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How to Write
  an English Paper
      지제근
서울의대 병리학교실 명예교수
글쓰기의 4 단계

• 구상 (Prewriting)
• 초고작성 (Drafting)
• 수정 (Revising)
• 교정 (Proofreading)
구상 (Prewriting)
• 주제선정 :
  흥미롭고 , 가치가 있으면서 , 독창적인 것
• 자료수집 및 아이디어 찾기 :
  1. Freewriting : 떠오르는 생각을 메모
  2. Brainstorming : 주제와 관련된 아이디어를
  타인과 함께 토론하고 기록한다 .
  3. Clustering : 아이디어의 연결
  4. Asking Question : 육하원칙에 따라
  5. Reading with a focus : 문헌고찰
토론의 중요성
• 연구자의 선입견을 배제할 수 있다
  .
  열린 마음으로 토론에 임한다 .
• 유익한 암시를 받을 수 있다 .
• 새로운 아이디어가 생길 수 있다 .
• 잘못을 발견해 내기 쉽다 .
• 고민을 해결할 수 있다 .


쓰다 막히면 공저자와 토론을 하
초고작성 (Drafting)
• 충분한 시간을 갖고 단숨에 쓴다 .
• ‘ 생각을 표현하는 (Expressing your idea)’ 데
  에만 집중하여 자유롭게 쓴다 .
• 작성 중에 새로운 아이디어가 떠오르면 그
  생각을 포함시킨다 .
• 문법 , 철자 , 관용어에 관련된 실수는 걱정
  하지 않는다 . 실수는 나중에 고친다 .
• 항상 독자를 염두에 두고 쓴다 .
수정 (Revising)

• 수정할 때 점검사항
1. 문장구조 (Sentence Structure)
2. 문단구조 (Paragraph Structure)
3. 내용과 구성
Revising

       좋은 문장
• 구체적인 단어 사용
• 짧게 쓴다 . (18-20 단어 )
• 능동형으로 쓴다 .
• 병렬구조 ( 대구법 ) 을 사용
• 반복을 피한다 .

 남들이 쓴 좋은 문장을 많이 읽고
 좋은 문장은 외우거나 기록해 둔
         다.
                        문장구조
Revising

           좋은 문단
• 주제문 (Topic Sentence) 이 있어야 한다 .
• 주제문 뒤에는 뒷받침 자료가 오도록 한다 .
• 통일성 (Unity) - 주제와의 연관성
• 일관성 (Coherence)
 독자의 혼선을 피하고 이해가 쉽도록



                           문단구조
Revising

   주제문 (Topic Sentence)
• 연구논문의 경우 주제문은 보통 문단의
  첫 문장에 온다 .
• 독자가 문단의 첫 문장만 읽어도 전체문단
  의 내용을 파악할 수 있도록 한다 .




                      문단구조
Revising

 다음 문단의 적절한 주제어는 ?
The first type of volcano, the active one, always
 shows signs of volcanic action. The second
 type, the dormant volcano, is one that has not
 erupted yet, but it might someday. The third
 type, the extinct, is one that has not erupted in
 hundreds of years ; it is dead.

Topic Sentence - There are three types of volcano
         : active, dormant, and extinct.
                                          문단구조
Revising

            문단의 배열
• 연대순 (chronological order)
• 공간순 (spatial order)
• 중요도순 (order of importance)
• 논리순 (logical order)
• 아이디어 사이의 연관
 - 직접적인 언급 (Direct References)
 - 이행장치 (Transitional Devices)
                                 문단구조
Revising

      이행장치의 사용
• 문장과 문장이 유기적으로 연결되도록
• 한글에서는 문장과 문장 사이에 연결어가
  없이도 연결되는 경우가 많이 있어서 영어
  문장작성시 흔히 누락된다 .
• 내가 쓴 문장을
  우리나라 사람이 읽었을 때에는 잘 이해가
  되는데 외국사람이 읽었을 때에는 갑자기
  나오는 뒷 문장에 놀란다고 한다 .
                    문단구조
Revising

          이행장치의 종류 I
• To Show a Time or Sequence
• To Show Comparing Points
• To Show Contrasting Points
• To Show Cause and Effect
• To Show an Order of Importance
• To Show a Similar Statement to Follow


