التناقص الإشعاعي

1. 1
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬
:‫ت‬ ‫رو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬‫اة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬. ZAN −=
. ‫و‬ 18‫و‬ ‫و‬ 17 : ‫ي‬ : lC35
17 ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذرة‬ ‫اة‬ ‫ر‬ :‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
:::: ‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ‬ ((((3
‫ا‬ ‫إذن‬‫ا‬ . A ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫آ‬‫آ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ري‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ات‬
‫ف‬‫د‬‫و‬.
. H3
1 ‫و‬ H2
1 ، H1
1 :‫ل‬
‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫آ‬‫ا‬:
::::‫ﻠﺔ‬‫ﻠﺔ‬‫ﻠﺔ‬‫ﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬‫ﺃﻣﺜ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﺃ‬
O18
8 O17
8 O16
8
‫ا‬
0,204 0 ,037 99,759 0
0 ‫رةا‬ ‫ا‬
3
1
Arr o= : ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ r ‫وي‬ ‫آ‬ ‫اة‬
Kgm 27
107,1 −
×= ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬: mro
15
102,1 −
×=

2. 2
317
33
3
/10.2
.4
.3
..4
3
.
3
4
.
mKg
r
m
Ar
mA
r
Am
V
M
oo
≈====
πππ
ρ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬‫اة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫وي‬‫ن‬. 200 ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ 3
1cm ‫آ‬ ‫ن‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أن‬ ‫و‬ 38
/10.2 cmtonne=ρ
: ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫-ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬---II
::::‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ‬‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ‬‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ‬‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ‬ (1
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ث‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اآ‬ ‫م‬ 1896
‫ا‬‫ف‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬‫اك‬ ‫أ‬‫أن‬‫ح‬ ‫أ‬‫ا‬ ‫درا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ورا‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬.
:‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ( 2

3. 3
‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬)‫ا‬(‫اة‬ ‫ل‬ ،‫ث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ارا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أآ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫اة‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ة‬
‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫د‬.
::::‫ﺳﻴﻐﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻄﻂ‬‫ﺳﻴﻐﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻄﻂ‬‫ﺳﻴﻐﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻄﻂ‬‫ﺳﻴﻐﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻄﻂ‬ :::: ),( ZN ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ‬‫(ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ‬((( 3
،‫ة‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ل‬ ، ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬‫أ‬ ‫ل‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫ى‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬
‫إ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ة‬‫ط‬ ‫ا‬.
:‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ – ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫-ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ‬III
(Soddy‫ﺳﻮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬‫ﺳﻮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬‫ﺳﻮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬‫ﺳﻮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ) ::::‫ﺍﻹﻧﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬‫ﺍﻹﻧﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬‫ﺍﻹﻧﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬‫ﺍﻹﻧﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ((((1
. A .‫دا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وآ‬‫ت‬ Z ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬
PYX A
Z
A
Z
A
Z
2
2
1
1
+→ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬:
21 ZZZ += ⇐ Z ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫د‬
21 AAA += ⇐ A ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫د‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫(ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬(((2
. 200>A ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ا‬ ::::α ‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬∗
. He4
2 ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اة‬ YA
Z
4
2
−
− ‫ة‬ ‫اة‬ ‫إ‬ XA
Z ‫ل‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫وي‬‫أ‬ ‫اة‬ α ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬
: ‫ه‬ ‫د‬ α ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل:ا‬
Po210
84 HePb 4
2
206
82 +
. 200>A ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ا‬ α ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ : ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬
ZN > ::::‫ذات‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ا‬ −
β ‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬∗
YA
Z 1+ ‫ة‬ ‫اة‬ ‫إ‬ XA
Z ‫ل‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫وي‬‫أ‬ ‫اة‬ −
β ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬
. −
β ‫د‬ e0
1− ‫ون‬ ‫إ‬

4. 4
: ‫ه‬ ‫د‬ −
β ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬ ::::‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
Co60
27 eNi 0
1
60
28 −+
epn 0
1
1
1
1
0 −+→ : ‫و‬ ،‫اة‬ ‫دا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ون‬ ‫ل‬ −
β ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ :
. ‫ا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ا‬ : +
β ‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬∗
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫وي‬. +
β ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬
. +
β ‫د‬ e0
1+ ‫ون‬ ‫ز‬ YA
Z 1− ‫ة‬ ‫اة‬ ‫إ‬ XA
Z ‫أ‬ ‫اة‬ ‫ل‬
: ‫ه‬ ‫د‬ +
β ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ :‫ل‬
P30
15 eSi 0
1
30
14 ++
. enp 0
1
1
0
1
1 ++→ : ‫و‬ ،‫اة‬ ‫دا‬ ‫ون‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ +
β ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ::::‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬
::::γ ‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ∗
. +
β ‫و‬ −
β ‫و‬ α ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اآ‬ ‫،وه‬ ‫ة‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫رة‬
.Y* .‫ب‬ ‫رة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬: γ ‫ع‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫إ‬ ‫رة‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬
....‫ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺘﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺤﺪﺭﺓ‬‫ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺘﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺤﺪﺭﺓ‬‫ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺘﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺤﺪﺭﺓ‬‫ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺘﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ‬ ((((3
‫إ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫اة‬ ‫ل‬‫اة‬‫ى‬ ‫أ‬.‫أن‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وه‬ ، ‫ى‬ ‫أ‬ ‫اة‬ ‫إ‬ ‫وره‬ ‫ل‬ ، ‫ة‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫آ‬ ‫وإذا‬
‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫اة‬.‫ا‬ ‫اة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬.
U238
92 ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ورا‬ ‫ا‬ :‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

