آيا ايران بار ديگر عقب می ماند

1. ‫ډبوي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫٭ٺت‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ٍ‫ثب‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫آٔب‬
ٍْ‫٭چميا‬ ‫ٽب٩ڈ‬
ٍ‫ٙىج‬11‫آثبن‬ٌ‫ډب‬1392‫ـ‬2ٌ‫ډب‬َ‫وًاډج‬2013
‫ووٖز‬ ٘‫ثو‬
‫َيٳ‬:
‫ي‬ ،‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ،‫ٍٙي‬ ‫ثبُىاٍويٌء‬ ِ ‫ٽالن‬ ‫ي‬ ٍْ‫ٕبهشب‬ ‫٭ًاډڄ‬ ٍَٕٓ‫ث‬ ،ٍ‫سًٕٮ‬ ٕٓ‫ٙىب‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ‫كًٌُء‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،ٍ‫ډٺبڅ‬ ‫أه‬ ‫َيٳ‬
‫إز‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫ػبډٮٍء‬ ٓ‫وًځَىاو‬.ُ‫اډَي‬«ٍ‫سًٕٮ‬ ‫كبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٬‫ػًاډ‬»،ِْ‫اوييو‬ ،ٓ‫ػىًث‬ ٌَ‫ٽ‬ ،‫آٍّاوشٕه‬ ،‫ثَُٔڄ‬ ،‫ډپِٔټ‬ ‫ډبوىي‬ ،
ً٢‫٭‬ ٍٕ‫سَٽ‬ ‫ي‬ ْ‫ٕٮًى‬ ‫٭َثٖشبن‬ ،‫َىي‬G20‫َٖشىي‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ‫ثٍِٿ‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ثٕٖز‬ ٓ‫ٔٮى‬ ،.‫ُډبن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫َب‬ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬ ‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ثَه‬
‫اوٺالة‬1357‫ثًىوي‬ َ‫س‬‫٭ٺت‬ ‫أَان‬ ُ‫ا‬.‫ي‬ ،‫َب‬ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬ ‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ثَه‬ ُ‫ا‬ َ‫س‬ٌ‫ځٖشَى‬ ٓ‫دشبوٖٕچ‬ ‫ثب‬ ،‫أَان‬ ‫ؿَا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫أه‬ َٕ٘‫د‬
‫اوٺالة‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٹجڄ‬ ْ‫ىٍٝي‬ ‫وٕڈ‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ى‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬‫ثب‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫وٕٖز‬ ‫َب‬ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ٍىٌء‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ُ‫اډَي‬ ،ٓ‫ډىٶ‬ ‫ٍٙي‬4/5ٌ‫ٙي‬ ‫ٍيثَي‬
ٍ‫ى‬ ‫سًان‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍا‬ َٕ٘‫د‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫دبٕن‬ ‫إز؟‬ٓ‫ىٔى‬ ‫كپًډز‬ َْٕ‫ځ‬ ‫ٙپڄ‬–ٓ‫و٪بډ‬‫ي‬ ،ٓ‫ػُبو‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫اٵشبىن‬ ‫ػيا‬،
‫ىاوٖز‬.
‫ٍٙي‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٬‫ػًاډ‬ ،‫ٔبٵشىي‬ ٓ‫ؿَٕځ‬ ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ٍ‫ٕبهشب‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫و٪بډٕبن‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ‫وُبى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫ُډبو‬ ،‫ٱَة‬ ٍ‫ؿ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫َٙٷ‬ ٍ‫ؿ‬ ،‫سبٍٔن‬ ٍ‫ى‬
‫ٙيوي‬ ٌ‫ٽٕٚي‬ ‫سؤَت‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ْ‫ډًاٍى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ثبُأٖشبىوي‬ ‫هًى‬ ٓ‫وًځَىاو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ‫ي‬.‫سؼبٍة‬ ‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ْ‫ا‬ٍ‫ثَػٖش‬ ْ‫َب‬ٍ‫ومًو‬ ٍ‫ث‬
‫ٙي‬ ‫هًاَي‬ ٌٍ‫اٙب‬ ٍ‫وًٙش‬ ‫ىٍأه‬ ٓ‫سبٍٔو‬.‫ٹيٍر‬ ٍ‫ٕبهشب‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫و٪بډٕبن‬ ‫كپًډز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍيكبوٕز‬ ‫وُبى‬ ٓ‫ؿَٕځ‬ ٓ‫ډىٶ‬ ‫سؼبٍة‬ ‫آٔب‬
‫ي‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫أَان‬ ،َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ‫ىالٔڄ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ثب‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫سبٍٔن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ٍ‫ثب‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ٙي‬ ‫هًاَي‬ ٍ‫سپَا‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ‫أَان‬ ٍ‫ى‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ٬‫ػًاډ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫ىيڅش‬
‫ډبوي؟‬ ‫هًاَي‬ ُ‫ثب‬ ‫ٔپڈ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ثٕٖز‬ ‫ٹَن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫ػُبو‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬
‫دَٖان‬ ‫َبٙڈ‬‫َُٔ٭ىًان‬ ْ‫ا‬ٍ‫ډٺبڅ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،‫ٽمجَٔغ‬ ٌ‫ىاوٚڂب‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫إشبى‬ ،«ْ‫ٽچٕي‬ َٕ٘‫د‬ ٍٕ ‫سلَٔڈ؛‬ ‫١ي‬ ٓ‫ډيو‬ ٘‫ػىج‬»
‫ؤًٖي‬ٓ‫ډ‬:
«ٓ‫ػُبو‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫اٵشبىن‬ ‫ػيا‬‫كبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ىوٕب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٽىي‬ ‫أؼبى‬ ٍ‫ځٌٙش‬ ‫ٹَن‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍٕ‫ٙج‬ ٓ‫ي١ٮٕش‬ ٌ‫وبٽَى‬ ْ‫هيا‬ ‫إز‬ ‫ډمپه‬
‫ډبوئڈ‬ ‫ػب‬ ‫سلًڃ‬ ‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ډب‬ ٓ‫يڅ‬ ‫ثًى؛‬ ‫ٙشبثبن‬ ‫ي‬ ٬َٕٔ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫سلًڃ‬.‫َڈ‬ َ١‫كب‬ ‫كبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬‫اٹشٞبى‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ډب‬ ٓ‫ػيااٵشبىځ‬ َ‫اځ‬
‫ًٙى‬ َ‫س‬ٓ‫٥ًالو‬ ٓ‫ػُبو‬‫ډٚشَٻ‬ ‫ډلًٞالر‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫وشًاوٕڈ‬ َ‫اځ‬ ،‫ٽىٕڈ‬ ‫ػٌة‬ ٓ‫ډىبٕج‬ ٓ‫هبٍػ‬ ٍْ‫ځٌا‬ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬ ‫وشًاوٕڈ‬ َ‫اځ‬ ،
‫ي‬ ‫وٺڄ‬ ‫ډلييىٔز‬ ‫ډبوىي‬ ٓ‫ىالٔچ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ َ‫اځ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ثبٙي‬ ‫ډلييى‬ ‫ډب‬ ٓ‫ٝبىٍاس‬ ْ‫ثبُاٍَب‬ َ‫اځ‬ ،‫ثذَىأُڈ‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ْ‫َب‬‫َٙٽز‬ ‫ثب‬
‫أه‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ٌ‫آٔىي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٙبٔي‬ ،‫ًٙٔڈ‬ ‫ډىي‬ٌَُ‫ث‬ ‫أىشَوز‬ َ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ډجشى‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓٙ‫وب‬ ‫٭٪ٕڈ‬ ‫سلًڃ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫وشًاوٕڈ‬ ‫دًڃ‬ ٓ‫اڅپشَيوٕپ‬ ‫اوشٺبڃ‬

2. ‫سبٕٴ‬ ‫ثب٭ض‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٔبثي‬ َ٘‫ٽب‬ ٍ‫ډى٦ٺ‬ ‫ٕ٦ق‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫أَان‬ ٍْ‫سبطَٕځٌا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ‫ًٙى‬ ‫ثب٭ض‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫وجًى‬ ‫ػجَان‬ ‫ٹبثڄ‬ ٓ‫اٵشبىځ‬‫٭ٺت‬
‫ثًى‬ ‫هًاَي‬ ٍ‫ثٖٕب‬.»
‫ثب‬ ٍ‫ځٌٙش‬ ٍَ‫ى‬ ٍٕ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫ٕ٦ق‬ ‫َڈ‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬‫ٱَة‬ ‫سمين‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫اٹٞبى‬ ‫ٽَىن‬ ‫يٝڄ‬‫اډپبوبر‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٌ‫إشٶبى‬ ٍ‫ػمچ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ،
‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ٓ‫سبٍٔو‬ ٓ‫ډبويځ‬ ‫٭ٺت‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓٚ‫ثو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٔبثىي‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ْ‫ا‬ٍ‫ٕبثٺ‬‫ٽڈ‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫سًاوٖشىي‬ ٍ‫ثبُا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډئَٔز‬ ،ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬ ،‫سپىًڅًّٔټ‬
‫ومبٔىي‬ ‫ػجَان‬.‫ؤًه‬ ٍ‫ٕبهشب‬ٓ‫ىٔى‬-ٓ‫و٪بډ‬‫أَان‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬‫ٍا‬ ‫ٙىبٕبن‬ٍ‫ٽب‬ ٘‫وٺ‬ ًٖ‫ٔپ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓٞٞ‫سو‬ َٕ‫ٱ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ډپشج‬ ‫ډئَٔز‬ ‫ي‬ ،
‫ځَٵز‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ِٕ‫ٕش‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،ُ‫اډَي‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٬‫ډىج‬ ،‫ٱَة‬ ‫ثب‬ ًَٕ‫ىځ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ٽَى‬ ٓ‫كمبٔش‬ ‫ي‬ ًْ‫طبو‬.
َ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ْ‫ا‬ٌ‫ځٖشَى‬ ْ‫َب‬‫سلَٔڈ‬ ‫َٕاوؼبڇ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اٵِيى‬ ‫ي١ٮٕز‬ ‫يهبډز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ٓ‫إالډ‬ ًٍُْ‫ػم‬ ‫ٙٶبٳ‬ َٕ‫ٱ‬ ْ‫ا‬ٍ‫َٖش‬ ْ‫َب‬‫ٵٮبڅٕز‬
‫ځَىٔي‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫أَان‬ ٍ‫ٕبثٺ‬ٓ‫ث‬ ْ‫اوِيا‬ ‫ډًػت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ومًى‬ ‫سلمٕڄ‬ ‫أَان‬.ٌ‫دئي‬ ‫ثبٔي‬ ‫ډٚپالر‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬«‫َب‬ِ‫ډٲ‬ ٍ‫ٵَا‬»‫وِٕاٵِيى‬ ‫ٍا‬.
ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ٓ‫ډبويځ‬ ‫٭ٺت‬ ًْ‫اڅڂ‬
ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٔب‬ ،ٌ‫ډبوي‬ ‫٭ٺت‬ ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ‫َمٕه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫هًى‬ ُ‫سَا‬‫َڈ‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫وٖجز‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫اوٺالة‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫وٖجز‬ ‫اوٺالة‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثٮي‬ ‫أَان‬
‫إز‬ ٌ‫ثبُډبوي‬ ٍ‫سًٕٮ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬.‫إز‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ،‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫سًٕٮ‬ ٍٔ‫دب‬.‫ىي‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫سًان‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫ډِٕان‬
ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫ىٍآډي‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ٜ‫ٙبه‬‫ٕىؼٕي‬.‫إز‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ٌ‫ٍٵب‬ ‫ډِٕان‬ َ‫ثٕبوڂ‬ ،ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫ىٍآډي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ‫ډِٕان‬.‫ؿٚڈ‬ ‫اٵز‬
ٓ‫إالډ‬ ًٍُْ‫ػم‬ ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫َب‬٠‫ٙبه‬ ‫ځَٕأه‬‫ومًى‬ ْ‫ػي‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫آن‬ ْ‫َب‬ٍٍٚٔ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ثبٔي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٓ‫ياٹٮٕش‬ َٕ‫ثٕبوڂ‬.
ٍ‫ډ٦بڅٮ‬ ٗ‫ٍي‬
‫ي‬ ‫اوٺالة‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ،ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ‫ىي‬ ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫آډي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ٓ‫ٔٮى‬ ،ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٕٓ‫إب‬ ْ‫َب‬ٜ‫ٙبه‬ ‫ډٕبوڂٕه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٌ‫إشٶبى‬ ‫ثب‬
‫ٙي‬ ‫هًاَي‬ ٍٖٔ‫ډٺب‬ ،ٍ‫ٔبٵش‬ ٍ‫سًٕٮ‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٍ‫سًٕٮ‬ ‫ىٍكبڃ‬ ،ٍ‫وٕبٵش‬ ٍ‫سًٕٮ‬ ‫ٔب‬ َٕ‫ٵٺ‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ‫ثب‬ َ‫ىځ‬ ًْٕ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫اوٺالة‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثٮي‬.‫ثئه‬
‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ٍ‫ځَٵش‬ َ٪‫و‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫أَان‬ َٕ‫اه‬ ‫سبٍٔن‬ ٍ‫ٕبڅ‬ ٌ‫دىؼب‬ ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ًٍ٪‫ډى‬.
‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ُ‫ا‬ ْ‫ػئي‬ ‫ډًع‬ ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ووٖز‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ىاى‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٍ‫ډٮٕب‬ ‫سًان‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍا‬ َٕ‫اه‬ ‫ٕبڃ‬ ٌ‫دىؼب‬ ٍ‫أىپ‬ ‫ىڅٕڄ‬
ٓ‫ٔٮى‬ ،ٓ‫ٱَٕٱَث‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ٍ‫ى‬«ٍ‫سًٕٮ‬ ‫كبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٬‫ػًاډ‬»‫ډًع‬ ‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫اوٺالة‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ‫أَان‬ ٍ‫ىٍكبڅٕپ‬ ،‫آډي‬ ‫دئي‬ ،‫أَان‬ ٍٕ‫ٙج‬
‫وجًى‬ ٌَُ‫ث‬ٓ‫ث‬.‫ٍا‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫ٍيوي‬ ‫٭َاٷ‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫ٕبڅ‬ ‫َٚز‬ ‫ػىڀ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫آډي‬ ٓ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫اوٺالة‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ‫أَان‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ‫ىٍَمٕه‬ ،‫ىيڇ‬
‫ومًى‬ ‫ىځَځًن‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫ځٌٙش‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ي‬ ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬ ‫ٕٕٖشڈ‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ډوشڄ‬ ‫ٔب‬ ،‫ډشًٹٴ‬.،‫ثَآن‬ ‫اٵِين‬ٓ‫ډچ‬ ٍ‫سًٕٮ‬ ٍ‫ډٮٕب‬ ٓ‫اوٺالث‬ ‫كپًډز‬
ٓ‫اوٖبو‬ ٍ‫سًٕٮ‬ ٜ‫ٙبه‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٍ‫دبٔيا‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٓ‫سؼَث‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫٭چم‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ٍ‫ٙىبهش‬ ‫سٮبٍٔٴ‬ ْ‫ػب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىاى‬ َٕٕ‫سٲ‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ‫ٍا‬
$Human Development Index#،‫ډشلي‬ ‫ډچڄ‬ ‫ٕبُډبن‬ٓ‫إالډ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ډپشج‬ ْ‫اڅڂًَب‬‫ىاى‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬.
َ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ‫أٶب‬ ٓ‫ډىٶ‬ ٘‫وٺ‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍيوي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،‫ػئي‬ ٍ‫ٍاَپب‬ ‫ي‬ ْ‫ٍاَجَى‬ ‫ٕٕبٕز‬ ٓ‫إب‬ ‫٭ىًان‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،ِٕ‫و‬ ٓ‫ډٶُمًډ‬ َٕٕ‫سٲ‬ ‫أه‬
٤ٕ‫ډل‬ ‫ٕالډز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫َب‬ٌ‫ػبى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫سَىى‬ ‫سب‬ ،ٍ‫ځَٵش‬ ٍٗ‫دَي‬ ‫ي‬ ًُٗ‫آډ‬ ‫سب‬ ،ٓ‫اػشمب٭‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ٵََىڂ‬ ْ‫آُاى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اډىٕز‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ُويځ‬ ‫ٽٕٶٕز‬
‫إز‬ ٌ‫اٵِيى‬ ٓ‫اػشمب٭‬ ْ‫َب‬‫إٕٓت‬ ‫ثَډِٕان‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إز؛‬ ٍ‫ځٌاٙش‬ َ‫اط‬ ٌَٕ‫ٱ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ډچ‬ ٍْ‫َمپب‬ ٍٕ‫ٍيك‬ ،‫ُٖٔز‬.ْ‫ػب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫و٪بڇ‬ ٬‫ډىبٵ‬