                                      문단구조
Revising

         이행장치의 종류 II
• To Emphasize a Point for Clarity
• To Simplify or State Another Way
• To Introduce Examples or Explanations
• To Open a Statement
• After the Problem Has Been Stated
• To End Statements


                                      문단구조
Revising

     To Show a Time or Sequence
After               Afterwards           All along
As soon as          At the onset         At the same time
Beforehand          Before then          Chronologically
Currently           Eventually           Finally
First of all        Following            For a time
For this occasion   Hitherto             In the course of
Initially           In the first place   In the near future
In the end          In the past          In progression
Just before         Meanwhile            Primarily
Previously          Recently             Subsequently
                                                   문단구조
Revising

       To Show Comparing Points
Agreeable        As it were           As well as
Besides          Closely related to   Coinciding with
Coincidentally   Comparable to        Consistent with
Equally          Equally important    Identical to
Identically      In addition to       In accordance
In comparison    In harmony with      In like manner
In relation to   In similar fashion   In the same way
Just the same    Likewise             Parallel to
Similarly        Synonymous with      This concurs with


                                               문단구조
Revising

      To Show Contrasting Points
After all           Although              Another way
Antagonistically    An incompatible       At odds with this
But                 Conversely            Contrarily
Despite             Even though           However
In another way              In conflict           In contrast
In my view          In spite of           Instead
In this way         Inversely             Nevertheless
Nonetheless         Not only              Notwithstanding
On the other hand   Otherwise             Rather than
Regardless          This is opposed to    To the contrary
                                                     문단구조
Revising

         To Show Cause and Effect
Accordingly         As a result          As might be expected
As long as          Because              Because of
Consequently        Chances are          Considering the
Due to              For this reason      Hence
It follows that     If… then…            In all likelihood
Inasmuch            In effect            Necessarily
On account of       Owing to             Since
Subsequently        Thereby              Therefore
This entails        This gives rise to   This implies
This is caused by   This results         Whereas
                                                      문단구조
Revising
  To Show an Order of Importance
Finally            First                 Last
Mainly             More importantly      Next
Second             Then                  To begin with


To Show a Similar Statement to Follow
Additionally       Again                 Also
Another point is   Apart from            Aside from
A supplement to    As well as            Besides
Beyond that        Further               Furthermore
In addition        In conjunction with   In fact
Moreover           Not to mention        On top of that
Revising

  To Emphasize a Point for Clarity
Beyond question   Certainly            Clearly
Foremost          Honestly             Indeed
In fact           In particular        In reality
In truth          It’s essential       It’s evident
It’s imperative   It’s vital           Most important
Obviously         Precisely            Surely
Surprisingly      The critical point   The crucial
The eminent       The exact            The prominent
The urgent        To be specific       To be sure

                                                문단구조
Revising
 To Simplify or State Another Way
Hence           In a nutshell        In all likelihood
In brief        In essence           In other words
In short        Its only             Putting it succinctly
Simply          That is to say       Therefore
Thus            To be concise        To sum up

To Introduce Examples or Explanations
After all       As an illustration   As evident
As proof        As we have seen      Consider
For example     For instance         Inasmuch
In particular   In support of this   Namely
Since           That is                        문단구조
Revising
            To Open a Statement
From my viewpoint   I assert            I believe that
I maintain          I ask whether       It is my contention
It seems that       It was found that   The data indicate
The data suggest    The paper state     The test concludes
The theory is       To begin with       We affirm