5. 5
::::‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬IV
::::‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻳﺪﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻳﺪﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻳﺪﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻳﺪﺓ‬ ((((1
‫ة‬ ‫ا‬‫ة‬ ‫ا‬‫إ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ة‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أآ‬ ‫ة‬‫د‬ ‫ة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫د‬.
((((‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫)ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬)))‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬ (((( 2
‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ )(tN ‫ر‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ون‬ ‫و‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬
. t ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬
t
Ot eNN .
)(
λ−
= ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬:
. 0=t :‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫د‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ON
(. 1−
s :‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وه‬‫وو‬‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬‫ات‬) λ
.... τ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﺜﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﺜﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﺜﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﺜﺔ‬ (((( 3
OOOt NeNeNN 37,01
)( === −
−
=
τ
τ
τ ‫ه‬: τ=t ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬:
. 67 % ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫وه‬ %37 ‫ا‬ τ=t ‫ا‬ ‫إذن‬
::::‫ﻣﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻮﻳﺪﺓ‬‫ﻣﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻮﻳﺪﺓ‬‫ﻣﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻮﻳﺪﺓ‬‫ﻣﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻮﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬ ((((4
‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬. 2/1t ‫ا‬
.
2
)( 2/1
O
t
N
N = : 2/1tt = ‫ا‬:
2/1.
2
t
O
O
eN
N λ−
= ‫ن‬: t
O eNtN λ−
=)( ‫أن‬ ‫و‬:
‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬: Ln ‫دا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ 2/1.
2
1 t
e λ−
= ‫إذن‬:

6. 6
‫ة‬ ‫ا‬
λ
2ln
2/1 =t ‫و‬ 2/1.2 tLn λ−=−
t
o eNtN .
.)( λ−
= ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻢ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻢ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻢ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻢ‬ (((( 5
2ln.
2ln
2/1 τ
λ
==t ‫ن‬:
λ
τ
1
=‫أن‬ ،: τ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
)١(
t
Ot eNN .
)(
λ−
= ‫ا‬ )(tfN = ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أ‬
‫ا‬)١(‫آ‬:
2/1
2ln
t
=λ : 2/1.tnt = ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬
nn
n
nT
T O
O
n
O
n
OOt
N
NeNeNeNeNN
22
12
1
ln
2ln2ln
.
2ln
0)(
=×===== −−
−
2/1.tnt = n
O
t
N
N
2
)( ==
:::: ‫ﻣﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻁ‬‫ﻣﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻁ‬‫ﻣﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻁ‬‫ﻣﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻁ‬ ((((6
::::‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ((((‫ﺃ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﺃ‬
:‫ب‬ ‫إ‬ ‫و‬ ، ( ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫)أي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫،ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ )(tN ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ط‬

7. 7
)(Bq ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫وو‬‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬‫ب‬ ‫إ‬:
dt
dN
ta
t)(
)( −= ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬: )(ta
t
Ot eNN .
)(
λ−
= ‫أن‬:
)(
.
..
)( ..
)()(
t
t
O
t
O
t
O
t NeN
dt
ed
N
dt
eNd
a λλ λ
λλ
−=−=−=−= −
−−
‫ن‬:
t
Ot eNN .
)(
λ−
= t ‫ط‬ )()( . tt Na λ−= ‫إذن‬
)٢( t
Ot eNa .
)( .. λ
λ −
−= :
ONa .0 λ−= :: ot = ‫ا‬ ‫إذن‬
t
ot eaa .
)( . λ−
= ‫ا‬ ‫و‬)٢(:
::::‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺭﻳﺦ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺭﻳﺦ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺭﻳﺦ‬‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺭﻳﺦ‬ ((((‫ﺏ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﺏ‬
‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ة‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬.‫ر‬
‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ه‬‫ا‬ ،. oa )‫أي‬(‫س‬‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ )(ta ‫س‬‫ا‬‫ط‬
. )(taao >>> ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ن‬
:::: ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬
. molgNaM /24)( = Na24
11 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬.: A XA
Z ■‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬‫ب‬ ‫ة‬:
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬: m ■‫دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دد‬‫آ‬
.
)( Xx
m
N A
Z
= ‫أو‬: AN
M
m
N ×=
e ‫ب‬ ‫إ‬: exponentielle ‫ﺗﺬﻛﻴﺮ‬‫ﺗﺬﻛﻴﺮ‬‫ﺗﺬﻛﻴﺮ‬‫ﺗﺬﻛﻴﺮ‬:‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬
ln ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬: Le logarithme népérien ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬
xxf ln)(1
=−
⇐ x
exf =)( :
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ، ‫آ‬:
= o ln Scift ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ 10
=e
= 1 ln Scift ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ 718,21
=e
= 10 ln Scift ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ 2210
=e
3,210ln = ‫آ‬:
ln ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ Scift ln ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫أ‬ 1ln =e ‫ن‬ ‫آ‬:
. 1ln =e (= 1
e ‫ا‬ ‫وأ‬١)‫أي‬
xex
=ln : 5ln 5
=e :‫ن‬ ‫آ‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
xe x
=ln
: 5)5(ln
=e : ‫ن‬ ‫آ‬ ‫آ‬
( ) xxff =−
)(1
‫ن‬ ‫آ‬ ‫وذ‬
‫ﻻ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺴﺄﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺩﻋﻴﺘﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺴﻮﻧﺎ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺴﺄﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺩﻋﻴﺘﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺴﻮﻧﺎ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺴﺄﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺩﻋﻴﺘﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺴﻮﻧﺎ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺴﺄﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺩﻋﻴﺘﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺴﻮﻧﺎ‬.