The carbon skeletons of 20 amino acids are funneled into only 7 molecules. Several enzyme cofactors like biotin, tetrahydrofolate, and S-adenosylmethionine play important roles in amino acid metabolism. The degradation pathways of amino acids like tryptophan, methionine, and the branched amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine involve multiple enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Inherited defects in these pathways can cause genetic diseases such as phenylketonuria, maple syrup disease, and alkaptonuria.
The document discusses cellular metabolism and energy transfer. It explains that (1) metabolism is the totality of chemical reactions in an organism that convert energy from one form to another. (2) Catabolic pathways break down molecules and release energy, while anabolic pathways use energy to build molecules. (3) ATP acts as the main energy carrier in cells, undergoing phosphorylation to power cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic ones.
The carbon skeletons of 20 amino acids are funneled into only 7 molecules. Several enzyme cofactors like biotin, tetrahydrofolate, and S-adenosylmethionine play important roles in amino acid metabolism. The degradation pathways of amino acids like tryptophan, methionine, and the branched amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine involve multiple enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Inherited defects in these pathways can cause genetic diseases such as phenylketonuria, maple syrup disease, and alkaptonuria.
The document discusses cellular metabolism and energy transfer. It explains that (1) metabolism is the totality of chemical reactions in an organism that convert energy from one form to another. (2) Catabolic pathways break down molecules and release energy, while anabolic pathways use energy to build molecules. (3) ATP acts as the main energy carrier in cells, undergoing phosphorylation to power cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic ones.
This document summarizes a chapter about protein turnover and amino acid catabolism. It discusses how ubiquitin tags proteins for degradation by the proteasome. Amino acids in excess are broken down with their amino groups transferred to α-ketoglutarate to form glutamate, which is then deaminated to ammonium ions through the urea cycle or alanine cycle. The carbon skeletons of amino acids form major metabolic intermediates like acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA.
ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is a biochemical technique used to detect antibodies or antigens in a sample. There are three main types of ELISA: competitive ELISA where a labeled antigen competes for antibody binding sites; sandwich ELISA where antibodies coat a surface to detect a specific antigen; and indirect ELISA where a test antigen is coated on a surface and secondary antibodies are used to detect primary antibodies in a serum sample. The amount of color change produced corresponds to the concentration of antigen or antibody in the original sample.
This document summarizes amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism. It discusses how amino acids are synthesized from intermediates of glycolysis, the TCA cycle, or the pentose phosphate pathway. It also describes how certain cofactors like biotin, tetrahydrofolate, and S-adenosylmethionine play important roles in amino acid metabolism, especially in one-carbon transfer reactions. Additionally, it explains how amino acids are precursors to important biomolecules like glutathione, nitric oxide, porphyrins, bile pigments, creatine, histamine, and specialized hormone products.
Cross hypersensivity to NSIADs, Allergic and pseudoallergic reactions.Utai Sukviwatsirikul
Cross hypersensitivity of NSAIDs
Allergic and pseudoallergic reactions
source of info: http://www.si.mahidol.ac.th/th/division/soqd/admin/news_files/423_18_3.pdf
Proteins are multipurpose molecules that are made up of chains of amino acids. They serve many important functions in the body such as acting as hormones, enabling movement, participating in the immune system, and helping chemical reactions as enzymes. A protein's shape determines its specific function, and this shape arises from the folding of the amino acid chain based on which amino acids are hydrophobic or hydrophilic.
This document provides an overview of carbohydrates (Chapter 11) from the textbook Biochemistry by Berg, Tymoczko, and Stryer. It discusses the basic structures and properties of monosaccharides, including their classification, stereoisomers, cyclization to form furanose and pyranose rings, and reactions. It also covers oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and the roles of carbohydrates in energy storage, structure, and mediating cell interactions. Key carbohydrates discussed include cellulose, glycogen, starch, glycosaminoglycans, and those involved in human ABO blood groups.
Clinical Practice Guideline :
Dyspepsia and Helicobacter pylori 2010
แหล่งข้อมูล:
The Gastroenterological Association of Thailand
http://www.gastrothai.net/files/12.Guideline%20dyspepsia%20and%20Helicobacter%20pylori%202010.pdf
The document summarizes the biosynthesis of cholesterol and membrane lipids. It describes the three-stage process by which 27 carbon atoms from acetyl-CoA are condensed to form cholesterol. Stage 1 involves the synthesis of isopentenyl pyrophosphate. Stage 2 condenses six isopentenyl pyrophosphate molecules to form squalene. Stage 3 involves the cyclization of squalene to lanosterol and subsequent processing to cholesterol. Regulation and roles of cholesterol, lipoproteins, and steroid hormone synthesis are also discussed.
แนวทางการจัดการความเสี่ยงที่ส่งผลต่อต้นทุนการจัดการสินค้าคงคลัง
ของร้านขายยา CDE ในจังหวัดขอนแก่น
The Approach of Risk Management that Affecting the
Inventory Management Cost of CDE Drugstore in Khonkaen Province
Best Practice in Communication
ราชวิทยาลัยกุมารแพทย์แห่งประเทศไทย สมาคมกุมารแพทย์แห่งประเทศไทย
บรรณาธิการ วินัดดา ปิยะศิลป์ วันดี นิงสานนท์
ISBN 978-616-91972-1-8
Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoeaUtai Sukviwatsirikul
This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of Saccharomyces boulardii in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children and adults based on 21 randomized controlled trials involving 4780 participants. The administration of S. boulardii compared to placebo or no treatment reduced the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea from 18.7% to 8.5%. S. boulardii was effective in reducing the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in both children and adults. It also reduced the risk of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in children but not adults. Overall, the results confirm that S. boulardii is effective for preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children and adults.
This document provides information on drugs used to treat acute diarrhea. It begins with definitions of diarrhea from WHO. It then discusses estimates of child mortality due to diarrhea in Thailand from 2010 to 2012. It presents data on the age distribution of diarrhea cases and hospital admissions. It lists common bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens that cause childhood diarrhea. It discusses the pathogenesis of acute diarrhea and describes fluid and electrolyte losses and consequences of dehydration and nutritional deficits. It provides details on fluid and electrolyte composition of diarrheal stool from different pathogens. It outlines the objectives of diarrhea treatment and causes of death. It then discusses use of oral rehydration therapy and solutions. It recommends probiotics, continued feeding, and zinc supplementation. It
Systematic review with meta-analysis: Saccharomyces boulardii in the preventi...Utai Sukviwatsirikul
This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of Saccharomyces boulardii in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children and adults based on 21 randomized controlled trials involving 4780 participants. The administration of S. boulardii compared to placebo or no treatment reduced the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea from 18.7% to 8.5%. S. boulardii was effective in reducing the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in both children and adults. It also reduced the risk of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in children. The quality of evidence was rated as moderate to low based on limitations in the design and reporting of the included studies. This meta-analysis confirms the effectiveness of
Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea ...Utai Sukviwatsirikul
Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated
diarrhoea in children: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled
trial
M. KOTOWSKA, P. ALBRECHT & H. SZAJEWSKA
Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Accepted for publication 24 November 2004