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Prototyping Dynamics:
sharing multiple designs
improves exploration,
group rapport, and
results	

+ CHI 2011
- Steven Dow et al.	

/๊น€์œ ์ •
x 2014 winter
Prototyping Dynamics: sharing multiple designs
improves exploration, group rapport, and results
Steven Dow et al.(2011)
In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing System
Index

Problem
ABSTRACT
EXPERIMENT
RESULTS
CONTRIBUTION
DISCUSSION POINT
Problem

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์€โ€ฆ
Problem

๊น€๋ฐฅ์ฒœ๊ตญ ํŒ€ํ”Œ์ง€์˜ฅ
Problem

์ข‹์€ ํ˜‘์—…์ด๋ž€
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ค„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
(์žˆ๊ธดํ•œ๊ฑธ๊นŒ)
Abstract
Background & Purpose
- ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ: ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ , ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•จ
- ์–ด๋–ค ์‹์˜ ํ˜‘์—… ๊ณผ์ •(collaborative process)์ด ์ข‹์€์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชฉ์ 

Research Question
- ์‹คํ—˜์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ํ›„ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์„œ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ํ˜‘์—…ํ•จ
- ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ํ˜‘์—…ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํƒ์ƒ‰, ๊ณต์œ , ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ผํฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ
์–ด๋–ค ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆ
Share Multiple | ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ์ž 3๊ฐœ์”ฉ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋””์ž์ธ ํ•ด์˜จ ํ›„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
Share Best | ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ์ž 3๊ฐœ์”ฉ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋””์ž์ธ ํ•œ ํ›„ 1๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์„œ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
Share One | ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ์ž 1๊ฐœ์”ฉ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋””์ž์ธ ํ•œ ํ›„ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
Research Question

H1 | ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ํƒ์ƒ‰์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์œ ๋„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
H2 | Sharing Multiple Design์ด ๋” ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ผํฌ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
H3 | Sharing multiple Designs์ด ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ปจ์…‰ ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋”ฉ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
H4 | Sharing multiple Designs์ด ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Experiment
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ

Participants
- Share Multiple Condition/Share Best Condition/Share One Condition์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด
- ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ง€์‹ ์œ ๋ฌด ํ™•์ธ: ์‚ฌ์ „์„ค๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž(experienced)/์ดˆ๋ณด์ž(novice)๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜
- 84๋ช…์˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค ์ค‘ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž 1๋ช…๊ณผ ์ดˆ๋ณด์ž 1๋ช…์„ ํ•œ ํŒ€์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ด ์ด 42์Œ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜ ์ง„ํ–‰
Experiment
Dependent Variable
ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค(performance)

H4

- CTR(Click-through rates), ์›น ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ Google Analytics
- ํ’ˆ์งˆํ‰๊ฐ€(7์  ์ฒ™๋„): FaceAIDS ์ง์›(3๋ช…), ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€(6๋ช…), Mechanical Turk ๊ณ ์šฉ(21๋ช…)

๊ฐœ์ธ ๋””์ž์ธ ํƒ์ƒ‰(Individual design exploration)

H1

- ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ์ •๋„(7์  ์ฒ™๋„): Mechanical Turk ๊ณ ์šฉ(10๋ช…)

๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ผํฌ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”(Change in Group Rapport)

H2

- ์•„์ด์Šค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํ‚น๊ณผ ๋…ผ์˜ ํ›„ 2๋ฒˆ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •

๋Œ€ํ™” ์ฐจ๋ก€(Conventional turn taking)

H2

- ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์˜ ๋ฐœ์–ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ ํšŸ์ˆ˜, ๋ถ„๋‹น ์ฐจ๋ก€ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ

๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ ๊ณต์œ (Design feature sharing)

H3

- ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€: word phrases, background color, images, layout and styles
- ์ด ์ค‘ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์–ด์„œ ํŒŒ์•…

๊ทธ๋ฃน ํ•ฉ์˜(Group consensus)

H4

- ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ด ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ์ธก์ •(7์  ์ฒ™๋„): Mechanical Turk ๊ณ ์šฉ
Results
Sharing Multiple์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ ํ€„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค
๊ด‘๊ณ  ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
- ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ CTR ์ฐจ์ด
ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด(3๊ฐ€์ง€)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํด๋ฆญ์ˆ˜(CTR) ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ
์นด์ด์ œ๊ณฑ ๊ฒ€์ •(chi-squared analysis) ์‚ฌ์šฉ: ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์€ ๋น„์œจ
Share Multiple ads had a significantly higher click-through rate(ฯ‡ยฒ = 4.72, p < 0.05).

ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์›นํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด
- ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด(3๊ฐ€์ง€) ๋ฐ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ํŠน์„ฑ(๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž, ์ดˆ๋ณด์ž)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์›นํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต
๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ
- Analysis of variances ์‚ฌ์šฉ(n-way ANOVA)
ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด ์—†์Œ
No differences for total time spent(F(5,202)=0.808, p>0.05) or number of pages visited from each
ad(F(5, 202)=0.461, p>0.05).
Results
Sharing Multiple์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ ํ€„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค
์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค(CTR, ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ˆ˜, ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์‹œ๊ฐ„) ์ฐจ์ด
- ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ํŠน์„ฑ(๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž, ์ดˆ๋ณด์ž)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ
- ์นด์ด์ œ๊ณฑ ๊ฒ€์ •(Chi-squared analysis) ์‚ฌ์šฉ
ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด ์—†์Œ
This was not a significant difference(ฯ‡ยฒ = 0.08, p > 0.05).
!
ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์˜ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด ์žˆ์Œ
!
!
Experienced participants in the Share Multiple condition outperformed experienced participants in the Share
Best(ฯ‡ยฒ = 3.95, p<0.05) and Share One conditions (ฯ‡ยฒ = 8.33, p<0.05).
!
- ANOVA ์‚ฌ์šฉ
์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค์— ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ
!
An ANOVA showed that experience did not significantly affect total time spent (F(5,202)=0.091, p>0.05) or
number of pages visited from each ad (F(5,202)=0.076, p>0.05).
Results
Sharing Multiple์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ ํ€„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค
ํ˜‘์—…์กฐ๊ฑด(3๊ฐ€์ง€)๊ณผ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ํŠน์„ฑ(๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž, ์ดˆ๋ณด์ž)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ’ˆ์งˆํ‰๊ฐ€(Quality ratings) ์ฐจ์ด
- ํ˜‘์—…์กฐ๊ฑด(3๊ฐ€์ง€)๊ณผ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ํŠน์„ฑ(๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž, ์ดˆ๋ณด์ž)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ’ˆ์งˆํ‰๊ฐ€(Quality ratings) ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ 
์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ
- Analysis of variances ์‚ฌ์šฉ(n-way ANOVA) ํ›„ Tukey Post-hoc Test๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋น„ํ•ด Share Multiple์ด ๋” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ ์ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚จ
Share multiple((ฮผ=3.89, SD=1.82) outperformed the other conditions (F(2,2519)=5.075, p<0.05).
!
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Œ
The difference between the Share Best (ฮผ=3.63, SD=1.78) and Share One (ฮผ=3.71, SD=1.71) conditions was
not significant (p>0.05; Tukeyโ€™s test).
Results
Sharing Multiple์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ํƒ์ƒ‰์„ ์œ ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค
ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด(3๊ฐ€์ง€)์™€ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ํŠน์„ฑ(๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž, ์ดˆ๋ณด์ž)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ์ด
- ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด(3๊ฐ€์ง€)์™€ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ํŠน์„ฑ(๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž, ์ดˆ๋ณด์ž)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜
๋ฏธํ•œ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ
- Analysis of variances ์‚ฌ์šฉ(n-way ANOVA)
ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฐจ์ด๋‚จ
The similarity rating differed significantly across conditions (F(2,3640)=82.07, p<0.05).
!
- Tukey Post-hoc Test๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ
Share Multiple ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ
Tukey post- hoc comparisons of the three conditions indicate that Share Multiple ads (ฮผ=3.85, SD=1.93)
were more diverse than Share Best ads (ฮผ=3.99, SD=1.96) (p<0.05) and Share Best ads were more diverse
than Share One ads (ฮผ=5.45, SD=1.86) (p<0.05).
Results
Sharing Multiple ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ์˜ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ผํฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค
- ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด(3๊ฐ€์ง€)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ผํฌ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ
- One way ANOVA ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ
ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ผํฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง
A one-way ANOVA showed the group rapport differed significantly across conditions (F(2,83)=4.147, p<0.05)
!
- Tukey Post-hoc Test๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ Share Multiple์—์„œ๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ผํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ
Tukey post-hoc comparisons of the three conditions indicate that group rapport increased in the Share
Multiple condition (ฮผ = 0.89, SD 3.06) compared to the others (p<0.05).
Results
Sharing Multiple์€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค
- ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด(3๊ฐ€์ง€)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ ๊ณต์œ  ์ •๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ
- ์นด์ด์ œ๊ณฑ ๊ฒ€์ •(Chi-squared Analysis) ์‚ฌ์šฉ
Share Multiple ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์ด ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์—์™€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•จ
Participants in the Share Multiple condition borrowed significantly more features overall (ฯ‡ยฒ =4.05, p<0.05).
Results
Sharing Multiple์€ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ํ•ฉ์˜์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค
- ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด(3๊ฐ€์ง€)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ
- Paired T-test ์‚ฌ์šฉ
์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์™€ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•จ
Final ads were more similar (ฮผ=3.40, SD=1.91) than initial ads (ฮผ=2.68, SD=1.64) (t(3078)=8.107, p<0.05).
!
- Tukey Pos-hoc Comparison์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌํ›„๊ฒ€์ฆ
Share Multiple์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋” ๋†’์€ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ž„
Tukey post-hoc com- parisons of shifts by each pair show that similarity increased more for the Share Multiple
condition (0.91) than the Share Best (0.55) or Share One conditions (0.52) (p<0.05)
Contribution

