英国启动诽谤法改革:述评和启示
Comment on 2011 Draft Defamation Bill of the UK
白 净 魏永征
【摘要】 英国司法部于 2011 年 3 月 15 日向议会提交诽谤法修改草案,并向公
众咨询意见,修改 1996 年《诽谤法》 多年通行的诽谤法规则将会作出重大调整。
,
本文介绍主要内容,并予以浅评。
【关键词】 诽谤法;言论自由;新闻自由;名誉权
Abstract: The Ministry of Justice of the UK published Draft Defamation Bill
Consultation on March 15, 2011. The Government's proposals aim to reform the
Defamation Act 1996 and bring libel law up to date. This paper will introduce the
reform of the libel law and analyze its influence.
Key Words: defamation law; freedom of speech; freedom of the press; right of
reputation
2011 年 3 月 15 日,英国司法部公布诽谤法修改草案(Draft Defamation
Bill) 并向公众咨询意见,
, 咨询期截至 6 月 10 日。这是英国在 1996 年修改 1952
年《诽谤法》 (Defamation Act)以后,对此法又一次重大修改。英国诽谤法历
史悠久,举世闻名,其主体是判例法(普通法) ,以成文法作为补充,但是成文
法在适用上优于判例法。 所以此次修改将会对英国的言论自由和信息传播环境产
生重大影响,理所当然受到国内和国际的关注。
一、修法主要内容
诽谤法修改草案咨询意见书(Draft Defamation Bill Consultation) 长
达 132 页,包括前言、概要、介绍、建议、问题五个部分,还有六个附件和关于
向公众咨询意见的有关说明, 其中附件一为诽谤法修改草案。英国司法部长克拉
克(Kenneth Clarke)在公布草案时说,政府就诽谤法提出的修改草案,目标是
让诽谤法与时俱进, 在保护个人权利与言论自由方面取得平衡,让负责任的新闻
报道和科学争论免受诽谤法的威胁, 同时让那些名誉真正受到损害的人能够保护
他们的名誉, 此外, 改革的目标还包括加快诽谤案件审理速度以及降低诽谤案件
诉讼成本等。
除了纯属程序性或措词方面的一些表达外, 修改草案中最具有实质性的内容
包括:
1.英国长期以来实行原告仅仅提供有关针对自己的诽谤性言辞已经发表即
可起诉的做法, 草案改变过去这种推定原告名誉受损的做法,要求原告必须证明
受到诽谤言词的“实质损害” (substantial harm),方可提起诉讼,以防止滥用
诽谤诉讼程序。
Bai Jing:From Sullivanprinciple to Reynolds Privilege, Journalist Monthly, 2007(8), (in Chinese) ]
2 诽谤法中的 privilege,香港官方译为“特权” ,这种特权主要含有优待之意,与利用特殊地位享有“特
权” (Prerogative )含义不同。
3
雷诺兹案主审大法官李启新勋爵(Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead)列举了 10 条专业标准,包括: 1. The
seriousness of the allegation. The more serious the charge, the more the public is misinformed and the individual
harmed, if the allegation is not true. 2. The nature of the information, and the extent to which the subject-matter is
a matter of public concern. 3. The source of the information. Some informants have no direct knowledge of the
events. Some have their own axes to grind, or are being paid for their stories. 4. The steps taken to verify the
information. 5. The status of the information. The allegation may have already been the subject of an investigation
which commands respect. 6. The urgency of the matter. News is often a perishable commodity. 7. Whether
comment was sought from the plaintiff. He may have information others do not possess or have not disclosed. An
approach to the plaintiff will not always be necessary. 8. Whether the article contained the gist of the plaintiff's side
of the story. 9. The tone of the article. A newspaper can raise queries or call for an investigation. It need not adopt
allegations as statements of fact. 10. The circumstances of the publication, including the timing.
4
本文采用香港《诽谤条例》的官方译法,将 justification 译为“有理可据”,亦有学者译作“证实” 、
“真
实性抗辩” 、
“所言属实”等。
5
Geoffrey Robertson and Andrew Nicol:Media Law,Fourth Edition, Penguin Books, 2005,p.133
6
R.Owen, Essential Tort Law, Third Edition, Wuhan University Press,2004,p.2
7
典出《圣经》“像爱你自己一样地爱你的邻居”
: 。Love your neighbor as yourself, Bible.
8
通常归纳为 a) The comment must be on a matter of public interest. b) The statement must be recognisable as
one of comment and not an imputation of fact. c) The comment must have a sufficient factual basis. d) The
comment must explicitly or implicitly indicate the facts on which it is based. e) The comment must be on which an
hounest person could have made on the proved facts. f) The defence will fail if the claimant can show that the
comment was actuated by malice. Draft Defamtion Bill Consultation, the Ministry of Justice of the UK, 2011, p18.
9
刘进图、黄智诚:
《传播法手册》 香港新闻行政人员协会,
, 2006, 40-43 页。 Kevin Lau and Wong Chi Shing:
[
Media Law Brochure, The Hong Kong News Executives' Association, 2006, p40-43. (in Chinese) ]
10
徐迅主编:
《新闻(媒体)侵权研究新论》 法律出版社,
, 2009, 16 页和第 52 页。 Xu Xun: New Research
第 [
on the Tort of News Media, China Law Press , 2009, p16 & p52. (in Chinese) ]
11
徐迅主编:
《新闻(媒体)侵权研究新论》,法律出版社,2009,第 37 页。[ Xu Xun: New Research on the
Tort of News Media, China Law Press , 2009, p37. (in Chinese) ]
2011 年 3 月 25 日