Lifts and escalators are vertical transportation systems that efficiently move people between floors of buildings. Lifts, also called elevators, use electric motors and traction cable systems or hydraulic pumps to transport people. Escalators are moving staircases that have motor-driven steps to transport pedestrian traffic. Common lift models include the low-cost Schindler 330A hydraulic lift and the mid-rise Schindler 3300 machine room-less lift. Schindler is a major manufacturer of lifts and escalators with a history dating back to 1874 and products installed worldwide.
The Samanid dynasty ruled over Central Asia from 819-999 AD as a Sunni Persian empire. They revived Persian culture by patronizing scholars and poets and spreading Islamic architecture and culture deep into Central Asia. The most prominent remaining structure from the Samanid era is the 10th century Mausoleum of Ismail Samani in Bukhara, which features brick decoration and one of the earliest Islamic dome structures. The Samanid dynasty helped establish a Persian identity and Islamic culture in the region after the Arab conquest.
Introduction to Air Distribution Systems, Fluid Mechanics—A Brief Review, Air Duct Sizing—Special Design Considerations, Minor Head Loss in a Run of Pipe or Duct , Minor Losses in the Design of Air Duct Systems—Equal Friction Method, Fans—Brief Overview and Selection Procedures
Our company produces and supplies various types of passenger lifts for both commercial and residential use. We design lifts that are efficient, reliable, safe and easy to use. Passenger lifts come in single speed or high speed options and include safety features like alarms, emergency lighting and communication, overload sensors, and door sensors. Features of passenger lifts include door designs, button systems for control, and motor generators that efficiently move the lift car.
This document lists and provides details on the top 25 tallest buildings in the world. It includes each building's name, location, height, number of floors, year constructed, architectural style, and some key facts. Many of the tallest buildings are located in Asia, with several in China, Taiwan, and Malaysia. Iconic skyscrapers like the Burj Khalifa, Taipei 101, and the Willis Tower are featured.
Canterbury Cathedral has undergone changes in architectural style over the centuries. The earliest parts, like the crypt, are in the Romanesque style characterized by thick walls, semicircular arches, and barrel vaults. Later Gothic additions featured pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large windows to admit more light. During the Middle Ages, when few could read, wall paintings and stained glass windows told biblical stories visually to educate pilgrims. The exterior still shows a blend of Romanesque and Gothic styles.
This document discusses ventilation requirements and systems. It defines ventilation as changing the air in an enclosed space to provide fresh air for respiration and control factors like carbon dioxide, moisture, heat, and odors. Ventilation requirements vary by building usage but are often measured in air changes per hour. Systems can be natural (using airflow without fans) or mechanical (using ducts and fans). Natural ventilation provides benefits like improved indoor air quality but requires proper building design. Mechanical systems provide more air flow control and constant fresh air intake. Common mechanical systems include natural inlet/mechanical exhaust, mechanical inlet/natural exhaust, and fully mechanical. The document also discusses fan types, air filters, and design considerations to minimize mechanical ventilation needs.
The document discusses the Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) which provide specifications for accessibility to places of public accommodation. It covers topics such as corridor and doorway dimensions, ramp specifications, accessible restroom requirements, and scoping provisions that dictate the number of required accessible fixtures. Designers must follow these guidelines to ensure compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act.
Lifts and escalators are vertical transportation systems that efficiently move people between floors of buildings. Lifts, also called elevators, use electric motors and traction cable systems or hydraulic pumps to transport people. Escalators are moving staircases that have motor-driven steps to transport pedestrian traffic. Common lift models include the low-cost Schindler 330A hydraulic lift and the mid-rise Schindler 3300 machine room-less lift. Schindler is a major manufacturer of lifts and escalators with a history dating back to 1874 and products installed worldwide.
The Samanid dynasty ruled over Central Asia from 819-999 AD as a Sunni Persian empire. They revived Persian culture by patronizing scholars and poets and spreading Islamic architecture and culture deep into Central Asia. The most prominent remaining structure from the Samanid era is the 10th century Mausoleum of Ismail Samani in Bukhara, which features brick decoration and one of the earliest Islamic dome structures. The Samanid dynasty helped establish a Persian identity and Islamic culture in the region after the Arab conquest.