โ€œ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒโ€์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ฆ
์–ด๋ ค์šด ํ†ต๊ณ„๋Š” ํ•„์š”์—†๋‹ค
์‹คํ—˜์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ๋•Œ ์จ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค
Discussion Point

โ€œ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒโ€ ์ค‘ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋ฉด ์ข‹์€ ๊ฑด ๋ญ๊ฐ€์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
๋””์ž์ธ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ดํ•‘ ๋ง๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—๋„ ํ™•์žฅ ์ ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊นŒ?

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Prototyping Dynamics: sharing multiple designs improves exploration, group rapport, and results

  • 1. Prototyping Dynamics: sharing multiple designs improves exploration, group rapport, and results + CHI 2011 - Steven Dow et al. /๊น€์œ ์ • x 2014 winter
  • 2. Prototyping Dynamics: sharing multiple designs improves exploration, group rapport, and results Steven Dow et al.(2011) In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing System
  • 6. Problem ์ข‹์€ ํ˜‘์—…์ด๋ž€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ค„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ? (์žˆ๊ธดํ•œ๊ฑธ๊นŒ)
  • 7. Abstract Background & Purpose - ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ: ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ , ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•จ - ์–ด๋–ค ์‹์˜ ํ˜‘์—… ๊ณผ์ •(collaborative process)์ด ์ข‹์€์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชฉ์  Research Question - ์‹คํ—˜์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ํ›„ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์„œ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ํ˜‘์—…ํ•จ - ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ํ˜‘์—…ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํƒ์ƒ‰, ๊ณต์œ , ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ผํฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆ Share Multiple | ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ์ž 3๊ฐœ์”ฉ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋””์ž์ธ ํ•ด์˜จ ํ›„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ Share Best | ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ์ž 3๊ฐœ์”ฉ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋””์ž์ธ ํ•œ ํ›„ 1๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์„œ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ Share One | ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ์ž 1๊ฐœ์”ฉ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋””์ž์ธ ํ•œ ํ›„ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
  • 8. Research Question H1 | ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ํƒ์ƒ‰์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์œ ๋„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. H2 | Sharing Multiple Design์ด ๋” ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ผํฌ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. H3 | Sharing multiple Designs์ด ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ปจ์…‰ ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋”ฉ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. H4 | Sharing multiple Designs์ด ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
  • 9. Experiment ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ Participants - Share Multiple Condition/Share Best Condition/Share One Condition์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด - ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ง€์‹ ์œ ๋ฌด ํ™•์ธ: ์‚ฌ์ „์„ค๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž(experienced)/์ดˆ๋ณด์ž(novice)๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ - 84๋ช…์˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค ์ค‘ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž 1๋ช…๊ณผ ์ดˆ๋ณด์ž 1๋ช…์„ ํ•œ ํŒ€์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ด ์ด 42์Œ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜ ์ง„ํ–‰
