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激光云高仪在空气质量监测的应用
⻢马杨
维萨拉(北京)测量技术有限公司
销售经理
Page 2 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala
提纲
1. 激光云高仪
⼯工作原理
技术特点
2. 边界层分析
边界层演变
边界层探测⽅方法-梯度法
3. 边界层探测实例
典型天⽓气
2014年12⽉月北京边界层⽉月变化
Page 3 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala
LADAR激光云高仪

Page 4 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala
LIDAR工作原理

§  一束短脉冲光从云高仪
的发射器发出至天空。
§  粒子 (例如云滴,气溶胶等)
散射部分光能返回至云
高仪的接收器。
§  造成散射的粒子所在的
高度可由光发出和返回
的时间差推算出 (光速为
30 厘米/奈秒,约 1 英尺/奈
秒)。
§  采用几束激光脉冲返回
信号叠加的总和来提高
信噪比。
LIDAR = 激光探测和测距 (Light
Detection and Ranging)
86 µs时的采样
光束旅行的
总距离86,000英尺
7.5千米 / 25,000 英尺
10米 / 33英尺
0英尺
50 µs时的采样
反射光
67 ns时的采样
光束旅行的
总距离66 英尺
顶层
13千米 / 43,000英尺
0 ns时的采样
Page 5 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala
LIDAR 方程
Pr(z) is the instantaneous power received from distance z
(Watts - W).
Eo is the effective pulse energy
(taking all optics attenuation into account)
(Joules = J, 1J = 1 Watt - second).
c is the speed of light (meters per second - m/s).
A is the receiver aperture (m2).
z is the distance in question (m).
ß(z) is the volume backscatter coefficient at z (m-1srad-1).
is the two-way atmospheric transmittance (equals to 1 in a
clear weather)
P( ) ( )r z Eo
c A
z
z=
2
2 β
z
0
e
∫ σ(z’) dz’-2
z
0
e
∫ σ(z’) dz’-2
Page 6 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala
§  由镜头和镜子区分出发
射区和接收区。
§  发出光束和接收器的视
场同轴,避免了机械对准。
§  相对基于双镜头的系统,
大程度得扩展了低空测
量的范围。
§  允许从地面高度测量起。
LIDAR先进技术 —— 单镜头技术
发射器
接收器
镜子
镜头
Nord站, 格陵兰岛
由 DTU Wind Energy 运作
~150 米
基于双镜头的系统
发射器 接收器
Page 7 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala
CL51激光云高仪技术数据 I
测量范围: 0...13 km (0...25,000 ft)
测量间隔: 6...120 s
报告分辨率: 5 m (10 ft)
数据信息: 触云数(最⼤大三层〕和状态
触云数,状态和后散射廓线
触云数,状态和监控数据
CT12K, CT25K, LD-25/40 仿真
人眼安全: Class 1M (IEC/EN 60825-1)
激光: 910 nm 二极管, 脉冲频率 10 kHz
输出接⼝口 数据线 RS232 / RS485 / modem
维护线 RS232
数据速率 RS-线: 300...57600
Modem: 300...2400, V.21, V.22, V.22bis
Page 8 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala
技术数据 II
重量 : 总重46kg
Measurement unit 18.6kg
倾斜位置 : 垂直或 倾斜12°
输⼊入功率 : 115 or 230 VAC, 45-65 Hz
功耗 : 最大 310 W
测量单元 15 W
加热器 100 W
吹⻛风机 20 W
吹⻛风机加热器 175 W
备⽤用电池: 12V 密封铅酸性, 2 Ah
Page 9 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala
边界层分析
边界层是
§ 是对流层的一部分。
§ 与地⾯面温度相关且受其驱动。
§ 边界层是大气层中唯一的具有明确边界的层 (地球的表面)。
§ 边界的存在造成了边界层的独特大气结构。
Page 10 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala
边界层演变(晴天)
夜间的边界层混合层
残留层
夹卷层
地面表层
日出
日出
Page 11 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala
典型的一天中的大气边界层(PBL)的演变
残留层
雾
对流层
Page 12 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala
Boundary Layer Profiling - Method
§  In a reasonably transparent atmosphere the Lidar backscatter
profiles can be expected to track the aerosol concentration.
§  This concentration, in turn, can be expected to reveal details
about the vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer,
such as mixing layer height.
§ The known methods to assess this
quantity from backscatter profiles are
generally based on the assumption that
the mixed layer has a somewhat constant
aerosol concentration that is distinctly
higher than that of the air above.
Page 13 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala
Boundary Layer Analysis –
Gradient Method
§  The mixed layer is expected to
have a somewhat constant
concentration that is higher than
in the layers above.
§  Consequently, the difference
between the mixed layer and
the air above is assumed to be
seen as a shift from a relatively
strong backscatter inside the
mixed layer to a lower
backscatter level above it.
§  The technique selects the
maximum of the negative
gradient of the backscatter
coefficient to be the top of the
mixed layer.
Mixing height definition:
The height value z where
-dβ/dz, the negative gradient of the
backscatter coefficient β has a
maximum.
Page 14 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala
边界层探测实例
Page 15 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala
“蓝天白云”“繁星闪烁”
云
降水
Page 16 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala
强的雾霾层
Page 17 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala
悬浮在空中的沙尘层
混合层
自由大气
沙尘层
Page 18 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala
Volcanic Ash clouds in Antarctica
Ash clouds
Cloud
 