Introduction to Air Distribution Systems, Fluid Mechanics—A Brief Review, Air Duct Sizing—Special Design Considerations, Minor Head Loss in a Run of Pipe or Duct , Minor Losses in the Design of Air Duct Systems—Equal Friction Method, Fans—Brief Overview and Selection Procedures
Our company produces and supplies various types of passenger lifts for both commercial and residential use. We design lifts that are efficient, reliable, safe and easy to use. Passenger lifts come in single speed or high speed options and include safety features like alarms, emergency lighting and communication, overload sensors, and door sensors. Features of passenger lifts include door designs, button systems for control, and motor generators that efficiently move the lift car.
This document lists and provides details on the top 25 tallest buildings in the world. It includes each building's name, location, height, number of floors, year constructed, architectural style, and some key facts. Many of the tallest buildings are located in Asia, with several in China, Taiwan, and Malaysia. Iconic skyscrapers like the Burj Khalifa, Taipei 101, and the Willis Tower are featured.
Canterbury Cathedral has undergone changes in architectural style over the centuries. The earliest parts, like the crypt, are in the Romanesque style characterized by thick walls, semicircular arches, and barrel vaults. Later Gothic additions featured pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large windows to admit more light. During the Middle Ages, when few could read, wall paintings and stained glass windows told biblical stories visually to educate pilgrims. The exterior still shows a blend of Romanesque and Gothic styles.
This document discusses ventilation requirements and systems. It defines ventilation as changing the air in an enclosed space to provide fresh air for respiration and control factors like carbon dioxide, moisture, heat, and odors. Ventilation requirements vary by building usage but are often measured in air changes per hour. Systems can be natural (using airflow without fans) or mechanical (using ducts and fans). Natural ventilation provides benefits like improved indoor air quality but requires proper building design. Mechanical systems provide more air flow control and constant fresh air intake. Common mechanical systems include natural inlet/mechanical exhaust, mechanical inlet/natural exhaust, and fully mechanical. The document also discusses fan types, air filters, and design considerations to minimize mechanical ventilation needs.
The document discusses the Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) which provide specifications for accessibility to places of public accommodation. It covers topics such as corridor and doorway dimensions, ramp specifications, accessible restroom requirements, and scoping provisions that dictate the number of required accessible fixtures. Designers must follow these guidelines to ensure compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act.
A chilled beam is a type of convection HVAC system designed to heat or cool large buildings. Pipes of water are passed through a "beam" (a heat exchanger) either integrated into standard suspended ceiling systems or suspended a short distance from the ceiling of a room. As the beam chills the air around it, the air becomes denser and falls to the floor. It is replaced by warmer air moving up from below, causing a constant flow of convection and cooling the room. Heating works in much the same fashion, similar to a steam radiator. There are two types of chilled beams. Some passive types rely solely on convection whilst there is a "Radiant"/convective passive type which cools through a combination of radiant exchange (40%) and convection (60%) which can provide higher thermal comfort levels, while the active type (also called an "induction diffuser") uses ducts to push ("induce") air toward the unit (increasing its heating and cooling capacity).
The chilled beam is distinguishable from the chilled ceiling. The chilled ceiling uses water flowing through pipes like a chilled beam does; however, the pipes in a chilled ceiling lie behind metal ceiling plates, and the heated and cooled plates are the cause of convection and not the pipe unit itself. Chilled beams are about 85 percent more effective at convection than chilled ceilings.
The Acropolis of Athens is an ancient citadel located on a flat-topped rock that rises 150 meters above sea level in the city of Athens. It has been an important religious and symbolic site for Athenians for over 3,000 years, with the earliest artifacts dating back to the 6th millennium BC. During its history, many temples and structures were built and rebuilt on the Acropolis, most notably the Parthenon and Erechtheum constructed in the 5th century BC during Athens' Golden Age. The Acropolis suffered damage from invasions and warfare over the centuries but remains one of the most iconic sites representing ancient Greek architecture and civilization.
