The document discusses delivery, forwarding, and routing in computer networks. It defines delivery as handling packets by underlying physical networks based on supervision from the network and data link layers. Forwarding is placing a packet in its route to the destination by using a routing table. Routing refers to how routing tables are created to help with forwarding. Common routing protocols discussed include distance-vector protocols like RIP and IGRP, link-state protocols like OSPF and IS-IS, and BGP for routing between autonomous systems.
Our singing group held a gathering on July 15th, 2012. Members came together to socialize and enjoy each other's company over food and drinks. A good time was had by all as we strengthened our friendships through music and conversation.
The document discusses data link layer protocols:
1. It describes the main functions of the data link layer including data link control, framing, error control, flow control, and media access control.
2. It introduces the Stop-and-Wait ARQ, Go-Back-N ARQ, and Selective Repeat ARQ protocols which combine framing, flow control, and error control to deliver data from one node to another over noisy channels.
3. It explains how these protocols use sequence numbers, sliding windows, and acknowledgments to provide flow and error control.
Twist is an Open World Information Sharing Network which provides a platform to the users searching information on the same project that directly publishes the new updates for a desired category or group of categories to the people who had enrolled as that category for their Personal interest.
The document discusses delivery, forwarding, and routing in computer networks. It defines delivery as handling packets by underlying physical networks based on supervision from the network and data link layers. Forwarding is placing a packet in its route to the destination by using a routing table. Routing refers to how routing tables are created to help with forwarding. Common routing protocols discussed include distance-vector protocols like RIP and IGRP, link-state protocols like OSPF and IS-IS, and BGP for routing between autonomous systems.
Our singing group held a gathering on July 15th, 2012. Members came together to socialize and enjoy each other's company over food and drinks. A good time was had by all as we strengthened our friendships through music and conversation.
The document discusses data link layer protocols:
1. It describes the main functions of the data link layer including data link control, framing, error control, flow control, and media access control.
2. It introduces the Stop-and-Wait ARQ, Go-Back-N ARQ, and Selective Repeat ARQ protocols which combine framing, flow control, and error control to deliver data from one node to another over noisy channels.
3. It explains how these protocols use sequence numbers, sliding windows, and acknowledgments to provide flow and error control.
Twist is an Open World Information Sharing Network which provides a platform to the users searching information on the same project that directly publishes the new updates for a desired category or group of categories to the people who had enrolled as that category for their Personal interest.
First Step for your Dream house in Mumbaihcuberealty
Hcube Realty introduces investment opportunities in residential plots through their upcoming projects Rose Mountain Range and Rose Meadows near Kalyan-Malsej Ghat Road. Investors can purchase plots in these projects and receive quarterly income or take possession of the plots after installment payments over 48-60 months. The document provides details on plot sizes, rates, payment plans, and projected returns for interested investors. Contact information is provided at the end for further inquiries.
1a introduction to network fundamentalskavish dani
The document provides an introduction to networking fundamentals and covers the following topics in 3 sentences or less:
Data communications involve the exchange of data between devices via transmission mediums. Key components include data representation, flow, and networks which are sets of connected devices characterized by parameters like performance, reliability, and security. Physical network topologies determine how devices are connected and include bus, star, ring and hybrid configurations.
MathMap is a photo album app that has some issues but also some promise. The app has a clunky interface and bugs that need to be addressed. However, the core idea of using math formulas to organize photos could work if the app is improved. With further development, MathMap may become a useful tool for those who want a novel way to categorize their photos mathematically.
‘WebiOS ’ is a Cloud Computing Virtual Desktop that includes an integrated Office Suite, Groupware Applications and a toolkit to develop specific web applications that one might need.
The document discusses the evolution of Ethernet standards over time from the original Ethernet created in 1976 to modern gigabit Ethernet. It covers the IEEE 802 project to standardize LAN protocols and the development of standard Ethernet, fast Ethernet, and gigabit Ethernet. Key aspects summarized include the purpose of IEEE project 802, the development of Ethernet through four generations to support higher data rates, and summaries of the implementations and encoding for standard, fast, and gigabit Ethernet variants.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which provides a logical breakdown of network interaction to facilitate communication standards. Each layer deals with a particular aspect of network communication, from the physical layer which deals with physical interfaces and transmission to the application layer which provides services to the user. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model, containing five layers, as well as addressing in networks including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
4c Address Mapping, Error Reporting and Multicastingkavish dani
This document discusses address mapping, error reporting, and multicasting in networking fundamentals. It explains that address mapping requires mapping a logical address to a physical address and vice versa, which can be done statically or dynamically. It also discusses that the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) and Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) were designed to provide error reporting and manage group membership for multicasting, as deficiencies in the IP protocol.
This document discusses different types of devices that can connect networks at various layers:
- Passive hubs and repeaters operate at the physical layer, with repeaters regenerating signals but not filtering frames.
- Bridges operate at the data link layer, regenerating signals and filtering frames so they are not forwarded unnecessarily between networks.
- Routers operate at the network layer, knowing how to direct packets between independent LANs and WANs.
- Backbone networks allow connection of multiple LANs without direct connection to the backbone. Star, bus, and point-to-point topologies are used.
