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Νόμος ταχύτητας
Οι αντιδράσεις μπορούν να πραγματοποιηθούν σε ένα
στάδιο(απλές ή στοιχειώδεις αντιδράσεις) ή σε
περισσότερα στάδια (σύνθετες αντιδράσεις).

Νόκνο ηαρύηεηαο:
Είλαη µία καζεµαηηθή έθθξαζε πνπ
πξνζδηνξίδεηαη πεηξακαηηθά ε νπνία
ζπζρεηίδεη ηηο ζπγθεληξώζεηο ησλ
αληηδξώλησλ ζσκάησλ µε ηε ηαρύηεηα ηεο
αληίδξαζεο. Η ηαρύηεηα κηαο αληίδξαζεο,
πνπ γίλεηαη ζε πεξηζζόηεξα από έλα ζηάδηα,
ππνινγίδεηαη από ην βξαδύηεξν (ζηνηρεηώδεο)
ζηάδην
Έζησ µία αληίδξαζε ηεο γεληθήο κνξθήο:
αΑ + βΒ → γΓ + δ∆.
Ο λόκνο ηεο ηαρύηεηαο γηα ηελ αληίδξαζε απηή είλαη:
π = k[A]x[B]ς
• k: Η ζηαζεξά ηεο ηαρύηεηαο. Πξνζδηνξίδεηαη
πεηξαµαηηθά θαη εμαξηάηαη από ηε ζεξµνθξαζία θαη
ηε θύζε ησλ αληηδξώλησλ. Εθθξάδεη ηελ ηαρύηεηα ηεο
αληίδξαζεο όηαλ θάζε µία από ηηο ζπγθεληξώζεηο ησλ
αληηδξώλησλ είλαη 1Μ.
• [Α], [Β]: Οη ζπγθεληξώζεηο ησλ Α, Β ζε Μ ή mol/L.
• x, ς: Αξηζκνί νη νπνίνη πξνζδηνξίδνληαη πεηξακαηηθά.
Οιηθή ηάμε αληίδξαζεο: Είλαη ην άζξνηζµα x + ς.
Σηηο απιέο αληηδξάζεηο νη ηηµέο ησλ x, ς ηαπηίδνληαη
µε ηνπο ζπληειεζηέο ησλ Α θαη Β, ζηε ρεµηθή
εμίζσζε ηεο αληίδξαζεο.
∆ειαδή: x = a, ς = β.
Σηηο πνιύπινθεο αληηδξάζεηο νη ηηµέο ησλ x, ς είλαη
δελ ηαπηίδνληαη απαξαίηεηα µε ηνπο ζπληειεζηέο ησλ
Α θαη Β, ζηε ρεµηθή εμίζσζε ηεο αληίδξαζεο.
∆ειαδή: x ≠ a ή ς ≠ β.

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νόμος ταχύτητας

  • 2. Οι αντιδράσεις μπορούν να πραγματοποιηθούν σε ένα στάδιο(απλές ή στοιχειώδεις αντιδράσεις) ή σε περισσότερα στάδια (σύνθετες αντιδράσεις). Νόκνο ηαρύηεηαο: Είλαη µία καζεµαηηθή έθθξαζε πνπ πξνζδηνξίδεηαη πεηξακαηηθά ε νπνία ζπζρεηίδεη ηηο ζπγθεληξώζεηο ησλ αληηδξώλησλ ζσκάησλ µε ηε ηαρύηεηα ηεο αληίδξαζεο. Η ηαρύηεηα κηαο αληίδξαζεο, πνπ γίλεηαη ζε πεξηζζόηεξα από έλα ζηάδηα, ππνινγίδεηαη από ην βξαδύηεξν (ζηνηρεηώδεο) ζηάδην
  • 3. Έζησ µία αληίδξαζε ηεο γεληθήο κνξθήο: αΑ + βΒ → γΓ + δ∆. Ο λόκνο ηεο ηαρύηεηαο γηα ηελ αληίδξαζε απηή είλαη: π = k[A]x[B]ς • k: Η ζηαζεξά ηεο ηαρύηεηαο. Πξνζδηνξίδεηαη πεηξαµαηηθά θαη εμαξηάηαη από ηε ζεξµνθξαζία θαη ηε θύζε ησλ αληηδξώλησλ. Εθθξάδεη ηελ ηαρύηεηα ηεο αληίδξαζεο όηαλ θάζε µία από ηηο ζπγθεληξώζεηο ησλ αληηδξώλησλ είλαη 1Μ. • [Α], [Β]: Οη ζπγθεληξώζεηο ησλ Α, Β ζε Μ ή mol/L. • x, ς: Αξηζκνί νη νπνίνη πξνζδηνξίδνληαη πεηξακαηηθά.
  • 4. Οιηθή ηάμε αληίδξαζεο: Είλαη ην άζξνηζµα x + ς. Σηηο απιέο αληηδξάζεηο νη ηηµέο ησλ x, ς ηαπηίδνληαη µε ηνπο ζπληειεζηέο ησλ Α θαη Β, ζηε ρεµηθή εμίζσζε ηεο αληίδξαζεο. ∆ειαδή: x = a, ς = β. Σηηο πνιύπινθεο αληηδξάζεηο νη ηηµέο ησλ x, ς είλαη δελ ηαπηίδνληαη απαξαίηεηα µε ηνπο ζπληειεζηέο ησλ Α θαη Β, ζηε ρεµηθή εμίζσζε ηεο αληίδξαζεο. ∆ειαδή: x ≠ a ή ς ≠ β.