                 To End Statement
As you can see      As I have noticed   At last
Eventually          Finally             For the reason above
In any case         In conclusion       In the long run
Last of all         On the whole        The result is
To conclude         To summarize        Ultimately
                                                      문단구조
Revising
                  이행장치 연습
The human body contains three types of muscle cells : smooth
 muscle, striated muscle, and heart muscle. (       ), smooth muscle
 is present in the walls of many internal organs. (              ),
 the walls of the digestive tract and those of the arteries contain
 smooth muscle. (        ) smooth muscle is involuntary, you
 cannot control its movement. (        ), striated muscle shows
 bands when viewed under the microscope. Striated muscles in
 your body are under voluntary control, you can move them at
 will. (            ), when you walk, talk, jump, and run, you use
 striated muscle. (       ), heart muscle is present in your heart
 and causes its contraction. Heart muscle is similar to striated
 muscle since it also contains striations. (           ), unlike
 striated muscle, heart muscle is involuntary…
                                                           문단구조
Revising
                  이행장치 연습
The human body contains three types of muscle cells : smooth
 muscle, striated muscle, and heart muscle. (First), smooth muscle
 is present in the walls of many internal organs. (For example),
 the walls of the digestive tract and those of the arteries contain
 smooth muscle. (Since) smooth muscle is involuntary, you
 cannot control its movement. (Next), striated muscle shows
 bands when viewed under the microscope. Striated muscles in
 your body are under voluntary control, you can move them at
 will. (For example), when you walk, talk, jump, and run, you use
 striated muscle. (Finally), heart muscle is present in your heart
 and causes its contraction. Heart muscle is similar to striated
 muscle since it also contains striations. (However), unlike
 striated muscle, heart muscle is involuntary…
                                                         문단구조
Revising

    수정 (Revising)

• 수정할 때 점검사항
1. 문장구조 (Sentence Structure)
2. 문단구조 (Paragraph
Structure)
3. 내용과 구성
Revising

           내용점검
1. Draft 를 쓰고 나서 2,3 일 지난 후에 점검
2. 문법 , 철자 등의 오류는 무시
3. 글이 일관성이 있는지 살핀다 .
4. 글의 어조는 적절한가 ?
5. 중요한 세부 사항이 빠지지 않았는가 ?
6. 분량이 너무 많지는 않은가 ?
Revising

             잘 쓴 논문의 특징
1. Subject : focused, significant, interesting
2. Purpose : identified clearly by the thesis statement
3. Paper is correctly organized and supplies transitions
4. Each paragraph has a controlling idea, solid detail,
  and smooth transitions.
5. Uniformly good word choice
6. Maintenance of an appropriate level of complexity
글쓰기의 4 단계

• 구상 (Prewriting)
• 초고작성 (Drafting)
• 수정 (Revising)
• 교정 (Proofreading)
교정 (Proofreading)
• 문법 (Grammar)
• 용법 (Usage)
• 기교 (Mechanics)
• 오자 (Spelling)
• 구두점 점검
• 시제 : 의문과 해답은 현재형
  방법과 결과는 과거형
• 약어 , 속어 , 구어체 표현
Proofreading

        Effective Writing
• Choosing Word - 단어선택
• Reducing Wordiness – 장황한 표현 줄이기
• Concise Writing – 간결한 표현
• Condensing - 압축하기
• Sentence Completeness – 문장의 완결성
• Replacing Faulty Conjuction
   – 잘못된 접속사 바꾸기
Proofreading
        Reducing Wordiness
• 반복되는 단어 삭제
• 불필요한 동의어 삭제 ( 역전앞 , 처가집 )
 예 ) written literature → literature
     approximate estimate → estimate
     combine together → combine
• 쓸데없는 말 삭제 (Redundancies)
 예 ) free gift → gift
     visible to the naked eyes → visible
• 긴 어구를 한 단어로 바꾸기
 예 ) have a discussion → discuss
     in need of → need
Proofreading

 Concise Writing ( 간결한 표현 )
• 불필요한 단어 , 어구 , 무의미한 표현 삭제
예 ) As a rule, I generally jog in the morning.
     → I generally jog in the morning.
Computers use chips that are made of silicon.
      → Computers use silicon chips.
Pears and apricots that have been dried can be used in cooking.
      → Dried pears and apricots can be used in cooking.
Not many flowers are white or black in color.
      → Not many flowers are white or black.
Proofreading