Insulation is any material that slows heat transfer and is used in buildings to improve energy efficiency and comfort. Common types of insulation include bulk, reflective, cellular, and granular materials made from recycled products like cellulose, fiberglass, and mineral wool. Insulation is applied internally or externally to walls, attics, floors, and other building elements using methods like loose-fill, sheets, blankets, sprayed foam, and panels. Proper insulation conserves energy, improves safety and comfort, and prevents moisture issues.
This document discusses mechanical ventilation systems for underground car parks. It describes the goals and types of such systems, including ducted and ductless options. Ductless systems are preferred due to lower costs and better smoke control. Key components of ductless systems include axial and jet fans, sensors, and control panels. Placement of fans and sensors is important to optimize air flow and smoke control. Computational fluid dynamics analysis can help determine the optimal configuration. Safety standards specify requirements for air changes per hour and contaminant level thresholds. The control sequence manages fans and jet fans based on sensor readings. High temperature rated products are needed, and bills of quantities are prepared based on national building code specifications.
Sir Edwin Lutyens was a prominent British architect in the early 20th century known for adapting traditional architectural styles. Some of his most notable works include designing central Delhi, now known as Lutyens' Delhi, as well as buildings like India Gate and Rashtrapati Bhawan. His designs incorporated classical elements like symmetry and order. For Rashtrapati Bhawan, the presidential residence in Delhi, Lutyens used Indian architectural influences like domes and columns while also including features like the grand Durbar Hall. The surrounding Mughal gardens further reflected Lutyens' integration of British and Indian landscaping techniques.
The document discusses the components that make up the control system of an escalator. It begins by providing background information on escalators generally, including that each stair contains wheels that run on two rails and how the rails are configured at the top and bottom to allow for easier boarding and disembarking. It then describes some key components of an escalator's control system, including the floor plate passengers stand on, the comb plate that connects the stationary floor to the moving steps, and the truss, which is the hollow metal structure bridging the upper and lower landings and carrying the track sections.
A chilled beam is a type of convection HVAC system designed to heat or cool large buildings. Pipes of water are passed through a "beam" (a heat exchanger) either integrated into standard suspended ceiling systems or suspended a short distance from the ceiling of a room. As the beam chills the air around it, the air becomes denser and falls to the floor. It is replaced by warmer air moving up from below, causing a constant flow of convection and cooling the room. Heating works in much the same fashion, similar to a steam radiator. There are two types of chilled beams. Some passive types rely solely on convection whilst there is a "Radiant"/convective passive type which cools through a combination of radiant exchange (40%) and convection (60%) which can provide higher thermal comfort levels, while the active type (also called an "induction diffuser") uses ducts to push ("induce") air toward the unit (increasing its heating and cooling capacity).
The chilled beam is distinguishable from the chilled ceiling. The chilled ceiling uses water flowing through pipes like a chilled beam does; however, the pipes in a chilled ceiling lie behind metal ceiling plates, and the heated and cooled plates are the cause of convection and not the pipe unit itself. Chilled beams are about 85 percent more effective at convection than chilled ceilings.
The Acropolis of Athens is an ancient citadel located on a flat-topped rock that rises 150 meters above sea level in the city of Athens. It has been an important religious and symbolic site for Athenians for over 3,000 years, with the earliest artifacts dating back to the 6th millennium BC. During its history, many temples and structures were built and rebuilt on the Acropolis, most notably the Parthenon and Erechtheum constructed in the 5th century BC during Athens' Golden Age. The Acropolis suffered damage from invasions and warfare over the centuries but remains one of the most iconic sites representing ancient Greek architecture and civilization.
Insulation is any material that slows heat transfer and is used in buildings to improve energy efficiency and comfort. Common types of insulation include bulk, reflective, cellular, and granular materials made from recycled products like cellulose, fiberglass, and mineral wool. Insulation is applied internally or externally to walls, attics, floors, and other building elements using methods like loose-fill, sheets, blankets, sprayed foam, and panels. Proper insulation conserves energy, improves safety and comfort, and prevents moisture issues.
