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快思慢想

  認知放鬆度
常模、驚訝與原因
認知


放鬆        緊張
重複         真實


清晰
      放鬆         熟悉


 預知        不費力
• 錯覺不僅僅只存在於視覺,記憶同樣也是
  如此,思考同樣如此。
• 清晰的顯示,也會造成熟悉度的錯覺。
• 熟悉感來自系統一;系統二決定對或錯的
  判斷(但人們通常懶惰的以系統一來判斷)
 – 聯想機制越是輕鬆越是順暢的事物,更容易產
   生偏見。
• 假如五台機器在五分鐘可以造出五個三角
  錐;那麼100台機器要多久才造出100個三
  角錐。
• 但在知覺造成認知緊張的情形下,系統二
  有可能運作,拒絕系統一的偏誤。
不斷的重複(實驗),減少謬誤。
• 系統二是很懶惰的>交給系統一。
• 除了知覺;與本身信念與偏好有很強的連結,也
  會加強認知放鬆度。
 – Be sure to choose what you believe and know why you
   believe it, because if you don't choose your beliefs, you
   may be certain that some belief, and probably not a very
   creditable one, will choose you.
• 提高認知放鬆度>提高直覺指數。
• 反過頭來說
 – 提高認知緊張度>降低關聯性的直覺反應。
Break
驚訝
• 預期而未發生
 – 有連結、主動預期的事件而未發生。


• 被動預期事件
 – 巧合
 – 驚訝的閾值隨著不斷的發生漸漸降低
 – 以前面發生的事件,解釋後續事件
錯覺
• 摩西錯覺
• 摩西 V.S 諾亞
 – 摩西 V.S 布希
常模
• 形成背景知識
• 共同的語言
 – 系統一就可以運作
因果連結解釋的常模
• 找到解釋的原因
 – 容易形成偏誤
• 將不對的因果推導套用於統計推理
• 六個月大的嬰兒就可以形成因果連結
Thanks!

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第五章 認知放鬆度 第六章_常模_驚訝與原因