        Condensing ( 압축하기 )
• 원래의 뜻을 바꾸지 않으면서 짧게 쓴다 .
예 ) Everything that glitters is not necessarily made of gold.
      → All that glitters is not gold.
Owing to the fact that he was sick, he did not go to school at that
day. (17 words)
      → Because he was sick, he did not go to school. (10 words)
Despite the fact that Mary was extremely heavy by being 8
months pregnant, she could walk up to the hill as fast as the other
women did. (27 words)
      → Although Mary was 8 months pregnant, she quickly
walked up the hill like the other women. (16 words)
Proofreading
         Sentence Completeness
• Run-on Sentence :
 두 개의 완전한 문장 사이에 쉼표가 있을 때
 → 접속사로 연결해 주어야 한다 .
 예 ) The lights dimmed, the audience quieted down.
 → Since the lights dimmed, the audience quieted down.
 I began to speak, my nervousness disappeared.
  → After I began to speak, my nervousness disappeared.
 The line broke, therefore, the fish got away.
  → The line broke. Therefore, the fish got away.
 If you try your best, no one can blame you.
  → If you try your best, then no one can blame you.
Proofreading
     Replacing Faulty Conjunction
  대등 (coordinate) : and, or, but, however,
  therefore
  상관 (correlative) : both~and, whether~or…
  종속 (subordinate) : because, if, since, unless…
Give me liberty, (or ) give me death.
I think; (        ),
         therefore, I am.
The plane took off, ( although ) the control tower had not given
   permission.
At camp we get up (  when) the sun rises.
Air goes downward ( wherever the temperature is cold.
                               )
의문해결방식의 논문쓰기
    (Question-Driven Style)
• 의문 : 서론에 제시
• 의문을 풀기 위해 뭘 했는지 : 재료 및 방법
• 의문에 대한 대답 : 결과
• 결과에 대한 해석 : 고찰
• 쓰는 순서 :
재료 및 방법 → 서론 → 결과 → 고찰
→ 초록 → 제목
서론 (500 자 정도 )
• 연구 목적의 범주
  1. 전혀 새로운 것을 발표
  2. 전에 발표된 것을 재 확인
  3. 논쟁거리에 대한 의견 제시
• 위 세 가지 중 어떤 목적인지가 명확히 제시
서론의 단락구성 (4 단락 )
• 제 1 단락 : general topic or problem 소개
• 제 2 단락 : 문제의 중요성 언급
• 제 3 단락 : rationale – 대표적 논문 참조
• 제 4 단락 : question, hypothesis
  we report our data… 의 표현은 피한다
재료 및 방법 (1000-1500 자 )
• 다른 연구자가 재현 가능하도록 상세하게
• IRB or ethics committee 의 승인
• Inclusion and exclusion criteria
• 모집단이 연속적인지 선택적인지
  - 선택적인 모집단이라면 선택기준 제시
• 길게 쓰는 것을 두려워 할 필요가 없다 .
  - 너무 길면 reviewer 가 얘기해 준다 .
• 통계분석을 사용했다면 마지막 단락에 제시
결과 (500 자 )
• 연구에서 나온 모든 data 를 쓰는 곳이 아님 .
• 서론에서 제시한 의문에 대한 답을 쓰는 곳 .
  의문에 대한 답 : data 의 해석
• 의문이 한 가지라면 하나의 단락에 답을 쓰고
  의문이 두 가지라면 각각의 단락에 답을 쓰고
  나머지 단락에 기대하지 못했던 소견을 쓴다 .
• 참고문헌을 인용하지 않는다 .
• 통계적으로 유의한 있는 차이를 보였다
  → 증가했다 또는 감소했다 (p value 제시 )
고찰 (1000 자 )
• 제 1 단락 : 질문에 대한 rationale
• 제 2 단락 : 연구의 한계점 제시
  → 제시된 한계점이 결과해석에 큰 영향을
     주지 않는다는 사실을 납득
• 제 3 단락 : 기존 연구결과와의 비교
• 제 4 단락 : 결론도출
초록 (200 자 )
• 전체 원고가 완성된 다음에 쓴다 .
• 질문 , 실험방법 , 결과 , 결론이 포함
  각각을 한두 문장으로 쓴다 .
• 피해야 할 표현 :
  “this report describes…”
효율적인 논문
• 간결하고 명료한 논문 : brief and clear
• 논문을 간결하게 쓰기 위해서는
 1. 문장을 반복하지 않는다 .
  (X 서론에 쓴 내용을 고찰에 다시 반복 )
 2. 단어 - 문장 - 문단 : 적절한 구성
 3. 올바른 문법
한국에서 영어논문 쓰기
비 영어권 연구자서의 한계 극복을 위해
 연구 주제의 독창성
  흥미로운 주제
  연구 접근 방법의 독창성
 연구방법론의 엄격성
  적절한 연구 방법
  결과 해석의 엄밀성
 의료윤리 준수 : 이중게재 , 중복게재
즐거운 마음으로 좋은 논문 쓰
      세요 .