This document discusses mechanical ventilation systems for underground car parks. It describes the goals and types of such systems, including ducted and ductless options. Ductless systems are preferred due to lower costs and better smoke control. Key components of ductless systems include axial and jet fans, sensors, and control panels. Placement of fans and sensors is important to optimize air flow and smoke control. Computational fluid dynamics analysis can help determine the optimal configuration. Safety standards specify requirements for air changes per hour and contaminant level thresholds. The control sequence manages fans and jet fans based on sensor readings. High temperature rated products are needed, and bills of quantities are prepared based on national building code specifications.
Sir Edwin Lutyens was a prominent British architect in the early 20th century known for adapting traditional architectural styles. Some of his most notable works include designing central Delhi, now known as Lutyens' Delhi, as well as buildings like India Gate and Rashtrapati Bhawan. His designs incorporated classical elements like symmetry and order. For Rashtrapati Bhawan, the presidential residence in Delhi, Lutyens used Indian architectural influences like domes and columns while also including features like the grand Durbar Hall. The surrounding Mughal gardens further reflected Lutyens' integration of British and Indian landscaping techniques.
The document discusses the components that make up the control system of an escalator. It begins by providing background information on escalators generally, including that each stair contains wheels that run on two rails and how the rails are configured at the top and bottom to allow for easier boarding and disembarking. It then describes some key components of an escalator's control system, including the floor plate passengers stand on, the comb plate that connects the stationary floor to the moving steps, and the truss, which is the hollow metal structure bridging the upper and lower landings and carrying the track sections.
2. להביא לידי המשתמש מגוון תצוגות גרפיות המעבדות את נתוני האקלים השעתיים באזור הנבחר ובכך לעזור למשתמש להבין בצורה ויזואלית את התמונה הכוללת באזור . מצד שני היא גם תסייע להבין את הפרטים הקטנים והדיוקים המאפיינים כל איזור אקלימי . פרטים שללא תצוגה נאותה היה קשה להבחין בהם כטבלאות ומספרים . Pasys תכנה המציגה נתונים אקלימיים על רקע תנאי נוחות , מאפשרת ניתוח של אמצעים תכנוניים להרחבת אזור הנוחות . Climate Consultant
3.
4. פרמטרים של קרינה בממוצע שעתי / יומי (Wh/sq.mt) Climate Consultant הצגת נתונים כללית
5. פרמטרים של הארה בממוצע שעתי (lux) Climate Consultant הצגת נתונים כללית
9. כיוון ומהירות רוחות בממוצע חודשי ( m/s ) Climate Consultant הצגת נתונים כללית
10. עומק שלג וטמפרטורת האדמה ( CM + C ) Climate Consultant הצגת נתונים כללית
11. אפשר להגדיר פרמטרים של האזורים השונים ובכך להשפיע על הפתרונות המוצעים בסופו של התהליך בין היתר אפשר לשנות את אזור הנוחות . את תנאי הלבוש ורמת הפעילות לא ניתן להגדיר . Climate Consultant נתונים שניתן לשנות
13. חודשים טמפרטורה שנתי מה שיעיל בטבלה הזו הוא לא רק הנתונים עצמם , הטבלה מציגה את נתוני המקסימום והמינימום של הטמפרטורות שהופיעו אי פעם באזור מסוים , אך מתייחסת באופן משמעותי יותר רק לתחום הטמפרטורות שעבורן ניתן / כדאי לתכנן . כדאי לשים לב שהטמפרטורות הרבה יותר גבוהות מאשר נמוכות , ואף יש טמפרטורות גבוהות עד כדי כך שלא ניתן / לא כדאי להתמודד איתם בכלי התכנון שברשותנו . Climate Consultant טווח טמפרטורות חודשי
14. קרינה ישירה שוב , מה שיפה בגרף הזה הוא היכולת לראות את הממצאים המוחלטים הכי קיצוניים שנקלטו מצד אחד ואת הטווח שעבורו יש לתכנן מצד שני . ויש בניהם הבדל משמעותי ולכן זה אפקטיבי כשבאים לתכנן . שנתי Climate Consultant קרינה ממוצעים שעתיים בשעות האור בלבד אור רקיע ?
