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Security Training for Seafarers with designated Security duties
This document provides information on ship and port security training (STSDSD) for seafarers with designated security duties. It discusses the history and development of the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code in response to terrorist attacks. It outlines the structure and purpose of the ISPS Code, current security threats, and definitions of security levels. It then details the security responsibilities of contracting governments, ship owners, ships, ports, and security officers. It provides an overview of key security documents, assessments, equipment, and actions required at different security levels.
MANEUVERING & COLLISION AVOIDANCE
Presentation on maneuvering and collision avoidance with special focus on large tonnage vessels.
Maneuverability limits and last moment maneuver are thoroughly shown in this material.
Surveys of Merchant Ships
Surveys of Merchant Ships by Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer, International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh.
Hatch ways
This document discusses hatchways on ships, including their purpose and positioning. Hatchways provide large openings in decks to allow access to cargo holds and storage rooms below. They are positioned either on exposed freeboard and superstructure decks forward of 0.25L or on exposed superstructure decks aft of 0.25L. Hatchways experience stress concentration at corners where large sections of deck plates and beams are cut out.
_______ uk-masters-orals
The document provides questions and answers related to a master oral examination. It covers certificates and documents handed over from an outgoing master, entries made in the official log book (OLB), safety certificates and their validity periods, requirements for a safe manning certificate, circumstances requiring a note of protest, a master's obligations and preparations upon receiving a distress message, gathering information from survivors, on-scene coordination of search and rescue operations, and planning and conducting searches.
PLANNING AND EXECUTION OF BLIND PILOTAGE.pptx
This document discusses planning and executing blind pilotage and anchoring. It defines blind pilotage as navigation through restricted waters with little visual observation. It emphasizes assessing risk, using parallel indexing techniques on radar displays to monitor position relative to the planned track, and establishing clearing ranges to stay clear of dangers. It outlines responsibilities of the navigating officer and blind pilotage team, and provides guidance on planning, execution, exercises and record keeping to safely conduct blind pilotage and anchoring.
Container stowage plans
This document discusses the bay-row-tier system for numbering container positions on cargo ships. It explains that bays refer to container blocks transverse to the ship, rows run lengthwise, and tiers are vertical layers. Both 20-foot and 40-foot containers are assigned numbers, with odd numbers for 20-foot bays and even for 40-foot bays. Rows are numbered even on one side and odd on the other. Tiers start at the bottom and increase by twos. These coordinates provide an unambiguous system to identify each container's location.
On board safety
The document outlines the duties and responsibilities of safety officers and safety representatives on board ships. It discusses investigating accidents, conducting inspections, enforcing safety policies and codes, maintaining safety records, and ensuring crew safety. Key responsibilities include investigating accidents, hazards, and complaints; conducting regular inspections; enforcing legislative safety requirements; and stopping unsafe work. Safety committees must also be established consisting of the master, safety officer, and safety representatives to oversee safety procedures and representation.
Recommended
Security Training for Seafarers with designated Security duties
This document provides information on ship and port security training (STSDSD) for seafarers with designated security duties. It discusses the history and development of the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code in response to terrorist attacks. It outlines the structure and purpose of the ISPS Code, current security threats, and definitions of security levels. It then details the security responsibilities of contracting governments, ship owners, ships, ports, and security officers. It provides an overview of key security documents, assessments, equipment, and actions required at different security levels.
MANEUVERING & COLLISION AVOIDANCE
Presentation on maneuvering and collision avoidance with special focus on large tonnage vessels.
Maneuverability limits and last moment maneuver are thoroughly shown in this material.
Surveys of Merchant Ships
Surveys of Merchant Ships by Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer, International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh.
Hatch ways
This document discusses hatchways on ships, including their purpose and positioning. Hatchways provide large openings in decks to allow access to cargo holds and storage rooms below. They are positioned either on exposed freeboard and superstructure decks forward of 0.25L or on exposed superstructure decks aft of 0.25L. Hatchways experience stress concentration at corners where large sections of deck plates and beams are cut out.
_______ uk-masters-orals
The document provides questions and answers related to a master oral examination. It covers certificates and documents handed over from an outgoing master, entries made in the official log book (OLB), safety certificates and their validity periods, requirements for a safe manning certificate, circumstances requiring a note of protest, a master's obligations and preparations upon receiving a distress message, gathering information from survivors, on-scene coordination of search and rescue operations, and planning and conducting searches.