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영어논문작성법-지제근

  • 1. How to Write an English Paper 지제근 서울의대 병리학교실 명예교수
  • 2. 글쓰기의 4 단계 • 구상 (Prewriting) • 초고작성 (Drafting) • 수정 (Revising) • 교정 (Proofreading)
  • 3. 구상 (Prewriting) • 주제선정 : 흥미롭고 , 가치가 있으면서 , 독창적인 것 • 자료수집 및 아이디어 찾기 : 1. Freewriting : 떠오르는 생각을 메모 2. Brainstorming : 주제와 관련된 아이디어를 타인과 함께 토론하고 기록한다 . 3. Clustering : 아이디어의 연결 4. Asking Question : 육하원칙에 따라 5. Reading with a focus : 문헌고찰
  • 4. 토론의 중요성 • 연구자의 선입견을 배제할 수 있다 . 열린 마음으로 토론에 임한다 . • 유익한 암시를 받을 수 있다 . • 새로운 아이디어가 생길 수 있다 . • 잘못을 발견해 내기 쉽다 . • 고민을 해결할 수 있다 . 쓰다 막히면 공저자와 토론을 하
  • 5. 초고작성 (Drafting) • 충분한 시간을 갖고 단숨에 쓴다 . • ‘ 생각을 표현하는 (Expressing your idea)’ 데 에만 집중하여 자유롭게 쓴다 . • 작성 중에 새로운 아이디어가 떠오르면 그 생각을 포함시킨다 . • 문법 , 철자 , 관용어에 관련된 실수는 걱정 하지 않는다 . 실수는 나중에 고친다 . • 항상 독자를 염두에 두고 쓴다 .
  • 6. 수정 (Revising) • 수정할 때 점검사항 1. 문장구조 (Sentence Structure) 2. 문단구조 (Paragraph Structure) 3. 내용과 구성
  • 7. Revising 좋은 문장 • 구체적인 단어 사용 • 짧게 쓴다 . (18-20 단어 ) • 능동형으로 쓴다 . • 병렬구조 ( 대구법 ) 을 사용 • 반복을 피한다 . 남들이 쓴 좋은 문장을 많이 읽고 좋은 문장은 외우거나 기록해 둔 다. 문장구조
  • 8. Revising 좋은 문단 • 주제문 (Topic Sentence) 이 있어야 한다 . • 주제문 뒤에는 뒷받침 자료가 오도록 한다 . • 통일성 (Unity) - 주제와의 연관성 • 일관성 (Coherence) 독자의 혼선을 피하고 이해가 쉽도록 문단구조
  • 9. Revising 주제문 (Topic Sentence) • 연구논문의 경우 주제문은 보통 문단의 첫 문장에 온다 . • 독자가 문단의 첫 문장만 읽어도 전체문단 의 내용을 파악할 수 있도록 한다 . 문단구조
  • 10. Revising 다음 문단의 적절한 주제어는 ? The first type of volcano, the active one, always shows signs of volcanic action. The second type, the dormant volcano, is one that has not erupted yet, but it might someday. The third type, the extinct, is one that has not erupted in hundreds of years ; it is dead. Topic Sentence - There are three types of volcano : active, dormant, and extinct. 문단구조
  • 11. Revising 문단의 배열 • 연대순 (chronological order) • 공간순 (spatial order) • 중요도순 (order of importance) • 논리순 (logical order) • 아이디어 사이의 연관 - 직접적인 언급 (Direct References) - 이행장치 (Transitional Devices) 문단구조
  • 12. Revising 이행장치의 사용 • 문장과 문장이 유기적으로 연결되도록 • 한글에서는 문장과 문장 사이에 연결어가 없이도 연결되는 경우가 많이 있어서 영어 문장작성시 흔히 누락된다 . • 내가 쓴 문장을 우리나라 사람이 읽었을 때에는 잘 이해가 되는데 외국사람이 읽었을 때에는 갑자기 나오는 뒷 문장에 놀란다고 한다 . 문단구조
  • 13. Revising 이행장치의 종류 I • To Show a Time or Sequence • To Show Comparing Points • To Show Contrasting Points • To Show Cause and Effect • To Show an Order of Importance • To Show a Similar Statement to Follow 문단구조
  • 14. Revising 이행장치의 종류 II • To Emphasize a Point for Clarity • To Simplify or State Another Way • To Introduce Examples or Explanations • To Open a Statement • After the Problem Has Been Stated • To End Statements 문단구조
  • 15. Revising To Show a Time or Sequence After Afterwards All along As soon as At the onset At the same time Beforehand Before then Chronologically Currently Eventually Finally First of all Following For a time For this occasion Hitherto In the course of Initially In the first place In the near future In the end In the past In progression Just before Meanwhile Primarily Previously Recently Subsequently 문단구조
