מצגת אודות מהותה של אנרגיה גרעינית, לעומת מקורות מסורתיים ומקורות חלופיים אחרים. מציגה עקרונות פיסיקליים בסיסיים של ביקוע ומיזוג, ושימוש באנרגיה אטומית. מיועד לתלמידי כתות ט ומעלה.
Cities, globally have been recognised as the major promoters of global warming, climate change and increasing carbon footprints. Within cities, it is the built environment and transportation, which are primarily responsible for making them unsustainable. Majority of problems related to urban sustainability are the outcome of the manner in which buildings are planned , designed , constructed and operated. Buildings, as definers of character and fabric of any city, are known for their positivity, negativities, dualities and contradictions. Consuming nearly half of the global energy, majority of resources and generating large carbon emissions, buildings are largely responsible for making cities unsustainable. This call for making buildings energy efficient and least consumers of resources. Sustainable Development Goals also mandate the critical role of buildings in promoting global sustainability. However, majority of buildings are designed and constructed , without any concern for energy, resources and environment. Making buildings minimum consumers of energy and resources would require changing the traditional approach to designing the buildings; making building green; considering relevance of climate,site and orientation, ; life-cycle assessment ;energy ,water efficiency and; building materials.
Energy technology unit 1 ( introduction to energy)nagendran mohan
This document provides an overview of energy topics including:
- Energy is the ability to do work or cause change and energy science deals with various forms of energy and their transformation. Energy technology focuses on demand, supply, efficiencies, and environmental aspects.
- Globally, access to energy is key to development but current systems rely heavily on fossil fuels which cause climate change. Balancing development and the environment is an ongoing challenge.
- In India, targets have been set to achieve significant renewable energy capacity over the next decade through investment and competitive bidding while ensuring grid connections and continuous growth.
The document discusses different types of fuel cells, including their basic working principles and comparisons. It provides information on proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), alkaline fuel cells (AFC), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), and others. It compares factors such as efficiency, capital cost, and operating costs between different generation systems like reciprocating engines, gas turbines, photovoltaics, wind turbines, and fuel cells.
Energy, environment and sustainable developmentSamanth kumar
The document outlines the course contents of an M.Arch program in environmental architecture at Anna University. It covers 5 units: (1) energy sources, (2) ecological principles, (3) energy systems and environment, (4) green innovation and sustainability, and (5) green energy and sustainable development. Unit 1 discusses different types of energy sources including fossil fuels, renewable sources like solar and wind, as well as energy transformations. It also provides an overview of global and India's energy scenarios.
This document discusses the history and types of batteries. It begins with defining batteries and describing their invention by Volta in 1800. It then discusses the increasing demand for batteries to power electronics and electric vehicles. The document outlines several recent advances in batteries, including sodium-ion and solid-state designs that improve safety. It concludes that continued research in nanoscience and new materials could enable breakthroughs in sustainable battery technologies.
hydrogen as a fuel , ecosystem and future initiativeSaquib Khursheed
This document discusses hydrogen as an alternative fuel source and its potential role in the future energy ecosystem and climate change mitigation. It outlines how hydrogen can be produced through electrolysis of water or from natural gas and coal. The document categorizes different types of hydrogen based on their greenhouse gas emission profiles. It also discusses the technological aspects and applications of hydrogen including in transportation, power generation, and industries like petrochemicals and electronics. The document presents opportunities for SANMARG Projects Pvt Ltd in the hydrogen sector including in quality supervision, engineering, and project management consultancy services.
Cities, globally have been recognised as the major promoters of global warming, climate change and increasing carbon footprints. Within cities, it is the built environment and transportation, which are primarily responsible for making them unsustainable. Majority of problems related to urban sustainability are the outcome of the manner in which buildings are planned , designed , constructed and operated. Buildings, as definers of character and fabric of any city, are known for their positivity, negativities, dualities and contradictions. Consuming nearly half of the global energy, majority of resources and generating large carbon emissions, buildings are largely responsible for making cities unsustainable. This call for making buildings energy efficient and least consumers of resources. Sustainable Development Goals also mandate the critical role of buildings in promoting global sustainability. However, majority of buildings are designed and constructed , without any concern for energy, resources and environment. Making buildings minimum consumers of energy and resources would require changing the traditional approach to designing the buildings; making building green; considering relevance of climate,site and orientation, ; life-cycle assessment ;energy ,water efficiency and; building materials.