PLANNING AND EXECUTION OF BLIND PILOTAGE.pptx
This document discusses planning and executing blind pilotage and anchoring. It defines blind pilotage as navigation through restricted waters with little visual observation. It emphasizes assessing risk, using parallel indexing techniques on radar displays to monitor position relative to the planned track, and establishing clearing ranges to stay clear of dangers. It outlines responsibilities of the navigating officer and blind pilotage team, and provides guidance on planning, execution, exercises and record keeping to safely conduct blind pilotage and anchoring.
Container stowage plans
This document discusses the bay-row-tier system for numbering container positions on cargo ships. It explains that bays refer to container blocks transverse to the ship, rows run lengthwise, and tiers are vertical layers. Both 20-foot and 40-foot containers are assigned numbers, with odd numbers for 20-foot bays and even for 40-foot bays. Rows are numbered even on one side and odd on the other. Tiers start at the bottom and increase by twos. These coordinates provide an unambiguous system to identify each container's location.
On board safety
The document outlines the duties and responsibilities of safety officers and safety representatives on board ships. It discusses investigating accidents, conducting inspections, enforcing safety policies and codes, maintaining safety records, and ensuring crew safety. Key responsibilities include investigating accidents, hazards, and complaints; conducting regular inspections; enforcing legislative safety requirements; and stopping unsafe work. Safety committees must also be established consisting of the master, safety officer, and safety representatives to oversee safety procedures and representation.
101103077-Tanker-Pipeline-Systems.ppt
The document discusses different types of tanker pipeline systems used to load and discharge cargo tanks, including direct line, ring main, and free flow systems. A direct line system is relatively fast and cheaper but less versatile, while a ring main system is more versatile but more expensive and difficult to maintain. A free flow system provides the fastest loading and discharge but poorer segregation between cargo grades. Safety valves are used to prevent undue pressure rises in vessels.
Oral questions
This document contains oral examination questions for MPA Class 1 & 2 covering topics related to ship handling in various situations including damage, vessel in distress, assisting ships in distress, bad weather conditions, anchoring, dry docking, fire prevention, training, and rules of the road. There are over 150 multiple choice and descriptive questions testing knowledge of procedures, obligations, and best practices for managing emergencies at sea.
draft IMC 7.03 officer in charge a navigational watch
This document provides a revised draft of the model course on Officer in Charge of a Navigational Watch. The course was revised to more closely reflect the requirements of the 2010 Manila Amendments to the STCW Convention. The Sub-Committee is invited to review the draft course and take any appropriate action. The course aims to meet the mandatory minimum requirements for navigation, cargo handling and stowage, and controlling ship operations at the operational level. It outlines the entry standards, certification issued on completion, staffing requirements and teaching facilities needed.
Survey and examination of ships' lifting appliances
This document provides guidance on lifting appliance examinations for ship operators. It discusses:
1) Why lifting appliances require thorough annual examinations - as single failures can cause major accidents. Regulations require examinations by competent persons to reduce risks.
2) What is examined during a typical examination - documentation, maintenance records, equipment components, and functional tests are reviewed.
3) How examinations are conducted - surveyors check records, examine listed equipment and components, and may perform functional tests to verify equipment is in safe working order. Proof load testing is also required to certify some appliances.
Diving Rescue
This document provides information on rescue techniques for responding to diving emergencies. It discusses preventing accidents through proper training, equipment, and safety checks. It then covers how to respond to panicked or unconscious divers at the surface or underwater, including signals, self-rescue steps, approaches, and transport techniques. The key is to act quickly but calmly, establish buoyancy, clear airways, and transport the diver safely to exit from the water while minimizing interruptions to breathing for non-breathing victims.
Environmental presentation
SOLAS is the most important international treaty concerning maritime safety. It establishes minimum standards for the construction, equipment and operation of ships. SOLAS has undergone revisions and amendments over time to keep up with technological and operational advances. Key provisions address subdivision and stability, fire safety, life-saving appliances, safe navigation, dangerous cargo carriage, and ship security. SOLAS requires certifications and has different technical requirements depending on ship type and cargo. Its goal is to specify uniform safety standards to ensure ships remain safe and secure at sea.
Final draft survey
This document appears to be a draft survey calculation sheet containing definitions and formulas used to calculate a ship's displacement and cargo weight through draft surveys. It explains how draft readings are taken and corrected for trim and water density to determine the vessel's actual displacement. By subtracting the light displacement and amounts for fuel, ballast, and stores, the document aims to calculate a ship's cargo weight carried or discharged.