  • 16. Revising To Show Comparing Points Agreeable As it were As well as Besides Closely related to Coinciding with Coincidentally Comparable to Consistent with Equally Equally important Identical to Identically In addition to In accordance In comparison In harmony with In like manner In relation to In similar fashion In the same way Just the same Likewise Parallel to Similarly Synonymous with This concurs with 문단구조
  • 17. Revising To Show Contrasting Points After all Although Another way Antagonistically An incompatible At odds with this But Conversely Contrarily Despite Even though However In another way In conflict In contrast In my view In spite of Instead In this way Inversely Nevertheless Nonetheless Not only Notwithstanding On the other hand Otherwise Rather than Regardless This is opposed to To the contrary 문단구조
  • 18. Revising To Show Cause and Effect Accordingly As a result As might be expected As long as Because Because of Consequently Chances are Considering the Due to For this reason Hence It follows that If… then… In all likelihood Inasmuch In effect Necessarily On account of Owing to Since Subsequently Thereby Therefore This entails This gives rise to This implies This is caused by This results Whereas 문단구조
  • 19. Revising To Show an Order of Importance Finally First Last Mainly More importantly Next Second Then To begin with To Show a Similar Statement to Follow Additionally Again Also Another point is Apart from Aside from A supplement to As well as Besides Beyond that Further Furthermore In addition In conjunction with In fact Moreover Not to mention On top of that
  • 20. Revising To Emphasize a Point for Clarity Beyond question Certainly Clearly Foremost Honestly Indeed In fact In particular In reality In truth It’s essential It’s evident It’s imperative It’s vital Most important Obviously Precisely Surely Surprisingly The critical point The crucial The eminent The exact The prominent The urgent To be specific To be sure 문단구조
  • 21. Revising To Simplify or State Another Way Hence In a nutshell In all likelihood In brief In essence In other words In short Its only Putting it succinctly Simply That is to say Therefore Thus To be concise To sum up To Introduce Examples or Explanations After all As an illustration As evident As proof As we have seen Consider For example For instance Inasmuch In particular In support of this Namely Since That is 문단구조
  • 22. Revising To Open a Statement From my viewpoint I assert I believe that I maintain I ask whether It is my contention It seems that It was found that The data indicate The data suggest The paper state The test concludes The theory is To begin with We affirm To End Statement As you can see As I have noticed At last Eventually Finally For the reason above In any case In conclusion In the long run Last of all On the whole The result is To conclude To summarize Ultimately 문단구조
