka
ID:GSR/ 6217/10
SUBMITED TO: Dr.Bekele Abebe
2. Lake level change in the main Ethiopian rift valley using multi-temporal imageries
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Abstract
The Main Ethiopian Rift Valley lakes suffer from water level change due to several natural and
anthropogenic factors. These fluctuations are disturbing the stability of the ecosystems, putting very
serious impacts on the lives of many animals and plants around the lakes. Hence, studying the
hydrodynamics of the lakes was found to be very essential. The main purpose of this study is to
know which lakes show significant water level change and quantify tha amount of surface area change
fom year to year.The research methodology is based on multi-temporal satellite image analysis using
15 year interval .The data taken at dray season to avoide the effect of high recharge efect.The results of
the study revealed that much of the rift valley lakes show decreasing water level. especially lakes
in the Central Ethiopian Rift, Lake Ziway , Abiyata, Langano and shalla are declining . Among them
Abiyata is drastically reduced in size (about 120 km 2
from 1973-2017). In the southern Rift ,lake
Abaya and Hawassa are rising ,while lake chamo is declining .However lake hawasa show increasing
trend from 1973-1989 but now it become decreasing.Lakes in awash river basin , lake Beseka ,which is
under concideration in this study showes significant water level change in an increasing trend .It increase
a size of 37km2
from 1973-2017.
3. Lake level change in the main Ethiopian rift valley using multi-temporal imageries
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Table of Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.1 Background..................................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Importance of the study..............................................................................................................................1
1.3 Objectives..........................................................................................................................................................2
1.3.1 Main objective…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2
1.3.2 Specific objective …………………………………………………………………………………………………………2
2. Approach and Methodology ...................................................................................................................................2
2.1. Data Collection.................................................................................................................................................2
2.2. Preprocessing...................................................................................................................................................3
3. General overview of the study area........................................................................................................................3
3.1 General..............................................................................................................................................................3
3.2 Geological and geomorphological characterizations........................................................................................5
3.3 Climate of the rift valley basin ..........................................................................................................................6
3.4 General hydrology of the lakes under consideration........................................................................................7
4. Data analysis and presentation...............................................................................................................................8
4.1 Northern rift valley lake ...................................................................................................................................8
4.1.1 Lake Beseka………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….8
4.2 Central rift valley lakes....................................................................................................................................10
4.2.1 Lake Ziway…………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………..10
4.2 .2 Lake Abiyata……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11
4.2. 3 Lake Langno……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11
4.2. 4 Lake Shala…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..11
4.3 Southern rift valley lakes.................................................................................................................................16
4.3.1 Lake Hawassa……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….16
4. Lake level change in the main Ethiopian rift valley using multi-temporal imageries
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-
4.3.2 Lake Abaya…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17
4.3.3 Lake Chamo………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….17
5.Counclusion and Recommendation .......................................................................................................................24
5.1 Conclusions......................................................................................................................................................24
5.2 Recommendations ..........................................................................................................................................24
Reference ..............................................................................................................................................................25
List of Tables
Table 1. Specifications of the data used for analysis…………………………………………………………..2
Table 2. Lake lavel changes for Lakes Beseka in square kilometers (km2
……………………………..10
Table 3. Lake lavel changes for Lakes Ziway ,Abjata, Langano and Shala in square kilometers ..15
Table 4. Lake lavel changes for Lakes Hawasa, Abaya and Chamo in square kilometers (km2
)…22
List of Figures
Figure 1 :location map of the study area..............................................................................................4
Figure 2 :Tmporal image of lake Beseka ................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 3: Map shows lake lavel change on lake Beseka........................................................................9