Imsbc
The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes Code provides requirements for the safe carriage of solid bulk cargoes by sea. It classifies cargoes into groups based on their liquefaction and chemical hazards. It provides guidelines on cargo information to be provided, tests for transport requirements, loading and unloading precautions, safety of personnel and ship, and security provisions. The code aims to enhance safety in the maritime transport of solid bulk cargoes.
Cargo lashing
Cargo securing involves properly loading, handling, stowing, carrying, and discharging goods. Motions at sea can cause cargo to shift, so it must be secured against pitching, rolling, yawing, swaying, heaving, surging, and other ship movements. Common securing methods include lashing, anti-skid mats, structural alterations, filling, air bags, and following cargo securing manuals and guidelines.
ORALS
GPS satellites are positioned at an altitude of 20,200 km above the Earth's surface, which falls within medium Earth orbits. This height provides global coverage with a smaller number of satellites and allows earth-based transmitters and receivers to use modest sized antennas and lower transmission powers.
Gross tonnage refers to the total enclosed volume of a ship, while net tonnage refers to the cargo-carrying capacity. Both are determined by measuring volumes and applying formulas, and are dimensionless numbers rather than units of mass.
Radar performance can be ascertained using a performance monitor. 10 cm or S-band radar is generally better for long range scanning and in heavy rain due to less clutter.
__ oral _ questions reponses
The master's immediate actions upon the vessel running aground include sounding alarms, stopping engines, accounting for crew, closing watertight doors, activating the ship's pollution plan, and assessing damage with the crew. The master would then report the incident, attempt to refloat the vessel if possible, and communicate details to the owner. Legally, the master should note a protest, possibly sign a salvage contract, and send a detailed report to the owner. Commercially, the master needs to minimize danger and pollution risks while determining if refloating is possible with tides or cargo adjustments.
Taking over a navigational watch lrg
The document provides guidance on properly handing over and taking over the navigational watch. It states that the officer of the watch should not hand over the watch if the relieving officer is incapable, and the relieving officer must ensure all crew members are capable of performing their duties. The relieving officer must also satisfy themselves on the safety of the vessel before taking over the watch. Proper lookout, navigation with pilots, and environmental protection are also discussed.
Classification societes. presentation
Classification societies are non-governmental organizations that establish technical standards for the construction and operation of ships and offshore structures. They classify ships to validate their design meets published standards, and conduct periodic surveys to ensure standards continue to be met. The major classification societies are members of the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), which collectively cover over 90% of the world's cargo carrying tonnage. Classification includes an initial design review, construction oversight, and ongoing surveys to maintain certification.
Ship Security Training Manual (Sample)
To train staff as per ISPS / SSP. Complete manual / Guidelines in use on Ocean going Ships. Download from www.crosstree.info
Safety officer on ship
The Chief Officer acts as the ship's Safety Officer and is responsible for ensuring proper maintenance of safety equipment and reporting of accidents. The Safety Officer ensures safety committee meetings are held regularly and minutes are submitted. It is the duty of the Safety Officer to maintain a safe working environment and comply with safety regulations. The Safety Officer is also responsible for maintaining the vessel's safety file which contains various safety records and documents. Regular safety meetings must be held to discuss safety issues and improvements.
Convoy safety
This document discusses convoy safety and risk management for USAREUR & 7TH ARMY. It identifies the main risks during convoy operations as IEDs, ambushes, and vehicle collisions/rollovers. It provides guidance on conducting route analysis, adhering to speed limits based on road/weather conditions, wearing seatbelts, and pairing inexperienced drivers with experienced ones. The document also outlines procedures for preventing and responding to vehicle rollovers, including bracing for impact, not exiting a rolling vehicle, and checking for injuries after stabilization. Leaders are encouraged to establish safety programs like designated driver and vehicle inspections.
Officers and Crew in the Deck Department
The document discusses the deck department onboard vessels. It describes the deck department as the organizational unit responsible for maintaining the ship's hull, cargo gear, accommodation, life saving and firefighting appliances. It outlines the roles of the master, chief officer, second officer, third officer, deck cadet, boatswain, able seaman, and ordinary seaman who make up the deck officers and ratings in the deck department. Their key duties are also summarized such as navigation, safety, cargo operations, and vessel maintenance.