	
  
•  北京朝阳区日坛路点位的边界层演变全纪
录	
  
•  2014年12月1—31日	
  
•  设备:维萨拉CL51云高仪	
  
•  12月9日,18日,27日分别出现三次AQI峰
值(分别为276,165和243,数据来自北京市
环境监测保护中心站)	
  
12月1日
AQI 54
12月2日
65
12月3日
51
12月4日
31
12月5日
62
12月6日
80
12月7日
74
12月8日
138
12月9日
276!
12月10日
153
12月11日
52
12月12日
41
12月13日
69
12月14日
113
12月15日
82
12月16日
31
12月17日
99
12月18日
165
12月19日
53
12月20日
32
12月21日
44
12月22日
103
12月23日
100
12月24日
44
12月25日
73
12月26日
155
12月27日
243!
12月28日
155
12月29日
125
12月30日
65
12月31日
43
Further	
  studies	
  
谢谢!

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激光云高仪在空气质量监测的应用

  • 2. Page 2 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala 提纲 1. 激光云高仪 ⼯工作原理 技术特点 2. 边界层分析 边界层演变 边界层探测⽅方法-梯度法 3. 边界层探测实例 典型天⽓气 2014年12⽉月北京边界层⽉月变化
  • 3. Page 3 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala LADAR激光云高仪

  • 4. Page 4 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala LIDAR工作原理
 §  一束短脉冲光从云高仪 的发射器发出至天空。 §  粒子 (例如云滴,气溶胶等) 散射部分光能返回至云 高仪的接收器。 §  造成散射的粒子所在的 高度可由光发出和返回 的时间差推算出 (光速为 30 厘米/奈秒,约 1 英尺/奈 秒)。 §  采用几束激光脉冲返回 信号叠加的总和来提高 信噪比。 LIDAR = 激光探测和测距 (Light Detection and Ranging) 86 µs时的采样 光束旅行的 总距离86,000英尺 7.5千米 / 25,000 英尺 10米 / 33英尺 0英尺 50 µs时的采样 反射光 67 ns时的采样 光束旅行的 总距离66 英尺 顶层 13千米 / 43,000英尺 0 ns时的采样
  • 5. Page 5 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala LIDAR 方程 Pr(z) is the instantaneous power received from distance z (Watts - W). Eo is the effective pulse energy (taking all optics attenuation into account) (Joules = J, 1J = 1 Watt - second). c is the speed of light (meters per second - m/s). A is the receiver aperture (m2). z is the distance in question (m). ß(z) is the volume backscatter coefficient at z (m-1srad-1). is the two-way atmospheric transmittance (equals to 1 in a clear weather) P( ) ( )r z Eo c A z z= 2 2 β z 0 e ∫ σ(z’) dz’-2 z 0 e ∫ σ(z’) dz’-2
  • 6. Page 6 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala §  由镜头和镜子区分出发 射区和接收区。 §  发出光束和接收器的视 场同轴,避免了机械对准。 §  相对基于双镜头的系统, 大程度得扩展了低空测 量的范围。 §  允许从地面高度测量起。 LIDAR先进技术 —— 单镜头技术 发射器 接收器 镜子 镜头 Nord站, 格陵兰岛 由 DTU Wind Energy 运作 ~150 米 基于双镜头的系统 发射器 接收器
  • 7. Page 7 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala CL51激光云高仪技术数据 I 测量范围: 0...13 km (0...25,000 ft) 测量间隔: 6...120 s 报告分辨率: 5 m (10 ft) 数据信息: 触云数(最⼤大三层〕和状态 触云数,状态和后散射廓线 触云数,状态和监控数据 CT12K, CT25K, LD-25/40 仿真 人眼安全: Class 1M (IEC/EN 60825-1) 激光: 910 nm 二极管, 脉冲频率 10 kHz 输出接⼝口 数据线 RS232 / RS485 / modem 维护线 RS232 数据速率 RS-线: 300...57600 Modem: 300...2400, V.21, V.22, V.22bis
  • 8. Page 8 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala 技术数据 II 重量 : 总重46kg Measurement unit 18.6kg 倾斜位置 : 垂直或 倾斜12° 输⼊入功率 : 115 or 230 VAC, 45-65 Hz 功耗 : 最大 310 W 测量单元 15 W 加热器 100 W 吹⻛风机 20 W 吹⻛风机加热器 175 W 备⽤用电池: 12V 密封铅酸性, 2 Ah
  • 9. Page 9 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala 边界层分析 边界层是 § 是对流层的一部分。 § 与地⾯面温度相关且受其驱动。 § 边界层是大气层中唯一的具有明确边界的层 (地球的表面)。 § 边界的存在造成了边界层的独特大气结构。
  • 10. Page 10 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala 边界层演变(晴天) 夜间的边界层混合层 残留层 夹卷层 地面表层 日出 日出
  • 11. Page 11 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala 典型的一天中的大气边界层(PBL)的演变 残留层 雾 对流层
  • 12. Page 12 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala Boundary Layer Profiling - Method §  In a reasonably transparent atmosphere the Lidar backscatter profiles can be expected to track the aerosol concentration. §  This concentration, in turn, can be expected to reveal details about the vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer, such as mixing layer height. § The known methods to assess this quantity from backscatter profiles are generally based on the assumption that the mixed layer has a somewhat constant aerosol concentration that is distinctly higher than that of the air above.
  • 13. Page 13 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala Boundary Layer Analysis – Gradient Method §  The mixed layer is expected to have a somewhat constant concentration that is higher than in the layers above. §  Consequently, the difference between the mixed layer and the air above is assumed to be seen as a shift from a relatively strong backscatter inside the mixed layer to a lower backscatter level above it. §  The technique selects the maximum of the negative gradient of the backscatter coefficient to be the top of the mixed layer. Mixing height definition: The height value z where -dβ/dz, the negative gradient of the backscatter coefficient β has a maximum.
  • 14. Page 14 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala 边界层探测实例
  • 15. Page 15 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala “蓝天白云”“繁星闪烁” 云 降水
  • 16. Page 16 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala 强的雾霾层
  • 17. Page 17 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala 悬浮在空中的沙尘层 混合层 自由大气 沙尘层
  • 18. Page 18 / May 2013 / RR / EPA seminar / ©Vaisala Volcanic Ash clouds in Antarctica Ash clouds Cloud
  • 19.     •  北京朝阳区日坛路点位的边界层演变全纪 录   •  2014年12月1—31日   •  设备:维萨拉CL51云高仪   •  12月9日,18日,27日分别出现三次AQI峰 值(分别为276,165和243,数据来自北京市 环境监测保护中心站)