An introduction to logistic regression for physicians, public health students and other health workers. Logistic regression is a way to look at effect of a numeric independent variable on a binary (yes-no) dependent variable. For example, you can analyze or model the effect of birth weight on survival.
An introduction to logistic regression for physicians, public health students and other health workers. Logistic regression is a way to look at effect of a numeric independent variable on a binary (yes-no) dependent variable. For example, you can analyze or model the effect of birth weight on survival.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2. 교호작용 정의
• “여러 가지 위험 요인들이 한 질병을 일으키
는데 어떻게 상호작용을 하는가?”
• 교호작용(interaction)
– “둘 또는 그 이상의 위험 요인이 있는 질병 발생
률이 개별 효과의 결과로 기대되는(expect) 발
생률과 다를 때”로 정의 (MacMahon, 1972)
• 기대보다 크면? → 양의 상호작용, 상승작용
• 기대보다 작으면? → 음의 상호작용, 길항작용
– 효과 변경(effect modification)
2
3. INTERACTION
(Porta M, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 5th ed, 2008)
1. The interdependent operation of two or more
causes to produce, prevent, or control an effect.
Biological interaction means the interdependent
operation of two or more biological causes to
produce, prevent, or control an effect. See also
ANTAGONISM; SYNERGIGM.
2. Differences in the effect measure for one factor
at different levels of another factor. See also
EFFECT MODIFICATION; EFFECT MODIFIER.
3. The necessity for a product term in a linear
model (Syn: statistical interaction)
3
4. EFFECT MODIFICATION
(Porta M, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 5th ed, 2008)
• (Syn: effect-measure modification) Variation
in the selected effect measure for the factor
under study across levels of another factor. See
also INTERACTION.
4
5. 1. 관련성(association)이 있는가?
2. 만약 그렇다면, 교란(confounding)에 의한 것인가?
3. 제3의 변수로 나눈 층(strata)에서 관련성의 강도가
같은가?
아니오 예
교호작용 있음 교호작용 없음
그림 1. 교호작용이 가능한 경우에 대한 질문 흐름도
5
6. 위험 요인이 없거나, 하나 또는 두 위험요인에 노출
된 집단의 발생률(가상 자료)
요인 A
요인 B 비노출 노출
비노출 3.0 9.0
노출 15.0 ?
6
7. 위험 요인이 없거나, 하나 또는 두 위험요인에 노출
된 집단의 발생률(가상 자료: 덧셈 교호작용 1)
발생률 기여 위험도
(incidence rates) (attributable risks)
요인 A 요인 A
요인 B 비노출 노출 요인 B 비노출 노출
비노출 3.0 9.0 비노출 0 6
노출 15.0 21.0 노출 12 18
7
8. 위험 요인이 없거나, 하나 또는 두 위험요인에 노출
된 집단의 발생률(가상 자료: 덧셈 교호작용 2)
발생률 비교 위험도
(incidence rates) (relative risks)
요인 A 요인 A
요인 B 비노출 노출 요인 B 비노출 노출
비노출 3.0 9.0 비노출 1 3
노출 15.0 21.0 노출 5 7
8
10. 위험 요인이 없거나, 하나 또는 두 위험요인에 노출
된 집단의 발생률(가상 자료: 곱셈 교호작용)
발생률 비교 위험도
(incidence rates) (relative risks)
요인 A 요인 A
요인 B 비노출 노출 요인 B 비노출 노출
비노출 3.0 9.0 비노출 1 3
노출 15.0 45.0 노출 5 15
10
12. Ex1. Deaths from lung cancer (per 100,000) among individuals
with and without exposure to cigarette smoking and asbestos
Cigarette Asbestos exposure
smoking No Yes
No 11.3 58.4
Yes 122.6 601.6
Additive or Multiplicative?
12
13. Ex2. Relative risks of oral cancer according to presence or
absence of two exposures: smoking and alcohol consumption
Smoking
Alcohol No Yes
No 1.00 1.53
yes 1.23 5.71
*Risks are expressed relative to a risk of 1.00 for persons who
neither smoked nor drank alcohol
Additive or Multiplicative?
13
14. Ex3. Risk ratios for oral cancer according to level of exposure to
alcohol and smoking
Alcohol Cigarette equivalents per day
consumption
0 <20 20-39 ≥40
(oz/day)
0 1.00 1.52 1.43 2.43
<0.4 1.40 1.67 3.18 3.25
0.4-1.5 1.60 4.36 4.46 8.21
>1.5 2.33 4.13 9.59 15.50
*Risks are expressed relative to a risk of 1.00 for persons who neither smoked nor
drank alcohol
Additive or Multiplicative?
14
15. Ex4. Relative risks of lung cancer according to smoking and
radiation exposure in two populations
Uranium workers A-bomb survivors
Radiation level (smoking level) (smoking level)
Low High Low High
Low 1.0 7.7 1.0 9.7
High 18.2 146.8 6.2 14.2
Additive or Multiplicative?
15
16. Ex5. Relative risks of liver cancer for persons exposed to aflatoxin or chronic
hepatitis B infection: an example of interaction
Aflatoxin-Negative Aflatoxin-Positive
HBsAg negative 1.0 3.4
HBsAg positive 7.3 59.4
*Adjusted for cigarette smoking
HBsAg hepatitis B surface antigen
Additive or Multiplicative?