More Related Content
What's hot
101103077-Tanker-Pipeline-Systems.ppt
The document discusses different types of tanker pipeline systems used to load and discharge cargo tanks, including direct line, ring main, and free flow systems. A direct line system is relatively fast and cheaper but less versatile, while a ring main system is more versatile but more expensive and difficult to maintain. A free flow system provides the fastest loading and discharge but poorer segregation between cargo grades. Safety valves are used to prevent undue pressure rises in vessels.
Oral questions
This document contains oral examination questions for MPA Class 1 & 2 covering topics related to ship handling in various situations including damage, vessel in distress, assisting ships in distress, bad weather conditions, anchoring, dry docking, fire prevention, training, and rules of the road. There are over 150 multiple choice and descriptive questions testing knowledge of procedures, obligations, and best practices for managing emergencies at sea.
draft IMC 7.03 officer in charge a navigational watch
This document provides a revised draft of the model course on Officer in Charge of a Navigational Watch. The course was revised to more closely reflect the requirements of the 2010 Manila Amendments to the STCW Convention. The Sub-Committee is invited to review the draft course and take any appropriate action. The course aims to meet the mandatory minimum requirements for navigation, cargo handling and stowage, and controlling ship operations at the operational level. It outlines the entry standards, certification issued on completion, staffing requirements and teaching facilities needed.
Survey and examination of ships' lifting appliances
This document provides guidance on lifting appliance examinations for ship operators. It discusses:
1) Why lifting appliances require thorough annual examinations - as single failures can cause major accidents. Regulations require examinations by competent persons to reduce risks.
2) What is examined during a typical examination - documentation, maintenance records, equipment components, and functional tests are reviewed.
3) How examinations are conducted - surveyors check records, examine listed equipment and components, and may perform functional tests to verify equipment is in safe working order. Proof load testing is also required to certify some appliances.
Diving Rescue
This document provides information on rescue techniques for responding to diving emergencies. It discusses preventing accidents through proper training, equipment, and safety checks. It then covers how to respond to panicked or unconscious divers at the surface or underwater, including signals, self-rescue steps, approaches, and transport techniques. The key is to act quickly but calmly, establish buoyancy, clear airways, and transport the diver safely to exit from the water while minimizing interruptions to breathing for non-breathing victims.
Environmental presentation
SOLAS is the most important international treaty concerning maritime safety. It establishes minimum standards for the construction, equipment and operation of ships. SOLAS has undergone revisions and amendments over time to keep up with technological and operational advances. Key provisions address subdivision and stability, fire safety, life-saving appliances, safe navigation, dangerous cargo carriage, and ship security. SOLAS requires certifications and has different technical requirements depending on ship type and cargo. Its goal is to specify uniform safety standards to ensure ships remain safe and secure at sea.
Final draft survey
This document appears to be a draft survey calculation sheet containing definitions and formulas used to calculate a ship's displacement and cargo weight through draft surveys. It explains how draft readings are taken and corrected for trim and water density to determine the vessel's actual displacement. By subtracting the light displacement and amounts for fuel, ballast, and stores, the document aims to calculate a ship's cargo weight carried or discharged.
Imsbc
The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes Code provides requirements for the safe carriage of solid bulk cargoes by sea. It classifies cargoes into groups based on their liquefaction and chemical hazards. It provides guidelines on cargo information to be provided, tests for transport requirements, loading and unloading precautions, safety of personnel and ship, and security provisions. The code aims to enhance safety in the maritime transport of solid bulk cargoes.
Cargo lashing
Cargo securing involves properly loading, handling, stowing, carrying, and discharging goods. Motions at sea can cause cargo to shift, so it must be secured against pitching, rolling, yawing, swaying, heaving, surging, and other ship movements. Common securing methods include lashing, anti-skid mats, structural alterations, filling, air bags, and following cargo securing manuals and guidelines.
ORALS
GPS satellites are positioned at an altitude of 20,200 km above the Earth's surface, which falls within medium Earth orbits. This height provides global coverage with a smaller number of satellites and allows earth-based transmitters and receivers to use modest sized antennas and lower transmission powers.
Gross tonnage refers to the total enclosed volume of a ship, while net tonnage refers to the cargo-carrying capacity. Both are determined by measuring volumes and applying formulas, and are dimensionless numbers rather than units of mass.
Radar performance can be ascertained using a performance monitor. 10 cm or S-band radar is generally better for long range scanning and in heavy rain due to less clutter.