  • 10. Experiment Dependent Variable ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค(performance) H4 - CTR(Click-through rates), ์›น ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ Google Analytics - ํ’ˆ์งˆํ‰๊ฐ€(7์  ์ฒ™๋„): FaceAIDS ์ง์›(3๋ช…), ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€(6๋ช…), Mechanical Turk ๊ณ ์šฉ(21๋ช…) ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋””์ž์ธ ํƒ์ƒ‰(Individual design exploration) H1 - ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ์ •๋„(7์  ์ฒ™๋„): Mechanical Turk ๊ณ ์šฉ(10๋ช…) ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ผํฌ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”(Change in Group Rapport) H2 - ์•„์ด์Šค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํ‚น๊ณผ ๋…ผ์˜ ํ›„ 2๋ฒˆ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธก์ • ๋Œ€ํ™” ์ฐจ๋ก€(Conventional turn taking) H2 - ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์˜ ๋ฐœ์–ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ ํšŸ์ˆ˜, ๋ถ„๋‹น ์ฐจ๋ก€ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ ๊ณต์œ (Design feature sharing) H3 - ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€: word phrases, background color, images, layout and styles - ์ด ์ค‘ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์–ด์„œ ํŒŒ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน ํ•ฉ์˜(Group consensus) H4 - ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ด ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ์ธก์ •(7์  ์ฒ™๋„): Mechanical Turk ๊ณ ์šฉ
  • 11. Results Sharing Multiple์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ ํ€„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ - ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ CTR ์ฐจ์ด ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด(3๊ฐ€์ง€)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํด๋ฆญ์ˆ˜(CTR) ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ์นด์ด์ œ๊ณฑ ๊ฒ€์ •(chi-squared analysis) ์‚ฌ์šฉ: ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์€ ๋น„์œจ Share Multiple ads had a significantly higher click-through rate(ฯ‡ยฒ = 4.72, p < 0.05). ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์›นํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด - ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด(3๊ฐ€์ง€) ๋ฐ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ํŠน์„ฑ(๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž, ์ดˆ๋ณด์ž)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์›นํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ - Analysis of variances ์‚ฌ์šฉ(n-way ANOVA) ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด ์—†์Œ No differences for total time spent(F(5,202)=0.808, p>0.05) or number of pages visited from each ad(F(5, 202)=0.461, p>0.05).
  • 12. Results Sharing Multiple์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ ํ€„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค(CTR, ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ˆ˜, ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์‹œ๊ฐ„) ์ฐจ์ด - ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ํŠน์„ฑ(๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž, ์ดˆ๋ณด์ž)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ - ์นด์ด์ œ๊ณฑ ๊ฒ€์ •(Chi-squared analysis) ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด ์—†์Œ This was not a significant difference(ฯ‡ยฒ = 0.08, p > 0.05). ! ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์˜ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด ์žˆ์Œ ! ! Experienced participants in the Share Multiple condition outperformed experienced participants in the Share Best(ฯ‡ยฒ = 3.95, p<0.05) and Share One conditions (ฯ‡ยฒ = 8.33, p<0.05). ! - ANOVA ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค์— ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ! An ANOVA showed that experience did not significantly affect total time spent (F(5,202)=0.091, p>0.05) or number of pages visited from each ad (F(5,202)=0.076, p>0.05).
  • 13. Results Sharing Multiple์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ ํ€„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค ํ˜‘์—…์กฐ๊ฑด(3๊ฐ€์ง€)๊ณผ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ํŠน์„ฑ(๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž, ์ดˆ๋ณด์ž)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ’ˆ์งˆํ‰๊ฐ€(Quality ratings) ์ฐจ์ด - ํ˜‘์—…์กฐ๊ฑด(3๊ฐ€์ง€)๊ณผ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ํŠน์„ฑ(๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž, ์ดˆ๋ณด์ž)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ’ˆ์งˆํ‰๊ฐ€(Quality ratings) ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ - Analysis of variances ์‚ฌ์šฉ(n-way ANOVA) ํ›„ Tukey Post-hoc Test๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋น„ํ•ด Share Multiple์ด ๋” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ ์ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚จ Share multiple((ฮผ=3.89, SD=1.82) outperformed the other conditions (F(2,2519)=5.075, p<0.05). ! ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Œ The difference between the Share Best (ฮผ=3.63, SD=1.78) and Share One (ฮผ=3.71, SD=1.71) conditions was not significant (p>0.05; Tukeyโ€™s test).