16
18. 배경
• 225편의 코호트 및 환자-대조군 연구 논문
조사 결과 61%에서 효과 변경 또는 교호작
용 제시
• 단 11%만 두 노출의 개별 효과와 결합(joint)
효과를 제시, 대부분의 연구에서 전체 교호
작용 측정 평가 불가능
• 지난 30년 간 역학계에서는 덧셈 교호작용
측정이 공중보건 중요도 평가에 가장 적절
하다고 대체로 합의
18
19. 배경
• 교호작용에 의한 비교 초과 위험(The
relative excess risk due to interaction, RERI)이
덧셈 교호작용의 표준 측정 지표
• 가장 영향력 높은 다섯 개의 역학 저널에서
50편의 환자-대조군 연구와 25편의 코호트
연구를 무작위 추출해서 검토한 결과, 단 한
편만 synergy index로 보고, RERI는 한 편도
없었음.
19
21. Estimating interaction on an additive scale
using logistic regression
e(1.33+1.00-0.23)≠(e1.33-1)+(e1.00-1); 7.2>4.5 ‘양’의 방향 덧셈 교호작용
RERI=e(1.33+1.00-0.23)-e1.33-e1.00+1=2.7 (1.3, 4.4); 교호작용이 없을 때보다 과
체중이고 고령인 사람이 고혈압이 있을 위험이 2.7배 이상 21
24. 배경
• 관찰 연구 보고 지침인 STROBE 문서에서도 기
준 범주를 이용하여 두 위험 요인의 분리 효과
와 결합 효과를 제시하도록 권고.
• 이전 안들은 효과 변경과 교호작용을 구분하지
않았고, 덧셈 및 곱셈 척도의 교호작용 신뢰구
간도 제시하지 않았음.
• 저자들은 효과 변경과 교호작용을 구분
– 효과 변경: 어떤 노출이 관심 있는 다른 노출의 층
안에서 인과적 효과
– 교호작용: 관심 있는 두 노출이 함께 인과적 효과
24
25. 효과 변경
• 관심 노출 A의 결과 D에 대한 효과가 잠재적
효과 변경 인자 D에 의해 변경되는 연구를
가정, 이 때 A, X, D는 모두 이분형 변수.
1. 단일 기준 범주로 A와 X 각각 층의 RRs, ORs,
RDs와 95% CIs를 제시
2. X 층에서 A의 RRs, ORs, RDs와 95% CIs를 제시
3. 덧셈(RERI) 및 곱셈 효과 변경을 측정하여 CIs와
P-values로 제시
4. A와 D 사이의 관련성에서 보정된 교란변수를
나열
25
26. From Knol MJ, Geerlings MI, Egberts AC, Gorter KJ, Grobbee DE, Heerdink ER. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2007;22:382–86.
26
27. 교호작용
• 두 관심 노출 A와 B 사이의 D에 대한 교호작용
연구를 가정, 이 때 A, B, D는 모두 이분형 변수.
1. 단일 기준 범주로 A와 B 각각 층의 RRs, ORs, RDs와
95% CIs를 제시
2. B 층에서 D에 대한 A의 효과와 A 층에서 D에 대한
B의 효과로 RRs, ORs, RDs와 95% CIs를 제시
3. 덧셈(RERI) 및 곱셈 효과 변경을 측정하여 CIs와 P-
values로 제시
4. A와 D 및 B와 D 사이의 관련성에서 보정된 교란변
수를 나열
27
28. 28
From van Gils CH, Bostick RM, Stern MC, Taylor JA. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002;11:1279–84
29. 결론
• STROBE 권고안대로 기준 범주에 대해 두 위
험 요인의 개별 효과와 결합 효과를 제시
• 최근 조사에 따르면 덧셈 또는 곱셈 교호작
용의 P-values나 CIs를 보고하지 않음. 특히
덧셈 교호작용은 최고 저널에서도 생략되기
일쑤.
• 공중보건 관점에서 RERI와 같은 덧셈 작용
평가가 중요.
– RERI>0이면 상승 작용(synergism) 함축
29
30. 결론
• 표준 소프트웨어는 덧셈 교호작용의 CIs를
제시해주지 않음.
– SAS 프로그램
– SAS, Stata, SPSS 출력 결과를 계산하여 자동으로
Excel 시트로 내보내는 프로그램(Supplementary
Data)
30
31. 참고문헌
1. 예방의학 편찬위원회. 예방의학, 개정3판 수정증보판, 계축문화사;
2007, (133-138쪽).
2. Jekel JF, Katz DL, Elmore JG, Wild DMG. Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and
Preventive Medicine, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2007. pp 90-104
(‘보건학 역학 통계입문’으로 역서 발간).
3. Knol MJ, van der Tweel I, Grobbee ED, Numans ME, Geerlings MI.
Estimating interaction on an additive scale between continuous
determinants in a logistic regression model. Int J Epidemiol
2007;36:1111-1118.
4. Richardson DB, Kaufman JS. Estimation of the relative excess risk due to
interaction and associated confidence bounds. Am J Epidemiol
2009;169:756-760.
5. Knol MJ, VanderWeele TJ. Recommendations for presenting analyses of
effect modification and interaction. Int J Epidemiol 2012;41:514-520.
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