3. ٓ‫ډچ‬ ٬‫ډىبٵ‬‫ٽبٍثَى‬ ،ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ‫ٽىشَڃ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ځَٵز‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ٓ‫ىيڅش‬ ‫هًٚوز‬‫ٔبٵز‬ ٘ٔ‫اٵِا‬.ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ‫ٕجت‬ ‫ي١ٮٕز‬ ‫أه‬
ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬‫هًٚوز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٵٖبى‬ ،ٓ‫ُىځ‬‫ٕٕبٕز‬ ،‫ثب٥ڄ‬ ‫ٕٕپڄ‬٘‫ثو‬ ٍ‫ځٌٙش‬ ‫ٕبڃ‬ ‫دىغ‬ ‫ي‬ ٕٓ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ًٍْ٦‫ث‬ ،‫ثمبوي‬ ٍ‫ځَٵشب‬
‫إز‬ ٍ‫ٍٵش‬ ٍ‫َي‬ ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬ ْ‫َب‬٘‫ٽٚمپ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،ٓ‫ٕبُويځ‬ ْ‫ػب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ٓ‫اوٖبو‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ډبڅ‬ ٬‫ډىبث‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ثٍِځ‬.
‫أَان‬ ‫ىيٌٍء‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫ډٺبٍٖٔء‬
‫دَىأُڈ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫ىٍآډي‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ،ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫ٽالن‬ ٜ‫ٙبه‬ ٍٕ ٍٖٔ‫ډٺب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٹٖمز‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬.
ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬:
ٌ‫ُاى‬‫ُډبن‬ ‫كمٕي‬‫و٪بٍر‬ ‫ي‬ ٍٍِْٔ‫ثَوبډ‬ ‫ډٮبيوز‬ ‫ٕبٔز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫أَان‬ ٍ‫ٕبڅ‬ ٌ‫دىؼب‬ ٓ‫سلچٕچ‬ ‫ي‬ َٓٚ‫دْي‬ ٍَٕٓ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،‫ىان‬‫اٹشٞبى‬ ،
‫ؤًٖي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ًٍُ‫ػم‬ ٕٔ‫ٍئ‬ ْ‫ٍاَجَى‬:ٍ‫ى‬،‫اوٺالة‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ٍ‫ٕبڅ‬ ٌ‫َٶي‬ ٌٍ‫ىي‬«‫ثٕه‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫وَم‬5‫سب‬17‫ىٍٝي‬‫وًٕبن‬ ٍ‫ى‬
‫إز‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬.ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٫ً‫ډؼم‬ ٍ‫ى‬17،ٍ‫ٕبڅ‬‫ډٕبوڂٕه‬‫كييى‬ ‫أَان‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫وَم‬5/10‫ىٍٝي‬‫وَم‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬
‫إز‬ ٓ‫ډىبٕج‬ ٍ‫ثٖٕب‬ ‫ٍٙي‬.‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫اوٺالث‬ ٤ٔ‫َٙا‬ ُ‫آٱب‬ ‫ثب‬1356‫ٙير‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫وَم‬ ،‫ػىڀ‬ ُ‫آٱب‬ ‫آن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٔ‫د‬ ‫ي‬
ْ‫َب‬‫ٕبڃ‬ ِ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٔبثي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ َ٘‫ٽب‬61،62‫ي‬64‫إز‬ ٌ‫ومًى‬ ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓ‫ډىٶ‬ ‫اٍٹبڇ‬ ‫ػىڀ‬ ‫دبٔبن‬ ‫سب‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫وَم‬ ،.
‫ډٕبوڂٕه‬ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫وَم‬3/2‫ىٍٝي‬‫إز‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ ‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬...[‫ي‬]‫دبٔبن‬ ‫سب‬ ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫وَم‬
‫ٕبڃ‬88َ‫ثَاث‬ ‫ډٕبوڂٕه‬ ًٍ٥ ٍ‫ث‬ ،‫ىٍٝي‬ ‫وٕڈ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٔټ‬‫إز‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬.»
‫اٹشٞبى‬ ٍٓ‫ٵب‬ ‫هچٕغ‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ىٍډى٦ٺ‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫إشَاسْٔټ‬ ‫ډًٹٮٕز‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫٥جٕٮ‬ ٬‫ډىبث‬ ٓ‫ٱى‬ ‫٩َٵٕز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٕبڃ‬ ‫دىغ‬ ‫ي‬ ٕٓ ‫ُډبن‬ ‫اكشٖبة‬ ‫ثب‬
‫ٽىي‬ َْ‫ثَاث‬ ٓ‫ػىًث‬ ٌَ‫ٽ‬ ‫ډبوىي‬ ٓٔ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫كياٹڄ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ثبٙي‬ ٍ‫ىاٙش‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ُ‫اډَي‬ َ‫ثَاث‬ ‫ؿىئه‬ ‫كياٹڄ‬ ‫سًاوٖز‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫أَان‬.َ‫اځ‬
‫ثب‬ َ‫ثَاث‬ ٓ‫إالډ‬ ًٍُْ‫ػم‬ َ‫٭م‬ ٍَ‫ى‬ ٍٕ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫ډٕبوڂٕه‬5/1‫ىٍٝي‬ٓ‫ٔٮى‬ ،‫وْاى‬ْ‫اكمي‬ ‫ٍٔبٕز‬ ‫ىيڇ‬ ٍ‫ىي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،‫إز‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬88
‫سب‬92‫ځَىٔي‬ ‫ٍيثَي‬ ٓ‫ثٍِځ‬ َ٘‫ٽب‬ ‫ثب‬ ،.ٓ‫ډىٶ‬ ْ‫هَِٕب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اٵز‬–‫ٔټ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫وٚبن‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫ډظجز‬ٍْ‫ٕبهشب‬ ‫ډٚپڄ‬ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىَي‬ٓ‫ډ‬
‫إز‬ ٌ‫وٚي‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫آن‬.‫ٽىشَڃ‬ٍ‫آډب‬ ٍ‫اوشٚب‬ ‫٭يڇ‬ ،‫آُاى‬ ْ‫َب‬ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫وجًى‬ ،ٍْ‫هًا‬‫ٍاوز‬ ،ٓ‫ىيڅش‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫أيئًڅًّٔټ‬ ‫ي‬ ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬
‫ٔټ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٬‫ډبو‬ ٓ‫سجچٕٲبس‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ياٍيو‬ ْ‫َب‬ٍٗ‫ځِا‬ ٓ‫كش‬ ‫ي‬ ،ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ْ‫َب‬ٜ‫ٙبه‬ ‫ثٕبن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍْ‫دىُبوپب‬ ‫ي‬ ،ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫َب‬ٌ‫ىاى‬ ٓ‫ياٹٮ‬
‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫٭چم‬ ‫ډٖشٺڄ‬ ٓ‫أٍُبث‬.«ٍ‫ٍسج‬ ،ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٓ‫ثٕى‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ٍ‫اٍائ‬ ‫ثب‬ ٔ‫ډؼچ‬ ْ‫َب‬َ٘‫دْي‬ ِ‫ډَٽ‬
‫ٽَى‬ ‫ا٭الڇ‬ ،‫َب‬ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫ػُبو‬ ‫ي‬ ْ‫ا‬ٍ‫ډى٦ٺ‬:ٍ‫ى‬ ‫أَان‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬2012‫ډٮبىڃ‬36‫أَان‬ ‫ي١ٮٕز‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ ‫ىٍٝي‬ ‫ٝيڇ‬
ٍ‫ٍسج‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬23‫ي‬ ْ‫ا‬ٍ‫ډى٦ٺ‬173‫ىَي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٓ‫ػُبو‬.»‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬1388ٍ‫ٍسج‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫أَان‬18‫ىاٙز‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ْ‫ا‬ٍ‫ډى٦ٺ‬.ٓ٦ٔ‫َٙا‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫أه‬
ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬«ٓ‫َٙٹ‬ ْ‫إٕٓب‬ ٍ‫سًٕٮ‬ ‫كبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ٌ‫ځَي‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫وَم‬$9/8‫ىٍٝي‬#»‫إز‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬.
‫ٕبڃ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثٮي‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ٍ‫آډب‬ ‫ىٍثبٌٍء‬ ،‫ٙي‬ ٌٍ‫اٙب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫َمبوڂًو‬88‫وٕٖز‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫ىٹٕٺ‬ ‫ا٥ال٭بر‬.‫ا٭الڇ‬ ٓ‫اٝچ‬ ‫ىڅٕڄ‬ ‫اكشمبال‬
‫إز‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫اٍٹبڇ‬ ‫ثًىن‬ ٓ‫ډىٶ‬ ،‫ىيڅز‬ ٤ًٕ‫س‬ ‫آن‬ ‫وٚين‬.‫ٕبڃ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثٮي‬ ‫أَان‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫ثًىن‬ ٓ‫ډىٶ‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ډوشچٴ‬ ٬‫ډىبث‬88َ٪‫و‬

4. ‫ىاٍوي‬ ‫ډٚشَٻ‬.«‫ٕبڃ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫أَان‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫وَم‬ ‫دًڃ‬ ٓ‫اڅمچچ‬‫ثٕه‬ ‫ٝىييٷ‬2009‫كييى‬ ‫ٍا‬1/0‫ٕبڃ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىٍٝي‬
2010‫ثًى‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ‫ا٭الڇ‬ ‫ىٍٝي‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ‫كييى‬.»
«ٍ‫ځٌٙش‬ ‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫أَان‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ‫ا٭الڇ‬ ‫هًى‬ ٍ‫ٕبالو‬ ٍٗ‫ځِا‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓٚ‫ثو‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫ػُبو‬ ‫ثبوټ‬$2012#‫ٍٙي‬ ٍ‫ث‬
ٓ‫ډىٶ‬3ٓ‫ډىٶ‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍْ‫ػب‬ ‫ٕبڃ‬ ٓ٥ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ٍٕٕي‬ ‫ىٍٝي‬1/3‫ٍٕٕي‬ ‫هًاَي‬ ‫ىٍٝي‬.»ٓ‫وٕچ‬ ‫ډٖٮًى‬‫ٕبُډبن‬ ‫ډٮبين‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىان‬‫اٹشٞبى‬ ،
ٍ‫ثًىػ‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ثَوبډ‬ٔ‫سب‬ ‫ىٍٝي‬ ‫وٕڈ‬ ‫كييى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫ځٌٙش‬ ‫ٕبڃ‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ،ٍ‫ثٕىبو‬ًٗ‫ه‬ ْ‫ىٔي‬ ‫ثب‬ ،ٓ‫ٍٵٖىؼبو‬ ‫ُډبن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫أَان‬
‫ٙي‬ ‫هًاَي‬ ٓ‫ډىٶ‬ ٍْ‫ػب‬ ‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ،‫اٹشٞبى‬ ٓ‫ٵٮچ‬ ‫ي١ٮٕز‬ ‫يػًى‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاى‬ ‫سً١ٕق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ُى‬ ‫سومٕه‬ َ‫ٝٶ‬.
«‫ډُيئبن‬ ْ‫ډلميَبى‬ٍ‫ٍيُوبډ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫ٔبىىاٙش‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،ِْ‫ډَٽ‬ ‫ثبوټ‬ ‫دٕٕٚه‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ډئَٽڄ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اٹشٞبىىان‬ ،«‫اٹشٞبى‬ ْ‫ىوٕب‬»‫ثب‬
‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫أَان‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ،ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ْ‫َب‬٘‫ثو‬ ٌُ‫اويا‬ ‫ثَآيٍى‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬‫اوؼبڇ‬ ‫ډلبٕجبر‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫إشىبى‬1391‫كييى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬
‫ثًى‬ ٌ‫ُى‬ ‫سومٕه‬ ‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ىٍٝي‬ ٍ‫ؿُب‬ ٓ‫ډىٶ‬.،ٓ‫إالډ‬ ْ‫ًٍٙا‬ ٔ‫ډؼچ‬ ٍٗ‫ځِا‬ ‫ي‬ ٍَٕٓ‫ث‬ ‫آهَٔه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ٍٕٔٔ ،ٓ‫ػالڅ‬ ‫ٽب٩ڈ‬
ٔ‫ډؼچ‬ ْ‫َب‬َ٘‫دْي‬ ِ‫ډَٽ‬‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ،ٓ‫إالډ‬ ْ‫ًٍٙا‬91ٓ‫ډىٶ‬ ‫ٍا‬4/5‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ‫ا٭الڇ‬.‫سإئٕي‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ‫ٍٹڈ‬ ‫أه‬
ٓ‫ٍيكبو‬ ‫كٖه‬ ٍٍِْٔ‫ثَوبډ‬ ‫ډٮبين‬ ،‫وًثوز‬ َ‫ډلميثبٹ‬‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ٬‫ياٹ‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ،.‫سإئٕي‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫ٍٹم‬‫اٹشٞبى‬ َُٔ‫ي‬ ،‫وٕب‬‫٥ٕت‬ ٓ‫٭چ‬
‫ځَٵز‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ِٕ‫و‬.ُ‫څٕال‬ ‫ٕٮٕي‬‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫وَم‬ ‫َٙٷ‬ ٍ‫ٍيُوبډ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ٓ‫ٙىب‬ٍ‫ٽب‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ،1391ٍٕ ٓ‫ډىٶ‬ ‫كييى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬
‫ثًى‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ َ‫ًٽ‬ ‫ىٍٝي‬ ٍ‫ؿُب‬ ‫سب‬.»
ٓٔ‫ىاٍا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ َُٔ‫ي‬ ،‫وٕب‬‫٥ٕت‬ ٓ‫٭چ‬‫إز‬ ‫ډٮشٺي‬ ‫ٔبُىَڈ‬ ‫ىيڅز‬:«‫ٍٙي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫سًان‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ډٚپالر‬ ٓ‫اٝچ‬ ‫ډىٚإ‬
ْ‫َب‬‫ىٍآډي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ىيڅز‬ ٍ‫ثًىػ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫هبٍػ‬ ٘‫ثو‬ ٓ‫ياثٖشڂ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓٙ‫وب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫سًٍڇ‬ ْ‫ثبال‬ ‫وَم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫دَوًٕبن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫دبٕٔه‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬
‫ٽَى‬ ٍٝ‫هال‬ ‫إز‬ ٓ‫وٶش‬ ‫اڅًًٝڃ‬‫ُٕڄ‬.»ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٽىي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سبٽٕي‬ ‫أٖىب‬ ٍْ‫هجَځِا‬ ‫ثب‬ ً‫ځٶشڂ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ْ‫ي‬‫أَان‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ډٚپالر‬
ٍَ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫وٶش‬ ْ‫ىٍآډيَب‬ َٕ‫ؿٚمڂ‬ ٘ٔ‫اٵِا‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إز‬ ٍْ‫ٕبهشب‬ٍٔ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ځَىى‬ٓ‫ثبُډ‬ ٍْ‫ػب‬ ٍ‫ثًىػ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ډَٞٳ‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫دىؼب‬
‫ٙي‬ َ‫س‬‫٭مٕٸ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫سٚئي‬ ‫ىَڈ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫وُڈ‬ ْ‫َب‬‫ىيڅز‬.ٌٍ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫سً١ٕل‬ ‫وٕب‬‫٥ٕت‬‫أَان‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ٍْ‫ٕبهشب‬ ‫ډٚپالر‬‫إز‬ ٌ‫وياى‬.
‫إز‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ ٌ‫ٵِأىي‬ ‫سًٍڇ‬ ‫ىالٔڄ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ٔپ‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫وٶز‬ ‫ىٍآډي‬ ٍٔ‫ٍي‬ٓ‫ث‬ ‫سٍِٔٸ‬ ‫ٙټ‬ٓ‫ث‬.‫ډٚپالر‬ ٍٍٚٔ ‫٭بډڄ‬ ‫أه‬ ٓ‫يڅ‬
‫ىَي‬ٓ‫وم‬ ‫سً١ٕق‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍْ‫ٕبهشب‬.‫ٽىي‬ ‫٭مڄ‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ثَػٖش‬ ٍ‫ثٖٕب‬ ُ‫اډشٕب‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ‫ثٮىًان‬ ‫سًاوٖز‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫وٶز‬ ‫آډي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫َُٔا‬.
‫ځًٔي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ٓ‫ٽىًو‬ ٍ‫ٕبهشب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫وٶز‬ ‫ىٍآډي‬ ٓ‫ډىٶ‬ ٘‫وٺ‬ ٬ٕ١ً‫س‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ُ‫څٕال‬:«‫سمبڇ‬ٓ‫وٶش‬ ْ‫ىٍآډيَب‬ٍ‫ى‬ ‫أَان‬8‫ٕبڃ‬
،‫ثِوي‬ ‫ٍٹڈ‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫سبٍٔن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٕبثٺ‬ٓ‫ث‬ ٍ‫سًٕٮ‬ ‫ٵَأىي‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ًٙى‬ ٓ‫ٙبىٽبډ‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ٍٵب‬ ٍٔ‫ډب‬ ‫ثًى‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫ځٌٙش‬ٍ‫ىا‬ ‫٥ىبة‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫سجئڄ‬
‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ‫ډچز‬.»ٓ‫كٺًٹ‬ ٍْ‫ٕبهشب‬ ‫ىالٔڄ‬ ٍ‫ٽىب‬ ٍ‫ى‬-،‫اٹشٞبى‬ ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬ٌ‫ځٖشَى‬ ‫ٵٖبى‬ ،ٓ‫ىيڅش‬ ‫ٍاوز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،‫وٶز‬ ‫ىٍآډي‬
‫ي‬ ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬ ْ‫َب‬ٍْ‫ثَىا‬ ٌَُ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٓ‫ىٔى‬ ‫سجچٕٲبر‬ ‫ي‬ ْ‫سًڅٕي‬ َٕ‫ٱ‬ ْ‫َب‬٘‫ثو‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ىيڅش‬ ٍ‫ثًىػ‬ ٛ‫اهشٞب‬ ،ٓ‫ډبڅ‬
‫ٔبٵز‬ ٛ‫اهشٞب‬ ٓ‫اوشوبثبس‬.
ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬:

