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伊斯蘭‧ hijab‧ 性別
台灣伊斯蘭研究學會 梁紅玉
今天出門選擇穿什麼樣的衣服?
以一則新聞為例
穿內搭褲不准登機
聯航被網友罵到翻
• 張愛玲:我們選擇穿什麼衣服,就代
表我們想要成為怎樣的人。
• 哈德蘭《透視服裝》:我們會依照
「主流圖像」來裝扮自己。
• 流行服飾學:「穿著」其實隱含了
「深奧的社會互動理論」。
• 伊斯蘭( Islam ):國際通用名稱
,阿拉伯文中代表信仰、信心之意。
• 穆斯林( Muslim ):泛指信仰伊斯
蘭的人。
• 伊斯蘭研究往往需要分辨宗教、傳
統和文化等不同面向的解讀 。
Hijab 是什麼?
• Hijab :指婦女禁露頭髮和身體的
整體穿著。
• 由於「不同國家地區對 hijab 的理
解不盡相同」,使得服裝外觀出現
某種差異。
Hijab 可以怎麼穿?
• 剪裁必須寬鬆,不能顯露身體曲線
• 需採用不透明的材質
• 穿著目的不在吸引異性
• 款式必須男女有別
• 應與其他宗教的穿著有所區別
Hijab 的起源與象徵
• 沙漠氣候的遊牧民族戴頭巾、穿長
袍可遮陽避寒,亦可阻擋風沙。
• 面紗頭巾的習俗並非起自伊斯蘭。
• 古蘭經文多針對當時社會亂象(蒙
昧時期)作提醒。
• 對照《古蘭經》, hijab 最早是以
「帷幕」或「屏障」等意義出現。
當你誦讀《古蘭經》時,我在你與
那不信後世者之間安置了一道隱微
的屏障。
( 77 :
45 )
你對信女們說 ..... 叫她們用面紗遮
住胸膛,莫露出首飾 ..... 叫她們不要
用力踏足,使人得知她們所隱藏的
首飾。
( 24 :
31 )
先知啊!你應當對你的妻子、你的
女兒和信士們的婦女說:她們應當用
罩袍( Jilbab ,也有譯作外衣)蒙
著自己的身體。這樣做最容易使人認
識她們;而不受侵犯。
( 33 :
59 )
你累了嗎?
《古蘭經》並非法律專書,卻是傳統
架構下為因應時空環境,自成一套
的指導原則,而這種「原則性的聲
明」,促使服裝從實用功能轉為具
有象徵的意義 。
• 伊斯蘭文化將「身體與情慾視為個
人私密,不應受到公然觀看」 。
• 伊斯蘭女性的美是以「信仰」為中
心,美學價值和社會道德連結在一
起 。
伊里亞斯:文明演進過程中,由於
「身體功能越來越私密」,所以可
將身體「區隔開來的禮貌、行為舉
止」,會被視為「價值與身份的標
誌」。
-伊里亞斯( Norbert
Elias )
• 伊斯蘭服飾「強調長度與寬度」 ,
無論男女穿著皆得寬鬆但不誇張,
同時必須遮蓋「羞體」。
• 有別於西方觀點,伊斯蘭服飾美學
以「遮掩為尚」。
我們所處的社會,有沒有其他
的美學模式或標準?
• 阿拉伯文中的「羞體」( Awrah )
是指人類面對造物主時,必須以衣
物覆蓋、遮掩的身體部位,簡單來
說,男性羞體是指肚臍到膝蓋之間
的身體。
• 女性羞體依人際互動,大致可分
為三個面向:在面對女性時,羞
體是指肚臍到膝蓋之間的部位
(包括膝蓋);而在一般男性面
前(包括穆斯林與非穆斯林),
除臉和手之外皆屬羞體;至於在
較為親近的男性親屬前,羞體則
包括胸、腹和背,以及肚臍到膝
蓋之間的身體。
• Hijab 「聖化」女性身體?
• 穿著 Hijab 會讓女性受到束縛?
• 西方女性主義質疑「羞體概念下
的穿著」會將女性定位為「被觀
看、被保護的他者」。
• 許多文化「視身體某些部位為禁
區」,從而約束人們的舉止作為
神職人員裝扮
具約束力的制服
台灣戒嚴時期的髮禁
「文化衝擊」( cultural shock )
:是指我們與「自己不了解的另
一種生活方式發生互動」時,經
常會產生強烈感受(如焦慮不安
或者恐懼、反感等)。
穆斯林最大的壓力
來自所處社會的誤解
以台灣穆斯林婦女的訪談為例
• hijab 在伊斯蘭國家是「日常穿
著」,在台灣則被視為一種「宗
教服飾」或者特殊裝扮 。
• 台灣穆斯林婦女多半採取「務實
低調」且「區分場合」的穿著因
應。
• A 採取「出門戴頭巾,在學校停車
場則取下頭巾」的方式因應。
• 擔任志工的 O 平日「比較休閒」,
到清真寺「大家都穿了,我不穿,
我就覺得這樣子很怪異」。
• H 會在「參加一些會議,或者一些
學術的,要以穆斯林身分出席」時
,選擇戴上「自己喜歡的」頭巾。
• S 曾因「深色長袍裝扮」讓室友「尖叫
往後跳」,之後選擇「到清真寺的時候
才會戴」。
• 「台灣本來就不是穆斯林國家」,個人
並非「禁不起罵,只是你沒必要也不需
要特別去招惹這種事情,不代表招惹這
些事情你就會變得更虔誠,或不代表你
避開這些事情你就不虔誠了,這只是一
種彈性的選擇」。
• Z 選擇 hijab ,是因為「我做了一
些錯的事,傷害到自己,所以我覺
得要守規矩一點」,同時堅信「照
伊斯蘭的方式走,比較安心」。
• 留學馬來西亞的 C ,因為長時期
的文化浸淫,使得「拿下頭巾出去
,自己會有很深的罪惡感」。
• 穿著 hijab 能讓女性「不因外貌差
異」而受到歧視或享有特權;同
時強調「女性應以個性、智力而
非美貌去引人注意」;更有婦女
覺得 hijab 可「重拾對自尊和性意
識的權力」,認為這款服飾對女
性來說,有著更大的公平性。
• hijab 在台灣,尚未「衝擊到社會的主
流價值」,因此並未引發如法國社會
般的「頭巾事件」,所以在穿著上相
對自由。
• 印尼爪哇婦女主動戴頭巾,用意在提
高個人的「宗教虔誠度」與「公共參
與度」,同時也隱含著女性在面對
「自由與道德威脅」時的緊張關係 。

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伊斯蘭‧服裝‧性別