Energy technology unit 1 ( introduction to energy)nagendran mohan
This document provides an overview of energy topics including:
- Energy is the ability to do work or cause change and energy science deals with various forms of energy and their transformation. Energy technology focuses on demand, supply, efficiencies, and environmental aspects.
- Globally, access to energy is key to development but current systems rely heavily on fossil fuels which cause climate change. Balancing development and the environment is an ongoing challenge.
- In India, targets have been set to achieve significant renewable energy capacity over the next decade through investment and competitive bidding while ensuring grid connections and continuous growth.
The document discusses different types of fuel cells, including their basic working principles and comparisons. It provides information on proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), alkaline fuel cells (AFC), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), and others. It compares factors such as efficiency, capital cost, and operating costs between different generation systems like reciprocating engines, gas turbines, photovoltaics, wind turbines, and fuel cells.
Energy, environment and sustainable developmentSamanth kumar
The document outlines the course contents of an M.Arch program in environmental architecture at Anna University. It covers 5 units: (1) energy sources, (2) ecological principles, (3) energy systems and environment, (4) green innovation and sustainability, and (5) green energy and sustainable development. Unit 1 discusses different types of energy sources including fossil fuels, renewable sources like solar and wind, as well as energy transformations. It also provides an overview of global and India's energy scenarios.
This document discusses the history and types of batteries. It begins with defining batteries and describing their invention by Volta in 1800. It then discusses the increasing demand for batteries to power electronics and electric vehicles. The document outlines several recent advances in batteries, including sodium-ion and solid-state designs that improve safety. It concludes that continued research in nanoscience and new materials could enable breakthroughs in sustainable battery technologies.
hydrogen as a fuel , ecosystem and future initiativeSaquib Khursheed
This document discusses hydrogen as an alternative fuel source and its potential role in the future energy ecosystem and climate change mitigation. It outlines how hydrogen can be produced through electrolysis of water or from natural gas and coal. The document categorizes different types of hydrogen based on their greenhouse gas emission profiles. It also discusses the technological aspects and applications of hydrogen including in transportation, power generation, and industries like petrochemicals and electronics. The document presents opportunities for SANMARG Projects Pvt Ltd in the hydrogen sector including in quality supervision, engineering, and project management consultancy services.
Green engineering aims to minimize pollution and risks to human health and the environment through more sustainable product and process design. It follows principles like using life-cycle thinking, conserving ecosystems, and ensuring materials and energy are safe and benign. Green engineering also strives to prevent waste and engage stakeholders. Traditional chemical processes can be modified to be greener by reducing pollution control costs and recycling wastes. Going green through technologies like solar, geothermal, and carbon capture can help reduce emissions and reliance on fossil fuels.
1. Hydrogen fuel cells produce clean energy through an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen that results in electricity, heat, and water.
2. Hydrogen is stored and fed to the anode where it is split into protons and electrons, the protons pass through the electrolyte while the electrons power an external circuit.
3. At the cathode, oxygen and the protons react to form water, completing the circuit and reaction.
Energy scenario in india and its energy conservation programJyoti Singh
Energy is essential for Economic growth and economic growth is essential for country like India.
Ratio of energy demand and GDP is useful indicator for Economics growth.
Economic growth of country
is depend upon rate of
improvement in per capita
energy consumption.
India is both a major producer and consumer.
India currently ranked 11th greatest energy producer accounting 2.4% of world’s total energy production and as the world’s 6th greatest energy consumer.
Despite its large annual energy production, India is a net energy importer, mostly due to imbalance between oil production and consumption.
The utility electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 278.734 GW as of 30 September 2015. Renewable Power plants constituted 28% of total installed capacity and Non-Renewable Power Plants constituted the remaining 72%.
During the year 2014-15, the per capita electricity generation in India was 1,010 kWh with total electricity consumption (utilities and non utilities) of 938.823 billion or 746 kWh per capita electricity consumption.
Electric Energy Consumption in agriculture was recorded highest (18.45%) in 2014-15 among all countries.
This document discusses different types of liquid fuels used in rocket engines, including hydrocarbon fuels like kerosene and methane, liquid hydrogen, hydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), and monomethylhydrazine (MMH). Hydrocarbon fuels like kerosene are commonly used due to their availability and low cost. Liquid hydrogen provides high performance when used with liquid oxygen but requires specialized low-temperature equipment due to its cryogenic nature. Hydrazine and its derivatives like UDMH and MMH are also used as mono-propellants or bipropellants with oxidizers like nitrogen tetroxide.
This document provides an overview of supercapacitors. It discusses what supercapacitors are, their history, basic design involving two electrodes separated by an ion permeable membrane, how they work by forming an electric double layer when charged, the materials used such as carbon nanotubes for electrodes and electrolytes, their features like high energy storage and charge/discharge rates, applications including use in buses and backup power systems, and advantages like long lifespan and eco-friendliness with disadvantages like low energy density and high cost.
This document summarizes renewable energy initiatives in the state of Perlis, Malaysia. It discusses Perlis' attractive potential for solar, wind, and biomass energy. Several renewable energy projects and applications currently operating in Perlis are highlighted, including a 25MW solar park, a plant converting plastic waste to diesel, and a 10MW biomass power plant. Government agencies in Perlis play a role in supporting renewable energy development through education programs and research. The future of renewable energy in Perlis is seen as strong with continued support of feed-in tariffs and growing awareness and understanding among the local community.
Tässä kalvopaketissa on materiaalia tieteellisen kirjoittamisen kurssin opettajalle. Paketti on tarkoitettu toisaalta kertomaan siitä, mitä kurssi voisi sisältää, toisaalta antamaan esimerkkejä ja havainnollistuksia ongelmallisiksi havaituista tieteellisen kirjoittamisen kysymyksistä.
Topics Covered:
Why we need Alternative Fuel?
Why Hydrogen is the best Alternative Fuel?
Production, Storage and Transportation of Hydrogen Fuel
Current Status of Hydrogen Fuel
Drawbacks of Using Hydrogen as a Fuel
All natural energy on Earth comes from solar radiation, heat from the Earth's mantle, and gravity. Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are limited, non-renewable sources that have formed from ancient organic matter over millions of years. Energy can also be generated renewably from solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass sources. Nuclear fission of uranium and thorium isotopes in the Earth's crust is another non-renewable source of energy. Hydrogen may become a sustainable energy source in the future.
This document discusses hydrogen storage techniques and carbon-based materials for hydrogen storage. It covers sources of hydrogen production and common hydrogen storage methods like compressed gas tanks and liquid hydrogen. Several carbon materials - graphene, carbon nanotubes, and activated charcoal - show promise for hydrogen storage due to their high surface areas and pore volumes. Graphene and few-layer graphene structures have demonstrated hydrogen uptake of up to 7.5% by weight. The document compares hydrogen storage capacity of different carbon materials and concludes they are advantageous due to cost-effectiveness, stability, storage capabilities, and availability.
Tesla cars use lithium-ion battery cells that provide longer range and faster charging times compared to other electric vehicles. This is possible due to Tesla's innovative battery design and chemistry. Tesla batteries incorporate improved components like silicon that allow for higher energy density. They also use lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide which increases battery life and performance. These advanced cells enable Tesla EVs to travel further on a single charge and recharge much quicker than competitors through Tesla's supercharging network. The specialized battery technology is a key factor in Tesla's leadership in the electric vehicle market.
Biomass fueled power plants produce electricity and heat by burning biomass such as wood chips and agricultural residues in boilers. Key components of biomass power plants include fuel storage and handling equipment, boilers, turbines, generators, and emissions controls. Biomass is combusted or gasified to generate steam that drives turbines connected to generators. Biomass power generation provides social and economic benefits like decreased dependence on foreign energy sources and job creation in rural areas, but faces challenges of high costs and securing a stable long-term biomass fuel supply.
Whether it is to reduce CO2 emissions and mitigate climate change, because the reserves of easy accessible fossil fuels are shrinking, or for geopolitical reasons, it looks like the world economy will have to move away from fossil fuels in the coming decades. Given the massive role of fossil fuels today, this is an enormous challenge. Ensuring our future energy supply without fossil fuels will need a radical reorientation.
In which technologies should governments, companies and institutions invest? That is the question. This paper contains some initial thought exercises that could lead to an answer.
Geothermal energy is primarily used in China, where 20% of the world's geothermal energy is utilized, and Portugal's Azores islands. In the Azores, geothermal energy is used to power 5 power plants and heat pans of food buried in the ground. Setting up a home or large power plant using geothermal energy has initial costs, but operating costs are lower than fossil fuels. Geothermal energy is a renewable and clean source that avoids pollution and depletion concerns of fossil fuels, though high initial drilling costs are a potential drawback for some. Geothermal plants work by pumping underground hot water or steam through turbines to generate electricity.
Green engineering aims to minimize pollution and risks to human health and the environment through more sustainable product and process design. It follows principles like using life-cycle thinking, conserving ecosystems, and ensuring materials and energy are safe and benign. Green engineering also strives to prevent waste and engage stakeholders. Traditional chemical processes can be modified to be greener by reducing pollution control costs and recycling wastes. Going green through technologies like solar, geothermal, and carbon capture can help reduce emissions and reliance on fossil fuels.
1. Hydrogen fuel cells produce clean energy through an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen that results in electricity, heat, and water.
2. Hydrogen is stored and fed to the anode where it is split into protons and electrons, the protons pass through the electrolyte while the electrons power an external circuit.
3. At the cathode, oxygen and the protons react to form water, completing the circuit and reaction.
Energy scenario in india and its energy conservation programJyoti Singh
Energy is essential for Economic growth and economic growth is essential for country like India.
Ratio of energy demand and GDP is useful indicator for Economics growth.
Economic growth of country
is depend upon rate of
improvement in per capita
energy consumption.
India is both a major producer and consumer.
India currently ranked 11th greatest energy producer accounting 2.4% of world’s total energy production and as the world’s 6th greatest energy consumer.
Despite its large annual energy production, India is a net energy importer, mostly due to imbalance between oil production and consumption.
The utility electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 278.734 GW as of 30 September 2015. Renewable Power plants constituted 28% of total installed capacity and Non-Renewable Power Plants constituted the remaining 72%.
During the year 2014-15, the per capita electricity generation in India was 1,010 kWh with total electricity consumption (utilities and non utilities) of 938.823 billion or 746 kWh per capita electricity consumption.
Electric Energy Consumption in agriculture was recorded highest (18.45%) in 2014-15 among all countries.
This document discusses different types of liquid fuels used in rocket engines, including hydrocarbon fuels like kerosene and methane, liquid hydrogen, hydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), and monomethylhydrazine (MMH). Hydrocarbon fuels like kerosene are commonly used due to their availability and low cost. Liquid hydrogen provides high performance when used with liquid oxygen but requires specialized low-temperature equipment due to its cryogenic nature. Hydrazine and its derivatives like UDMH and MMH are also used as mono-propellants or bipropellants with oxidizers like nitrogen tetroxide.
This document provides an overview of supercapacitors. It discusses what supercapacitors are, their history, basic design involving two electrodes separated by an ion permeable membrane, how they work by forming an electric double layer when charged, the materials used such as carbon nanotubes for electrodes and electrolytes, their features like high energy storage and charge/discharge rates, applications including use in buses and backup power systems, and advantages like long lifespan and eco-friendliness with disadvantages like low energy density and high cost.
This document summarizes renewable energy initiatives in the state of Perlis, Malaysia. It discusses Perlis' attractive potential for solar, wind, and biomass energy. Several renewable energy projects and applications currently operating in Perlis are highlighted, including a 25MW solar park, a plant converting plastic waste to diesel, and a 10MW biomass power plant. Government agencies in Perlis play a role in supporting renewable energy development through education programs and research. The future of renewable energy in Perlis is seen as strong with continued support of feed-in tariffs and growing awareness and understanding among the local community.
Tässä kalvopaketissa on materiaalia tieteellisen kirjoittamisen kurssin opettajalle. Paketti on tarkoitettu toisaalta kertomaan siitä, mitä kurssi voisi sisältää, toisaalta antamaan esimerkkejä ja havainnollistuksia ongelmallisiksi havaituista tieteellisen kirjoittamisen kysymyksistä.