  • 23. Revising 이행장치 연습 The human body contains three types of muscle cells : smooth muscle, striated muscle, and heart muscle. ( ), smooth muscle is present in the walls of many internal organs. ( ), the walls of the digestive tract and those of the arteries contain smooth muscle. ( ) smooth muscle is involuntary, you cannot control its movement. ( ), striated muscle shows bands when viewed under the microscope. Striated muscles in your body are under voluntary control, you can move them at will. ( ), when you walk, talk, jump, and run, you use striated muscle. ( ), heart muscle is present in your heart and causes its contraction. Heart muscle is similar to striated muscle since it also contains striations. ( ), unlike striated muscle, heart muscle is involuntary… 문단구조
  • 24. Revising 이행장치 연습 The human body contains three types of muscle cells : smooth muscle, striated muscle, and heart muscle. (First), smooth muscle is present in the walls of many internal organs. (For example), the walls of the digestive tract and those of the arteries contain smooth muscle. (Since) smooth muscle is involuntary, you cannot control its movement. (Next), striated muscle shows bands when viewed under the microscope. Striated muscles in your body are under voluntary control, you can move them at will. (For example), when you walk, talk, jump, and run, you use striated muscle. (Finally), heart muscle is present in your heart and causes its contraction. Heart muscle is similar to striated muscle since it also contains striations. (However), unlike striated muscle, heart muscle is involuntary… 문단구조
  • 25. Revising 수정 (Revising) • 수정할 때 점검사항 1. 문장구조 (Sentence Structure) 2. 문단구조 (Paragraph Structure) 3. 내용과 구성
  • 26. Revising 내용점검 1. Draft 를 쓰고 나서 2,3 일 지난 후에 점검 2. 문법 , 철자 등의 오류는 무시 3. 글이 일관성이 있는지 살핀다 . 4. 글의 어조는 적절한가 ? 5. 중요한 세부 사항이 빠지지 않았는가 ? 6. 분량이 너무 많지는 않은가 ?
  • 27. Revising 잘 쓴 논문의 특징 1. Subject : focused, significant, interesting 2. Purpose : identified clearly by the thesis statement 3. Paper is correctly organized and supplies transitions 4. Each paragraph has a controlling idea, solid detail, and smooth transitions. 5. Uniformly good word choice 6. Maintenance of an appropriate level of complexity
  • 28. 글쓰기의 4 단계 • 구상 (Prewriting) • 초고작성 (Drafting) • 수정 (Revising) • 교정 (Proofreading)
  • 29. 교정 (Proofreading) • 문법 (Grammar) • 용법 (Usage) • 기교 (Mechanics) • 오자 (Spelling) • 구두점 점검 • 시제 : 의문과 해답은 현재형 방법과 결과는 과거형 • 약어 , 속어 , 구어체 표현
  • 30. Proofreading Effective Writing • Choosing Word - 단어선택 • Reducing Wordiness – 장황한 표현 줄이기 • Concise Writing – 간결한 표현 • Condensing - 압축하기 • Sentence Completeness – 문장의 완결성 • Replacing Faulty Conjuction – 잘못된 접속사 바꾸기
  • 31. Proofreading Reducing Wordiness • 반복되는 단어 삭제 • 불필요한 동의어 삭제 ( 역전앞 , 처가집 ) 예 ) written literature → literature approximate estimate → estimate combine together → combine • 쓸데없는 말 삭제 (Redundancies) 예 ) free gift → gift visible to the naked eyes → visible • 긴 어구를 한 단어로 바꾸기 예 ) have a discussion → discuss in need of → need
  • 32. Proofreading Concise Writing ( 간결한 표현 ) • 불필요한 단어 , 어구 , 무의미한 표현 삭제 예 ) As a rule, I generally jog in the morning. → I generally jog in the morning. Computers use chips that are made of silicon. → Computers use silicon chips. Pears and apricots that have been dried can be used in cooking. → Dried pears and apricots can be used in cooking. Not many flowers are white or black in color. → Not many flowers are white or black.