__ oral _ questions reponses
The master's immediate actions upon the vessel running aground include sounding alarms, stopping engines, accounting for crew, closing watertight doors, activating the ship's pollution plan, and assessing damage with the crew. The master would then report the incident, attempt to refloat the vessel if possible, and communicate details to the owner. Legally, the master should note a protest, possibly sign a salvage contract, and send a detailed report to the owner. Commercially, the master needs to minimize danger and pollution risks while determining if refloating is possible with tides or cargo adjustments.
Taking over a navigational watch lrg
The document provides guidance on properly handing over and taking over the navigational watch. It states that the officer of the watch should not hand over the watch if the relieving officer is incapable, and the relieving officer must ensure all crew members are capable of performing their duties. The relieving officer must also satisfy themselves on the safety of the vessel before taking over the watch. Proper lookout, navigation with pilots, and environmental protection are also discussed.
Classification societes. presentation
Classification societies are non-governmental organizations that establish technical standards for the construction and operation of ships and offshore structures. They classify ships to validate their design meets published standards, and conduct periodic surveys to ensure standards continue to be met. The major classification societies are members of the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), which collectively cover over 90% of the world's cargo carrying tonnage. Classification includes an initial design review, construction oversight, and ongoing surveys to maintain certification.
Ship Security Training Manual (Sample)
To train staff as per ISPS / SSP. Complete manual / Guidelines in use on Ocean going Ships. Download from www.crosstree.info
Safety officer on ship
The Chief Officer acts as the ship's Safety Officer and is responsible for ensuring proper maintenance of safety equipment and reporting of accidents. The Safety Officer ensures safety committee meetings are held regularly and minutes are submitted. It is the duty of the Safety Officer to maintain a safe working environment and comply with safety regulations. The Safety Officer is also responsible for maintaining the vessel's safety file which contains various safety records and documents. Regular safety meetings must be held to discuss safety issues and improvements.
Convoy safety
This document discusses convoy safety and risk management for USAREUR & 7TH ARMY. It identifies the main risks during convoy operations as IEDs, ambushes, and vehicle collisions/rollovers. It provides guidance on conducting route analysis, adhering to speed limits based on road/weather conditions, wearing seatbelts, and pairing inexperienced drivers with experienced ones. The document also outlines procedures for preventing and responding to vehicle rollovers, including bracing for impact, not exiting a rolling vehicle, and checking for injuries after stabilization. Leaders are encouraged to establish safety programs like designated driver and vehicle inspections.
Officers and Crew in the Deck Department