Figure 4. Graph Lake Beseka water level changes in square kilometers..........................................10
Figure 5 :Tmporal image of lake Ziway ...............................................................................................12
Figure 6: Map shows lake lavel change on Ziway Lake.......................................................................13
Figure 7 :Temporal image of lake Abijata,Langano and Shala...........................................................14
Figure 8 :map shows lake level change on lake Abijata,Langano and Shala....................................14
Figure 9 : Graph shows Lake Ziway water level changes in square kilometers.................................15
Figure 10: Graph shows Lake Abijata, Langano and Shala water level changes in square kilometers
.............................................................................................................................................................16
Figure 11:Temporal image of lake Hwasa..........................................................................................18
Figure 12: Map shows lake lavel change on lake Hwasa ....................................................................18
5. Lake level change in the main Ethiopian rift valley using multi-temporal imageries
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-
Figure 13 :Temporal image of lake Abaya...........................................................................................19
Figure 14: Map shows lake lavel change on lake Abaya.....................................................................20
Figure 15:Temporal image of lake Chamo..........................................................................................21
Figure 16: Map shows lake lavel change on lake Chamo ...................................................................21
Figure 17. Graph shows Lake Hawasa water level changes in square kilometers............................22
Figure 18. Graph shows Lake Abaya water level changes in square kilometers ..............................23
Figure 17:Graph shows Lake chamo water level change in square kilometers.................................23
Figure19: Graph shows the total water level change in square kilometers from 1973-2017............23
6. Lake level change in the main Ethiopian rift valley using multi-temporal imageries
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INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
A lake is a large, in land body of standing water that occupies a depression in the land surface. Lakes and
lake shores are attractive places to live and play. Clean, sparkling water, abundant wildlife, beautiful
scenery, aquatic recreation and fresh breezes all come to our mind when we think of going to the lake.
Despite their great value, lakes are fragile and ephemeral (Thompson et al., 2005)
The water-level of a lake changes seasonally and fluctuates annually due to the difference of seasonal or
yearly precipitation and evaporation (Kinshiro, 1974). The levels and sizes of lakes are governed by
many natural and anthropogenic factors. Climatic, hydrological and man induced factors control lake
levels change in many ways. Changes in lake levels result from a shift in the water balance or the net
steady-state removal of water via various surface and subsurface processes. In particular, closed terminal
lakes fluctuate significantly in response to climatic changes but tend to maintain equilibrium between
input and output (Tenalem Ayenew, 2002)
Remote sensing imageries have been widely used to detect changes occurred on water-level of a lakes or
any other feature ,that is caused by either due to natural factors or anthropic factors. Change detection,
defined by as “the process of identifying differences in the state of an object or phenomenon by
observing it at different times”, essentially comprises the quantification of temporal phenomena from
multi-date imagery acquired by satellite based multi-spectral sensors. It identified by as the process
involving the application of multi-temporal datasets to quantitatively analyze the temporal change of the
phenomenon. Hence, change detection can be generalized as a means of identification, recognition and
quantification of temporal differences of the same features or phenomenon occupying a well-defined
spatial extent.
1.2 Importance of the study
The size and level of lakes are changing due to the influence of many natural and anthropogenic factors.
Climatic changes such as decreasing trend of precipitation in the highlands and increasing of temperature
(and hence increasing of rate of evaporation) are the most important factors that cause a decline in the
size and level of the Ethiopian Rift Valley Lakes (Tenalem Ayenew, 2002).These anthropogenic and
hydro-climatic changes cause a grave consequence on the easily fragile ecosystem and affect the lives of
many animals and plants in the area. This in turn hinders the tourism of the country. Therefore, it is
extremely essential to identify the most important factors that cause the decline in the level and size of
7. Lake level change in the main Ethiopian rift valley using multi-temporal imageries
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lakes so as to propose some appropriate water resource management measures and practice them towards
the protection of the lakes.
1.3 Objectives
1.3.1 Main objective
The main objective of this research project is to assesses and detect temporal lake level changes in the
most common Ethiopian rift valley lakes using multi-temporal satellite imageries
1.3.2 Specific objective
Digitize and determine the areal extent of selected lakes using satellite images, acquired at
different time interval
Compare and contrast the variation of its area from time to time on each lake
Identify which lake show significant level change and its trend
2. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
2.1. Data Collection
In order to reach at the final aim of the study, I used four Landsat image with fifty (15) year interval
starting from 1973 up 2017 . The data is obtained from US Geological survey (USGS). All the data is
taken at dray season to reduce the effect of recharge. The table bellow tells clear information about the
data of acquisition.