  • 33. Proofreading Condensing ( 압축하기 ) • 원래의 뜻을 바꾸지 않으면서 짧게 쓴다 . 예 ) Everything that glitters is not necessarily made of gold. → All that glitters is not gold. Owing to the fact that he was sick, he did not go to school at that day. (17 words) → Because he was sick, he did not go to school. (10 words) Despite the fact that Mary was extremely heavy by being 8 months pregnant, she could walk up to the hill as fast as the other women did. (27 words) → Although Mary was 8 months pregnant, she quickly walked up the hill like the other women. (16 words)
  • 34. Proofreading Sentence Completeness • Run-on Sentence : 두 개의 완전한 문장 사이에 쉼표가 있을 때 → 접속사로 연결해 주어야 한다 . 예 ) The lights dimmed, the audience quieted down. → Since the lights dimmed, the audience quieted down. I began to speak, my nervousness disappeared. → After I began to speak, my nervousness disappeared. The line broke, therefore, the fish got away. → The line broke. Therefore, the fish got away. If you try your best, no one can blame you. → If you try your best, then no one can blame you.
  • 35. Proofreading Replacing Faulty Conjunction 대등 (coordinate) : and, or, but, however, therefore 상관 (correlative) : both~and, whether~or… 종속 (subordinate) : because, if, since, unless… Give me liberty, (or ) give me death. I think; ( ), therefore, I am. The plane took off, ( although ) the control tower had not given permission. At camp we get up ( when) the sun rises. Air goes downward ( wherever the temperature is cold. )
  • 36. 의문해결방식의 논문쓰기 (Question-Driven Style) • 의문 : 서론에 제시 • 의문을 풀기 위해 뭘 했는지 : 재료 및 방법 • 의문에 대한 대답 : 결과 • 결과에 대한 해석 : 고찰 • 쓰는 순서 : 재료 및 방법 → 서론 → 결과 → 고찰 → 초록 → 제목
  • 37. 서론 (500 자 정도 ) • 연구 목적의 범주 1. 전혀 새로운 것을 발표 2. 전에 발표된 것을 재 확인 3. 논쟁거리에 대한 의견 제시 • 위 세 가지 중 어떤 목적인지가 명확히 제시
  • 38. 서론의 단락구성 (4 단락 ) • 제 1 단락 : general topic or problem 소개 • 제 2 단락 : 문제의 중요성 언급 • 제 3 단락 : rationale – 대표적 논문 참조 • 제 4 단락 : question, hypothesis we report our data… 의 표현은 피한다
  • 39. 재료 및 방법 (1000-1500 자 ) • 다른 연구자가 재현 가능하도록 상세하게 • IRB or ethics committee 의 승인 • Inclusion and exclusion criteria • 모집단이 연속적인지 선택적인지 - 선택적인 모집단이라면 선택기준 제시 • 길게 쓰는 것을 두려워 할 필요가 없다 . - 너무 길면 reviewer 가 얘기해 준다 . • 통계분석을 사용했다면 마지막 단락에 제시
  • 40. 결과 (500 자 ) • 연구에서 나온 모든 data 를 쓰는 곳이 아님 . • 서론에서 제시한 의문에 대한 답을 쓰는 곳 . 의문에 대한 답 : data 의 해석 • 의문이 한 가지라면 하나의 단락에 답을 쓰고 의문이 두 가지라면 각각의 단락에 답을 쓰고 나머지 단락에 기대하지 못했던 소견을 쓴다 . • 참고문헌을 인용하지 않는다 . • 통계적으로 유의한 있는 차이를 보였다 → 증가했다 또는 감소했다 (p value 제시 )
  • 41. 고찰 (1000 자 ) • 제 1 단락 : 질문에 대한 rationale • 제 2 단락 : 연구의 한계점 제시 → 제시된 한계점이 결과해석에 큰 영향을 주지 않는다는 사실을 납득 • 제 3 단락 : 기존 연구결과와의 비교 • 제 4 단락 : 결론도출
  • 42. 초록 (200 자 ) • 전체 원고가 완성된 다음에 쓴다 . • 질문 , 실험방법 , 결과 , 결론이 포함 각각을 한두 문장으로 쓴다 . • 피해야 할 표현 : “this report describes…”
  • 43. 효율적인 논문 • 간결하고 명료한 논문 : brief and clear • 논문을 간결하게 쓰기 위해서는 1. 문장을 반복하지 않는다 . (X 서론에 쓴 내용을 고찰에 다시 반복 ) 2. 단어 - 문장 - 문단 : 적절한 구성 3. 올바른 문법
  • 44. 한국에서 영어논문 쓰기 비 영어권 연구자서의 한계 극복을 위해 연구 주제의 독창성 흥미로운 주제 연구 접근 방법의 독창성 연구방법론의 엄격성 적절한 연구 방법 결과 해석의 엄밀성 의료윤리 준수 : 이중게재 , 중복게재
  • 45. 즐거운 마음으로 좋은 논문 쓰 세요 .