5. ٍٗ‫ځِا‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ډ٦بڅٮ‬ ‫ډ٦بثٸ‬‫ثٮي‬ ‫ي‬ ،ْ‫ٝٮًى‬ َٕٕ ‫اوٺالة‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٹجڄ‬ ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ‫ىي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫أَان‬ ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ٌ‫ُاى‬‫ُډبن‬ ‫كمٕي‬
‫إز‬ ٍ‫ىاٙش‬ ٓ‫َٕٕوِيڅ‬ ‫اُاوٺالة‬.‫ٕبڃ‬ ‫ٕ٦ق‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍٕ ‫ي‬ ٕٓ ‫ځٌٙز‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٔ‫د‬ ‫أَان‬ ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ٍ‫ث٦ًٍٔپ‬1355‫ٍٕٕي‬.
«‫ٕبڃ‬ ُ‫ا‬1338‫ٕبڃ‬ ‫دبٔبن‬ ‫سب‬1355ٓ‫أَاو‬ ََ ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ،ُ‫ا‬ ْ‫ٝٮًى‬ ‫ٍيوي‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ٍ‫ى‬2ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍٔبڃ‬ ‫ډٕچًٕن‬2/7ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍٔبڃ‬ ‫ډٕچًٕن‬
‫ٕبڃ‬$‫ٕبڃ‬ ‫طبثز‬ ْ‫َب‬‫ٹٕمز‬ ٍ‫ث‬1376#‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٍٕٕي‬.،‫َب‬ٓ‫أَاو‬ ‫َٕاوٍء‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ٬‫ياٹ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ٓ٥17،‫ٕبڃ‬6/3‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ َ‫ثَاث‬ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬
‫ىاٍى‬ ‫كپبٔز‬ ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫َب‬ٓ‫أَاو‬ َٓ‫ٍٵب‬ ‫ٕ٦ق‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ٹبثڄ‬ ‫ثُجًى‬.‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫اوٺالث‬ ٤ٔ‫َٙا‬ ُ‫آٱب‬ ‫ثب‬1356ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ‫ٍيوي‬ ،
‫ومبٔي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ُ‫آٱب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ٓ‫وِيڅ‬ َٕٕ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ًٓ‫ډٮپ‬ ِٕ‫و‬.‫ي‬ ٓ‫اوٺالث‬ ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ٓ‫طجبس‬ٓ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ٽڄ‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ٓ‫وِيڅ‬ ‫ٍيوي‬ َ‫ث‬ ٌ‫٭الي‬
ٍ‫ٽ‬ ًْ‫ول‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،‫إز‬ ٌ‫ومًى‬ ‫سٚئي‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ٓ‫وِيڅ‬ َٕٕ ،‫ػمٮٕز‬ ٬َٕٔ ٘ٔ‫اٵِا‬ ،‫٭َاٷ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫ػىڀ‬ ُ‫آٱب‬ ‫آن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٔ‫د‬
‫كييى‬ َ٘‫ٽب‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬50ُ‫ا‬ ،ْ‫ىٍٝي‬2/7‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍٔبڃ‬ ‫ډٕچًٕن‬55ٍ‫ث‬ ،5/3‫ٕبڃ‬ ‫دبٔبن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍٔبڃ‬ ‫ډٕچًٕن‬1367
‫ٕبڃ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫اډب‬ ،‫ٍٕي‬ٓ‫ډ‬1368ٍَ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ػمٮٕز‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫وَم‬ َ٘‫ٽب‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٽڄ‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ‫ثُجًى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ثب‬ ،70‫ي‬80ْ‫ٝٮًى‬ ‫ٍيوي‬ ،
ٍ‫ٕبڅ‬ ٍٕ ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ِ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ُ‫آٱب‬ ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬$‫ٕبڃ‬ ُ‫ا‬72‫ٕبڃ‬ ‫سب‬74#‫ٕبڃ‬ ‫دبٔبن‬ ‫سب‬ ،‫ثًى‬ ٍ‫ډًاػ‬ َ٘‫ٽب‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬88ٍ‫اىاډ‬
ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ًٍْ٥ ٍ‫ث‬ ،‫ٔبٵز‬5/3‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍٔبڃ‬ ‫ډٕچًٕن‬67ٍ‫ث‬ ،7‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍٔبڃ‬ ‫ډٕچًٕن‬1388‫ٍٕٕي‬.‫أه‬ ‫ػبڅت‬ ٍ‫وپش‬
ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ‫ٕ٦ق‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌُ‫سب‬ ،َٕ‫اه‬ ْ‫َب‬‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ‫ډِٕان‬1355‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٍٕٕي‬».
‫إز‬ ٌ‫ُى‬ ‫ىٍػب‬ ‫كبڅز‬ ‫ثُشَٔه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ،‫إز‬ ٍ‫ٍٵش‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٙشبثبن‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫ٕبڅ‬ ٕٓ ‫٥ًڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫ٔٮى‬.ٍ‫اڅجش‬
‫ٙبډڄ‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫آډي‬ ٍٗ‫ځِا‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫آوـ‬‫ٙئي‬ ‫اٵز‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ،‫وْاى‬ْ‫اكمي‬ ًٍُْ‫ػم‬ ‫ٍٔبٕز‬ َ‫آه‬ ‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ؿُب‬
‫ًٙى‬ٓ‫وم‬ ،‫إز‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ ‫ٍيثَي‬.‫اٵز‬ ‫اكشٖبة‬ ‫ثب‬40ٓ‫ډىٶ‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫سًڅٕي‬ ْ‫ىٍٝي‬4/5ٍ‫ځٌٙش‬ ‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ْ‫ىٍٝي‬
ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ځَٵز‬ ٍ‫وشٕؼ‬ ‫سًان‬ٓ‫ډ‬‫ٕبڃ‬ ُ‫ا‬ َ‫س‬‫دبئٕه‬ ‫ډَاست‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬1355‫إز‬ ٍ‫ځَٵش‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬.‫ثبال‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ياٹٮٕز‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ثب‬
ُ‫ا‬ َ‫س‬‫ثبال‬ ‫سًٍڇ‬ ‫ٍٵشه‬30،‫ىٍٝي‬ٍ‫ىؿب‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬«ٓ‫سًٍډ‬ ‫ٍٽًى‬»ٓ‫٭مٕٺ‬‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬.‫سىُب‬ ٍ‫و‬ ‫أه‬‫ي‬ ،ٓ‫وٕبٵشڂ‬ ٍ‫سًٕٮ‬
ٓ‫ډبويځ‬ ‫٭ٺت‬ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ،‫ىَي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫وٚبن‬ ‫ٍا‬‫ىَي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ثلَان‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ُ‫آٱب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫وٚبن‬.
ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫ىٍآډي‬:
ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ثب‬ ٓ‫ػُبو‬ ‫ثبوټ‬ ٍٗ‫ځِا‬ ‫ډ٦بثٸ‬‫أَان‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ٍ‫ٕبڅٕبو‬ ‫ىٍآډي‬ ‫هَٔي‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ٍ‫ث‬4520ٍ‫ىال‬ْ‫ثىي‬ ٍ‫ٍسج‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬
ٌ‫ٍى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫ػُبو‬96‫ىاٍى‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬.‫ػُبن‬ ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ٤ًٕ‫ډش‬ ‫ىٍآډي‬ ‫وٞٴ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫وِىٔټ‬ ٍ‫ډٺيا‬ ‫أه‬$8581ٍ‫ىال‬#ُ‫ا‬ ْ‫ُٔبى‬ ٍ‫ٵبٝچ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ي‬
‫ىاٍى‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٓ‫َٙٹ‬ ْ‫إٕٓب‬ ‫ػىًة‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ٌْٔ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫سًٕٮ‬ ‫ىٍكبڃ‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫ىٍآډي‬.ٍ‫ى‬ ‫أَان‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫آډي‬ ٍ‫ى‬
‫ٕبڃ‬1357‫ٽَى‬ٓ‫ډ‬ َْ‫ثَاث‬ ٓ‫ػىًث‬ ٌَ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ىاى‬ ‫ٍم‬ ‫اوٺالة‬ ‫أَان‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫ٕبڅ‬ ٓ‫ٔٮى‬ ،.ٓ‫ػىًث‬ ٌَ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫آډي‬ ٍ‫ى‬
‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬1980‫ثب‬ َ‫ثَاث‬ ،2300‫ثًى‬ ٍ‫ىال‬.‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٰ‫ډجچ‬ ‫أه‬2012ُ‫ا‬ َ‫س‬‫ثبال‬31000‫ٍٙي‬ ‫وَم‬ ‫ثب‬ ،ٍ‫ىال‬6/3ٍ‫ى‬
ٍْ‫ثٕپب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٝي‬4/3‫سًٍڇ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىٍٝي‬4‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ٍٗ‫ځِا‬ ‫ىٍٝي‬.،‫وٶز‬ ٌ‫ٽىىي‬ ٍ‫ٝبى‬ ٍ‫و‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫هالٳ‬ َ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ػىًث‬ ٌَ‫ٽ‬

6. ‫إز‬ ‫آن‬ ٌ‫ٽىىي‬ ‫ياٍى‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬.‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫أَان‬ ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫آډي‬ ٍ‫ى‬1980‫ثب‬ َ‫ثَاث‬2334‫ثًى‬ ٍ‫ىال‬.‫آډي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫َٶشڈ‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫وِىٔټ‬ ُ‫اډَي‬
‫إز‬ ٓ‫ػىًث‬ ٌَ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫َٕاو‬.
‫ثًى‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ٓ‫ث‬ ٘‫ٵبك‬ ‫سٶبير‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ىالٔڄ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ياٹٮٕز‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫وجبٔي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫سًان‬ٓ‫وم‬.‫هَٔي‬ ‫سًان‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ثبٔي‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫َٕاو‬ ‫ىٍآډي‬ ٜ‫ٙبه‬ ٍ‫اڅجش‬
‫ٕىؼٕي‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ٍ‫ى‬.ٓ‫ثٍِځ‬ ‫سٶبير‬ ‫سًان‬ٓ‫وم‬ ‫أَان‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ځٌٙش‬ ٍ‫ٕبڅ‬ ‫ىي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍٔبڃ‬ ٍُٗ‫ا‬ َ٘‫ٽب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫سًٍڇ‬ ٬َٕٔ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ثب‬
‫ٙي‬ ‫ٹبٔڄ‬ ٍ‫سًٕٮ‬ ‫كبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ َٔ‫ٕب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫وٖجز‬ ‫أَاوٕبن‬ ‫هَٔي‬ ‫سًان‬ ْ‫ثَا‬.‫ػىًة‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫ىالٔڄ‬
ُ‫ا‬ ٓٙ‫وب‬ ٌ‫٭مي‬ ًٍ٦‫ث‬ ،‫إٕٓب‬ ٓ‫َٙٹ‬ٓ‫ػُبو‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ثب‬ ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫ډچ‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ډٕبن‬ ‫سىڂبسىڀ‬ ٣‫اٍسجب‬ْ‫ثبال‬ ‫ٍٹبثز‬ ‫سًان‬ ،
ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٕبهز‬ ٍ‫ٹبى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫َب‬‫آن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ،‫إز‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ ٍ‫ٽب‬ ٍ‫َِٔى‬ ٓ‫وٖج‬ ‫ثًىن‬ ‫اٍُان‬ ‫ىڅٕڄ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫آن‬ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫ډُڈ‬ ‫٭ًاډڄ‬ٓ‫ٔٮى‬ ،
‫ٱَة‬ ٌ‫ځٖشَى‬ ٍ‫ثبُا‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ډئَٔز‬ ،ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬ ،ٓ‫ياٍىاس‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬‫ثًٚوي‬ ‫ډىي‬ٌَُ‫ث‬.ْ‫سًڅٕي‬ ٍ٦‫ٍاث‬ ‫اوٺالة‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٔ‫د‬ ‫أَان‬
‫ٽَى‬ ٬٦‫ٹ‬ ٓ‫ػُبو‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬‫هًى‬ ُ‫وٕب‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ٍُ‫ا‬ ،ٓ‫ٝىٮش‬ ْ‫ٵَآيٍىَب‬ ‫ٝبىٍار‬ ْ‫ػب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫وٶز‬ ٗ‫ٵَي‬ ‫ثب‬ ٌ‫٭مي‬ ًٍ٦‫ث‬ ‫ي‬
‫آيٍى‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ثيٕز‬ ‫ٍا‬.‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ُْ‫ثب‬ ٓ‫ىاهچ‬ ‫سًڅٕيار‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ٓ‫ډىٶ‬ ٘‫وٺ‬ ،‫وٶز‬ ‫آډي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ َ‫ث‬ ٍٕ‫سپ‬.
َ‫اٽشج‬ ‫َٶيَڈ‬2013
‫ىيڇ‬ ٘‫ثو‬
‫و٪بډٕبن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍيكبوٕبن‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ ٓ‫سبٍٔو‬ ٍ‫سؼَث‬
‫ٍيكبوٕبن‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬
‫إز‬ ٍ‫ځٶش‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫دَٕيان‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ‫وٺڄ‬ ‫ډٖٕق‬ ٖٕٓ‫٭‬ ُ‫ا‬ ،‫ډٖٕلٕز‬ ‫سبٍٔن‬ ٍ‫ى‬:«‫اي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ َٕٞ‫ٹ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٣ً‫ډَث‬ ْ‫ٽبٍَب‬
‫هيا‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓٔ‫هيا‬ ْ‫ٽبٍَب‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ٽىٕي‬ ٍ‫ياځٌا‬».‫ىيڅز‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ٓٔ‫ػيا‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ي‬ َْ‫ٵپ‬ ٍٔ‫دب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ًٍٕٝ‫س‬ ‫أه‬ ‫دْيَٚڂَان‬ ٓ‫ثَه‬
$ٍ‫ٕپًال‬ ‫كپًډز‬#‫اوي‬ٍ‫ىاوٖش‬ ‫ٱَة‬ ٍ‫ى‬.،‫ثَىاٙز‬ ‫أه‬ ٓ‫وبىٍٕش‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ىٍٕش‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ځٌٙش‬‫ي‬ ،‫طَير‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ًٍٕٕ‫ي‬
ٍ‫ٕبهش‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫ٹًاوٕه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،‫اٝڄ‬ ‫أه‬ ٓ‫وٶ‬ ٍٕ‫سًػ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثًى‬ ‫ػٌاة‬ ‫ٽچٕٖب‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫آوـىبن‬ ‫ډَىڇ‬ ‫ډبڃ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ػبن‬ َ‫ث‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬
‫ٽٚبوي‬ َٓ‫سجب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٵٖبى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٬‫ػًاډ‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ٽَى‬ ٌ‫آڅًى‬ ‫هًٚوز‬ ٫‫اوًا‬ ‫سَٔه‬٬ٕ‫ٵؼ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ،‫ٙي‬ ‫ډشًٕڄ‬ ُٓ‫اڅ‬.
ُ‫وٕب‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ‫اٝڄ‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ،ْ‫ٽبٍٽَى‬ ‫ي‬ ٕٓ‫ٙىب‬ٍ‫ٽب‬ ‫١َيٍر‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ‫ىيڅز‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ٓٔ‫ػيا‬
‫إز‬ ‫وُبى‬ ‫ىي‬ ََ ‫ٕالډز‬ ٨‫كٶ‬.
ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬ ‫سٚپڄ‬ َ‫ثَاث‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫ډيو‬ ْ‫َب‬‫سٚپڄ‬ ‫ووٖشٕه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫َب‬‫ٽچٕٖب‬ ،‫ډٖٕلٕز‬ ٘ٔ‫دٕيا‬ ُ‫آٱب‬ ٍ‫ى‬$‫ىيڅز‬#ٓ‫اوٖبو‬ ‫كٺًٷ‬ ٬‫ډياٵ‬ ‫ي‬ ،
‫ٙيوي‬ ‫ثيڃ‬.‫اَُڈ‬ ‫ډٖشٺڄ‬ ْ‫ٽچٕٖبَب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ْ‫سٮياى‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ډٖٕلٕز‬ ،ْ‫ډٕالى‬ ‫ووٖز‬ ‫ىٍٹَن‬$‫ٽڈ‬ ‫ٽڈ‬ ‫ي‬ ،٫‫اػشمب‬ ٓ‫ډٮى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٽچٕٖب‬
٫‫اػشمب‬ ‫ډلڄ‬#‫ٙي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سٚپٕڄ‬ ‫ٍيڇ‬ ًٍْ‫اډذَاس‬ ٌَ٦ٕٕ َُٔ ‫َب‬‫إشبن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫َب‬ٍَُٙ‫ى‬.،‫ؿُبٍڇ‬ ‫ٹَن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ځَٵز‬ ٍٔ‫دب‬ ‫ډٖٕق‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ‫اډب‬
‫ځَىٔي‬ ‫ثيڃ‬ ٓ‫ىيڅش‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ‫ٽٖت‬ ًٍٕٕ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ،ِ‫ډشمَٽ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ياكي‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ‫ثب‬ ٓ‫ٕٕٖشم‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٽچٕٖب‬.ٓ‫وٶ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ځبڇ‬ ‫ووٖشٕه‬ ،ِ‫سمَٽ‬