  • 14. Results Sharing Multiple์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ํƒ์ƒ‰์„ ์œ ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด(3๊ฐ€์ง€)์™€ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ํŠน์„ฑ(๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž, ์ดˆ๋ณด์ž)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ์ด - ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด(3๊ฐ€์ง€)์™€ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ํŠน์„ฑ(๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž, ์ดˆ๋ณด์ž)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ ๋ฏธํ•œ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ - Analysis of variances ์‚ฌ์šฉ(n-way ANOVA) ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฐจ์ด๋‚จ The similarity rating differed significantly across conditions (F(2,3640)=82.07, p<0.05). ! - Tukey Post-hoc Test๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ Share Multiple ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ Tukey post- hoc comparisons of the three conditions indicate that Share Multiple ads (ฮผ=3.85, SD=1.93) were more diverse than Share Best ads (ฮผ=3.99, SD=1.96) (p<0.05) and Share Best ads were more diverse than Share One ads (ฮผ=5.45, SD=1.86) (p<0.05).
  • 15. Results Sharing Multiple ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ์˜ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ผํฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค - ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด(3๊ฐ€์ง€)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ผํฌ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ - One way ANOVA ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ผํฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง A one-way ANOVA showed the group rapport differed significantly across conditions (F(2,83)=4.147, p<0.05) ! - Tukey Post-hoc Test๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ Share Multiple์—์„œ๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ผํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ Tukey post-hoc comparisons of the three conditions indicate that group rapport increased in the Share Multiple condition (ฮผ = 0.89, SD 3.06) compared to the others (p<0.05).
  • 16. Results Sharing Multiple์€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค - ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด(3๊ฐ€์ง€)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ ๊ณต์œ  ์ •๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ - ์นด์ด์ œ๊ณฑ ๊ฒ€์ •(Chi-squared Analysis) ์‚ฌ์šฉ Share Multiple ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์ด ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์—์™€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•จ Participants in the Share Multiple condition borrowed significantly more features overall (ฯ‡ยฒ =4.05, p<0.05).
  • 17. Results Sharing Multiple์€ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ํ•ฉ์˜์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค - ํ˜‘์—… ์กฐ๊ฑด(3๊ฐ€์ง€)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ - Paired T-test ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์™€ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•จ Final ads were more similar (ฮผ=3.40, SD=1.91) than initial ads (ฮผ=2.68, SD=1.64) (t(3078)=8.107, p<0.05). ! - Tukey Pos-hoc Comparison์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌํ›„๊ฒ€์ฆ Share Multiple์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋” ๋†’์€ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ž„ Tukey post-hoc com- parisons of shifts by each pair show that similarity increased more for the Share Multiple condition (0.91) than the Share Best (0.55) or Share One conditions (0.52) (p<0.05)
  • 18. Contribution โ€œ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒโ€์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ฆ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ํ†ต๊ณ„๋Š” ํ•„์š”์—†๋‹ค ์‹คํ—˜์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ๋•Œ ์จ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค
  • 19. Discussion Point โ€œ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒโ€ ์ค‘ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋ฉด ์ข‹์€ ๊ฑด ๋ญ๊ฐ€์žˆ์„๊นŒ? ๋””์ž์ธ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ดํ•‘ ๋ง๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—๋„ ํ™•์žฅ ์ ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊นŒ?