Postoperative Management of Mother | அறுவைசிகிச்சைக்குப் பின் தாய்மார் கடைப்பிடிக்க வேண்டிய வழிமுறைகள் | Juhin J
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Postoperative Management of Mother - அறுவைசிகிச்சைக்குப் பின் தாய்மார் கடைப்பிடிக்க வேண்டிய வழிமுறைகள்
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Problems During Pregnancy | கர்ப்பக் காலத்தில் ஏற்படும் தொந்தரவுகள் | Juhin J
This is exclusively for Bsc(N) students...
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Tips to reduce alcohol intake:
- Gradually reduce the number of drinks
- Use smaller glasses
- Substitute a glass of water in between alcoholic drinks
- Change triggering environment
- Change from your preferred alcoholic drink to one you do not like
- Don't stock up on alcohol
- Be realistic
- Find healthy coping mechanism
Digital Addiction | Psycho Education | Juhin J
Digital Addiction:
---Signs & Symptoms---
- Unable to leave your house without phone
- Compelled to check the phone constantly for no particular reason
- Eating with your phone on the table
- Feeling anxious or depressed after using social media
- Obsessed over sending or recieving a text or posting a comment
- Feeling afraid of missing out
---Management---
- Start the day without mobile phone
- Turn off devices 30 minutes before bed
- Delete time setealing apps from your phone
- Turn off notifications
- Only respond to emails and texts at specific times of the day
Stress Management | Psycho Education | Juhin J
Stress Management:
- Get enough sleep (6-8 hours)
- Be active
- Engage in meditation and yoga
- Eat well
- Take a break
- Talk to someone
- Practice deep breathing
Tips to improve Sleep Quality | Psycho Education | Juhin J
Tips to improve Sleep Quality:
- Establish a regular bedtime and waking time
- Do regular exercise
- Use comfortable bed
- Make sure your bedroom is quiet, dark with good ventilation
- Switch off your electronic devices 30-60 minutes before bed
- Avoid taking heavy foods before sleep
- Reduce intake of water before bed
- Avoid coffee, alcohol & nicotine intake
Warning Signs of Mental Illness | Psycho education | Juhin J
Warning Signs of Mental Illness:
- Excessive sadness & anxiety lasting more than 2 weeks
- Sleeping or eating more/less than usual
- Inability to perform daily tasks
- Harming self
- Increased use of alcohol or other substances
- Unusual mood changes
- Decreased performance
- Believing things that aren't real
Rights of Special Groups | Constitution of Indian | Juhin J
Rights are rules of interaction between people. These are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement and are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed to people according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory.
Special groups are those who need special attention such as children, women, HIV, handicapped, aged and mentally ill. To protect these groups, these rights have been formulated by the constitution.
Continuing Nursing Education- CNE | Nursing Education | Juhin J
Continuing Nursing Education(CNE) is the process directed towards the personal and professional growth of nurses and other personnel while they are employed by a health care agency. It is essential for the upliftment of personal as well as administrative field. CNE helps in updating the knowledge and practice of professional. It is applicable not only to nursing field but also to all the professional fields.
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Problems During Pregnancy | கர்ப்பக் காலத்தில் ஏற்படும் தொந்தரவுகள் | Juhin J
This is exclusively for Bsc(N) students...
Tips to reduce alcohol intake | Psycho Education | Juhin J
Tips to reduce alcohol intake:
- Gradually reduce the number of drinks
- Use smaller glasses
- Substitute a glass of water in between alcoholic drinks
- Change triggering environment
- Change from your preferred alcoholic drink to one you do not like
- Don't stock up on alcohol
- Be realistic
- Find healthy coping mechanism
Digital Addiction | Psycho Education | Juhin J
Digital Addiction:
---Signs & Symptoms---
- Unable to leave your house without phone
- Compelled to check the phone constantly for no particular reason
- Eating with your phone on the table
- Feeling anxious or depressed after using social media
- Obsessed over sending or recieving a text or posting a comment
- Feeling afraid of missing out
---Management---
- Start the day without mobile phone
- Turn off devices 30 minutes before bed
- Delete time setealing apps from your phone
- Turn off notifications
- Only respond to emails and texts at specific times of the day
Stress Management | Psycho Education | Juhin J
Stress Management:
- Get enough sleep (6-8 hours)
- Be active
- Engage in meditation and yoga
- Eat well
- Take a break
- Talk to someone
- Practice deep breathing
Tips to improve Sleep Quality | Psycho Education | Juhin J
Tips to improve Sleep Quality:
- Establish a regular bedtime and waking time
- Do regular exercise
- Use comfortable bed
- Make sure your bedroom is quiet, dark with good ventilation
- Switch off your electronic devices 30-60 minutes before bed
- Avoid taking heavy foods before sleep
- Reduce intake of water before bed
- Avoid coffee, alcohol & nicotine intake
Warning Signs of Mental Illness | Psycho education | Juhin J
Warning Signs of Mental Illness:
- Excessive sadness & anxiety lasting more than 2 weeks
- Sleeping or eating more/less than usual
- Inability to perform daily tasks
- Harming self
- Increased use of alcohol or other substances
- Unusual mood changes
- Decreased performance
- Believing things that aren't real
Rights of Special Groups | Constitution of Indian | Juhin J
Rights are rules of interaction between people. These are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement and are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed to people according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory.
Special groups are those who need special attention such as children, women, HIV, handicapped, aged and mentally ill. To protect these groups, these rights have been formulated by the constitution.
Continuing Nursing Education- CNE | Nursing Education | Juhin J
Continuing Nursing Education(CNE) is the process directed towards the personal and professional growth of nurses and other personnel while they are employed by a health care agency. It is essential for the upliftment of personal as well as administrative field. CNE helps in updating the knowledge and practice of professional. It is applicable not only to nursing field but also to all the professional fields.
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Socioeconomic status(SES) is a combination of both social and economic variables. It is one of the most important social determinants of health and disease. It influences the accessibility, affordability, acceptability and actual utilization of available health facilities.
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Alternative Systems of Medicine in Mental Health | AYUSH | Complementary Alternative Medicine CAM | Juhin J
Medical products and practices that are not part of standard care is called alternative medicine. Standard care is what medical doctors and allied health professionals, such as nurses and physical therapists, practice. Alternative medicine is used in the place of standard medical care.
HERBAL: The use of plants to heal is probably as old as human kind. Virtually every culture in the world has relied on herbs & plants to treat illness. Many people are seeking a return to herbal remedies because they perceive these remedies as being less potent than prescription drugs and as being free of adverse side effects.
UNANI: According to the principles of unani medicine, disease is a natural process. Its symptoms are the reactions of the body to the disease.
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ACCUPUNCTURE: Acupuncture technique means penetrating the acupoints with hair thin, sterile, disposable, stainless needles to dissolve the obstructions along the meridians.
ACCUPRESSURE: Acupressure is similar in practice to acupuncture, but no needles are involved.
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The ideas or arrangement of ideas that result from thinking is called thought. Thinking represent the most common form of mental activity. All human achievements and progress are the products of thought. Thought disorder is a disorganized way of thinking that leads to abnormal ways of expressing language when speaking and writing. It is one of the most difficult disorders to diagnose.
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Personality means enduring qualities of a person in many circumstances. It includes perceptions, attitudes and emotions. These behaviors and characteristics are consistent across a broad range of situations and do not change easily. A person usually is not consciously aware of his/ her personality. Many factors influence personality; some stem from biologic and genetic makeup, whereas some are acquired as a person develops and interacts with the environment and other people. These qualities develop into personality traits(Characters).
PERSONALITY TRAITS:
The most widely used system of personality trait is called Five- Factor Model. This includes, Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism. Each trait is further divided into several trait facets to analyse one’s personality clearly. Several theorists still argue that there are more traits which have not been captured by this five-factor model.
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Conscientiousness people are dependable, disciplined and achievement focused. Meanwhile low conscientiousness people are more spontaneous and careless, when extreme.
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Agreeableness people are warmth, kind, helpful, compassionate and trust worthy. Meanwhile disagreeable people are cold and suspicious of others.
High Neuroticism people experience lot of negative emotion. Meanwhile low neuroticism people will be emotionally stable.
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Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder have a heightened sense of self-importance, lack of empathy and grandiose feelings of uniqueness. Underneath, however, their self-esteem is fragile and vulnerable to even minor criticism. Narcissistic symptoms diminish after 40 years of age.
Persons with avoidant personality disorder show extreme sensitivity to rejection and may lead socially withdrawn lives. Although shy, they are not asocial and show a great desire for companionship, but they need unusually strong guarantees of uncritical acceptance. We often describe this group as having an inferiority complex. Some marry, have children, and live their lives surrounded only by family members. If their support system fails, however, they are subject to depression, anxiety, and anger.
SLEEP DISORDERS | Psychiatric Nursing | Juhin J
Primary sleep disorders:
Primary sleep disorders are those disorders not attributable to another cause, which includes dyssomnias and parasomnias.
Dyssomnias: are primary disorders of initiating or maintaining sleep/ excessive sleepiness, characterized by abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep.
Insomnia:
Difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or nonrestorative sleep that lasts for 1 month and causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
Hypersomnia:
Excessive sleepiness for atleast 1 month that involves either prolonged sleep episodes or daily daytime sleeping that causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other functioning.
Narcolepsy:
A rare sleep disorder in which a person, usually under the age of 20, has recurrent sudden episodes of irresistible sleep attacks of short duration 10 - 15 minutes (directly enters into REM sleep).
Breathing related sleep disorder:
Sleep disruption leading to excessive sleepiness or, less commonly, insomnia, caused by abnormalities in ventilation during sleep. These disorders include obstructive sleep apnea (repeated episodes of upper airway obstruction), central sleep apnea (episodic cessation of sventilation without airway obstruction), and central alveolar hypoventilation (hypoventilation resulting in low arterial oxygen levels).
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder:
Persistent or recurring sleep disruption resulting from altered functioning of circadian rhythm or a mismatch between circadian rhythm and external demands. Subtypes include; delayed sleep phase, jet lag, shift work and unspecified.
Delayed sleep phase: A persistent pattern of late sleep onset and late awakening times, with an inability to fall asleep and awaken at a desired earlier time.
Jet lag: Sleepiness and alertness that occur at an inappropriate time of day relative to local time, occurring after repeated travel across more than one time zone.
Shift work: Insomnia during the major sleep period or excessive sleepiness during the major awake period associated with night shift work or frequently changing shift work.