7. ‫ثًى‬ ‫َُٙيويان‬ ‫كٺًٷ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٫‫ىٵب‬ ٘‫وٺ‬ ‫ٽَىن‬ ‫ٍَب‬ ‫َمـىٕه‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫َب‬‫ٽچٕٖب‬ ٓ‫ډيو‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ٘‫وٺ‬.‫ٹيٍر‬ َْٕ‫ځ‬‫ٙپڄ‬ ،َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ًْٕ ُ‫ا‬
‫ځَىٔي‬ ‫ٍيڇ‬ ًٍ‫اډذَاس‬ ‫ي‬ ‫دبح‬ ‫ډٕبن‬ ،‫ٹيٍر‬ َٕ َ‫ث‬ ‫ٍٹبثز‬ ‫ي‬ ٘‫سى‬ ‫أؼبى‬ ‫ثب٭ض‬ ،‫ٽچٕٖب‬ ِ‫ډشمَٽ‬.ٍ‫ځبو‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬‫َٕاوؼبڇ‬
ْ‫اػَا‬ ًٍ‫ډإډ‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫ٽچٕٖب‬ ٔ‫د‬ ‫آن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ٽَى‬ ٍ‫ٱچج‬ ًٍ‫اډذَاس‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫دبح‬‫ي‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ‫وبڇ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ثب‬ ‫أه‬ ،ٓ‫ىيڅش‬ ْ‫َب‬‫هًٚوز‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫٭ياڅش‬ٓ‫ث‬
«ُٓ‫اڅ‬ ‫ٹًاوٕه‬»‫ٙي‬.
‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬380‫ومًى‬ ‫ا٭الڇ‬ ‫ىيڅز‬ ٓ‫ٍٕم‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ډٖٕلٕز‬ ،‫ٍيڇ‬ ًٍ‫اډذَاس‬ ،‫ايڃ‬ ًٓٔ‫سئًى‬ ْ‫ډٕالى‬.َٕ ‫ي‬ ،‫ىيڅز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ‫اىٱبڇ‬ ‫ثب‬
ْ‫َب‬‫َُٕډٕه‬ ٍْ‫وڂُيا‬ ‫ځِاٳ‬ ٍ‫َِٔى‬ ‫دَىاهز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫وبسًاو‬ ٓ‫ٔٮى‬ ،ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ىڅٕڄ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫٭ميسب‬ ‫ٍيڇ‬ ًْ‫اډذَاس‬ ٣ً‫ٕٺ‬ ‫اوؼبڇ‬
ْ‫ػب‬ ‫ډٖٕلٕز‬ ،‫اٍيدب‬ ‫ٙمبڃ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍّډه‬ ‫ٹجبٔڄ‬ ٍ‫كمچ‬ ٍ‫اڅجش‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ثًى‬ ‫َب‬‫آن‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫ىٍآډي‬ ‫ٽٖت‬ ٬‫ډىج‬ ُْ‫ٍي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ،ًٍْ‫اډذَاس‬ ٌ‫ځٖشَى‬
‫ځَٵز‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٍيڇ‬ ًٍْ‫اډذَاس‬.‫ي‬ ،‫ومًى‬ ٬َٖٔ‫س‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ثبٕشبن‬ ‫ًٔوبن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍيڇ‬ ‫سمين‬ ‫ا١ملالڃ‬ ‫ٍيوي‬ ‫َمـىٕه‬ ‫ىيڅز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ‫وُبى‬ ‫اىٱبڇ‬
ٍ‫ډٕبو‬ ْ‫يٕ٦ب‬ ‫ٹَين‬ ٍ‫ى‬$‫ِٕٕىَڈ‬ ‫سب‬ ‫َٚشڈ‬#ٍ‫ى‬ َ‫ٔپئڂ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ‫وُبى‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫أه‬ ٌٍ‫ثب‬ ‫ىي‬ ٓٔ‫ػيا‬ ‫سب‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ٙي‬ ٌ‫ٽٕٚي‬ َٓ‫سجب‬ ٍ‫ث‬
‫ډبوي‬ ٓ‫ثبٹ‬ ‫ٱَة‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ٬‫ډًاو‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ٔپ‬ ‫ثًٍٞر‬ ،‫ډيٍن‬ ٌٍ‫ىي‬.[1]‫ٔب‬ ،ٓ‫َٙٹ‬ ‫ٍيڇ‬ ٓ‫ىٔى‬ ‫ىيڅز‬ ،‫ٍيڇ‬ ًٍْ‫اډذَاس‬ ٣ً‫ٕٺ‬ ‫ثب‬
‫ٔبٵز‬ ‫ىياڇ‬ ٓ‫إالډ‬ ْ‫وَٕيَب‬ ٤ًٕ‫س‬ ‫آن‬ َٕ‫سٖو‬ ‫سب‬ ٍٕ‫ٹٖ٦ى٦ى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٔ‫ثِٕاو‬.
ٓ‫دىشبٍٽ‬ ًٍْ‫اډذَاس‬ ،‫دىؼڈ‬ ‫ىٍٹَن‬ ًٍْ‫اډذَاس‬ ‫َب‬‫َُٕډٕه‬ ‫سمبڇ‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ٽچٕٖب‬ ٤‫سٖچ‬ ‫ثب‬$Pentarchy#‫ػُبن‬ ‫كپًډز‬ ‫ٔب‬
‫ٽچٕٖب‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ٍٔ‫دب‬ ‫دىغ‬ َ‫ث‬ ٍٕ‫سپ‬ ‫ثب‬ ،‫ډٖلٕز‬$Cathedral of Bishop#‫ي‬ ،‫ايٍٙچٕڈ‬ ،ٍٍٔ‫إپىي‬ ،ٍٕ‫ٹٖ٦ى٦ى‬ ،‫ٍيڇ‬ ٓ‫ٔٮى‬ ،
ٓ‫ډٖٕل‬ ‫اډز‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫ػمب٭ز‬$Community#‫آډي‬ ‫ثًػًى‬.‫ٙي‬ ‫ٍيثَي‬ ْ‫ػئي‬ ٘‫ؿبڅ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫َٶشڈ‬ ‫ٹَن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓٔ‫ٵَډبوَيا‬ ‫أه‬ ‫اډب‬.
ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓٔ‫َب‬‫ُډٕه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓٚ‫ثو‬ ‫سَٞٳ‬ ‫ي‬ ْ‫ډٕالى‬ ‫َٶشڈ‬ ‫ٹَن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫إالڇ‬ ًٍْ‫اډذَاس‬ ٘ٔ‫دٕيا‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ډٖٕلٕز‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬ ٓٔ‫ٵَډبوَيا‬
‫ٙي‬ ٌ‫َمَا‬ ٓ‫اوٖبو‬ ‫ثٍِٿ‬ ْ‫َب‬‫هٖبٍر‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫سبٍٔو‬ ،ٓ‫ىٔى‬ ْ‫َب‬٘‫ٽٚمپ‬ ‫ثب‬ ،‫ىاٙز‬ ٓ‫كپمَاو‬ ‫آن‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ډٖٕلز‬.‫اځَډٖٕلٕز‬
،‫ٙي‬ ‫آن‬ ًٍْ‫اډذَاس‬ ‫ٝبكت‬ ‫ٍيڇ‬ ‫ىيڅز‬ ٣ً‫ٕٺ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ٙي‬ ُ‫دَٕي‬ ًٍ‫اډذَاس‬ َ‫ث‬ ،‫ىيڅز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اىٱبڇ‬ ‫ثب‬ ْ‫ډٕالى‬ ‫ؿُبٍڇ‬ ‫ٹَن‬ ٍ‫ى‬‫إالڇ‬
‫٩ًٍُٔبٵز‬ ٓٔ‫ٽًٍٚځٚب‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ىيڅز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ‫اىٱبڇ‬ ‫ثب‬ ُ‫آٱب‬ ُ‫ا‬‫ي‬ َٞ‫ډ‬ ،‫أَان‬ ‫ډبوىي‬ ُ‫ٍي‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ْ‫َب‬‫سمين‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓٚ‫ثو‬ ‫ي‬
ٔ‫ثِٕاو‬$ٓ‫َٙٹ‬ ‫ٍيڇ‬#‫ىٍآيٍى‬ ‫سَٞٳ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬.ٓٔ‫ٙپًٵب‬ ‫ٕجت‬ ُ‫آٱب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ َ‫اډ‬ ‫أه‬«ٓ‫إالډ‬ ‫سمين‬»ٍ‫ى‬ ٓٔ‫َب‬ٓ‫ىځَځًو‬ ‫ي‬ ،
،‫ٙي‬ ‫٭َة‬ ‫ٹجبٔڄ‬ ‫ٵََىڀ‬‫اٵًڃ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍي‬ ‫سمين‬ ‫أه‬ ،َْ‫َؼ‬ ‫ؿُبٍڇ‬ ‫ٹَن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثٮي‬ ‫ىيڅز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ‫اىٱبڇ‬ ‫ىڅٕڄ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ‫يڅ‬
‫ځٌاٙز‬.
‫٭بډڄ‬ ‫سىُب‬ ٍ‫و‬ ٓ‫ىيڅش‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٕٕبٕز‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ‫ٙين‬ ٍ‫آډٕوش‬ٓ‫ىٔى‬ ‫ىٍين‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ،ٓ‫ىٔى‬ ‫ثَين‬ ْ‫َب‬ٍٚ‫ډىبٹ‬‫ٙي‬ ِٕ‫و‬
‫ىاٍى‬ ٍ‫اىاډ‬ ‫َمـىبن‬ ‫ي‬ ًُ‫َى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬.ٌ‫َمَا‬ ٍ‫ثب‬ ‫هًٚوز‬ ْ‫َب‬٘‫ٽٚمپ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫َب‬ٍٚ‫ډىبٹ‬ ٍ‫أىڂًو‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫إالڇ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډٖٕلٕز‬ ‫سبٍٔن‬ َٕ‫َٕا‬
‫إز‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬.‫ثب‬ ‫َمِډبن‬ ‫إالڇ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ٓ‫ىٔى‬ ‫ىٍين‬ ‫هًوٕه‬ ْ‫َب‬ٍٚ‫ډىبٹ‬ ،ٓ‫ىٔى‬ ‫ثَين‬ ْ‫َب‬‫ػىڀ‬َ‫دٕبډج‬ ‫ٵًر‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٔ‫د‬ ِٕ‫و‬
‫ىاٍى‬ ٍ‫اىاډ‬ ًُ‫َى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ځَٵز‬ ‫ثبال‬.‫آن‬ ‫اىٱبڇ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ‫ٽَىن‬ ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓٙ‫وب‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ،‫ىٔه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓٙ‫وب‬ ٍ‫و‬ ‫َب‬‫هًٚوز‬ ‫أه‬
‫إز‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ ٓ‫ىيڅش‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ‫ثب‬.‫دىغ‬ ‫ي‬ ٕٓ ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ياٹٮٕز‬ ‫أه‬ٓ‫إالډ‬ ًٍُْ‫ػم‬ َ‫٭م‬ ٍ‫ٕبڅ‬ٌ‫ٙي‬ ٌ‫ىٔي‬ ‫ي١ًف‬ ٍ‫ث‬
ٍ‫ؿڂًو‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ،‫إز‬‫ىيڅز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ‫اىٱبڇ‬،ٍ‫اثِا‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٍ‫ىي‬ ‫آن‬ ٓ‫اهالٹ‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٓ‫اػشمب٭‬ ،ٓ‫ډيو‬ ْ‫َب‬ٓ‫ئْځ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ىٔه‬

8. ‫ٽَى‬ ‫ثيڃ‬ ‫كبٽڈ‬ ْ‫َب‬ٌ‫ځَي‬ ٬‫يډىبٵ‬ ‫هًٚوز‬ ‫ٽبٍثَى‬ ‫ي‬ ٍٕ‫سًػ‬ْ‫ٽبٍثَى‬ ،ٓٞٞ‫سو‬ ‫ٽبٍٽَى‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ىيڅز‬ ‫وُبى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫؛‬
‫ٕبهز‬ ُٓ‫س‬ ‫آن‬ ٓ‫ډچ‬ ٬‫ډىبٵ‬ ٨‫ډلبٵ‬ ‫ي‬ ٬‫ډَػ‬ ‫ي‬.
‫ي‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ٓ‫ډٕبو‬ ْ‫َب‬ٌ‫ٕي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ډٖٕلٕز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إالڇ‬ ٓ‫ىٔى‬ ‫اثَٹيٍر‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫ٍٹبثز‬ُْ‫ٕب‬ ‫آُاى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ‫وبڇ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،
،ٍ‫ٽٶب‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫إالڇ‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫ډٖٕلٕز‬ ‫َُٕډٕه‬‫ثَٚٔز‬ ‫سبٍٔن‬ ْ‫َب‬‫ػىڀ‬ ‫سَٔه‬ٓ‫٥ًالو‬‫إز‬ ٍ‫ىاٙش‬ ٌ‫َمَا‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬.ٍ‫ٽ‬ ًٍْ٦‫ث‬
‫ځٶز‬ ‫سًان‬ٓ‫ډ‬‫٭بډڄ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٌُ‫اويا‬ ‫َمبن‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،‫ًٙى‬ ٌ‫َمَا‬ ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٓ‫ډبڅ‬ ٬‫ډىبٵ‬ ٌِٕ‫اوڂ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫ُډبو‬
‫إز‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ ِٕ‫و‬ َٚ‫ث‬ ٫ً‫و‬ ٍ‫ٽٚشب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫هًٚوز‬ ،٘‫سى‬ ‫أؼبى‬ ‫٭بډڄ‬ ،‫إز‬ ‫ډؤډىبن‬ ‫ډٕبن‬ ٓٚ‫ثو‬ ‫يكير‬.
،‫يٕ٦ب‬ ‫ٹَين‬ ْ‫اٍيدب‬ ٍ‫ى‬،ْ‫ا‬ٍٕ‫وبك‬ ْ‫َب‬‫ىيڅز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٽچٕٖب‬ ‫ىيڅز‬ ‫ډٕبن‬ ‫سٺبثڄ‬ ‫َب‬‫ٕبڃ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٔ‫د‬‫ي‬ ٍ‫ځبو‬ٍٕ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫َٕاوؼبڇ‬
‫اوؼبډٕي‬ ‫ٽچٕٖب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫َب‬‫ٵئًىاڃ‬ ،‫دبىٙبَبن‬ ،ُْ‫ډًا‬.‫وياى‬ ‫ٍم‬ ‫إالڇ‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫ٹيٍس‬ ‫سٺٖٕڈ‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬.ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫ٹيٍس‬ ‫سٺٖٕڈ‬
‫اوڂچٖشبن‬ ْ‫َب‬‫دبٍڅمبن‬ ‫ايڅٕه‬ ٍ‫ى‬$1265#ٍٖ‫ٵَاو‬ ‫ي‬$1302#‫ٔبٵز‬ ‫ثبُسبة‬.‫ثب‬ ‫َب‬‫آن‬ ‫ٍٹبثز‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫َب‬‫وُبى‬ ‫أه‬ ُْ‫ډًا‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ٍ‫ى‬
َ‫ٔپئڂ‬ٕٓ‫ىډپَا‬ ْ‫َب‬ٍ‫َٖش‬،‫ىاٙز‬ ‫يػًى‬ ِٕ‫و‬٬‫ډبو‬ َ‫ٔپئڂ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫َب‬‫آن‬ ‫اىٱبڇ‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٓ‫ىٔى‬ ْ‫َب‬‫ػِڇ‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬ ٓ‫هًىٽبډڂ‬ ٓ‫يڅ‬
‫ٙي‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ٍٙي‬.َ‫اځ‬‫ٝبكت‬ ْ‫ډٕالى‬ ٌ‫ِٕٕى‬ ‫ٹَن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓٔ‫اٍيدب‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬‫دبٍڅمبن‬،‫ٙيوي‬ٍ‫ى‬ ‫أَان‬ ٍ‫ػمچ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ،ٓ‫إالډ‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬
،‫ٽَىوي‬ ‫ډٺبيډز‬ ‫ډَىڇ‬ ٍْ‫ځٌا‬‫ٹبوًن‬ ‫وُبى‬ ‫أه‬ َ‫ثَاث‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ‫ثٕٖشڈ‬ ‫ٹَن‬ٓ‫ىيڅش‬ ‫إشجياى‬ ٍ‫ٽىب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍيكبوٕز‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓٚ‫ثو‬ ‫ي‬‫ىٍٝيى‬
‫ي‬ ،‫ثَآډيوي‬ ‫آن‬ ْ‫وبثًى‬ٍ‫ٵبٝچ‬ ٍ‫ثٖٕب‬ ‫ډَىڇ‬ ‫ومبٔىيځبن‬ ٔ‫ډؼچ‬ ٓ‫ياٹٮ‬ ٓٔ‫ډلشًا‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ډبوي‬ ٓ‫ثبٹ‬ ُ‫اډَي‬ ٍ‫آوـ‬
‫ىاٍى‬.‫َُٔا‬‫وُبى‬ ‫أه‬،‫ثبٙي‬ ‫ډَىڇ‬ ‫آُاى‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٌ‫ومبٔىي‬ ٍ‫آوپ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٕ٘‫ث‬‫إز‬ ‫كبٽڈ‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ٍٕ‫سًػ‬ ٍ‫اثِا‬ٌ‫ىٕشڂب‬ ‫َمبوىي‬ ‫ي‬ ،
‫ثَهًٍىاٍوٕٖز‬ ‫إشٺالڃ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓٔ‫ٹ٢ب‬.
‫ثًى‬ ‫ډوبڅٴ‬ ٍْ‫ىا‬ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬ ‫َمـىٕه‬ ‫ي‬ ٕٓ‫ىډپَا‬ ‫ثب‬ ْ‫ا٭شٺبى‬ ‫ىڅٕڄ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٽچٕٖب‬.٤ًٕ‫س‬ ٍْ‫ځٌا‬‫ٹبوًن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثًى‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ٽچٕٖب‬ ْ‫اى٭ب‬
‫إز‬ َٔ‫ډٲب‬ ‫اهالٷ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫اٽظَٔز‬.ًٌُ‫آډ‬ ،‫اى٭ب‬ ‫أه‬ ٍٕ‫سًػ‬$‫ىٽشَٔه‬#ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ډٖٕلٕز‬«ٍٕ‫ايڅ‬ ٌ‫ځىب‬»ْ‫ه٦ب‬ ‫ىڅٕڄ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،«‫آىڇ‬»‫ي‬«‫كًا‬»ٍ‫ى‬
‫إز‬ ٌ‫ثَى‬ ‫ثٕه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ‫ثًىن‬ ‫آُاى‬ ‫هًإز‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ٌَٔ‫ه٦بد‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ځىبَپب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫َب‬‫اوٖبن‬ ٍ‫َم‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ،‫ثًى‬ ‫ثُٚز‬.[2]‫أه‬
ٕٓ‫ىډپَا‬ ‫ي‬ ْ‫آُاى‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ٽچٕٖب‬ ‫ډوبڅٶز‬ َْ‫ٵپ‬ ُ‫ٕب‬ٍ‫ُډٕى‬ ‫ا٭شٺبى‬‫ي‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ٍ‫اٵپب‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ٍٵشب‬ ‫ٽىشَڃ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ُٕٓ‫سًػ‬ ‫ي‬ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬
ٓٔ‫ٹ٢ب‬ ‫ي‬ ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ٌ‫ىٕشڂب‬ َ‫ث‬‫ثًى‬.ٌ‫ځىب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫اوٖبو‬ ْ‫ٍؤ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫ډٮى‬ ‫ثئه‬«‫آىڇ‬»‫وجبٔي‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ‫ډىشٺڄ‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ايالى‬ ٍ‫ث‬
‫ي‬ ‫ثڂَٕى‬ ‫سٞمٕڈ‬ ‫َب‬‫آن‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫سًاوي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٽچٕٖب‬ ‫سىُب‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ثڂَٕى‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ًْٕ‫ىو‬ ًٍ‫اډ‬ ‫ډالٻ‬«ُٓ‫اڅ‬ ‫ٹًاوٕه‬»‫ىَي‬ ٍ‫اٍائ‬ ‫َب‬‫آن‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬.‫ثب‬
‫ډٖٕق‬ َٓ‫هًا‬‫٭ياڅز‬ َ‫ث‬ ٍٕ‫سپ‬‫وجًى‬ ُ‫ډؼب‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ٍْ‫ىا‬ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬ َْ‫ث‬ ‫ًٕى‬.‫ٽبسًڅٕټ‬ ْ‫ٽچٕٖب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٙي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ا٭مبڃ‬ ٓ‫ُډبو‬ ‫َب‬‫اى٭ب‬ ‫أه‬
‫ثًى‬ ‫َب‬‫ٵئًىاڃ‬ ‫ډشلي‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٓٔ‫اٍيدب‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫َب‬ٓٔ‫ىاٍا‬ ‫سَٔه‬‫ثٍِٿ‬ ‫ٝبكت‬ ‫هًى‬.،‫ؤًٖي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ىيٍاوز‬ ‫ئڄ‬
‫ٽبسًڅٕټ‬ ‫ىاوبن‬‫سبٍٔن‬‫ٹَن‬ ٍ‫ى‬16‫ٽچٕٖب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ډشٮچٸ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍٖ‫ٵَاو‬ ٓٔ‫ىاٍا‬ ‫دىؼڈ‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫آڅمبن‬ ٓٔ‫ىاٍا‬ ‫ًٕڇ‬ ‫ٔټ‬
‫ىاوىي‬ٓ‫ډ‬.