Table 1. Specifications of the data used for analysis
Year Satellite Sensor Date of acquisitionPath Row
1973
Landsat 1-3 MSS
168 54 Mrch-03
168 55 Jounary-12
168 56 Faubrary-17
1989 Land sat(4&5) TM
168 54 Jounary-01
168 55 Faubrary-14
168 56 Jounary-17
2003
Land sat( 4,5 and 7) TM &
ETM+
168 54 January -12
168 55 January -12
168 56 Faburary-04
169 55 Jounary-17
8. Lake level change in the main Ethiopian rift valley using multi-temporal imageries
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169 56 March-02
2017 Land sat 8
OLI – TRIS
168 54 January -01
168 55 January -10
168 56 Faubrary-11
169 55 Faubrary-17
169 56 January -01
2.2. Preprocessing
The collected image data then geometrically corrected and referenced to UTM 37N coordinate system
(WGS 84 datum and Spheroid). Furthermore the band combination is adjusted in such a way the feature
/water/is clearly extracted. By zooming in the images and then digitizing their boundaries (perimeters),
shape files for each lake corresponding to each year were created. . The areas of the lakes for each year
were then obtained by calculating the areas of the corresponding shape files using the ArcGIS and
ERDAS IMAGINE software
3. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY AREA
3.1 General
The study area covers a total area of 35857.139719 km2
and lies between 05°30´N and 09°45´N latitude
and 37°00´E and 40°00´E longitude (Figure1).
The Ethiopian Rift Valley is part of the Great East African Rift which is the largest, longest and most
conspicuous feature of its kind on earth, stretching for nearly 5,600km from the Red Sea into the mouth
of the Zambezi River in Mozambique. The elevation, width and tectonic setting of the Ethiopian Rift
Valley are extremely variable. The interesting feature of the northern and central sectors is the existence
of open and closed lakes situated within large depressions. The major lakes are located within the central
Main Ethiopian Rift with relatively higher elevations as compared to Afar and Chew Bahir Rift
bordering Kenya. These lakes occupy an enclave of internal drainage basins separating the tributaries of
the Nile and Wabishebele River Basins (Tenalem Ayenew, 2009).
9. Lake level change in the main Ethiopian rift valley using multi-temporal imageries
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Figure1: location of the study area
The Rift Valley of Southern Ethiopia runs NNE from the Kenya frontier of 600Km to the Koka Dam on
the Awash River where the rift begins to open out into the Afar and Danakil depressions (Grove et al.,
1975). The most important rift valley lakes is located on the floor of the Rift valley and encompasses
three major water basins from NE to SW (Tamiru Alemayehu et al., 2004 cited in Huib et al., 2006):
Northern rift basin /the Awash basin/ Koka, Beseka, Gemari, and Abe are most important one.
Central Ethiopian Rift (CER) valley Ziway, Langano, Abyata and Shala lakes are the most
important ones.
Southern rift basin Hawassa, Abaya, Chamo and Chew-Bahir are the third most important
lakes.
10. Lake level change in the main Ethiopian rift valley using multi-temporal imageries
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These three basins are not connected by surface water, but it is suggested that they may be connected by
underground faults running in NE-SW direction (Tenalem Ayenew, 2004). However, the hydrogeology
of the three main water basins in the Rift valley is highly complex and the spatial dynamics of
groundwater resources are poorly understood.
