The rise of the adversarial "Media Class" in the late 1970s created a contest relationship between politicians and the media that led to the emergence of spin doctors. Politicians like Neil Kinnock were relentlessly attacked by right-wing newspapers, influencing elections. In response, figures like Alastair Campbell and Peter Mandelson helped rebrand Labour under Tony Blair and develop spin tactics to manage media coverage. While initially effective, over time the growing power of spin doctors and their attempts to control information backfired, damaging politicians' credibility as the media and public grew skeptical of "spin."
The New Media and Democracy, Sir Peter Luff MP.Matt Gourd
Sir Peter Luff MP spoke about how his experience in public relations consulting proved invaluable in his 23 years as a Member of Parliament. He discussed an example from 1994 where he successfully campaigned against sexually explicit content in magazines aimed at young girls by applying communication best practices he had learned in PR, such as focusing on a clear message and repeating it until the audience was tired of hearing it. His one-man campaign resulted in publishers capitulating and improving the magazines' standards. He argued that PR professionals can play an important role in challenging the status quo and gaining attention for causes and that, contrary to some views, those with PR backgrounds can serve democracy effectively.
Who decides what is news and what is not news?Eduardo Herrera
1) Journalists Jane Akre and Steve Wilson reported on the health risks of Monsanto's bovine growth hormone product being used in dairy farms and present in milk.
2) Their news station Fox, which is owned by the same parent company as Monsanto, pressured them to only report positively on the product and retracted the negative reporting due to fears of losing advertising dollars from Monsanto.
3) When Akre and Wilson refused to change their reporting, they were fired. They sued and initially won but the decision was later reversed on appeal. The case shows the conflict between honest reporting and commercial pressures from large advertisers.
This document discusses the debate around investigative journalism, public relations, and their impact on the public sphere. It outlines how investigative journalism is important for democracy but faces pressure due to economic challenges in the media industry. While PR is often blamed, the document argues the problems stem more from commercial pressures that prioritize profits over investigative reporting and the lack of a solid online business model to fund it. Overall, the media industry's structure and lack of solutions, not PR or the internet itself, are responsible for challenges to investigative journalism.
Local media systems in the US have become severely diminished due to consolidation of commercial media ownership. Six companies now own 90% of US media outlets, leaving many communities without proper local journalism. This has inadequate local reporting and leaves communities vulnerable without independent oversight of those in power. Barriers to improving local media include lack of funding for investigative reporting, decline of print media, corporate control of local news, and "professionalism" in journalism that favors official sources over critical analysis.
The document discusses the culture of journalism and how it has changed with new technologies. It covers several topics:
1. Journalism has cut back on investigative reporting due to budget cuts. Neutrality used to be valued but partisanship is rising, especially online and on cable news.
2. News media face ethical dilemmas around deception, privacy invasions, and conflicts of interest. Journalists also struggle with balancing objectivity with advocacy.
3. New technologies like television and the internet have disrupted traditional print journalism and blurred lines between mediums. Visuals now play a larger role. Alternative models like public journalism aim to better serve democracy.
American Government - Chapter 10 - Mediacyruskarimian
The document discusses the evolving relationship between media and politics in the United States over time. It describes how colonial newspapers promoted political discussion and independence, while the development of new printing technologies in the 1830s freed the press from financial dependence on political parties. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, sensationalistic "yellow journalism" and investigative "muckraking" journalism gained popularity before objectivity in reporting became emphasized. More recently, trends include declining newspaper readership, less news attention from young people who use social media more, and "narrowcasting" of tailored political messages.
Propaganda is a book that focuses mainly on the intelligent manipulation of planned habits and opinions in order to influence the masses in a democratic society
This document summarizes research on the impact of satirical news shows like The Daily Show compared to traditional news broadcasts. It discusses several studies that found:
1) Satirical news shows enhance viewer engagement and absorption compared to non-humorous news due to their use of humor, parody, and absurdism.
2) While time spent on substantive issues is similar, satirical shows spend less time on "hype" indicators like polls and horse-race coverage, focusing more on actual issues.
3) Younger viewers are more likely to watch satirical news and develop political views through their interpretations and discussions compared to repetitive traditional broadcasts.
The document concludes satirical news makes viewers more informed citizens by enhancing information
The New Media and Democracy, Sir Peter Luff MP.Matt Gourd
Sir Peter Luff MP spoke about how his experience in public relations consulting proved invaluable in his 23 years as a Member of Parliament. He discussed an example from 1994 where he successfully campaigned against sexually explicit content in magazines aimed at young girls by applying communication best practices he had learned in PR, such as focusing on a clear message and repeating it until the audience was tired of hearing it. His one-man campaign resulted in publishers capitulating and improving the magazines' standards. He argued that PR professionals can play an important role in challenging the status quo and gaining attention for causes and that, contrary to some views, those with PR backgrounds can serve democracy effectively.
Who decides what is news and what is not news?Eduardo Herrera
1) Journalists Jane Akre and Steve Wilson reported on the health risks of Monsanto's bovine growth hormone product being used in dairy farms and present in milk.
2) Their news station Fox, which is owned by the same parent company as Monsanto, pressured them to only report positively on the product and retracted the negative reporting due to fears of losing advertising dollars from Monsanto.