9. ‫ٹَن‬ ٌ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫وِىٔټ‬$ْ‫ډٕالى‬ ‫دبوِىَڈ‬ ‫سب‬ ‫دىؼڈ‬#‫سبٍٔټ‬ ٌٍ‫ىي‬$Dark Ages#‫اٍيدب‬‫إز‬ ٍ‫ځَٵش‬ ‫وبڇ‬.ٌْٔ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٽچٕٖب‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬
‫إز‬ ٍ‫ىاٙش‬ ‫اٍيدب‬ ‫سبٍٔن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ َْ‫ئَاوڂ‬ ٘‫وٺ‬ ،‫ډَىڇ‬ ٓ‫ُويځ‬ َ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ډٕبو‬ ْ‫يٕ٦ب‬ ‫ٹَين‬ ٍ‫ى‬.ٌ‫ِٕٕى‬ ‫سب‬ ٌ‫ٔبُى‬ ْ‫َب‬ٌ‫ٕي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٽچٕٖب‬
‫ي‬ ٓٔ‫ٽًٍٚځٚب‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫و٪بډ‬ ‫٭مچٕبر‬ َٕ‫ىٍځ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫اٍيدب‬‫ثَٚٔز‬ ‫سبٍٔن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ػىڀ‬ ‫سَٔه‬ٓ‫٥ًالو‬ ،ٓ‫ٝچٕج‬ ٍ‫ٕبڅ‬ ‫ىئٖز‬ ْ‫َب‬‫ػىڀ‬،
‫ٽَى‬.‫ي‬ ،َْ‫َى‬ ،ٓ‫اىث‬ ،ٓ‫٭چم‬ ْ‫َب‬‫هالٹٕز‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ،ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ْ‫آُاى‬ ٬‫ډبو‬ ،‫ىٔه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٫‫ىٵب‬ ٍٕ‫سًػ‬ ‫ثب‬ ُ‫ثب‬ ،َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ٓٔ‫َب‬ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬
ٓ‫ىٔى‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٓ‫ٹَثبو‬ ‫ٍا‬ َ‫وٶ‬ ‫َِاٍان‬ ،‫هَاٵبر‬ ‫ځٖشَاوين‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫٭ٺبٔي‬ ٕ٘‫سٶش‬ ْ‫َب‬ٌ‫ىاىځب‬ ٓٔ‫ثَدب‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٙي؛‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬–‫هًى‬ ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬
‫ىاى‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ‫هًى‬ ٍ‫ثب‬ ‫هًٚوز‬ ‫ٽىشَڃ‬ َُٔ ِٕ‫و‬ ‫ٍا‬ ْ‫٭بى‬ ‫ډَىڇ‬ ٓ‫ُويځ‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ٽَى‬.ًٍ٦‫ث‬‫ٕٕبٕز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اٹٞبى‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ‫وُبى‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ ٍٝ‫هال‬
،ً‫ػ‬ ‫ډبػَا‬ ْ‫َب‬ٍٕ‫ًٙاڅ‬ ‫ځَٵشه‬ ‫هيډز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ٔبث‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫هًى‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ َُٔ ْ‫َب‬‫َُٕډٕه‬ ‫ځٖشَاوين‬ ‫ٹٞي‬ ٍ‫ث‬
‫طَير‬‫ځَٵشه‬ ٔ‫د‬ ‫اٝ٦الف‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ،«ٓ‫ډٺي‬ ‫اډبٽه‬»‫اٍيدب‬ ‫ثبٕشبن‬ ‫سمين‬ ‫ډٕبن‬ ‫ثٍِٿ‬ ٓ‫ځٖٖش‬ ‫ٕجت‬ ،ٍ‫ډٕبو‬ ٍ‫هبي‬ ٍ‫ى‬$‫ي‬ ‫ٍيڇ‬
‫ٹئڈ‬ ‫ًٔوبن‬#‫ځَىٔي‬ ‫ٱَة‬ ‫ډيٍن‬ ‫سمين‬ ‫ي‬ ،.
،‫هَاٵبر‬ َٗ‫ځٖش‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٓٔ‫ٹ٢ب‬ ،ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ډىبٕجبر‬ ،ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ‫ٽَىن‬ ٓ‫ىٔى‬ ٍ‫وشٕؼ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ىيڅز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ‫اىٱبڇ‬
‫ٽٚبوي‬ ‫ٵٖبى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٽچٕٖب‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ،‫ٙي‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٬‫ډبو‬ ‫سىُب‬ ٍ‫و‬.،‫ٽچٕٖب‬ ٌ‫ىٕشڂب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٵٖبى‬ َٗ‫ځٖش‬ ‫ثب‬
‫اٍيدب‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ٓٙ‫ٵَيدب‬‫ځٌاٙز‬ ‫اٵًڃ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍي‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ‫اٍٽبن‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ‫وُبى‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ ٔ‫ٍوٖبو‬ ٘ٔ‫دٕيا‬ ‫ي‬ ،.ٔ‫ٍوٖبو‬‫اوٚٮبة‬ ،
‫آن‬ ٓ‫د‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ثًى‬ ٌ‫َٕثَآيٍى‬ ‫ٽچٕٖب‬ ‫ٵٖبى‬ َ‫ثَاث‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫ىٔى‬ ‫اٝالف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډٖٕلٕز‬ ٍ‫ى‬٘ٔ‫دٕيا‬ ،َْ‫ٍيٙىڂ‬ ‫وُ٢ز‬
‫سلًڃ‬ ،ٓ‫اػشمب٭‬ ْ‫وُبىَب‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ٓٔ‫ػيا‬ ‫َٕاوؼبڇ‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫٭چًڇ‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٓ‫ٝىٮش‬ ‫اوٺالة‬ ،ٍْ‫ىا‬ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬
‫آيٍى‬ ‫ثًػًى‬ ‫ٱَة‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ َْٕ٪‫و‬ٓ‫ث‬.،‫ٽچٕٖب‬ ٓ‫اٝچ‬ ‫ډشليان‬ ٍٕ‫٭چ‬ ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬ ‫اوٺالثبر‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٓ‫اػشمب٭‬ ْ‫َب‬ٓ‫ىځَځًو‬ ‫أه‬
‫ي‬ ،‫ډٖشجي‬ ‫دبٙبَبن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٵئًىاڃ‬ ٓ‫ٔٮى‬‫ٹًاوٕه‬ ‫ٽَىن‬ ٓ‫ُډٕى‬ ‫ثب‬‫ىاى‬ ‫دبٔبن‬ ‫َب‬ًٌُ‫ك‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ‫وُبى‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫اوؼبڇ‬ َٕ ،.‫ٍٙي‬ ‫ثب‬
‫ي‬ ،‫ٙي‬ ‫هبٍع‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ډشليان‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٽچٕٖب‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ُ‫ا‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬ ‫ي‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ،ُْ‫ثًٍّيا‬‫إٓمبن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ‫َٕوًٙز‬
‫ٙي‬ ٌ‫ٕذَى‬ ٗ‫هًى‬ ‫ثيٕز‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ډىشٺڄ‬ ‫ُډٕه‬ ٍ‫ث‬.‫ٹَين‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٽچٕٖب‬ َ‫اځ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٽَى‬ ‫ٙټ‬ ‫سًان‬ٓ‫وم‬
‫وجًى‬ ٍ‫ثَهًٍىا‬ ُْ‫اډَي‬ ‫سمين‬ ُ‫ا‬ َْٚ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ،‫ىاى‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫اىاډ‬ ‫هًى‬ ٓٔ‫يٕ٦ب‬.‫اٵشبى‬ ً‫ػچ‬ ‫َٙٷ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫أىڂًو‬ ‫ٱَة‬.
‫وجًى‬ ‫ٽچٕٖب‬ ٓ‫اػشمب٭‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ډَىڇ‬ ٍْ‫ىا‬‫ىٔه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ‫وُبى‬ ‫دبٔبن‬ ْ‫ډٮىب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫اډب‬ ٍ‫َم‬ ‫أه‬.‫ډٖىي‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ‫َب‬ٓ‫ىځَځًو‬ ‫أه‬
‫ٽَى‬ ‫َيأز‬ ‫هًى‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ياٹٮ‬.
،‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ‫ي‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ْ‫َب‬‫ډپبوِٕڇ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ىٍٕز‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ثب‬ َٕ‫اه‬ ْ‫َب‬ٍَ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫ٱَٕٱَث‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ثَه‬
ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٱَة‬ ُ‫ا‬ َ‫س‬ٌ‫ٽًسب‬ ٍ‫ثٖٕب‬ ٓ‫ُډبو‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ‫ٙپًٵب‬ ‫ٱَة‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ َْٚ‫ث‬ ‫َب‬‫آيٍى‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ُ‫ا‬ َْٕ‫ځ‬ ٌَُ‫ث‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ي‬
‫ٔبٵشىي‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ‫َب‬‫آن‬ ٍ‫ډٚبث‬ َٕ‫ځ‬‫ؿٚڈ‬ ْ‫َب‬‫دَٕٚٵز‬.‫ٔب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډبوي‬ ٍ‫ٙىبهش‬‫وب‬ ‫أَان‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اٍُٙمىي‬ ‫ياٹٮٕز‬ ‫أه‬ ‫اډب‬
‫ځَٵز‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٍٕٙ‫ىٍكب‬.

10. ،‫ٍيكبوٕز‬ ‫كپًډز‬ َْٕ‫ځ‬‫ٙپڄ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫أَان‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اوٺالة‬ ُْ‫دَٕي‬ ‫ثب‬‫ػُبن‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫إالڇ‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ ٍ‫هًإشب‬ ٓ‫همٕى‬ ‫اهلل‬‫آٔز‬‫ځَىٔي‬.
ٓ‫همٕى‬‫ئٍُي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سإٽٕي‬ ٓ‫إالډ‬ ‫ثٍِٿ‬ ‫ىيڅز‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ‫سٚپٕڄ‬ ‫څِيڇ‬ ٍ‫ث‬‫ځٶز‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ي‬:«ٓ‫إالډ‬ ‫ثٍِٿ‬ ‫ىيڅز‬ ‫ٔټ‬
‫ٽىي‬ ٍ‫ٱچج‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ٍ‫َم‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ثبٔي‬.»[3]‫اوٺالة‬ ٍ‫ٝيي‬‫ثًى‬ ‫هًإز‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ىٕشٕبث‬ ‫اََڇ‬ ،‫آن‬ ْ‫َب‬ٍُٗ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬.ٓ‫هًإش‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬
٘‫ىاو‬ ‫سَٔه‬ٓٔ‫اثشيا‬ ‫ثب‬‫ي‬ ‫سپىًڅًّٔټ‬ ،ٓ‫٭چم‬ ْ‫آيٍىَب‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٱَة‬ ‫سمين‬ ٘‫وٺ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ػُبو‬ ‫ډىبٕجبر‬ ٌٍ‫ىٍثب‬
ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ٍ‫ى‬ ،ٌ‫ځَىٔي‬ ‫ډىي‬ٌَُ‫ث‬ ‫َب‬‫آن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ‫أَان‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ،‫س٢بى‬‫إز‬.
ٌ‫اڅٺب٭ي‬ ‫ډبوىي‬ ،ٓ‫ٕى‬ ‫ثىٕبىځَأبن‬ْ‫َب‬ٗ‫ٍي‬ ،‫ثَػُبن‬ ٤‫سٖچ‬ ‫هًإز‬ ‫ثب‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ،‫ٱَة‬ ‫ډيٍن‬ ‫سمين‬ ‫سؤَت‬ٓ‫د‬ ‫ٍا‬
‫اوي‬ٍ‫ځَٵش‬.ْ‫ثَا‬ ٓ‫ٔپ‬ ،ٗ‫سال‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫أه‬ ‫وشبٔغ‬«ٓ‫إالډ‬ ‫ثٍِٿ‬ ‫ىيڅز‬ ‫سٚپٕڄ‬»ْ‫ثَا‬ َْ‫ىٔڂ‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ٱَة‬ َ‫ث‬ ٍ‫يٱچج‬ ،
‫ٱَة‬ ‫سمين‬ ‫ٽَىن‬ ‫ثًى‬‫وب‬ٍ‫ث‬ َْ‫ثٕٚش‬ ْ‫ُٔبوُب‬ ،ٍ‫ځٌٙش‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ثَځٚز‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫إالډ‬ ًٍْ‫اډذَاس‬ ْ‫اكٕب‬ ‫ٹٞي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ىي‬ ََ ،
‫إز‬ ٌ‫ومًى‬ ‫ياٍى‬ ‫َب‬‫آن‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډٖچمبن‬ ‫ډَىڇ‬.‫ثب‬ ٍ٦‫ٍاث‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ىاٍى‬ ٍ‫اىاډ‬ ‫َمـىبن‬ ‫ىيڅز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىٔه‬ ٓ‫ٔڂبوڂ‬ ‫أَان‬ ٍ‫ى‬
‫إز‬ ٬٦‫ٹ‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٍٕبوي‬ ٓ‫ثٍِځ‬ ْ‫َب‬‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫َمَىٔٴ‬ ٓ‫ٱَث‬ َٕ‫ٱ‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٱَة‬ ‫ػُبن‬.٬‫ډًاو‬ ٬‫ٍٵ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬
‫ٔبثىي‬ َٕٕ‫سٲ‬ ‫ثبٔي‬ ‫٭بډڄ‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫أه‬ ،‫أَان‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٙي‬.
‫و٪بډٕبن‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬
‫ثًڅئىڀ‬ ‫ِز‬‫ى‬ِ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫وًٙش‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫وٺڄ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫آن‬ ٓ‫ډىٶ‬ ‫اطَار‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫و٪بډٕبن‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ومًو‬ ‫ؿىي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ َُٔ ٍ‫ى‬$Kenneth E.
Boulding#ََِٕ‫د‬ ‫هًٚوز‬ ْ‫َب‬٘‫ػىج‬ ‫ٽشبة‬ ُ‫ا‬ ،$Nonviolent Social Movements#‫ٽىڈ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٌٍ‫اٙب‬[.4]
‫ي‬ ‫٭چًڇ‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ،ًٌ‫اوج‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ،‫ػئي‬ ‫ٝىٮز‬ ،ٍْ‫ىا‬ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬ ‫ډىبٕجبر‬ َ‫ث‬ ٍٕ‫سپ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫اٍيدب‬ ‫ٙمبڃ‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫ُډبو‬
،‫ٍٕٕي‬ ْ‫سٞب٭ي‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٔبٵز‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ‫ٱٌا‬ ‫ډِٕان‬ ٘ٔ‫اٵِا‬ ‫ي‬ ،َٕ‫ياځ‬ ْ‫َب‬ٍْ‫ثٕمب‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫ډٺبثچ‬‫إذبوٕب‬ًُ‫َى‬
ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ َُٔ«‫٭ٺبٔي‬ ٕ٘‫سٶش‬»$Inquisition#‫ي‬ ‫ٽبسًڅٕټ‬ ْ‫ٽچٕٖب‬‫و٪بډٕبن‬ َ‫طم‬ٓ‫ث‬ ٓٔ‫ٽًٍٚځٚب‬ ْ‫اٙشُب‬
،‫ىاٙز‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬‫ډبوي‬ ‫٭ٺت‬ ‫ٱَة‬ ‫ډيٍن‬ ‫سمين‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٍ‫ٹبٵچ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫وشٕؼ‬ ٍ‫ى‬.ٌ‫ٕي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫َبدِثَٿ‬ ٓٔ‫ٽًٍٚځٚب‬ ‫ډًٵٸ‬‫وب‬ ٗ‫سال‬
‫اٍيدب‬ َٕ‫َٕا‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٽبسًڅٕٖڈ‬ َٗ‫ځٖش‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫دبوِىَڈ‬‫ٍا‬ ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬ ‫أه‬ ٓ‫ډبويځ‬‫٭ٺت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٽٚبوي‬ ٓ‫يٍٙپٖشڂ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫إذبوٕب‬ ،
‫ٽَى‬ ٓ‫سبٍٔو‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫وُبىٔى‬‫اٍيدب‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫٭چم‬ ،ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ،ٓ‫ٵََىڂ‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ثَػٖش‬ ٓٚ‫وٺ‬ ‫وٚي‬ ٍ‫ٹبى‬ ‫إذبٔىب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ًٍْ٦‫ث‬ ،
‫ٽىي‬ ‫أٶب‬.
‫ٽَى‬ ٓٔ‫ٽًٍٚځٚب‬ ‫ي‬ َْ‫ځ‬ٓ‫و٪بډ‬ ْ‫ٵيا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ،‫إز‬ ٓ‫٭ظمبو‬ ًٍْ‫اډذَاس‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ٍ‫ومًو‬.
ٓ‫ٕبڅ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫٭ظمبو‬ ‫ىيڅز‬1453ٔ‫ثِٕاو‬ َ‫ث‬$ٓ‫َٙٹ‬ ‫ٍيڇ‬#‫أه‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫هًى‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ ٍ‫اىاډ‬ ِ‫ػ‬ ٓ‫ډظجش‬ ٘‫وٺ‬ ‫ثشًاوي‬ ٍ‫آوپ‬ٓ‫ث‬ ،‫ٔبٵز‬ ٤‫سٖچ‬
‫ثبٙي‬ ٍ‫ىاٙش‬ ‫َُٕډٕه‬.ٍ‫ث‬ ‫وِىٔټ‬ ٓ‫٭ظمبو‬ ًٍْ‫اډذَاس‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٙي‬ ‫ٕجت‬ َ‫اډ‬ ‫أه‬500‫ثمبوي‬ ُ‫ثب‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ‫هًى‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٕبڃ‬.