The document discusses the deck department onboard vessels. It describes the deck department as the organizational unit responsible for maintaining the ship's hull, cargo gear, accommodation, life saving and firefighting appliances. It outlines the roles of the master, chief officer, second officer, third officer, deck cadet, boatswain, able seaman, and ordinary seaman who make up the deck officers and ratings in the deck department. Their key duties are also summarized such as navigation, safety, cargo operations, and vessel maintenance.
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draft IMC 7.03 officer in charge a navigational watch
draft IMC 7.03 officer in charge a navigational watch
Survey and examination of ships' lifting appliances
Survey and examination of ships' lifting appliances
การนำเร อในสภาพอากาศไม ปกต_
- 1. การนำา เรือ ในสภาพ อากาศไม่ป กติ (Handling Ship in Heavy Weather)
- 2. ได้เ รีย นการเดิน เรือ มาเป็น ลำา ดับ เริ่ม ด้ว ยการขีด เข็ม หาทีเ รือ ชายฝั่ง , ดาราศาสตร์ ่ และอิเ ล็ก ทรอนิก ส์ การนำา เรือ เข้า สู่ช ายฝั่ง สู่ช ่อ ง ทางจำา กัด สู่แ ม่น ำ้า เข้า เทีย บเรือ อย่า งสง่า งาม แต่ย ัง มีก ารนำา เรือ ทีท ้า ทายใน ่ สภาพอากาศไม่ป กติ นั่น คือ
- 3. ลัก ษณะของพายุห มุน (Storm) พายุใ หญ่ท ี่จ ะกล่า ว มีช ื่อ เรีย กต่า ง ๆ กัน ตามท้อ งถิ่น พายุใ ต้ฝ ุ่น (Typhoon) เกิด ใน ทะเลจีน ใต้ พายุเ ฮอริเ คน (Hurricane) เกิด ใน มหาสมุท รแอตแลนติก พายุไ ซโคลน (Cyclone) เกิด ใน มหาสมุท รอิน เดีย
- 4. ลัก ษณะของพายุห มุน (Storm) พัด ตามเข็ม นาฬิก าในซีก โลกใต้ โดยพัด เข้า หาศูน ย์ก ลางของ บริเ วณความกดอากาศตำ่า บริเ วณศูน ย์ก ลางพายุ เรีย กว่า ตา พายุ เป็น บริเ วณลมสงบ ท้อ งฟ้า โปร่ง ใส แต่บ ริเ วณรอบ ๆ ตาพายุ จะเป็น บริเ วณลมพัด แรงสูง สุด
- 5. เส้น ทางเดิน ของพายุ (ในซีก โลกเหนือ พายุท ี่เ กิด บริเ วณ แลต. ตำ่า ๆ จะ เคลือ นไปทางตะวัน ตก ่ และค่อ นไปทางเหนือ แล้ว เลีย ว ้ โค้ง ไปทาง ตะวัน ออกเฉีย งเหนือ เป็น รูป พาราโบล่า ความเร็ว การเคลือ นตัว ของพายุ ่ เริ่ม แรกมีค วามเร็ว ตำ่า
- 6. การนำา เรือ หลบพายุ ควรหลบหลีก ไม่ค วรเข้า ไปหา โดยการฟัง ข่า วอากาศ คำา เตือ น เรื่อ งพายุโ ดยตลอด จะทราบถึง จุด ศูน ย์ก ลางพายุ เส้น ทางและความเร็ว พายุ ความเร็ว ลมสูง สุด ใกล้ จุด ศูน ย์ก ลาง
- 7. การนำา เรือ หลบพายุ เมื่อ ได้ข ่า วแล้ว พล๊อ ตเส้น ทางของ พายุ ปัจ จุบ ัน สามารถทราบได้จ าก ภาพถ่า ยดาวเทีย ม พิจ ารณาร่ว มกับ แผนทีค วามกด ่ อากาศที่ไ ด้ร ับ แล้ว จึง พยายามหลบหลีก อัน ตราย ย่า นอัน ตรายอยู่ท างขวาของพายุ
- 8. การนำา เรือ หลบพายุ ใช้เ รดาร์ต รวจสอบจุด ศูน ย์ก ลาง ของพายุ วัด ค่า ความกดอากาศ ถ้า ยิ่ง ลดลง แสดงว่า ยิ่ง วิ่ง เข้า หา ศูน ย์ก ลางพายุ ไม่ค วรนำา เรือ ตัด หน้า พายุ
- 9. ณีเ รือ อยู่ใ นเขตพายุห มุน หรือ บริเ วณขอบ บหลีก ดัง นี้ ในซีก โลกเหนือ (ลมหมุน ทวนเข็ม นาฬิก า) ย่า นอัน ตรายอยู่ท างซีก ขวาของ พายุ ทางซ้า ยของพายุเ ป็น ย่า นเดิน เรือ ถ้า อยู่ใ นย่า นอัน ตราย หลบหลีก โดย ให้ล มตีห ัว เรือ
- 10. ถ้า อยู่ใ นย่า นเดิน เรือ หลบหลีก โดย ให้ล มตีท ้า ยเรือ กราบขวา จนเรือ แล่น พ้น พายุ ในซีก โลกใต้ ปฏิบ ัต ิต รงข้า มกับ ซีก โลกเหนือ
- 11. สภาพของคลืน ในพายุ ่ ถ้า เรือ สู้ค ลื่น (ฟัน คลื่น ) (Pitching) ต้อ งระมัด ระวัง มิใ ห้ค วามเร็ว เกิน ไป เรือ อาจโยนทำา ให้เ กิด แรง ยืด ทางยาว (เรือ หัก ) หรือ ใบจัก รลอยพ้น นำ้า ได้
- 12. สภาพของคลืน ในพายุ ่ ถ้า เรือ ตามคลื่น (Pooping) คลื่น อาจจะพัด โถมมาทาง ท้า ยเรือ
- 13. วิธ ีแ ก้ไ ขและการระมัด ระวัง อัน ตราย ลดความเร็ว ผสมกับ การเปลีย น ่ เข็ม จะลดอัน ตรายลงได้ ระมัด ระวัง การหัน เลีย ว (ระวัง ลม ้ และคลื่น ) มิใ ห้เ รือ ควำ่า การนำา เรือ ในพายุจ ะถูก หัน เหไป จากเส้น ทางเดิม ด้ว ยลมและ คลื่น โดยเฉพาะบริเ วณที่ม ีอ ัน ตราย