Parasomnias: are disorders characterized by abnormal behavioral or psychological events associated with sleep, specific sleep stages, or sleep–wake transition. These disorders involve activation of physiological systems, such as the autonomic nervous system, motor system, or cognitive processes, at inappropriate times during sleep.
Nightmare disorder:
Repeated occurrence of frightening dreams that lead to waking from sleep.
Sleep terror disorder:
Repeated occurrence of abrupt awakenings from sleep associated with a panicky scream or cry.
Sleepwalking disorder (Somnambulism):
Repeated episodes of complex motor behavior initiated during sleep, including getting out of bed and walking around.
Personality Disorders | Psychiatric Nursing | Juhin J
Personality means enduring qualities of a person in many circumstances. It includes perceptions, attitudes and emotions. These behaviors and characteristics are consistent across a broad range of situations and do not change easily. A person usually is not consciously aware of his/ her personality. Many factors influence personality; some stem from biologic and genetic makeup, whereas some are acquired as a person develops and interacts with the environment and other people. These qualities develop into personality traits(Characters).
PERSONALITY TRAITS:
The most widely used system of personality trait is called Five- Factor Model. This includes, Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism. Each trait is further divided into several trait facets to analyse one’s personality clearly. Several theorists still argue that there are more traits which have not been captured by this five-factor model.
Openness people loves adventure, appreciate art, imagination and learn new things throughout their life time. Meanwhile low openness people avoid new experiences, stick to their habits and not adventure lovers.
Conscientiousness people are dependable, disciplined and achievement focused. Meanwhile low conscientiousness people are more spontaneous and careless, when extreme.
Extraversion people/ Extroverts are cheerful, sociable and draw energy from crowds. Meanwhile introverts love to be alone. Commonly people think introversion and shyness are same. They both are different. Shyness people has fear of social interaction meanwhile introverts are cheerful but they prefer solo or small group activities.
Agreeableness people are warmth, kind, helpful, compassionate and trust worthy. Meanwhile disagreeable people are cold and suspicious of others.
High Neuroticism people experience lot of negative emotion. Meanwhile low neuroticism people will be emotionally stable.
Personality disorder is defined as, “characteristic and enduring pattern of inner experience (or) behavior as a whole marked deviation for a level of exception and acceptable range of individuals’ culture”. – ICD 10
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder | Psychiatric Nursing | Juhin J
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic and relapsing anxiety disorder that is characterized by persistent obsessive thoughts and/or repetitive compulsive actions that impair daily functioning. The repetitive actions can be mental or physical acts, either of which is perceived by the individual as reducing anxiety. Individuals with OCD might recognize the irrationality of their anxiety-driven patterns, they feel helpless to resist the compulsive urges that serve as dysfunctional coping mechanisms to reduce anxiety. Many patients prefer to keep ritualistic compulsions such as repetitive checking of locks or repeated hand washing a secret because they are ashamed of their illogical behavior.
Definition:
Obsession: Repetitive thoughts, images and doubts which make a person absolutely senseless and irrational. Individual tries to resist but finds unable to do so because that restriction might increase the level of anxiety.
Compulsion: Repetitive actions are performed followed by obsession in order to avoid the marked distress even though the client knows that behavior is unrealistic, senseless and irrational.
Etiology/ Predisposing factors:
I. Biological Theories:
a) Neurotransmitters:
Studies have suggested that changes in brain serotonin(5-HT) function may contribute to anxiety symptoms and anxiety type behaviors. Among anxiety disorders, the most compelling evidence implicating 5-HT exists for OCD.
OCD patients were found to have higher plasma free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol and plasma norepinephrine levels. The maximum number of binding sites (Bmax) for tritiated clonidine was significantly greater in OCD patients than in normal people. There was a blunted growth hormone, cortisol and ACTH response to clonidine in OCD.
b) Genetics:
Family studies: 35% of first-degree relatives of OCD clients might suffer from this disorder.
Twin studies: Monozygotic twins are more prone to it as compared to dizygotic twins.
c) Electrophysiological Studies:
Electroencephalography: Many of the earlier reports suggested EEG abnormalities in OCD. Temporal lobe spikes and increased theta waves have been reported in sleep EEG or OCD subjects.
Evoked Potentials: Higher N60 amplitudes were found in somatosensory evoked patients in OCD. Obsessional patients are characterized by reduced amplitudes and decreased latencies of late EP component.
d) Brain Imaging:
Cranial CT and MRI scans: An increase in ventricular-brain ratio was found in cranial CT in OCD. Subsequent studies have shown similar results in caudate nuclei. Earlier reports found non-specific abnormalities on Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the brains in OCD.
Management:
IV. Psychosurgery:
There are various procedures that have been used in treatment of OCD. They are as follows;
• Prefrontal leucotomy
• Transorbital leucotomy
• Biomedical leucotomy
• Orbital leucotomy
• Rostral leucotomy
• Limbic leucotomy
• Subcaudate tractotomy
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Hallucinogenic substances are capable of distorting an individual’s perception of reality. They have the ability to alter sensory perception and induce hallucinations. Substance induced hallucinations are usually visual.