15. למה אין כאן את הנקודות המראות את המקסימום והמינימום שנמצאו ?! שנתי Climate Consultant ממוצע יומי ( כמה קרינה סכ " ה ביום ממוצע )
16. ממוצעים חודשים של קרינה ישירה מפוזרת וגלובלית , יחד עם ממוצעים של טמפרטורה במדחום יבש ורטוב . ניתן לראות שהם תלויים אחד בשני ומשתנים אחד בעקבות השני . Climate Consultant
17. אותו גרף כמו הקודם רק עם הממוצעים השעתיים בכל חודש ? Climate Consultant
21. בעומק של 0.5 מ ' – ממוצע חודשי . שנתי Climate Consultant טמפרטורת האדמה
22. טמפרטורות במדחום יבש מול אחוז הלחות היחסית ביום ממוצע בחודש , יחד עם אזור הנוחות . באביב אזור הלחות קרוב ביותר לטמפרטורה . ניתן לראות שהלחות היחסית נמוכה בשעות הצהריים כשחם יחסית ונמוכה בשעות הלילה כשקר . כשקר כדי להגיע ללחות יחסית גבוהה לא צריך הרבה מים באוויר , כי היכולת של האוויר להכיל את המים מצומצמת . ביקורת : איזור הלחות מורכב גם מאחוז לחות יחסית וגם מטמפרטורה וכאן בגרף מתייחסים אליו רק כאל טמפרטורה . Climate Consultant טמפרטורה ולחות יחסית
23. טמפרטורה שנמדדה ע " י מדחום יבש אל מול נקודת הטל , יחד עם איזור הלחות . תרשימים אלו נותנים לנו אפשרות לדעת מתי ישנה סכנה להתאבות . הסכנה הגדולה ביותר להתאבות היא בלילות . בעיקר בלילות בשיא הקיץ ובלילות בשיא החורף . בחורף יש הרבה לחות באוויר , ובלילה כשהטמפ ' יורדת אחוז הלחות היחסית עולה , עד שמגיעים למצב שהאוויר לא מסוגל להכיל את המים וישנה התעבות . בקיץ זה קורה בגלל המים המתאדים מן הים ( מישור החוף ?????) תופעה שמוקצנת במישור החוף Climate Consultant טמפרטורה ונקודת הטל
36. תחום הנוחות ללא שמש ורוח תחום הנוחות שניתן להשיג ע " י הוספת אוורור טבעי על פי מהירות הרוח תחום הנוחות שניתן להשיג ע " י שימוש במסה טרמית + אוורור לילה תחום הנוחות שניתן להשיג ע " י אידוי יש צורך בהוספת לחות תחום הנוחות שניתן להשיג ע " י הוספת קרינה על פי כמות הקרינה התכנה מאפשרת לבחון פתרונות תכנוניים שונים להרחבת תחום הנוחות Pasys גרף פסיכרומטרי .
37. אוורור טבעי קירור ע " י אידוי רוב המדידות אינן נמצאות בתחום הנוחות ניתן להרחיב את תחום הנוחות ע " י אוורור טבעי ו או קירור ע " י אידוי Pasys גרף פסיכרומטרי . קיץ –יום : חיפה ( כרמל )
38. אוורור טבעי קירור ע " י אידוי בשעות ובימים שיש צורך יש לאפשר קרינה ישירה ניתן לראות כי גם ביום בעונות המעבר יש ימים ושעות בהם יש צורך לחמם ובאחרים לקרר ולכן בעונות המעבר יש לאפשר פתרונות גמישים המאפשרים חימום או קירור פסיבי בהתאם לצורך המשתנה . Pasys גרף פסיכרומטרי . עונות מעבר –יום : חיפה ( כרמל )
39. הפניית ופתיחת המבנה לכניסת קרינה אפשר להוסיף חימום אקטיבי רוב הנקודות נמצאות מתחת לאזור הנוחות Pasys גרף פסיכרומטרי . חורף–יום : חיפה ( כרמל )