- VLANs create virtual broadcast domains through software configuration beyond just physical wiring, allowing virtual
The document discusses IPv4 addressing and subnetting. It provides an example where an ISP is granted a block of 65,536 IPv4 addresses. The ISP needs to allocate these addresses to three groups of customers with different address requirements. It designs the subnet blocks for each group using variable length subnet masking to efficiently allocate the addresses. In total, 40,960 addresses are allocated, leaving 24,576 addresses still available.
This document discusses selective repeat automatic repeat request (ARQ) and provides examples of how it operates. Selective repeat ARQ allows frames to be received out of order, with only missing frames retransmitted. Timers are used for each sent frame, and a frame is retransmitted if its timer expires before an acknowledgment is received. The receiver waits to deliver frames until a set of consecutive frames has been received starting from the beginning of the window. Examples demonstrate frame retransmissions and acknowledgments with and without errors.
First Step for your Dream house in Mumbaihcuberealty
Hcube Realty introduces investment opportunities in residential plots through their upcoming projects Rose Mountain Range and Rose Meadows near Kalyan-Malsej Ghat Road. Investors can purchase plots in these projects and receive quarterly income or take possession of the plots after installment payments over 48-60 months. The document provides details on plot sizes, rates, payment plans, and projected returns for interested investors. Contact information is provided at the end for further inquiries.
1a introduction to network fundamentalskavish dani
The document provides an introduction to networking fundamentals and covers the following topics in 3 sentences or less:
Data communications involve the exchange of data between devices via transmission mediums. Key components include data representation, flow, and networks which are sets of connected devices characterized by parameters like performance, reliability, and security. Physical network topologies determine how devices are connected and include bus, star, ring and hybrid configurations.
MathMap is a photo album app that has some issues but also some promise. The app has a clunky interface and bugs that need to be addressed. However, the core idea of using math formulas to organize photos could work if the app is improved. With further development, MathMap may become a useful tool for those who want a novel way to categorize their photos mathematically.
‘WebiOS ’ is a Cloud Computing Virtual Desktop that includes an integrated Office Suite, Groupware Applications and a toolkit to develop specific web applications that one might need.
The document discusses the evolution of Ethernet standards over time from the original Ethernet created in 1976 to modern gigabit Ethernet. It covers the IEEE 802 project to standardize LAN protocols and the development of standard Ethernet, fast Ethernet, and gigabit Ethernet. Key aspects summarized include the purpose of IEEE project 802, the development of Ethernet through four generations to support higher data rates, and summaries of the implementations and encoding for standard, fast, and gigabit Ethernet variants.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which provides a logical breakdown of network interaction to facilitate communication standards. Each layer deals with a particular aspect of network communication, from the physical layer which deals with physical interfaces and transmission to the application layer which provides services to the user. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model, containing five layers, as well as addressing in networks including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
4c Address Mapping, Error Reporting and Multicastingkavish dani
This document discusses address mapping, error reporting, and multicasting in networking fundamentals. It explains that address mapping requires mapping a logical address to a physical address and vice versa, which can be done statically or dynamically. It also discusses that the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) and Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) were designed to provide error reporting and manage group membership for multicasting, as deficiencies in the IP protocol.
This document discusses different types of devices that can connect networks at various layers:
- Passive hubs and repeaters operate at the physical layer, with repeaters regenerating signals but not filtering frames.
- Bridges operate at the data link layer, regenerating signals and filtering frames so they are not forwarded unnecessarily between networks.
- Routers operate at the network layer, knowing how to direct packets between independent LANs and WANs.
- Backbone networks allow connection of multiple LANs without direct connection to the backbone. Star, bus, and point-to-point topologies are used.
- VLANs create virtual broadcast domains through software configuration beyond just physical wiring, allowing virtual
The document discusses IPv4 addressing and subnetting. It provides an example where an ISP is granted a block of 65,536 IPv4 addresses. The ISP needs to allocate these addresses to three groups of customers with different address requirements. It designs the subnet blocks for each group using variable length subnet masking to efficiently allocate the addresses. In total, 40,960 addresses are allocated, leaving 24,576 addresses still available.
This document discusses selective repeat automatic repeat request (ARQ) and provides examples of how it operates. Selective repeat ARQ allows frames to be received out of order, with only missing frames retransmitted. Timers are used for each sent frame, and a frame is retransmitted if its timer expires before an acknowledgment is received. The receiver waits to deliver frames until a set of consecutive frames has been received starting from the beginning of the window. Examples demonstrate frame retransmissions and acknowledgments with and without errors.
57. Which One to Use?
到底用哪一种?
➲ 取决于:镜框中景物的大小
➲ 景物移动的可预测性
➲ 你可以把景物控制在传感器阵列的能力
➲ 用最小量的传感器群体,达到最快的处理速度
➲ (Choose the smallest usable array for the best
processing speed)
58. Auto area AF
智能场景识别模式系统
➲ 尼康的独特功能
➲ 用 2016 pixel RGB 的敏感器 曝光
➲ 用计量器操作画面各个部位的曝光, 颜色,亮度,
距离(D & G 镜头)并将景物与储存的现场信息数据库比较
➲ 全自动