11. ‫ثب‬ ‫ّاده‬ ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬«ٓ‫ډٕؼ‬ ُْ‫وًٕب‬»$Meiji Restoration#‫ٕبڃ‬ ُ‫ا‬1868،‫هًى‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ٬‫ډًاو‬
ٓ‫ٔٮى‬ٓٔ‫ٕبډًٍا‬ َْ‫ځ‬َٓ‫ٕذب‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ٵشًىاڅ‬ ٍ‫ٽُى‬ ‫ډىبٕجبر‬‫ُى‬ ٍ‫ٽىب‬ ‫ٍا‬.‫ٵَأىي‬ ‫أه‬ٍ‫ث‬ ً‫ىاوٚؼ‬ ‫َِاٍان‬ ‫ځٖٕڄ‬ ‫ثب‬
‫ٱَة‬ُ‫ا‬ َْ‫ث‬ ٌَُ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬‫سپىًڅًّٔټ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫٭چم‬ ْ‫َب‬ًُٗ‫آډ‬‫ځَىٔي‬ ‫ّاده‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫ثب٭ض‬ ‫َب‬‫آن‬.‫ٍيوي‬ ‫أه‬ ‫اډب‬
‫ثب‬‫َب‬‫آن‬ ٓٔ‫ځٚب‬ ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬ ْ‫اٙشُب‬ ‫ثبُٙين‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىيڅز‬ َ‫ث‬ ٘‫اٍس‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ٍَ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٌَ‫ٽ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ؿٕه‬ ‫اٙٲبڃ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ َ‫ډىؼ‬1930‫ي‬
‫ٙي‬ ‫ډشًٹٴ‬ ،‫ىيڇ‬ ٓ‫ػُبو‬ ‫ػىڀ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ځَٕٙين‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫َٕاوؼبڇ‬.‫ي‬ ،‫ىيڇ‬ ٓ‫ػُبو‬ ‫ػىڀ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ّاده‬ ٘‫اٍس‬ ‫ٙپٖز‬
‫ومًى‬ ‫ٵَاَڈ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ّاده‬ ‫ډؼيى‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٍ‫ُډٕى‬ ،‫ٕٕبٕز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫َب‬‫آن‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ ‫كٌٳ‬.
ْ‫ًٍٙي‬ ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬‫ٽَى‬ ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٵَأىي‬ ‫أه‬ ِٕ‫و‬.ٓ‫ثچًٚٔپ‬ ‫اوٺالة‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٔ‫د‬1917‫إشبڅٕه‬ ‫ىيٍان‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٌْٔ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،‫سًان‬ ٌ‫٭مي‬
‫٭ٺت‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ْ‫َب‬ٍ‫ُډٕى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٙي‬ ‫ٕىڂٕه‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫و٪بډ‬ ٬ٔ‫ٝىب‬ َٗ‫ځٖش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٕبهز‬ ‫َٝٳ‬ ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬
‫ډبوي‬.‫ي‬ ‫ٽىي‬ ‫ٍٹبثز‬ ‫ٱَة‬ ْ‫َب‬‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫وشًاوي‬ ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٙي‬ ‫ٕجت‬ ٓ‫ىيڅش‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ٍ‫اىاډ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ٵَأىي‬ ‫أه‬
‫ثذبٙي‬ ‫ٵَي‬ ‫ىٍين‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫َٕاوؼبڇ‬.ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ‫سًان‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٵَُٕز‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬‫ؿٕه‬،‫َٶشبى‬ ٍَ‫ى‬ ‫سب‬ٓ‫ٙمبڅ‬ ٌَ‫ٽ‬‫سب‬ ‫ي‬ َ١‫كب‬ ‫كبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬
ٓ‫إالډ‬ ًٍُْ‫ػم‬ ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬ ْ‫كي‬‫دبٽٖشبن‬‫ٽَى‬ ٍ‫ا١بٵ‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ‫ٍا‬.ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ٍ‫ثٖٕب‬ ٓ‫و٪بډ‬ ٍ‫ُډٕى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫كبڅٕپ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫ٙمبڅ‬ ٌَ‫ٽ‬
‫وٕٖز‬ ‫هًى‬ ٓٔ‫ٱيا‬ ْ‫َب‬ْ‫وٕبُډىي‬ ‫سإډٕه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٹبى‬ ،‫إز‬.‫إز؟‬ ٌ‫ځِٔي‬ َ‫ث‬ ٌ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٽياڇ‬ ‫أَان‬
‫ٍا‬ ٓ‫اَياٵ‬ ‫سًاوىي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫ؿىبن‬ ‫أَان‬ ٓ‫ډًٙپ‬ ‫سًان‬ ٍ‫أىپ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫أَان‬ ٓ‫و٪بډ‬ ‫ٵَډبويَبن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ثَه‬
‫ٽىىي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫اٵشوب‬ ،‫ٍيوي‬ ٍ‫وٚبو‬ َْ‫ډش‬ ً‫ٽٕچ‬ ٍ‫َِا‬ ‫ىي‬ ٍ‫ى‬.‫ثشًاوىي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ َٓ‫ٍا‬ َْٕ‫ځ‬ٓ‫د‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫َب‬‫آن‬ ‫ىڅٕڄ‬ ‫َمٕه‬ ٍ‫ث‬
‫اوي‬ٌ‫ډبوي‬ ‫ٱبٵڄ‬ ‫ٽىىي‬ ‫سإډٕه‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ثَوغ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ځىيڇ‬ ‫ډبوىي‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ٍ‫ٍيُاو‬ ْ‫ٱٌا‬ ‫ي‬ ٍٕ‫ايڅ‬ ْ‫َب‬ْ‫وٕبُډىي‬.،ٓ‫ٍيكبو‬ ْ‫آٹب‬
ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ‫ا٭الڇ‬ ‫اهَٕا‬ ،ًٍُ‫ػم‬ ٕٔ‫ٍئ‬:«ُ‫وٕب‬ ُ‫ا‬100‫سىُب‬ ٍُْ‫ٽٚبي‬ ‫ډلًٞالر‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬ ْ‫ىٍٝي‬44‫ىٍٝي‬
‫ٽًٍَٚبٕز‬ َٔ‫ٕب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ياٍىار‬ ‫ُٕڈ‬ ٍٕ‫ثٺ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ًٙى‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫ى‬.»
ٓ‫و٪بډ‬ ‫ډئَٔز‬-ٓ‫و٪بډ‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ْ‫ٍي‬ ٍٕ‫سپ‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫اٹشٞبى‬ ٓ‫ٍيكبو‬ٍُْ‫ٽٚبي‬ ٍ‫سًٕٮ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ‫ٕجت‬ ،
‫ثمبوي‬ ُ‫ثب‬ ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫ٝىٮش‬ ‫سًڅٕيار‬ ‫ي‬.ُ‫ا‬ ٓٚ‫ثو‬ ،ٓ‫ٝىٮش‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫اٵِين‬ ،‫إز‬ ًٍ‫ډؼج‬ ُ‫اډَي‬ ٍ‫ث٦ًٍٔپ‬
‫ډبوىي‬ ،‫آوُبٔىي‬ ْ‫وبثًى‬ ‫هًاَبن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫هًاوىي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ىٙمه‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓٔ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ٓٔ‫ٱٌا‬ ْ‫َب‬ْ‫وٕبُډىي‬
‫ٽىي‬ ‫ياٍى‬ ‫ٽبوبىا‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫آډَٔپب‬.‫ي‬ ،‫إز‬ ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬ ‫إشٺالڃ‬ ٌ‫دئي‬ ٌٍ‫ىٍثب‬ ‫وبىٍٕز‬ َٗ‫وڂ‬ ٓ‫ٔپ‬ ،‫ي١ٮٕز‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ىالٔڄ‬
ٓ‫و٪بډ‬ ‫ډئَٔز‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ َْ‫ىٔڂ‬–‫إز‬ ٓ‫ٍيكبو‬.
‫و٪بډٕبن‬‫ي‬ ،‫ثٕىىي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫إچل‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫سىُب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬‫ٍيكبوٕبن‬،‫ٽىىي‬ َ‫ٵپ‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ‫إشٺالڃ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫آوپ‬ ُ‫ا‬ َ‫ثٕٚش‬
‫وبڇ‬ ‫ثب‬ ،‫إالڇ‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫هًى‬ ٍٔ‫دب‬ٓ‫ث‬ ٘‫وٺ‬ ‫ي‬ ،ُٓ‫ٵٺ‬ ‫اكپبڇ‬ ْ‫اػَا‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ډَىڇ‬ ‫ٽَىن‬ ٍ‫ياىا‬ ٍ‫ث‬«‫ػُبن‬ ‫ډٖچمٕه‬ َ‫ٍَج‬»
‫اوئٚىي‬ٓ‫ډ‬.ٍَ‫ى‬ ٍٕ ،‫ځَىٔي‬ ‫ا٭الڇ‬ ٓ‫إالډ‬ ًٍُْ‫ػم‬ ُ‫آٱب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫همٕى‬ ‫اهلل‬‫آٔز‬ ‫ػبوت‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫سىُب‬ ٍ‫و‬ ،‫ٕٕبٕز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫هًإز‬ ‫أه‬

12. ‫ُثبن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ‫آن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٔ‫د‬‫وْاى‬ْ‫اكمي‬ ‫ډلمًى‬‫٭ىًان‬ ‫ثب‬ ،ٓ‫إالډ‬ ًٍُْ‫ػم‬ ‫ٍٔبٕز‬ ‫ډٺبڇ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،«ٓ‫ػُبو‬ ‫ډئَٔز‬»‫َب‬ٍ‫ثب‬ ،‫اي‬
‫ٙي‬ ٍ‫سپَا‬.
ٍ‫ډى٦ٺ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫إالډ‬ ًٍُْ‫ػم‬ ٓ‫ىٔى‬ ‫ي‬ ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬ ْ‫ٍٹجب‬‫ىٔڂَاوىي‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫هًى‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ َ‫ٵپ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫َب‬‫آن‬ ‫َمبوىي‬ ِٕ‫و‬.‫أه‬
‫ثٕٚشَي‬ َْٕ‫ىٍځ‬ ‫ي‬ ٘‫ٽٚمپ‬ ‫ي‬ ٘‫سى‬ َٗ‫ځٖش‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫سىُب‬ ٓ‫ٱَٕياٹٮ‬ ْ‫َب‬‫هًإز‬ٓ‫إالډ‬ ٬‫ػًاډ‬ ‫ډبوين‬ ‫٭ٺت‬
‫اوؼبډي‬ٓ‫ډ‬.‫ي‬ ٕٓ‫ىډپَا‬ َ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ډبويځ‬ ‫٭ٺت‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ىٔى‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ ٌْٔ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ َْ‫ٕذ‬ ‫ىٔڂَان‬ َ‫ث‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ ‫ىيٍان‬
‫دَٕٚٵز‬.‫ٹيٍر‬َ‫ث‬ ِٕ‫و‬‫ٽبٍآډي‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ډئَٔز‬ ‫ي‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ٌ‫ٵِأىي‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫٭چڈ‬ٍ‫و‬ ،‫إز‬ ٍ‫إشًا‬
ٍ‫دَٕٚٵش‬ ْ‫َب‬‫ٕالف‬.‫وُبى‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ٓ‫ډبڅ‬ ‫سًان‬ ‫ي‬ ،ًٖ‫ٔپ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ،ٓ‫اسم‬ ‫ٽالَټ‬ ٍ‫َِا‬ ٌ‫ى‬ ‫ثب‬ ْ‫ًٍٙي‬ ‫اثَٹيٍر‬ ٓٙ‫ٵَيدب‬
‫ډبوىي‬ ٓ‫هيډبس‬«‫ثًٻ‬ ٕٔ‫ٵ‬»ٍ‫ىال‬ ‫ډٕچٕبٍى‬ ‫ثٕٖز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٔپٞي‬ ٍُٗ‫ا‬ ‫ثب‬ٌ‫ٽىىي‬ ‫ډَٞٳ‬ ‫ډٕچًٕن‬ ‫ٙٚٞي‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٕ٘‫ث‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ي‬ ،
‫إز‬ ‫ياٹٮٕز‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫دٚشًاو‬ ،ًَٕ‫ىځ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫آن‬ ٍ‫ٍيُاو‬.[5]
ْ‫ٵيا‬ ‫آڅمبن‬ ‫ي‬ ٍٖ‫ٵَاو‬ ،‫ثَٔشبوٕب‬ ْ‫َب‬ًٍْ‫اډذَاس‬ ٓ‫ىاهچ‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٓٔ‫َب‬ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىَي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫وٚبن‬ ٓ‫سبٍٔو‬ ‫ًٙاَي‬ ‫َمـىٕه‬
‫ٙي‬ ‫َب‬‫آن‬ ٓ‫و٪بډ‬ ‫َب‬ٓٔ‫ٽًٍٚځٚب‬.‫هًى‬ ٓ‫ىاهچ‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاومبٍٻ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ًٕئي‬ ‫ډبوىي‬ ٓٔ‫اٍيدب‬ ‫ٽًؿټ‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ،ٔ‫ثَ٭پ‬
‫ځَٵشىي‬ ٕٓٚ‫د‬ ‫َب‬‫آن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٽَىوي‬ ٍٕ‫سپ‬.،‫ثبم‬ ‫ؿًن‬ ٓ‫ثٍِځبو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫آډي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫كٖبة‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫اٍيدب‬ ٓ‫ٵََىڂ‬ ِ‫ډَٽ‬ ‫َٕؼيَڈ‬ ‫ٹَن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫آڅمبن‬
‫ٽَى‬ ٍ١َ‫٭‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ډًٕٕٺ‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ًٌُ‫ك‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫َڂڄ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٽبوز‬ ،‫ثشًُين‬.
‫ّاده‬ ‫ډبوىي‬ ،ِٕ‫و‬ ‫آڅمبن‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬‫ٽَى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٓ‫يٕٕٮ‬ ًٍ٦‫ث‬ ‫ىيڅز‬ ‫ٽىشَڃ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫هبٍع‬ ْ‫ډٕالى‬ ٌ‫وًُى‬ ٌ‫ٕي‬ ٍ‫وٕم‬ ‫سب‬ ،.‫اډب‬
،ًٍْ‫اډذَاس‬ ‫ٕبهز‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫آڅمبن‬ ‫ٙين‬ ‫ٹيٍسمىي‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ثٕٖمبٍٻ‬ ‫ٝياٍر‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثٮي‬ٓٔ‫ٽًٍٚځٚب‬ ‫ي‬ َْ‫ځ‬ٓ‫و٪بډ‬ ٍٕ‫ٍيك‬
‫ځَٵز‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٘‫اٍس‬ ‫هيډز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ِٕ‫ؿ‬ ٍ‫َم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٙي‬ ‫كبٽڈ‬ ‫ػب‬ٍ‫َم‬.‫ئَان‬ ‫آڅمبن‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ،‫ايڃ‬ ٓ‫ػُبو‬ ‫ػىڀ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫اډب‬
‫ٙي‬.‫ٕبڃ‬ ‫سب‬ ‫آډَٔپب‬ ‫ٽمټ‬ ‫ي‬ ِٕ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اٵز‬ ‫ثب‬ ٬١‫ي‬ ‫أه‬1933‫ٔبٵز‬ ٍ‫اىاډ‬.َ‫َٕشچ‬ٍْ‫ثٕپب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ٓ‫ئَاو‬ َ‫ثٖش‬ َ‫ث‬30ٍ‫ى‬
‫ٽَى‬ ‫ػچت‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ډَىڇ‬ ْ‫آٍا‬ ،ٓ‫آڅمبو‬ ٌ‫هًٍى‬ ٍ‫١َث‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ًَٔز‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٓ٥‫اٵَا‬ ٓٔ‫ځَا‬ٓ‫ثَډچ‬ ٍٕ‫سپ‬ ‫ي‬ ،ْ‫ٝي‬.ٓ‫و٪بډ‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬
‫وياى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫آڅمبن‬ ُْ‫ثبُٕب‬ ٌُ‫اػب‬ ‫اي‬ ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ٍ‫ى‬.ٓ‫ػُبو‬ ‫ػىڀ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫آڅمبن‬ ٘‫اٍس‬ ‫ٙپٖز‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٔ‫د‬ ،‫ّاده‬ ‫َمبوىي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫ُډبو‬ ‫سب‬
ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ،‫و٦بډٕبن‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٕٕبٕز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٙين‬ ‫هبٍع‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ډبٍٙبڃ‬ ‫٥َف‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫آډَٔپب‬ ‫ٽمټ‬ ٍ‫دٚشًاو‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،‫ىيڇ‬
‫ځَىٔي‬ ‫ٙپًٵب‬ ‫ي‬ ُْ‫ثبُٕب‬ َ‫ثبٍىٔڂ‬.
ٓ‫ثٍِځ‬ ٍ‫ٝيډ‬ َْ‫ځ‬ٓ‫و٪بډ‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ثًى‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ُ‫آٱب‬ ‫وًُىَڈ‬ ‫ٹَن‬ ٍ‫وٕم‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫دَٕٚٵش‬ ‫ٍيوي‬ ‫آڅمبن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ّاده‬ ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىي‬ ََ ٍ‫ى‬
‫اٵشبى‬ َٕ‫سإه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٹَن‬ ‫وٕڈ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫وِىٔټ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫هًٍى‬.َ‫ث‬ ‫ٍيكبوٕبن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و٪بډٕبن‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ ‫ٔبٵشه‬ ‫دبٔبن‬ ،ٓ‫سبٍٔو‬ ‫سؼبٍة‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ثب‬
‫إز‬ ‫أَان‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٬‫ډًاو‬ ٬‫ٍٵ‬ ‫١َيٍر‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ‫اٍٽبن‬ ‫سمبڇ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٕٕبٕز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬.‫وُبى‬ ٘‫وٺ‬ ُ‫ا‬ َٟ‫ٱ‬
‫وٕٖز‬ ٓ‫ىيڅش‬ ‫ډٺبډبر‬ ‫سَٔه‬‫ثبال‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫كش‬ ،ٌ‫ځَي‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ٙىب‬ٍ‫ٽب‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ٙبٖٔش‬ ‫اٵَاى‬ ‫ډٚبٍٽز‬ ،‫و٪بډٕبن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍيكبوٕز‬.‫أه‬
‫ٙي‬ ‫هًاَي‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ ‫سً١ٕق‬ ٍ‫ډٺبڅ‬ ‫ًٕڇ‬ ٘‫ثو‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓٔ‫َب‬ٍ‫ومًو‬ ‫ثب‬ ٌ‫َمَا‬ ٫ً١ً‫ډ‬.