Opioid Use Disorder | Substance Abuse | Psychiatric Nursing | Juhin J
The term opioid refers to a group of compounds that includes opium, opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Opioids exert both a sedative and an analgesic effect, and used to relieve pain, cough and treatment of diarrhea. They induce a pleasurable effect on the CNS that promotes abuse. These drugs are capable of inducing tolerance and physiological and psychological addiction.
Inhalant Use Disorder | Substance Abuse | Psychiatric Nursing | Juhin J
Inhalant disorders are induced by inhaling the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons found in substances such as fuels, solvents, adhesives, aerosol propellants, and paint thinners. When inhaled, they cause euphoria, sedation, emotional lability, and impaired judgment.
Delirium & Delirum Tremens | Psychiatric Nursing | Juhin J
Delirium is an organic cerebral syndrome characterized by concurrent disturbances of consciousness and attention, perception, thinking, memory, psychomotor behavior, emotion and sleep wake schedule.
Delirium Tremens is a psychotic condition caused by complications from alcohol withdrawal. It involves tremors, hallucination, anxiety and disorientation.
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Mood stabilizers are medicines that treat and prevents highs(mania) and lows(depression). They also help to keep the mood from interfering with work, school or social life.
Interpersonal Theory by Sullivan | Juhin J
Interpersonal theory of personality was proposed by Harry Stack Sullivan. He believed that one’s personality involved more than individual characteristics, particularly how one interacted with others. He also explained about the importance of current life events to psychopathology. The theory further states that the purpose of all behavior is to get needs met through interpersonal interactions and decrease or avoid anxiety.
Psychoanalytic Theory by Sigmund Freud | Juhin J
Psychoanalytic theory was formulated by Sigmund Freud, an Austrian Neurologist. He was the first to identify development by stages. He considered the first 5 years of a child’s life to be the most important, because he believed that an individual’s basic character had been formed by the age of 5.
Anti-depressants | Psychotropic Drugs | Mental Health | Juhin J
Antidepressants are used to relieve the symptoms of moderate and severe depression. They are usually taken for 4-6 months. They can be used alone or combination with other medications. The purpose of antidepressant is to increase the neurotransmitters in the synapse.
Alternative Systems of Medicine in Mental Health | AYUSH | CAM | Juhin J
Alternative Systems of Medicine in Mental Health | AYUSH | Complementary Alternative Medicine CAM | Juhin J
Medical products and practices that are not part of standard care is called alternative medicine. Standard care is what medical doctors and allied health professionals, such as nurses and physical therapists, practice. Alternative medicine is used in the place of standard medical care.
HERBAL: The use of plants to heal is probably as old as human kind. Virtually every culture in the world has relied on herbs & plants to treat illness. Many people are seeking a return to herbal remedies because they perceive these remedies as being less potent than prescription drugs and as being free of adverse side effects.
UNANI: According to the principles of unani medicine, disease is a natural process. Its symptoms are the reactions of the body to the disease.
SIDDHA: Siddha System of Medicine in an ancient Science, which belongs to Dravidian culture. It is very useful in maintenance and restoration of good health. Siddha system accounted for total 4448 disease symptoms and its cure. Thousands of herbs and mineral were Included in Siddha system providing good and easy management of chronic to degenerative, viral to cardiac disease.
HOMEOPATHY: Homeopathic remedies are typically derived from plants, herbs, minerals, or animal products. After being crushed and dissolved in alcohol or water, the selected substance undergoes a long process of dilution and succession (a process that involves vigorous shaking of the solution). The solution is then stored.
ACCUPUNCTURE: Acupuncture technique means penetrating the acupoints with hair thin, sterile, disposable, stainless needles to dissolve the obstructions along the meridians.
ACCUPRESSURE: Acupressure is similar in practice to acupuncture, but no needles are involved.
Self-Evaluation & Peer Evaluation | Nursing Education | Juhin J
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Socioeconomic Status Scale | Nursing Education | Juhin J
Socioeconomic status(SES) is a combination of both social and economic variables. It is one of the most important social determinants of health and disease. It influences the accessibility, affordability, acceptability and actual utilization of available health facilities.
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Socioeconomic status(SES) is a combination of both social and economic variables. It is one of the most important social determinants of health and disease. It influences the accessibility, affordability, acceptability and actual utilization of available health facilities.
Alternative Systems of Medicine in Mental Health | AYUSH | CAM | Juhin J
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Medical products and practices that are not part of standard care is called alternative medicine. Standard care is what medical doctors and allied health professionals, such as nurses and physical therapists, practice. Alternative medicine is used in the place of standard medical care.
HERBAL: The use of plants to heal is probably as old as human kind. Virtually every culture in the world has relied on herbs & plants to treat illness. Many people are seeking a return to herbal remedies because they perceive these remedies as being less potent than prescription drugs and as being free of adverse side effects.
UNANI: According to the principles of unani medicine, disease is a natural process. Its symptoms are the reactions of the body to the disease.
SIDDHA: Siddha System of Medicine in an ancient Science, which belongs to Dravidian culture. It is very useful in maintenance and restoration of good health. Siddha system accounted for total 4448 disease symptoms and its cure. Thousands of herbs and mineral were Included in Siddha system providing good and easy management of chronic to degenerative, viral to cardiac disease.
HOMEOPATHY: Homeopathic remedies are typically derived from plants, herbs, minerals, or animal products. After being crushed and dissolved in alcohol or water, the selected substance undergoes a long process of dilution and succession (a process that involves vigorous shaking of the solution). The solution is then stored.
ACCUPUNCTURE: Acupuncture technique means penetrating the acupoints with hair thin, sterile, disposable, stainless needles to dissolve the obstructions along the meridians.
ACCUPRESSURE: Acupressure is similar in practice to acupuncture, but no needles are involved.
Disorders of Thought and Perception | Mental Health & Psychiatric Nursing | J...
The ideas or arrangement of ideas that result from thinking is called thought. Thinking represent the most common form of mental activity. All human achievements and progress are the products of thought. Thought disorder is a disorganized way of thinking that leads to abnormal ways of expressing language when speaking and writing. It is one of the most difficult disorders to diagnose.
Impulse Control Disorder | Psychiatric Nursing | Juhin J
Impulse control disorder happens when a person often unable to resist the sudden, forceful urge to do something that may violate the rights of others or conflict with societal norms. These impulsive behaviors may occur repeatedly, quickly and without consideration of the consequences of the actions.
Personality Disorders | Psychiatric Nursing | Juhin J
Personality means enduring qualities of a person in many circumstances. It includes perceptions, attitudes and emotions. These behaviors and characteristics are consistent across a broad range of situations and do not change easily. A person usually is not consciously aware of his/ her personality. Many factors influence personality; some stem from biologic and genetic makeup, whereas some are acquired as a person develops and interacts with the environment and other people. These qualities develop into personality traits(Characters).
PERSONALITY TRAITS:
The most widely used system of personality trait is called Five- Factor Model. This includes, Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism. Each trait is further divided into several trait facets to analyse one’s personality clearly. Several theorists still argue that there are more traits which have not been captured by this five-factor model.
Openness people loves adventure, appreciate art, imagination and learn new things throughout their life time. Meanwhile low openness people avoid new experiences, stick to their habits and not adventure lovers.
Conscientiousness people are dependable, disciplined and achievement focused. Meanwhile low conscientiousness people are more spontaneous and careless, when extreme.
Extraversion people/ Extroverts are cheerful, sociable and draw energy from crowds. Meanwhile introverts love to be alone. Commonly people think introversion and shyness are same. They both are different. Shyness people has fear of social interaction meanwhile introverts are cheerful but they prefer solo or small group activities.
Agreeableness people are warmth, kind, helpful, compassionate and trust worthy. Meanwhile disagreeable people are cold and suspicious of others.
High Neuroticism people experience lot of negative emotion. Meanwhile low neuroticism people will be emotionally stable.
Personality disorder is defined as, “characteristic and enduring pattern of inner experience (or) behavior as a whole marked deviation for a level of exception and acceptable range of individuals’ culture”. – ICD 10
Histrionic, Narcissistic & Avoidance Personality Disorder | Psychiatric Nursi...
Persons with histrionic personality disorder are excitable and emotional and behave in a colorful, dramatic, extroverted fashion. Inability to maintain sincere, long-lasting attachments. They are unaware of their true feelings and cannot explain their motivations. With age, the symptoms of histrionic personality disorder will come down. But patients will feel hard to handle it because they lack the energy they had earlier.
Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder have a heightened sense of self-importance, lack of empathy and grandiose feelings of uniqueness. Underneath, however, their self-esteem is fragile and vulnerable to even minor criticism. Narcissistic symptoms diminish after 40 years of age.
Persons with avoidant personality disorder show extreme sensitivity to rejection and may lead socially withdrawn lives. Although shy, they are not asocial and show a great desire for companionship, but they need unusually strong guarantees of uncritical acceptance. We often describe this group as having an inferiority complex. Some marry, have children, and live their lives surrounded only by family members. If their support system fails, however, they are subject to depression, anxiety, and anger.
SLEEP DISORDERS | Psychiatric Nursing | Juhin J
Primary sleep disorders:
Primary sleep disorders are those disorders not attributable to another cause, which includes dyssomnias and parasomnias.
Dyssomnias: are primary disorders of initiating or maintaining sleep/ excessive sleepiness, characterized by abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep.
Insomnia:
Difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or nonrestorative sleep that lasts for 1 month and causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
Hypersomnia:
Excessive sleepiness for atleast 1 month that involves either prolonged sleep episodes or daily daytime sleeping that causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other functioning.
Narcolepsy:
A rare sleep disorder in which a person, usually under the age of 20, has recurrent sudden episodes of irresistible sleep attacks of short duration 10 - 15 minutes (directly enters into REM sleep).
Breathing related sleep disorder:
Sleep disruption leading to excessive sleepiness or, less commonly, insomnia, caused by abnormalities in ventilation during sleep. These disorders include obstructive sleep apnea (repeated episodes of upper airway obstruction), central sleep apnea (episodic cessation of sventilation without airway obstruction), and central alveolar hypoventilation (hypoventilation resulting in low arterial oxygen levels).
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder:
Persistent or recurring sleep disruption resulting from altered functioning of circadian rhythm or a mismatch between circadian rhythm and external demands. Subtypes include; delayed sleep phase, jet lag, shift work and unspecified.
Delayed sleep phase: A persistent pattern of late sleep onset and late awakening times, with an inability to fall asleep and awaken at a desired earlier time.
Jet lag: Sleepiness and alertness that occur at an inappropriate time of day relative to local time, occurring after repeated travel across more than one time zone.
Shift work: Insomnia during the major sleep period or excessive sleepiness during the major awake period associated with night shift work or frequently changing shift work.
Parasomnias: are disorders characterized by abnormal behavioral or psychological events associated with sleep, specific sleep stages, or sleep–wake transition. These disorders involve activation of physiological systems, such as the autonomic nervous system, motor system, or cognitive processes, at inappropriate times during sleep.
Nightmare disorder:
Repeated occurrence of frightening dreams that lead to waking from sleep.
Sleep terror disorder:
Repeated occurrence of abrupt awakenings from sleep associated with a panicky scream or cry.
Sleepwalking disorder (Somnambulism):
Repeated episodes of complex motor behavior initiated during sleep, including getting out of bed and walking around.
Personality Disorders | Psychiatric Nursing | Juhin J
Personality means enduring qualities of a person in many circumstances. It includes perceptions, attitudes and emotions. These behaviors and characteristics are consistent across a broad range of situations and do not change easily. A person usually is not consciously aware of his/ her personality. Many factors influence personality; some stem from biologic and genetic makeup, whereas some are acquired as a person develops and interacts with the environment and other people. These qualities develop into personality traits(Characters).
PERSONALITY TRAITS:
The most widely used system of personality trait is called Five- Factor Model. This includes, Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism. Each trait is further divided into several trait facets to analyse one’s personality clearly. Several theorists still argue that there are more traits which have not been captured by this five-factor model.
Openness people loves adventure, appreciate art, imagination and learn new things throughout their life time. Meanwhile low openness people avoid new experiences, stick to their habits and not adventure lovers.
Conscientiousness people are dependable, disciplined and achievement focused. Meanwhile low conscientiousness people are more spontaneous and careless, when extreme.
Extraversion people/ Extroverts are cheerful, sociable and draw energy from crowds. Meanwhile introverts love to be alone. Commonly people think introversion and shyness are same. They both are different. Shyness people has fear of social interaction meanwhile introverts are cheerful but they prefer solo or small group activities.
Agreeableness people are warmth, kind, helpful, compassionate and trust worthy. Meanwhile disagreeable people are cold and suspicious of others.
High Neuroticism people experience lot of negative emotion. Meanwhile low neuroticism people will be emotionally stable.
Personality disorder is defined as, “characteristic and enduring pattern of inner experience (or) behavior as a whole marked deviation for a level of exception and acceptable range of individuals’ culture”. – ICD 10
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder | Psychiatric Nursing | Juhin J
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic and relapsing anxiety disorder that is characterized by persistent obsessive thoughts and/or repetitive compulsive actions that impair daily functioning. The repetitive actions can be mental or physical acts, either of which is perceived by the individual as reducing anxiety. Individuals with OCD might recognize the irrationality of their anxiety-driven patterns, they feel helpless to resist the compulsive urges that serve as dysfunctional coping mechanisms to reduce anxiety. Many patients prefer to keep ritualistic compulsions such as repetitive checking of locks or repeated hand washing a secret because they are ashamed of their illogical behavior.
Definition:
Obsession: Repetitive thoughts, images and doubts which make a person absolutely senseless and irrational. Individual tries to resist but finds unable to do so because that restriction might increase the level of anxiety.
Compulsion: Repetitive actions are performed followed by obsession in order to avoid the marked distress even though the client knows that behavior is unrealistic, senseless and irrational.
Etiology/ Predisposing factors:
I. Biological Theories:
a) Neurotransmitters:
Studies have suggested that changes in brain serotonin(5-HT) function may contribute to anxiety symptoms and anxiety type behaviors. Among anxiety disorders, the most compelling evidence implicating 5-HT exists for OCD.
OCD patients were found to have higher plasma free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol and plasma norepinephrine levels. The maximum number of binding sites (Bmax) for tritiated clonidine was significantly greater in OCD patients than in normal people. There was a blunted growth hormone, cortisol and ACTH response to clonidine in OCD.
b) Genetics:
Family studies: 35% of first-degree relatives of OCD clients might suffer from this disorder.
Twin studies: Monozygotic twins are more prone to it as compared to dizygotic twins.
c) Electrophysiological Studies:
Electroencephalography: Many of the earlier reports suggested EEG abnormalities in OCD. Temporal lobe spikes and increased theta waves have been reported in sleep EEG or OCD subjects.
Evoked Potentials: Higher N60 amplitudes were found in somatosensory evoked patients in OCD. Obsessional patients are characterized by reduced amplitudes and decreased latencies of late EP component.
d) Brain Imaging:
Cranial CT and MRI scans: An increase in ventricular-brain ratio was found in cranial CT in OCD. Subsequent studies have shown similar results in caudate nuclei. Earlier reports found non-specific abnormalities on Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the brains in OCD.
Management:
IV. Psychosurgery:
There are various procedures that have been used in treatment of OCD. They are as follows;
• Prefrontal leucotomy
• Transorbital leucotomy
• Biomedical leucotomy
• Orbital leucotomy
• Rostral leucotomy
• Limbic leucotomy
• Subcaudate tractotomy
Hallucinogen Use Disorder | Substance Abuse | Psychiatric Nursing | Juhin J
Hallucinogenic substances are capable of distorting an individual’s perception of reality. They have the ability to alter sensory perception and induce hallucinations. Substance induced hallucinations are usually visual.
Opioid Use Disorder | Substance Abuse | Psychiatric Nursing | Juhin J
The term opioid refers to a group of compounds that includes opium, opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Opioids exert both a sedative and an analgesic effect, and used to relieve pain, cough and treatment of diarrhea. They induce a pleasurable effect on the CNS that promotes abuse. These drugs are capable of inducing tolerance and physiological and psychological addiction.
Inhalant Use Disorder | Substance Abuse | Psychiatric Nursing | Juhin J
Inhalant disorders are induced by inhaling the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons found in substances such as fuels, solvents, adhesives, aerosol propellants, and paint thinners. When inhaled, they cause euphoria, sedation, emotional lability, and impaired judgment.
Delirium & Delirum Tremens | Psychiatric Nursing | Juhin J
Delirium is an organic cerebral syndrome characterized by concurrent disturbances of consciousness and attention, perception, thinking, memory, psychomotor behavior, emotion and sleep wake schedule.
Delirium Tremens is a psychotic condition caused by complications from alcohol withdrawal. It involves tremors, hallucination, anxiety and disorientation.
Mood Stabilizers | Psychotropic Drugs | Mental Health | Juhin J
Mood stabilizers are medicines that treat and prevents highs(mania) and lows(depression). They also help to keep the mood from interfering with work, school or social life.
Interpersonal Theory by Sullivan | Juhin J
Interpersonal theory of personality was proposed by Harry Stack Sullivan. He believed that one’s personality involved more than individual characteristics, particularly how one interacted with others. He also explained about the importance of current life events to psychopathology. The theory further states that the purpose of all behavior is to get needs met through interpersonal interactions and decrease or avoid anxiety.
Psychoanalytic Theory by Sigmund Freud | Juhin J
Psychoanalytic theory was formulated by Sigmund Freud, an Austrian Neurologist. He was the first to identify development by stages. He considered the first 5 years of a child’s life to be the most important, because he believed that an individual’s basic character had been formed by the age of 5.
Anti-depressants | Psychotropic Drugs | Mental Health | Juhin J
Antidepressants are used to relieve the symptoms of moderate and severe depression. They are usually taken for 4-6 months. They can be used alone or combination with other medications. The purpose of antidepressant is to increase the neurotransmitters in the synapse.
Alternative Systems of Medicine in Mental Health | AYUSH | CAM | Juhin J
Alternative Systems of Medicine in Mental Health | AYUSH | Complementary Alternative Medicine CAM | Juhin J
Medical products and practices that are not part of standard care is called alternative medicine. Standard care is what medical doctors and allied health professionals, such as nurses and physical therapists, practice. Alternative medicine is used in the place of standard medical care.
HERBAL: The use of plants to heal is probably as old as human kind. Virtually every culture in the world has relied on herbs & plants to treat illness. Many people are seeking a return to herbal remedies because they perceive these remedies as being less potent than prescription drugs and as being free of adverse side effects.
UNANI: According to the principles of unani medicine, disease is a natural process. Its symptoms are the reactions of the body to the disease.
SIDDHA: Siddha System of Medicine in an ancient Science, which belongs to Dravidian culture. It is very useful in maintenance and restoration of good health. Siddha system accounted for total 4448 disease symptoms and its cure. Thousands of herbs and mineral were Included in Siddha system providing good and easy management of chronic to degenerative, viral to cardiac disease.
HOMEOPATHY: Homeopathic remedies are typically derived from plants, herbs, minerals, or animal products. After being crushed and dissolved in alcohol or water, the selected substance undergoes a long process of dilution and succession (a process that involves vigorous shaking of the solution). The solution is then stored.
ACCUPUNCTURE: Acupuncture technique means penetrating the acupoints with hair thin, sterile, disposable, stainless needles to dissolve the obstructions along the meridians.
ACCUPRESSURE: Acupressure is similar in practice to acupuncture, but no needles are involved.
Self-Evaluation & Peer Evaluation | Nursing Education | Juhin J
Evaluation is a process of making judgements to be used as a basis for planning. It consists of stablishing goals, collecting evidence, concerning growth towards goals, making judgements about the evidence and revising procedures and goals in the light of judgements. It is for improving the product, the process and even the goals in themselves.
Socioeconomic Status Scale | Nursing Education | Juhin J
Socioeconomic status(SES) is a combination of both social and economic variables. It is one of the most important social determinants of health and disease. It influences the accessibility, affordability, acceptability and actual utilization of available health facilities.
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- 1. அறுவைசிகிச்வைக்குப் பின் தாய்மார் கவைப்பிடிக்க வைண்டிய ைழிமுவைகள் AN UG STUDENT C.S.I. JEYARAJ ANNAPACKIAM COLLEGE OF NURSING MADURAI. PRESENTED BY
- 2. முன்னுரை: அறுரைசிகிச்ரச மூலம் குழந்ரை பெறுைல் என்ெது கரு முழுரையரைத்ைப்ெின் கருரை, ையிற்றுப்ெகுைி ைற்றும் கர்ப்ெப்ரெரய ,கீறி குழந்ரைரய பைளியில் எடுத்ைல் ஆகும்.
- 3. அறுரைசிகிச்ரசக்கான காைணங்கள்: ைாயின் உைல்நிரல சார்ந்ை ெிைச்சரனகள் கருைிலுள்ள கருசார்ந்ை ெிைச்சரனகள்
- 4. ைாயின் உைல்நிரல சார்ந்ை ெிைச்சரனகள்: இடுப்புஎலும்ெின் அளவு சிறிைாக இருத்ைல் ( 13 பசன்டி ைீட்ைர் அல்லது அைற்கு குரறைாக இருத்ைல். முைல் குழந்ரை அறுரை சிகிச்ரசயின் மூலைாக பெற்றைர்கள்
- 5. கருப்ரெ ைாயில் ெிைச்சரன உள்ளைர்கள் கர்ப்ெகாலத்ைில் ஏற்ெடும் இைத்ைக்கசிவு ைருத்துைக் ககாளாறு உள்ள ைாய்ைார்கள் (இைத்ை பகாைிப்பு, சீைற்ற சர்க்கரை கநாய்)
- 6. கருைிலுள்ள கருசார்ந்ை ெிைச்சரனகள்: ைளர்ச்சிக் குரறொடு உள்ள சிசு ) சிசுைின் அளவு பெரிைாக இருத்ைல் (>4.5 கிகலா எரை) ெிறைி குரறொடு
- 7. கரைெிடிக்க கைண்டிய முரறகள்: புைைச்சத்து நிரறந்ை உணரை உட்பகாள்ளுைல் (71கிைாம்/நாள்) ையிற்றுப்ெகுைில் ரையல் கொட்ை இைத்ைில் கசாப்பு கைய்த்து சுத்ைம் பசய்து ைலி இருந்ைால்ஒத்ைைம் ரைத்ைால்.
- 8. அறுரைசிச்ரசப்ெின் ஓரிரு நாட்களுக்கு ெிறகு நரைப்ெயிற்சி கைற்பகாள்ளுைல் அைிக கநைம் ஓய்பைடுத்ைல்
- 9. அைிக எரையுள்ள பொருள்கள் ைற்றும் அைிகைாக கைரல பசய்ைரை ைைிர்த்ைல். அைிக அளவு ைண்ண ீர் ெருகுைல். பைாைர் ைருத்துை ஆகலாசரன பெறுைல். ைாய்ப்ொல் சரியான கநைத்ைில் ைற்றும் சரியான முரறயில் பகாடுத்ைல்.
- 10. உைற்ெயிற்சி பசய்ைல்(ெடுத்ை நிரலயில்) : மூச்சுப்ெயிற்சி முழங்கால் ைற்றும் கால்கரள சுழற்றுைல் ைரல ைற்றும் கைாள்ெட்ரை உயர்த்துைல் இடுப்பு ெயிற்சி
- 11. ைாய்வு நிரறந்ை உணவு பொருள்கரள ைைிர்த்ைல் (உருரளக்கிழங்கு, துைைம் ெருப்பு, ைாம்ெழம், காலிஃெிளார் ) உணவு முரறகள்:
- 12. கநைம் உணவு ைரக அளவு 7.00மணி பால் 1கப் 8.30மணி 3+1கப் 10.30மணி ஆப்பிள் சாறு 1கப்(100மி.லி) 12.30மணி சாதம்+மட்டன்+காரட் 1கப்+1கப்+1கப் 5.00மணி பால்+சிவப்பு அவல் 100மி.லி+1கப் 7.00மணி இடியாப்பம் ததவவயான அளவு 9.00மணி பால் 100மி.லி 24 மணி தேர உணவு அட்டவவண: இட்லி+சாம்பார்
- 13. கநைம் உணவு ைரக அளவு ைாவுச் சத்து / கி புைைச் சத்து/ கி பகாழுப்பு சத்து/ கி இரும்பு சத்து/ ைி.கி சுண்ணாம்புச த்து/ ைி.கி ககலாரி/ கி/ ககலாரி 7.00ை ணி ொல் 1கப் 4.4 3.2 4.1 0.2 120 67 8.30ை ணி இட்லி சாம்ொர் 3 1கப் 73.6 59.8 7.5 20.8 0.1 5.6 6.6 5.3 23 56 325 372 10.30ை ணி ஆப்ெிள் சாறு 1கப் 13.4 0.2 0.5 0.660 10 59 12. 30ைணி சாைம் ைட்ைன் காைட் 1கப் 1கப் 1கப் 73.6 - 13.1 7.5 20.0 5.1 0.1 3.0 0.5 6.6 - 8.8 23 17 340 325 107 77 5.00ை ணி ொல் சிைப்பு அைல் 100ைி.லி 1கப் 4.4 73.6 3.2 7.5 4.1 0.1 0.2 6.6 120 23 67 325 7.00ை ணி இடியாப் ெம் கைரை யான அளவு 73.6 7.5 0.1 6.6 23 325 9.00ை ணி ொல் 100ைி.லி 4.4 3.2 4.1 0.2 120 67 பைாத்ைம் 393.9 85.7 25.3 41.76 596 2116
- 14. முடிவுரை: கைற்கண்ை முரறகரள ெயன்ெடுத்துைைன் மூலம் நலைான ைாழ்க்ரக ைாழலாம் ைற்றும் ெின்ைிரளவுகரள ைடுக்கலாம்.
- 15. ந ன் றி