3.2 Geological and geomorphologic characterizations
During the beginning of the Cenozoic Era, Eastern Africa was deluged under molten lava and thick beds
of explosive rocks with intense tectonic activity that initiated the formation of the rift valley. The
Ethiopian Rift is created by volcanic and faulting activity that formed various volcano-tectonic
depressions in the floor of the rift, which later became lakes. The Ethiopian Rift is part of the Great East
African Rift Valley, also called the Afro-Arabian rift, which extends from Jordan in the Middle East,
through Eastern Africa to Mozambique in Southern Africa. It also extends from the Kenyan border up to
the Red Sea and divides the Ethiopian highlands into a western and eastern halve. The wide areas buried
under volcanic materials, the thickness and variety of the rock sequences and the prolonged duration of
the eruptions make East Africa one of the world most remarkable volcanic regions. Without composite
volcanic centers made largely of lava, there would have been no mountains and crater lakes and without
faulting, there would have been no imposing escarpment gorges, canyons and extended rift valley floor
occupied by a series of lakes (Tenalem Ayenew, 2009).
The lakes occupy the rift floor, and are bounded to the east and west by escarpments and high elevation
plateau formed by Cenozoic volcanotectonic processes. Most of the flat rift plains around the lakes are
covered with thick lacustrine sediments and volcanoclastic Quaternary deposits with scattered volcanic
centers (Barbieri et al., 1975; Zanettin et al., 1980 cited Tenalem Ayenew, 2004).
The Rift Valley floor is covered by Quaternary sediments and volcanics, the slopes and the highlands are
predominantly composed of Tertiary basalts, locally subordinated by Precambrian basement (Mohr, 1961
cited in Susanne, 2004). Most of the flat rift plains around the lakes are covered with thick lacustrine
sediments and volcanoclastic Quaternary deposits with scattered volcanic centers (Barbieri et al., 1975;
Zanettin et al., 1980 cited in Tenalem Ayenew, 2004).
The rift is distinctly separated from the plateau by a series of normal step faults oriented parallel to the
north north-eastern and south south-eastern trending rift axis. A persistent belt of intense and fresh
faulting marks the floor of the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER). Numerous geothermal manifestations and
11. Lake level change in the main Ethiopian rift valley using multi-temporal imageries
Page 6
caldera volcanoes characterize this active region. Volcanism has persisted up to the present day in the
Afar within small eruptive centers (Baker and Wohlenberg, 1971 cited in Tenalem Ayenew, 2004).
There are also frequent earthquakes all over the Ethiopian Rift; the epicenters are almost exclusively
related to the major rift structures.
The Ethiopian Rift valley has highly variable elevation, width and tectonic setting. Very interesting
feature of the northern and central sectors is the existence of open and closed lakes situated within the
large depressions. We find the major lakes in the central Main Ethiopian Rift with relatively higher
elevations as compared to the Afar and Chew Bahir Rift bordering Kenya.
3.3 Climate of the rift valley basin
Lakes in the Ethiopian Rift are sensitive indicators of Late Quaternaryclimates (Grove et al.,
1975). The strong topographic characteristics control the expected tropical climate, soil, natural
vegetation and as a result the population distribution. The lakes of the Ethiopian Rift experience a
wide range of climate, stressed by the annual north-south movements of inter- and sub-tropical
frontal zones across the country.The climate is humid to subhumid in the highlands and semiarid in
the rift valley with distinct wet and dry seasons (Daniel Gemechu, 1977 cited in Tenalem
Ayenew, 2009).
Rainfall in Ethiopia is erratic and subject to large spatial variability, which is largely determined
by altitude. Areas above 2500 m may receive 1400-1800 mm y-1, mid-altitude regions (600-2500 m)
may receive 1000-1400 mm per year, and coastal lowlands generally receive less than 200 mm per
year (Huib and Herco, 2006). The rainfall pattern is largely influenced by the annual oscillation of
the inter-tropical convergence zone, which results in warm, wet summers and dry, cold and windy
winters (Huib and Herco, 2006). The average annual rainfall ranges from 1150 mm in the
highlands to 650 mm in the rift floor (Tenalem Ayenew, 1998). There is no clear trend (increase or
decrease) in rainfall characteristics in the rift valley region during the last 40 years (Tamiru
Alemayehu et al., 2006 cited in Huib and Herco, 2006).
