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مقدمة عن التخطيط

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Mhmededreies

الاسم : محمد ادريس الجامعة كردفان كلية دراسات الحاسوب والاحصاء التخصص علوم الحاسوب في هذا المستند نقوم بتعريف التخطيط ومبادئه التخطيط وأهمية التخطيط وأهداف التخطيط وفوائد التخطيط وأنواع التخطيط والمراجع المقتبسة منها هزه االكلمات واسماء الروابط

Education
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‫اعداد‬ : ‫الصادق‬ ‫ادريس‬ ‫محمد‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ١ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ٢ ‫اهمية‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ٣ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ٤ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ٥ ‫ﻓﻮﺍﺋ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻉ‬
Planning ‫التخطيط‬ • ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ( Planning ) ‫ﻫﻮﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ُّ‫ﻢ‬‫َﻬﺘ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ُﻄﻂ‬‫ﺨ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎ‬ ٍ‫ﺀ‬‫ﺑﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬ . • ‫ّﻑ‬َ‫ﺮ‬‫ُﻌ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻭ‬ • ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫ّﻪ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺑﺄ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬ ٍ‫ﺕ‬‫ّﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬‫َﺮﺿ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ٍ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻭﺿ‬ ‫ّﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ُﻌ‬‫ﻣ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ُﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ٍ‫ﻙ‬‫ﺳﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ . ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ّﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ٌ‫ﻁ‬‫َﺸﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ّﻘﻪ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ُﻄ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻏﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ، ُ‫ﺪ‬‫َﻌﺘﻤ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ٍ‫ﺔ‬ّ‫ﻄ‬ُ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺫﻫﻨ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ُﻄﺔ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ِﺮﺹ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ُﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ .
‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺃﻫﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ • 1 . ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ّﻝ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ُﻌ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮﺓ‬ . • 2 . ‫ِﻔﺎﺩﺓ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﻻﺳ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫َﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ُﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ُﺮﻕ‬‫ﻄ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ . • 3 . ُ‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫َﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ‬ ‫َﻦ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ّﺨﺎﺫ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ُﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤ‬ . • 4 . ‫ﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫ّﺎﺕ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺃﻭﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻬﺎ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻓﻘ‬ ‫ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬ . • 5 . ‫ُﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ . • 6 . ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺹ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺿﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ . • 7 . ‫ُﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ .
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ • ‫َﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫َﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ : .1 ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‬ : ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ّﺒﺎﺕ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ُﺘﻄ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ُﻬ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ٍ‫ﻂ‬‫ﺗﺨﻄﻴ‬ ‫ّﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻌ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ُ‫ﺪ‬‫َﻌﺘﻤ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ‬ ٍ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻫﺪ‬ ‫ّﺩ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ُﺤ‬‫ﻣ‬ ، ‫ُﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ُﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‬ ، ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫َﻔﻬﻮﻣ‬‫ﻣ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻭﺍﺿﺤ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫َﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ‬ . .2 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ : ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻛﺎ‬ ‫ُﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺕ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ِ‫ﻝ‬‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ .
• 3 . ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ّﻨﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ُﻌ‬‫ﻣ‬ : ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫َﺳﻴﻠﺔ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ّﻢ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬ ، ‫ّﻞ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ُﺸ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ‬ ّ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺆﻭﻥ‬ ‫ّﻔﻴﻦ‬‫ﻇ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟ‬ . • 4 . ‫ا‬ ‫ُﻄﻂ‬‫ﺨ‬‫ﻟ‬ : ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ٌ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ّﻞ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ُﺸ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ‬ ، ‫ّﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ، ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺸﻒ‬ ‫ُﻄﻂ‬‫ﺨ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ّﺭ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄ‬ ّ‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ّ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛ‬ ٍ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ . • 5 . ‫ا‬ ‫ﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ : ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟ‬ ، ‫ّﺎﻝ‬‫ﻤ‬ُ‫ﻌ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟ‬ ‫ّﻔﻴﻦ‬‫ﻇ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮ‬ ً‫ﺀ‬‫ﺑﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ٍ‫ﺕ‬‫ّﺎ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺃﻭﻟﻮ‬ ‫ّﻨﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ُﻌ‬‫ﻣ‬ ، ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒ‬ ّ‫ﺪ‬‫ُﻌ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬ‬ ‫ﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺒﺮ‬ ٍ‫ﺔ‬ّ‫ﻳ‬‫ﺃﻭﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ّﺎﺕ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ‬ ، ٍّ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻭﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‬ ، ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳ‬ ، ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ .
‫ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ّ‫ﺪ‬‫ُﻌ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻌﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ : • 1 . ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ُﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤ‬ . • 2 . ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎ‬ ‫ّﺭ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄ‬ ّ‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋ‬ ّ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ، ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ . • 3 . ‫ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ، ً‫ﺎ‬‫ُﺼﻮﺻ‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ُﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ّﻋﺔ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ُﺴﺎﻫﻢ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫َﻨﻔﻌﺔ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎ‬ .
‫ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ • ‫ّﻖ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ُﺤ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ً‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ : .1 ‫ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫َﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ . .2 ‫ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺩﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ . .3 ‫ُﺸﺎﺭﻙ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻋﻢ‬ ّ‫ﻮ‬‫ﻧﻤ‬ ‫ّﺭ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻭﺗﻄ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮﻳﻦ‬ . .4 ‫ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩ‬ . .5 ‫َﺪﻋﻢ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫ّﻒ‬ُ‫ﻴ‬‫ﺗﻜ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎ‬ ‫ُﺤﻴﻂ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ّ‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟ‬ ، ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ‬ ّ‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ .
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ • ‫ّﻒ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ُﺼ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ٍ‫ﻉ‬‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‬ : • ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻓﻘ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ، ‫ُﻘﺴﻢ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎ‬ : .1 ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ : ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫َﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ُﺳﺲ‬‫ﻷ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ّﺪ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ، ً‫ﺀ‬‫ﺳﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ّﻔﻴﻦ‬‫ﻇ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ُﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ . .2 ‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ : ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ّ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻳﺘ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﻮﺭ‬ ٍ‫ﺙ‬‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍ‬ ‫ّﺭﺓ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ُﺘﻜ‬‫ﻣ‬ ، ‫ّﺰ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻭﺗﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ّﻬﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺑﺄ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ّﻠﺔ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ُﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ّ‫ﻞ‬ُ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺗﻬﺎ‬ .
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ : ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ : .1 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬ : ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ّﺩﺓ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ُﺘﻌ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ُﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ّ‫ﻲ‬‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳ‬ . .2 ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﻧ‬ : ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ّﻞ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ُﺸ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ . .3 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ : ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ٍ‫ﺕ‬‫ّﻄﺎ‬‫ﻄ‬‫ُﺨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ٍ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ‬ ‫ّﻨﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ُﻌ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ّﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺗﺴﻌﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ‬ ٍ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻟﻬﺪ‬ ‫ّﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ُﻌ‬‫ﻣ‬ .
‫ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻓﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ُﻘﺴﻢ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ : ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻓﻘ‬ ‫ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ : ‫ُﻘﺴﻢ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ّ‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠ‬ : ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ُﺴﺎﻫﻢ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺪﻭﺙ‬ ٍ‫ﺮ‬ّ‫ﻴ‬‫ﺗﻐ‬ ّ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻧﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ‬ ، ‫ُﻄﺒﻖ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ُﻠﻴﺎ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ، ّ‫ﺪ‬‫ُﻌ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﻞ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ّ‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻴﻜ‬ : ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫ّﻖ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ُﻄ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ّ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬ ‫ُﻠﻴﺎ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟ‬ ، ّ‫ﺪ‬‫ُﻌ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ّﻂ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ُﺘﻮ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﻞ‬ ، ‫ُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬ ‫ُﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ّ‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ّ‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠ‬ : ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ُ‫ﻂ‬‫ّﺨﻄﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ّﻖ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ُﻄ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ٍّ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺗﻴﻦ‬ ُ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬ ، ّ‫ﺪ‬‫ُﻌ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ّﻂ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ُﺘﻮ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﻞ‬ .
•‫المراجع‬ http://al3loo.com/?p=17704 https://edarabia.com https://mawdoo3.com
•The End

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