13. 30َ‫اٽشج‬2013
‫ىيڇ‬ ٘‫ثو‬ ‫دبٔبن‬
——————————————
[1]Kazem Alamdari, Religion and Development Revisited: Comparing Islam
and Christianity With Reference to the Case of Iran, JOURNAL OF
DEVELOPING SOCIETIES, Vol 20(1-2): 125-144. DOl:
1O.1177/0169796X04048307,
ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٽىٕي‬ ٌ‫وڂب‬ ‫َمـىٕه‬:
،‫ثبٕشبن‬ ‫ٍيڇ‬ ٣ً‫ٕٺ‬ ‫ىالٔڄ‬ ،‫ًٕڇ‬ ‫ٵٞڄ‬ ،ٍ‫سًٕٮ‬ َٚ‫و‬ ،‫سَُان‬ ،‫ٍٵز‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ‫ٱَة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډبوي‬ ‫٭ٺت‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫ؿَا‬ ،ٍْ‫٭چميا‬ ‫ٽب٩ڈ‬
2000-2013ْ‫َب‬ ‫ؿبح‬ ،6‫سب‬18.‫إز‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ ‫سً١ٕق‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓ‫ىځَځًو‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ػِئٕبر‬ ‫ٽشبة‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٌ‫ؤًٖىي‬.‫ًٍٝر‬ ٍ‫ى‬
‫ٽىٕي‬ ٍ‫ډَاػٮ‬ ٍ‫وًٙش‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫سًاوٕي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ْ‫٭الٹمىي‬.
[2]Peter Burger, Christian and Democracy, Global Picture, Journal of
Democracy, Vol. 15, No. 2, April 2004.
[3]،‫سَُان‬ ،ٓ‫إالډ‬ ًٍُْ‫ػم‬ ٍ‫ٍيُوبډ‬31‫ٵَيٍىٔه‬1359‫اٍىٔجُٚز‬ ‫ايڃ‬ ‫ي‬1359ٓٔ‫ُػٖشبٍَب‬ ،ْ‫اكمي‬ ‫كمٕي‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫وٺڄ‬ ،
‫ي‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫ػىڀ‬ ٌٍ‫ىٍثب‬‫٭َاٷ‬
[4]Stephen Zunes, Lester R. Kurtz, and Sarah Beth Asher (Eds.), Nonviolent
Social Movements: A Geographical Perspectives, Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
[5]ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٽىٕي‬ ٌ‫وڂب‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ‫ي‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫ًٕڇ‬ ‫ډًع‬ ‫ٍيوي‬ ُ‫ا‬ َ‫ثٕٚش‬ ٫‫ا٥ال‬ ْ‫ثَا‬:
Alvin Toffler, Power Shift: Knowledge, Wealth, and Violence at the Edge of
the 21st. Century. Bantam Books, 2004.
http://www.iran-emrooz.net/index.php/think/more/48145/
- See more at: http://isdmovement.com/2013/11/110213.Kazem-Alamdari-Is-Iran-
regressing-more.htm#sthash.2xgZ5gq8.dpuf

14. ٘‫ثو‬‫ًٕڇ‬
‫دٕٕٚه‬ ْ‫َب‬٘‫ثو‬ ٌ‫ؿپٕي‬:ٍ‫ى‬‫ووٖز‬ ٘‫ثو‬ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫َڈ‬ ٍ‫ځٌٙش‬ ‫ٕبڃ‬ ‫دىغ‬ ‫ي‬ ٕٓ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫أَان‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٙي‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ ‫وٚبن‬
‫إز‬ ٍ‫ٔبٵش‬ َ٘‫ٽب‬ ‫ٙير‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫اوٺالة‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٹجڄ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫وٖجز‬ ٗ‫ا‬ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ډبوي‬ ‫٭ٺت‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫َمَىٔٴ‬.‫أه‬ ْ‫ثَا‬
‫ىي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫سٶبىر‬‫ٙي‬ ٌٍ‫اٙب‬ ‫٭بډڄ‬:‫ػيا‬ ‫ىيڇ‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ‫اٍٽبن‬ ‫سمبڇ‬ َ‫ث‬ ٓ‫و٪بډ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍيكبوٕز‬ ‫وُبى‬ ‫ډئَٔز‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ ٓ‫ٔپ‬
‫ثًى‬ ‫كپًډز‬ ‫ٙين‬ ٓ‫ىٔى‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓٙ‫وب‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ،‫ډيٍن‬ ‫سمين‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ٍ‫اٍاث‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫اٵشبىن‬.ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ايڃ‬ ‫٭بډڄ‬٘‫ثو‬
‫ىيڇ‬٘‫ثو‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،‫ٙي‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ ‫سً١ٕق‬‫ٱَة‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ٍ‫اٍاث‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫ٙين‬ ‫يٝڄ‬ ‫ٵَأىي‬‫ي‬ ،ٍ‫اىاډ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،‫ؿُبٍڇ‬ ٘‫ثو‬ ٍ‫ى‬
‫ٙي‬ ‫هًاَي‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ ‫سً١ٕق‬ ‫ډيٍن‬ ْ‫َب‬‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٙين‬ ‫ػيا‬ ‫وشبٔغ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫٭ًاډڄ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،‫ډ٦چت‬ ‫أه‬.
‫أَان‬ ٓ‫يٝىٮش‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫ٵَأىي‬
‫ثًى‬ ٍْ‫ىا‬ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬ ،‫ىٍٱَة‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ًٍ‫ډًس‬.‫ي‬ ‫َٙٷ‬«ٍ‫سًٕٮ‬ ‫كبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٬‫ػًاډ‬»ٍْ‫ىا‬ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ‫٥ًالو‬ َٕ‫سإه‬ ‫ثب‬
‫ٔبٵشىي‬ ‫ىٕز‬.‫ّاده‬،‫ىيڇ‬ ٓ‫ػُبو‬ ‫ػىڀ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثٮي‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ٬‫ػًاډ‬ ٍْ‫ثٖٕب‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫وًُىَڈ‬ ‫ٹَن‬ ‫ىيڇ‬ ٍ‫وٕم‬ ٍ‫ى‬ٍ‫ث‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫ٽَىن‬ ‫يٝڄ‬ ‫ثب‬
‫ٱَة‬ ٍ‫دَٕٚٵش‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ‫سمين‬ ٍ‫اٍاث‬ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬ ‫َمـىٕه‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ډئَٔز‬ ،ٓ‫سؼَث‬ ،ٓ‫ٝىٮش‬ ،ٓ‫٭چم‬ ْ‫آيٍىَب‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫سًاوٖشىي‬
‫٭ٺت‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓٚ‫ثو‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ٽىىي‬ ٓ٥ ‫ٍا‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓٔ‫ٵبَُب‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ٽىىي‬ ٌ‫إشٶبى‬ ‫َب‬‫آن‬ ٍ‫ثبُا‬ ْ‫ثٮي‬ ‫ډَاكڄ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٍْ‫ځٌا‬
‫ومبٔىي‬ ‫ػجَان‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ٓ‫ډبويځ‬.‫اوٺالة‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٹجڄ‬ ‫أَان‬1357‫ٹَاٍىاٙز‬ ‫ډًٹٮٕز‬ ‫ىٍأه‬.‫وبڇ‬ ‫ثب‬ ،‫اوٺالة‬ ‫اډب‬
«‫إشٺالڃ‬»‫ٽَى‬ ‫ػيا‬ ‫ٱَة‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ٍ‫اٍاث‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫أَان‬ ،.
ٍْ‫ىا‬ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍْ‫ىا‬ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬ ‫ډبٹجڄ‬ ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫سلًڃ‬‫ډَٚي٥ٕز‬ ‫اوٺالة‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ٌ‫دَاٽىي‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫آَٖش‬ ْ‫َب‬‫ځبڇ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫أَان‬ ٍ‫ى‬
‫ٙي‬ ُ‫آٱب‬.‫ٕبڃ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثٮي‬ ‫آن‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ٍِْٔ ٍ‫ثَوبډ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٙشبثبن‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٓ‫يڅ‬1332‫ٕبڃ‬ ٓ١ٍ‫ا‬ ‫اٝالكبر‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثٮي‬ ٌْٔ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،1341‫ىاى‬ ‫ٍم‬.
‫سًڅٕي‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٓ‫ٽبٍآٵَٔى‬ ‫اَمٕز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ُٓ‫سًػ‬ٓ‫ث‬ ،‫َٕى‬ ‫ػىڀ‬ ‫ىيٍان‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٱَة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫َٙٷ‬ ‫ډٕبن‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ‫سٺٖٕڈ‬ ،‫أيئًڅًّٔټ‬ ٌ‫وڂب‬
‫ٹجڄ‬ ٓ‫ٝىٮش‬ ‫ي‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ْ‫َب‬ٓ‫ىځَځًو‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ىٹٕٺ‬ ٓ‫أٍُبث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٙي‬ ‫ٕجت‬ ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬ ٍ‫ثٖش‬ ْ‫ٵ٢ب‬ ‫ي‬ ًٍْ‫ىٔپشبس‬ ٍ‫ٱچج‬ ،ٓ‫ډچ‬ ‫طَير‬
‫ًٙى‬ ‫ثيڃ‬ ‫اډذَٔبڅٕٖڈ‬ ‫ي‬ ٍْ‫ىا‬ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬ ٍٕ‫٭چ‬ ٌٍُ‫ډجب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،ًٍْ‫ىٔپشبس‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫ډٺبثچ‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫وڂَٕى‬ ‫اوؼبڇ‬ ‫اوٺالة‬ ُ‫ا‬.‫ٙي‬ ‫ٕجت‬ ٓ‫أٍُبث‬ ‫َمٕه‬
‫أَان‬ ٓ‫ٝىٮش‬ ‫ثىٕبى‬ ً‫و‬ ‫ډؤٕٖبر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫َب‬‫َٙٽز‬ ،‫ډٖشپجَان‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫ډٺبثچ‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ډٖش٢ٮٶبن‬ ‫كپًډز‬ ً٘ٙ‫د‬ َُٔ ‫اوٺالة‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٔ‫د‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬
‫ًٙى‬ ٬٦‫ٹ‬ ،‫ٱَة‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ٦‫ٍاث‬ ‫ي‬ ٌٍ‫ډٞبى‬.
ّ‫ډًوشب‬ ‫ٝىٮز‬
‫ٕبهز‬ ‫سًان‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ًُ‫َى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ٦ٔ‫ىٍَٙا‬ ،ٓ‫ٝىٮش‬ ٌ‫آډبى‬ ‫ډلًٞالر‬ ‫ٽَىن‬ ‫ياٍى‬ ْ‫ػب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،ٍ‫و٦ٶ‬ ‫ٝىٮز‬ ‫ٔب‬ ،ّ‫ډًوشب‬ ٬ٔ‫ٝىب‬
ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٓ‫ٝىبٔٮ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ٔبث‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ٓ‫٭ٺالو‬ ٌ‫ٍا‬ ‫سىُب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډظجز‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ،‫وٕٖز‬ ٓ‫ډىٶ‬ ‫سىُب‬ ٍ‫و‬ ،‫وياٍى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫َب‬‫آن‬ ‫ٽبډڄ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډٖشٺڄ‬
‫اوي‬ٍ‫ٕبهش‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫َب‬‫آن‬ َ‫س‬ٓ‫٥ًالو‬ ٓ‫ُډبو‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫ٱَث‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬.‫٭چڈ‬ ‫ٽٖت‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫إز‬ ٍ‫ځًو‬ ‫َمٕه‬.ّ‫ډًوشب‬ ٬ٔ‫ٝىب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ْ‫أَاى‬