The main rainy season is between June and September and the dryseason lasts from October
to February. The main rainy season accountsfor 70-90% of the total annual rainfall in the
basin. Minor rain events,originating from moist south-easterly winds, occur between March
and May. Due to their nature, these rainfall events are more pronounced in the highlands (Huib and
Herco, 2006) .The adjacent highlands experience higher rainfall and lower evaporation. During
the wet season between June and September, north-westerly monsoon wind bring dry air from
Arabia which results in limited rainfall in few areas near the Red Sea coast and Danakil
12. Lake level change in the main Ethiopian rift valley using multi-temporal imageries
Page 7
depression (Tenalem Ayenew, 2009). The highland rainfall is the ultimate source of
replenishment of the rift lakes in the form of groundwater, river discharge and overland flow
(Tenalem Ayenew, 2009). The prevailing temperatures largely depend on altitude. The mean
annual temperature is around 15°C in the highlands and 20°C in the rift valley (Huib and
Herco, 2006).
Most of the rainfall in the CER is intercepted by the highlands. Open water evaporation (lake
evaporation) is in the order of 1800-2000 mm per year (Dagnachew Legesse, 2004; Tenalem
Ayenew, 2003 cited in Huib and Herco, 2006). Actual evapotranspiration depends on the
landuse and availability of water and varies between 700 and 900 mm per year (Tenalem
Ayenew, 2003 cited in Huib and Herco, 2006).
3.4 General hydrology of the lakes under consideration
The East African Rift lakes are bordered to the east and west by large altitude highlands
where the major tributary feeder rivers originate. The rift consisting of large lakes starts in
the neighborhood of Lake Abhe and extends some 1000km to the south into northern Kenya
(Mohr, 1962 cited in Tenalem Ayenew, 2009)
Many of the studied lakes are located within a closed basin fed by perennial rivers. The
major rivers are Meki-Katar and Bilate, which feed Lakes Ziway and Abaya respectively. The
Meki River discharges the runoff from the plateau west of Lake Ziway and the Ketar River
discharges the water from the eastern and south-eastern plateaus. The catchments of these two
rivers cover 5610 km2 (Dagnachew Legesse et al., 2004 cited in Huib and Herco, 2006). Lakes
Abaya and Chamo are seasonally connected by an overflow channel, Langano and Abiyata by
the Horakelo River, Ziway and Abiyata by the Bulbula River. Lake Chamo is fed by Sille
and Kulfo Rivers. It outflows to the Chew Bahir during extreme wet seasons via Metenfesha
(Tenalem Ayenew, 2009). Abiyata and Hawassa are terminal lakes without surface water
outlets.Lake Hawassa is connected to a wide swampy area and the small lake Cheleleka
through the Tikur Wuha River. A major part of the water inflow of Lake Abyata originates
from Lake Ziway through the Bulbula River,Hence both lakes are hydrologically connected.
Considerably less water is discharged from Lake Langano to Lake Abiyata through the
Horakelo River. Lake Abyata is the terminal lake of the catchment (CER), from where the
water evaporates.
13. Lake level change in the main Ethiopian rift valley using multi-temporal imageries
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4. DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION
4.1 Northern Rift valley lakes
4.1.1 Lake Beseka
Lake Beseka, which is located in the northern main Ethiopian rift valley region near to Methara
Town, is one of drastically rising or expanding lake in Ethiopia. In 1960’s and around the lake
level was insignificant compared to current status. Now the lake level covers an area above 50 km2
.
During the 1973’s the lake level is estimated to be 14 km and then with the next five ten year the level
of the lake is increase by 37km2.
More over maps, tables and figures below, present the overall
conditions about the given lake.