Topics Covered:
Why we need Alternative Fuel?
Why Hydrogen is the best Alternative Fuel?
Production, Storage and Transportation of Hydrogen Fuel
Current Status of Hydrogen Fuel
Drawbacks of Using Hydrogen as a Fuel
All natural energy on Earth comes from solar radiation, heat from the Earth's mantle, and gravity. Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are limited, non-renewable sources that have formed from ancient organic matter over millions of years. Energy can also be generated renewably from solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass sources. Nuclear fission of uranium and thorium isotopes in the Earth's crust is another non-renewable source of energy. Hydrogen may become a sustainable energy source in the future.
This document discusses hydrogen storage techniques and carbon-based materials for hydrogen storage. It covers sources of hydrogen production and common hydrogen storage methods like compressed gas tanks and liquid hydrogen. Several carbon materials - graphene, carbon nanotubes, and activated charcoal - show promise for hydrogen storage due to their high surface areas and pore volumes. Graphene and few-layer graphene structures have demonstrated hydrogen uptake of up to 7.5% by weight. The document compares hydrogen storage capacity of different carbon materials and concludes they are advantageous due to cost-effectiveness, stability, storage capabilities, and availability.
Tesla cars use lithium-ion battery cells that provide longer range and faster charging times compared to other electric vehicles. This is possible due to Tesla's innovative battery design and chemistry. Tesla batteries incorporate improved components like silicon that allow for higher energy density. They also use lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide which increases battery life and performance. These advanced cells enable Tesla EVs to travel further on a single charge and recharge much quicker than competitors through Tesla's supercharging network. The specialized battery technology is a key factor in Tesla's leadership in the electric vehicle market.
Biomass fueled power plants produce electricity and heat by burning biomass such as wood chips and agricultural residues in boilers. Key components of biomass power plants include fuel storage and handling equipment, boilers, turbines, generators, and emissions controls. Biomass is combusted or gasified to generate steam that drives turbines connected to generators. Biomass power generation provides social and economic benefits like decreased dependence on foreign energy sources and job creation in rural areas, but faces challenges of high costs and securing a stable long-term biomass fuel supply.
Whether it is to reduce CO2 emissions and mitigate climate change, because the reserves of easy accessible fossil fuels are shrinking, or for geopolitical reasons, it looks like the world economy will have to move away from fossil fuels in the coming decades. Given the massive role of fossil fuels today, this is an enormous challenge. Ensuring our future energy supply without fossil fuels will need a radical reorientation.
In which technologies should governments, companies and institutions invest? That is the question. This paper contains some initial thought exercises that could lead to an answer.
Geothermal energy is primarily used in China, where 20% of the world's geothermal energy is utilized, and Portugal's Azores islands. In the Azores, geothermal energy is used to power 5 power plants and heat pans of food buried in the ground. Setting up a home or large power plant using geothermal energy has initial costs, but operating costs are lower than fossil fuels. Geothermal energy is a renewable and clean source that avoids pollution and depletion concerns of fossil fuels, though high initial drilling costs are a potential drawback for some. Geothermal plants work by pumping underground hot water or steam through turbines to generate electricity.
אנרגיה סודית - סיפורו של כור גרעיני מתקדם שנשכח והתגלה מחדשRony Kowalski
בעולם אחרי אסונות אי שלושת המילין, צ'רנוביל ופוקושימה, האנרגיה הגרעינית הפכה למילה כמעט גסה ולעוד הבטחה טכנולוגית שהכזיבה. אולם מאחורי הכישלונות הללו מסתתרים לא מעט אינטרסים זרים שבלמו את פיתוחם של כורים בטוחים, נקיים ויעילים שיכולים לספק את צרכי האנרגיה של האנושות במאות הבאות. ההרצאה מתארת את הטכנולוגיה של כור כזה בטנסי, את הפוליטיקה הפנימית בממסד האנרגיה הגרעינית בארה"ב והבחירות התמוהות לכאורה שנעשו בשנות ה-70 של המאה שעברה לגבי השקעות בכורים מתקדמים.