15. ٓ‫هبٍػ‬ ‫آالر‬ ‫ډبٕٙه‬ ‫اوشٺبڃ‬ َْ‫ىٔڂ‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ىاهڄ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍْ‫ځٌا‬ ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫هبٍػ‬ ٓٔ‫َب‬‫َٙٽز‬ َْ‫ث‬ ‫ًٕى‬ ٓ‫ٔپ‬ ،‫ًٙى‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ځَٵش‬
‫إز‬ ‫َب‬‫آن‬ ‫ٝىٮز‬ ‫ٽَىن‬ ٍ‫ياثٖش‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫ډِٕثبن‬ ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫ث‬.ْ‫ثَا‬ ٓ‫ىاهچ‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫هبٍػ‬ ْ‫َب‬‫َٙٽز‬ ‫ډٚبٍٽز‬ َْ‫ث‬ ‫ًٕى‬
‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ٍ‫دٌَٔٵش‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ٹبوًو‬ ،‫ډشٮبٍٳ‬ ،‫ٽبډال‬ َْ‫اډ‬ ‫سؼبٍر‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ٝىٮش‬ ٍ‫سًٕٮ‬ ،‫سًڅٕيار‬.‫آن‬ ‫يسپمٕڄ‬ ‫ډبٕٙه‬ ‫ٹ٦ٮبر‬ ‫اوشٺبڃ‬
‫إز‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ځبڇ‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ،‫وياٍى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫َب‬‫آن‬ ‫ٕبهز‬ ‫اډپبن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ًٍْٚ‫ٽ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ،ِٕ‫و‬ ‫ډبٕٙه‬ ‫ٽَىن‬ ‫ياٍى‬ ْ‫ػب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،‫ىٍىاهڄ‬.
‫وٕٖز‬ ٓ‫ىٍٕش‬ َٟ‫ٵ‬ ٓ‫هبٍػ‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ىاهچ‬ ٬ٔ‫ٝىب‬ ‫ٽَىن‬ ٍ‫ياثٖش‬.ٍ‫ډٚبث‬ ٬ٔ‫ٝىب‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ‫اډپبن‬ ‫هًى‬ ًٍْٚ‫ٽ‬ َ‫اځ‬ ‫َُٔا‬
‫ٽىي‬ ٍ‫ډٚبث‬ ٬ٔ‫ٝىب‬ ‫ياٍىار‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫اٹياڇ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫وياٍى‬ ٓ‫ىڅٕچ‬ ،‫ثبٙي‬ ٍ‫ىاٙش‬ ‫ٍا‬.ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاٙشىي‬ ُ‫وٕب‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫ډبوىي‬ ،ٌ‫ډبوي‬ ‫٭ٺت‬ ْ‫َب‬ًٍْٚ‫ٽ‬
‫ثڂَٕوي‬ ٌَُ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ياٍىاس‬ ٬ٔ‫ٝىب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫ډَاكڄ‬ ‫ووٖشٕه‬.،ٍ‫ومًو‬ ْ‫ثَا‬«‫هًىٍي‬ ‫أَان‬»ًٍ‫ډًس‬ ‫ٕبهز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٹبى‬ ٍ‫آوپ‬ ‫ىڅٕڄ‬ ٍ‫ث‬
‫ٽىي‬ ‫سپمٕڄ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ‫سب‬ ‫ثًى‬ ٍ‫ياثٖش‬ ‫َٕچمىي‬ ٓ‫ٽمذبو‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫وجًى‬ ‫اسًډجٕڄ‬ ‫ٹ٦ٮبر‬ ٓ‫ثَه‬ ‫ي‬.‫ځٌٙز‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٔ‫د‬ ،ِٕ‫و‬ ُ‫اډَي‬35‫ٕبڃ‬
ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫آالر‬ ‫يډبٕٙه‬ ٬ٔ‫ٝىب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ًُ‫َى‬ ُ‫ځب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫وٶز‬ ‫إشوَام‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ٍ‫اُػمچ‬ ‫إز؛‬ ٌ‫وٚي‬ ‫ثَ٥َٳ‬ ُ‫وٕب‬ ‫أه‬ ‫اوٺالة‬ ُ‫ا‬
‫إز‬ ُ‫وٕب‬ ٓ‫هبٍػ‬.
‫ثًٚى‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٬‫ډبو‬ ‫سًاوي‬ٓ‫وم‬ ًٍْٚ‫ٽ‬ ‫َٕؾ‬ ،ٍ‫ځٌٙش‬ ‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬.‫دبٽٖشبن‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ٙمبڅ‬ ٌَ‫ٽ‬‫ٍٱڈ‬ ٓ‫٭چ‬
َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ‫هًإز‬ْ‫ا‬ٍ‫َٖش‬ ‫ثمت‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ٍ‫ث‬‫ٔبٵشىي‬ ‫ىٕز‬.،ْ‫ا‬ٍ‫َٖش‬ ‫ثمت‬ ْ‫ػب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫هًإشىي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫َب‬ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬ ‫أه‬ َ‫اځ‬
‫ًٙوي‬ ‫َب‬‫آن‬ ٬‫ډبو‬ ‫سًاوٖشىي‬ٓ‫وم‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ‫ثٖبُوي‬ َْ‫ډٖبٵَث‬ ْ‫ًَادٕمب‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ٽٚش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اسًډجٕڄ‬ ،َ‫س‬ًٕ‫ٽبډذ‬ ،‫سچًًِٔٔن‬.
‫ډبوىي‬ ٓٔ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬‫ثب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫ٕجټ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٕىڂٕه‬ ٬ٔ‫ٝىب‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ٌ‫ٍا‬ ،ْ‫ا‬ٍ‫َٖش‬ ‫ثمت‬ ْ‫ػب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،‫ثَُٔڄ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ػىًث‬ ٌَ‫ٽ‬
‫ثَىوي‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ‫اُٱَة‬ ‫ځَٵشه‬ ‫ٽمټ‬.ُ‫اډَي‬ٍْ‫سؼب‬ ْ‫َب‬ٓ‫ٽٚش‬ ‫ٕبهز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫ػىًث‬ ٌَ‫ٽ‬‫ي‬ ،‫ٕبهز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ثَُٔڄ‬
َْ‫ث‬ َ‫ډٖبٵ‬ ْ‫ًَادٕمبَب‬‫اوي‬ٌ‫ٙي‬ ‫ثيڃ‬ ‫ٱَة‬ ‫وَٕيډىي‬ ْ‫ٍٹجب‬ ٍ‫ث‬.ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا٭شجبٍار‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٌ‫إشٶبى‬ ‫ي‬ ،ّ‫ډًوشب‬ ٬ٔ‫ٝىب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫َب‬‫آن‬
‫ىٍاهشٕبٍىاٍوي‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓ‫اډذَٔبڅٕٖش‬ ْ‫ٽًٍَٚب‬ ٍ‫ثبُا‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓٚ‫ثو‬ ُ‫اډَي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٽَىوي‬ ُ‫آٱب‬ ٓ‫اډذَٔبڅٕٖش‬.‫ىيډٕه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ُ‫اډَي‬ ‫ثَُٔڄ‬
‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ‫ثيڃ‬ ‫ؿٕه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثٮي‬ ،‫آډَٔپب‬ ‫ىيڅز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌ‫ىَىي‬ ‫ياڇ‬ ًٍٚ‫ٽ‬.
ْ‫ٽًىسب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثٮي‬ ‫أَان‬28‫ډَىاى‬1332
‫دَىاُڇ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫ٙين‬ ٓ‫ٝىٮش‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫ٵَأىي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٣ً‫ډَث‬ ‫ا٥ال٭بر‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ثَه‬ ٓ‫ثبُثٕى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٹٖمز‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬.‫آثَإَمٕبن‬ ‫َٔياوي‬
‫ؤًٖي‬ٓ‫ډ‬:ْ‫َب‬ ‫ٕبڃ‬ ‫ثٕه‬1332‫سب‬1336ٰ‫ډجچ‬ ً‫ب‬‫ػمٮ‬ ‫كپًډز‬ ٓ‫يٍٙپٖش‬ ُ‫ا‬ َْٕ‫ػچًځ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫آډَٔپب‬145ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ىال‬ ‫ډٕچًٕن‬
‫ٽَى‬ ‫ٽمټ‬ ‫أَان‬.‫ٕبڃ‬ ‫سب‬ ‫َب‬‫ٽمټ‬ ‫أه‬42ٍ‫ث‬500‫ٍٕٕي‬ ٍ‫ىال‬ ‫ډٕچًٕن‬.‫ٔبٵز‬ ٘ٔ‫اٵِا‬ ‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٕبڃ‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ‫وٶز‬ ‫ىٍآډي‬.ٍ‫ث٦ًٍٔپ‬
ُ‫ا‬34ْ‫َب‬ ‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ىال‬ ‫ډٕچًٕن‬1333‫ي‬1334ٍ‫ث‬ ،437ْ‫َب‬ ‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ىال‬ ‫ډٕچًٕن‬1341‫ي‬1342‫ٍٕٕي‬.[1]ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬ َ٪‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬
‫ٙي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سمبڇ‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ‫ًٕى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫سًٕٮ‬ ‫ي‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ َ٪‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫يڅ‬ ،‫ثًى‬ ٌ‫ٙب‬ ًٍْ‫ىٔپشبس‬ ‫ًٕى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫َب‬‫ٍهياى‬ ‫أه‬.ٓ‫هًاو‬ ُ‫ثب‬
‫ٽىي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ َ‫س‬‫ٍيٙه‬ ‫ٍا‬ َ‫اډ‬ ‫أه‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ْ‫َب‬‫ياٹٮٕز‬.

16. ‫ٔبى‬ ٌ‫ُوي‬ٓ‫ػِو‬ ‫ثْٕن‬‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫ٽشبث‬ ٍ‫ى‬1351‫ؤًٖي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٽَى‬ ‫سى٪ٕڈ‬ ‫ُويان‬ ٍ‫ى‬:«ٍ‫ٵبٝچ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫ډچ‬ ُْ‫ثًٍّيا‬32-20ٍ‫ث‬
ْ‫ٽًىسب‬ ‫ىوجبڃ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،‫ثًى‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ َْٕ‫ځ‬ ‫ؿٚڈ‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٍ‫ٽمذَاىي‬ ُْ‫ثًٍّيا‬ ‫ُٔبن‬28‫ثبُډبوي‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ډَىاى‬...‫ػُز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬
ٓ‫اػشمب٭‬ َ‫ډٮشج‬ َٚ‫ٹ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫وَٕي‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ٍ‫ډظبث‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫اٽىًن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٙي‬ ٌِٕ‫ٽبوبڅ‬ ٍْ‫ٽمذَاىي‬ ُْ‫ثًٍّيا‬–‫ًٙى‬ٓ‫وم‬ ٍ‫ٙىبهش‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬.»[2]
«‫و٪بڇ‬ ٍ‫اىاډ‬ ّ‫ډىِڅ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫سًاوي‬ٓ‫وم‬ ،‫هًٍى‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ؿٚڈ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ْ‫َب‬ٍ‫ٍٙش‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ثَه‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫وًاك‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ٢‫ثٮ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ًُ‫َى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٵئًىاڅٕٖڈ‬ ْ‫ثٺبٔب‬
‫ځَىى‬ ٓ‫سچٺ‬ ٓ‫ٵئًىاڅ‬.»[3]...ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ځَٕى‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫وشٕؼ‬ ٌ‫ؤًٖىي‬:«ٓ‫اػشمب٭‬ ‫و٪بڇ‬–‫إز‬ ٍ‫ياثٖش‬ ٍْ‫ىا‬ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬ ‫و٪بڇ‬ ‫أَان‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬».
‫ځٶز‬ ‫ثبٔي‬ ،‫آن‬ ٓ‫ياثٖشڂ‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫يڅ‬ ،‫وٕٖز‬ ٓ‫ٕوى‬ ‫و٪بڇ‬ ‫ثًىن‬ ٍْ‫ىا‬ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ٍْ‫ىا‬ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬،‫ٵئًىاڅٕٖڈ‬ ‫و٪بڇ‬ ‫هالٳ‬ َ‫ث‬ ،
‫ثًى‬ ٓ‫ػُبو‬ ‫دئيٌء‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ُ‫آٱب‬ ُ‫ا‬‫ثمبوي‬ ‫اوِيا‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫سًاوٖز‬ٓ‫وم‬ ‫ٙي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ياٍى‬ ٍْ‫ىا‬ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬ ‫ٹچمَي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ًٍْٚ‫ٽ‬ ََ ‫ي‬ ،.
‫اوي‬ٍ‫ياثٖش‬ ‫ثُڈ‬ ٍ‫َم‬ ‫ثىبثَأه‬.‫إز‬ ٍ‫ياثٖش‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ثًىن‬ ٓ‫ػُبو‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍْ‫ىا‬ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬ ‫دَٕٚٵز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٙي‬.ٓ‫ػُبو‬ ٍ‫ثبُا‬ َ‫اځ‬ ُ‫اډَي‬ ‫َمٕه‬
‫ًٙى‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫وبثًى‬ ‫ًٙى‬ ٍ‫ځَٵش‬ ‫ډبٽَيٕبٵز‬ ‫َٙٽز‬ ُ‫ا‬.ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ٍ‫ٽبډذًٕسَى‬ ‫ٽىىيځبن‬ ‫ډَٞٳ‬ ‫ثًىن‬ ٍ‫ياثٖش‬ ‫إز‬ ٍ‫ځًو‬ ‫َمٕه‬
ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ‫أه‬.‫إز‬ ٓ‫ػُبو‬ ٍ‫ثبُا‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ،ٓ‫ىاهچ‬ ٍ‫ثبُا‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ٍ‫و‬ ،ٍْ‫ىا‬ ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬ ‫ٕٕٖشڈ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬.
‫ؤًٖي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٓ‫ػِو‬:«ْ‫َب‬‫ٕبڃ‬39-42،ٓ‫ډشَٹ‬ ْ‫وَٕيَب‬ ِ‫دَاٽىي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٽًؿټ‬ ‫كَٽبر‬ ‫ٍٱڈ‬ ٓ‫٭چ‬ ،‫اوشٶبڃ‬ ٍ‫ډَكچ‬ ‫سَٔه‬‫ډُڈ‬ ٓ‫ٔٮى‬
ْ‫َب‬٘‫ػىج‬ ‫ثبٙي‬ ٍ‫ٹبى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ٔبٵش‬ ‫ٕبُډبن‬ ْ‫وَٕي‬ ‫ٔټ‬ َ‫ٽبٍځ‬ ٍ‫٥جٺ‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٓ‫ډچ‬ ُْ‫ثًٍيّا‬ ‫ػىبف‬ ‫ىي‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ‫ىٍَٕغ‬
‫وياٍى‬ ‫يػًى‬ ‫ٽىي‬ َْ‫ٍَج‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٌ‫سًى‬ ّ‫اوڂٕو‬ ‫هًى‬.‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ّ‫ثَوبډ‬ ٌ‫إًٓى‬ ‫وٖجشب‬ ‫ثبهٕبڃ‬ ‫اډذَٔبڅٕٖڈ‬ ‫ي‬ ًٍ‫ٽمذَاس‬ ُْ‫ثًٍّيا‬ ‫ثىبثَأه‬
‫ځٌاٙشىي‬ ‫اػَا‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ٍ‫ث‬.»[4]َ‫٭م‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ًٙى‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍيٙه‬ ‫ٵًٷ‬ ‫سً١ٕلبر‬ ‫ثب‬«‫ٵئًىاڅٕٖڈ‬»‫ي‬«ٓ‫ډچ‬ ٍْ‫ىا‬ ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬»‫دبٔبن‬ ‫ىٍأَان‬
‫ٙي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ياٍى‬ ٓ‫ؤًى‬ ٍ‫ډَكچ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ثًى‬ ٍ‫دٌَٔٵش‬.ٍ‫و‬ ،‫ثًى‬ ًٍْ‫ىٔپشبس‬ ٍٕ‫٭چ‬ ‫ي‬ ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬ ‫ُډبن‬ ‫آن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫ډَىڇ‬ ‫ډجبٍُار‬
‫أَان‬ ‫ٙين‬ ٓ‫ٝىٮش‬ ‫ي‬ ٍْ‫ىا‬ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬.
ْ‫َب‬‫ٕبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬39-42‫ٙي‬ ‫ٍيثَي‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ‫ٍٽًى‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٓ‫ډبڅ‬ ‫ډٚپالر‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ىيڅز‬ ،.،ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ْ‫ٵ٢ب‬ ‫ٙين‬ ُ‫ثب‬ ‫ٍٱڈ‬ ٓ‫٭چ‬
‫ٍٙي‬ ،َُْٔ‫ي‬ ‫ووٖز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ‫اډٕى‬ ٓ‫٭چ‬ ‫اوشوبة‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫اٝالكبر‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ٌ‫ٙب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫آډَٔپب‬ ‫يٹز‬ ًٍُ‫ػم‬ ٕٔ‫ٍئ‬ ،ْ‫ٽىي‬ ‫اٳ‬ ‫ػبن‬ ٍ‫ٵٚب‬
ٍ‫ياٹٮ‬ ٌَ‫ثباله‬ ‫ي‬ ،ْ‫آُاى‬ ‫وُ٢ز‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ىيڇ‬ ٓ‫ډچ‬ ٍُ‫ػج‬ ‫سٚپٕڄ‬ ،ًٓٔ‫ىاوٚؼ‬ ٘‫ػىج‬ ٍ‫ٕبثٺ‬ٓ‫ث‬15ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬ ْ‫وَٕيَب‬ ،‫هَىاى‬
‫ٽىىي‬ َْ‫ٍَج‬ ‫ٍا‬ ًٍْ‫ىٔپشبس‬ ‫١ي‬ ٘‫ػىج‬ ‫وشًاوٖشىي‬.‫ٍٙي‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ٤ٔ‫َٙا‬ ‫ٙين‬ ‫ٵَاَڈ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ٦‫ٍث‬ ٓ‫وبسًاو‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ياٹٮٕز‬
«ٍ‫ٽمذَاىي‬ ُْ‫ثًٍّيا‬»َٗ‫ځٖش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ،‫هًى‬ ٍ‫ثَوبډ‬ ‫سب‬ ،‫وياٙز‬«ٍ‫ياثٖش‬ ٍْ‫ىا‬ ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬»‫ثجَوي‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ‫ٍاكز‬ ‫هٕبڃ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ثًى‬.
‫ډوبڅٴ‬ ‫أَان‬ ‫ٍاىٔپبڃ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ٕىش‬ ‫ٍيكبوٕز‬ ،‫ثًىوي‬ ٌ‫ٙب‬ ًٍْ‫ىٔپشبس‬ ‫ثيين‬ ‫اٝالكبر‬ ‫هًاَبن‬ ٓ‫ډشَٹ‬ َٓ‫وَٕي‬ ٍ‫كبڅٕپ‬ ٍ‫ى‬
‫ثًىوي‬ ‫ُوبن‬ ْ‫ٍؤ‬ ‫كٸ‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٓ١ٍ‫ا‬ ‫اٝالكبر‬.
‫ؤًٖي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ْ‫ػب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫هًى‬ ٓ‫ػِو‬:«ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ًٟ‫٭‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ٬١ً‫ډ‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ػىبف‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ٙب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫َىڂبډ‬ ،ٓ‫اډٕى‬ ٣ً‫ٕٺ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٔ‫د‬ ٓ‫كش‬
‫ثُمه‬ ‫ٍٵَاوييڇ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫ډچ‬ ُّ‫ػجج‬ ‫ډَىى‬ َْ‫ٍَج‬ ٌَ‫ثباله‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىاوٚؼًٔبن‬ ‫ٕبُډبن‬ ،‫ثًىوي‬41ٍ‫ٙٮب‬»ٍ‫ثچ‬ ٓ١ٍ‫ا‬ ‫اٝالكبر‬–
ٍ‫و‬ ٌ‫ٙب‬ ًٍْ‫ىٔپشبس‬«‫ىاىوي‬ ‫ٍا‬.ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫سًاوٖز‬ٓ‫وم‬ ‫هچٸ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاى‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫وٚبن‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫أه‬»ٓ١ٍ‫ا‬ ‫اٝالكبر‬«‫ىاٍى‬ ٍ‫ٽىب‬ َ‫ث‬.»[5]