Figure 2: Temporal image of Lake Beseka
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Figure 3: Map shows lake lavel change on lake Beseka
15. Lake level change in the main Ethiopian rift valley using multi-temporal imageries
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Table 2. Lake lavel changes for Lakes Beseka in square kilometers (km2)
Lake
name
Estimated area in km2
at the
time of data aqcuation
Lake lavel change in km2
b/n
sucssive years
Total
change
1973 1989 2003 2017 1973-1989 1989-2003 2003-2017 1973-2017
Beseka 14 33 49 51 +14 +16 +2 +37
Figure 4. Graph Lake Beseka water level changes in square kilometers
4.2 Central Rift valley Lakes
4.2.1 Lake Ziway
Lake ziway, which is located in the central part of main Ethiopian rift valley region, this lake is
actually shows decreasing water level , Even though the amount of change is not a very drastically.
During the 1973’s the lake level is estimated to be 431 km2
and then within five ten year interval the
level of the lake is decreased by 6 km2
and now the surface area of this lake calculated as 425 km2
.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Areakm2
Year
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4.2 .2 Lake Abiyata
Lake Abijata, which is located in the central part of main Ethiopian rift valley region, this lake is
one of drastically shrinking or decreasing lake of the rift valley lakes and also Oromia region lakes
compared to its initial state .
During the 1973’s the lake level is estimated above 200 km2
and then with the next five ten year the
level of the lake is decreased by 120 km2
and now the surface area of this lake calculated as 80 km2
.With this trend this lake will not be there after three and four decades.
4.2. 3 Lake Langno
This lake is also located in the central part of main Ethiopian rift valley region, this lake is actually
shows decreasing water level, Even though the amount of change is not that mach considerable. This
lake can be taken as the stable relative to his friend.
During the 1973’s the lake level is estimated to be 233 km2
and then with the next five decades the level
of the lake is decreased by 4 km2
and now the surface area of this lake calculated as 229 km2
.
4.2. 4 Lake Shala
Lake Shala ,which is also located in the central part of main Ethiopian rift valley region, this lake is
actually shows decreasing water level , relative to Langano this lake shows some change ,even if that is
not very high.
During the 1973’s the lake level is estimated to be 311 km2
and then with the next five decades the level
of the lake is decreased by 9 km2
and now the surface area of this lake calculated as 302 km2
.
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Figure 5 : Tmporal image of Lake Ziway
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Figure 6: Map shows lake lavel change on Ziway Lake.
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Figure 7 :Temporal image of Lake Abijata,Langano and Shala
Figure 8: Map shows lake level change on Lake Abijata,Langano and Shala
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Table 3. Lake lavel changes for Lakes Ziway ,Abjata, Langano and Shala in square kilometers (km2)
Figure 9 : Graph shows Lake Ziway water level changes in square kilometers
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
1973 1989 2003 2017
Areakm2
Year
Lake name
Estimated area in km2
at the
time of data acqusition
Lake lavel change in km2
b/n
sucssive year
Total
change
1973 1989 2003 2017 1973-1989 1989-2003 2003-2017 1973-2017
Ziway 431 426 426 425 -5 0 -1 -6
Abijata 200 154 107 80 -46 -47 -27 -120
Langano 233 232 229 229 -1 -3 0 -4
Shala 311 308 303 302 -3 -5 -1 -9
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Figure 10: Graph shows Lake Abijata, Langano and Shala water level changes in square kilometers
4.3 Southern Rift valley Lakes
4.3.1 Lake Hawassa
Lake Hawasa , this is located in the southern part of main Ethiopian rift valley region, near
a town called Hawassa , it shares the name of this town. This lake shows an increasing in water
level between the first fifty year (i.e1973-1989) and it become more or less constant between
(1989 -2003) and with the recent year it becomes decrease.
During the 1973’s the lake level is estimated to be 90 km2
,then with the next fifity (15) year the
level of the lake increase by 5 km2
and now it decrease by 2 km2
and covers 93 km2
.This lake
also taken as a stable lake similar to lake Langano , relative to the other drastically changed lakes
.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1973 1989 2003 2017
Areakm2
Year
abijata
langano
shalla
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4.3.2 Lake Abaya
Lake Abaya , which is located in the southern part of main Ethiopian rift valley region.
This Lake is the largest lake in the Ethiopian Rift valley lakes. The water level of this lake shows
an increase trend with the study time interval .
During the 1973’s the lake level is estimated to be 1115 km2
, and then with the next five
decades the level of the lake is increased by 9 km2
and now the surface area of this lake
calculated as 1155 km2
.
4.3.3 Lake Chamo
Lake Chomo ,which located in the southern part of main Ethiopian rift valley region, it is
found at the southern end of the other lakes . This lake is shows significance decreasing water
level, basically at the western side of the lake portion.
During the 1973’s the lake level is estimated to be 339 km2
and then with the next five decades
the level of the lake is decreased by 28 km2
and now the surface area of this lake calculated as
311 km2
.
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Figure 11:Temporal image of lake Hwasa
Figure 12: Map shows lake lavel change on lake Hwasa
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Figure 13 :Temporal image of lake Abaya
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Figure 14: Map shows lake lavel change on Lake Abaya
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Figure 15:Temporal image of Lake Chamo
Figure 16: Map shows lake lavel change on Lake Chamo
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Table 4. Lake lavel changes for Lakes Hawasa, Abaya and Chamo in square kilometers (km2)
Lake
name
Estimated area in km2
at the
time of data acqusition
Lake lavel change in km2
b/n
sucssive years
Total
change
1973 1989 2003 2017 1973-1989 1989-2003 2003-2017 1973-2017
Hawasa 90 95 95 93 +5 0 -2 +3
Abaya 1115 1118 1121 1155 +3 +3 +34 +40
Chamo 339 324 306 311 -15 -18 +5 -28
Figure 17. Graph shows Lake Hawasa water level changes in square kilometers
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
1973 1989 2003 2017
Areakm2
year
1090
1100
1110
1120
1130
1140
1150
1160
1973 1989 2003 2017
Areakm2
year
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Figure 18. Graph shows Lake Abaya water level changes in square kilometers
Figure 17:Graph shows Lake chamo water level change in square kilometers
Figure19: Graph shows the total water level change in square kilometers from 1973-2017
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
1973 1989 2003 2017
Areakm2
year
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
Beseka Ziway Abijata Langano Shalla Hawassa Abaya chamo
Areakm2
Lakes
1973-2017
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5. Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusions
The result of the study reveald that Lakes Abiyata, Chamo, Ziway , shalla and Langano are
declining while Beseka ,Abaya and Hawassa are rising. With in the increasing trend lake
hawass is not constant,it increase and then decrease.
Among the studied lakes, Abiyata is drastically reduced in size (about 120 km2
from
1973-2017).The other seriously affected lake is Chamo with about 28 km2
reduction in its
area between 1973-2017.
Lake Abaya was found to be relatively stable and increase during the indicated period (34
km2
increase in its area) . However lake hawassa is not more stable ,it was increase from
1973-1989 and then decline from 2003-2017.
The other increasing lake is Beseka,it increase a total area of 37km2
from 1973-2017.
5.2 Recommendations
A great deal should be done two know the major reason,about the significant water
level change in rift valley lakes,because most of them shows a decreasing trend.
Researchers should be aware the flactuation of water levels behind ,antropogenic
factor (i.e with respect to structures) and come with a revalent decision to know the
major reason about there decling trend.
Concerned bodies need to work in harmony to manage water use in the Ethiopian
Rift Valley lakes.
Since Lake Abiyata is seriously affected, special attention is needed to replenish the
water in the lake by controlling the use of water and save the lives of many endemic
animals including the flora and fauna.
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Further studies need to be made on the Ethiopian Rift Lakes to accurately identify
the prevailing factors that are causing lake water level fluctuations, especially in the
Lake Abaya-Chamo Basin.
Educations on the consequences of excess water use and on how to protect the water
resources need to be given to some representatives of the community living around
the lakes
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