3) When Akre and Wilson refused to change their reporting, they were fired. They sued and initially won but the decision was later reversed on appeal. The case shows the conflict between honest reporting and commercial pressures from large advertisers.
This document discusses the debate around investigative journalism, public relations, and their impact on the public sphere. It outlines how investigative journalism is important for democracy but faces pressure due to economic challenges in the media industry. While PR is often blamed, the document argues the problems stem more from commercial pressures that prioritize profits over investigative reporting and the lack of a solid online business model to fund it. Overall, the media industry's structure and lack of solutions, not PR or the internet itself, are responsible for challenges to investigative journalism.
Local media systems in the US have become severely diminished due to consolidation of commercial media ownership. Six companies now own 90% of US media outlets, leaving many communities without proper local journalism. This has inadequate local reporting and leaves communities vulnerable without independent oversight of those in power. Barriers to improving local media include lack of funding for investigative reporting, decline of print media, corporate control of local news, and "professionalism" in journalism that favors official sources over critical analysis.
The document discusses the culture of journalism and how it has changed with new technologies. It covers several topics:
1. Journalism has cut back on investigative reporting due to budget cuts. Neutrality used to be valued but partisanship is rising, especially online and on cable news.
2. News media face ethical dilemmas around deception, privacy invasions, and conflicts of interest. Journalists also struggle with balancing objectivity with advocacy.
3. New technologies like television and the internet have disrupted traditional print journalism and blurred lines between mediums. Visuals now play a larger role. Alternative models like public journalism aim to better serve democracy.
American Government - Chapter 10 - Mediacyruskarimian
The document discusses the evolving relationship between media and politics in the United States over time. It describes how colonial newspapers promoted political discussion and independence, while the development of new printing technologies in the 1830s freed the press from financial dependence on political parties. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, sensationalistic "yellow journalism" and investigative "muckraking" journalism gained popularity before objectivity in reporting became emphasized. More recently, trends include declining newspaper readership, less news attention from young people who use social media more, and "narrowcasting" of tailored political messages.
Propaganda is a book that focuses mainly on the intelligent manipulation of planned habits and opinions in order to influence the masses in a democratic society
This document summarizes research on the impact of satirical news shows like The Daily Show compared to traditional news broadcasts. It discusses several studies that found:
1) Satirical news shows enhance viewer engagement and absorption compared to non-humorous news due to their use of humor, parody, and absurdism.
2) While time spent on substantive issues is similar, satirical shows spend less time on "hype" indicators like polls and horse-race coverage, focusing more on actual issues.
3) Younger viewers are more likely to watch satirical news and develop political views through their interpretations and discussions compared to repetitive traditional broadcasts.
The document concludes satirical news makes viewers more informed citizens by enhancing information
The document discusses several ways in which mass media may fail to fulfill ideal functions in a democracy. It describes how people experience social and political reality increasingly through mediated sources like TV rather than direct experiences. TV is cited as the primary source of political information for most Americans, though news presented is often superficial with an emphasis on spectacle over substance. The business interests of media owners shape content to maximize profits over public interests. This can lead to homogenized, sensationalized news with limited perspectives.
This document discusses the history of political communication research. It covers the early scholarship from thinkers like Walter Lippmann who studied how the media shapes public perceptions. It also discusses the development of propaganda and different theories around media effects. Key theories mentioned include the two-step flow model and research showing limited to moderate media effects. The document concludes by discussing social scientific research methods used in political communication research like content analysis, experiments, and surveys.
This document summarizes a presentation on the portrayal of police image in Indian media. It discusses how media shapes public perceptions of police through agenda setting, priming, and framing. Interviews found common perceptions are that police are corrupt, insensitive, and politically influenced. News reports often portray police negatively. Entertainment media shows unrealistic heroic police. The presentation concludes police and media need better cooperation and understanding to improve police image through strategies like crime newsletters and community workshops.
A History of Fake News
https://geopoliticalfutures.com/?utm_source=GPF%20-%20Media&utm_campaign=23d5498191-180518_Weekly_Graphic_GPF_Free_99_Sub&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_368360ed47-23d5498191-249724713&mc_cid=23d5498191&mc_eid=4db72a5228
The term “fake news” entered American political discourse
during the 2016 election with both Democrats
and Republicans charging each other and the media
with generating fake news. Ever since, there have been countless
stories about how public opinions are manipulated for
political gain. In March, it was revealed that a consulting firm
called Cambridge Analytica acquired Facebook user data and
used it to try to influence voters in the run-up to the election.
Just a few weeks later lawmakers in Malaysia approved a law
making it a crime to spread fake news, punishable by up to six
years in prison. Fake news has become a global issue that affects
the core of contemporary information technology. It has
gone from a charge hurled during an American political campaign
to an issue shaping global political discourse.
The document discusses different views of the relationship between the media, the state, and the political process. It begins by outlining two views: that the media is controlled by powerful companies who impose their views, and that the media acts as a watchdog criticizing politicians. It then provides learning objectives about discussing the role of mass media in democracies and authoritarian regimes. Finally, it outlines various theories including the pluralist view that media reflects a range of interests, the Marxist view that media reinforces the status quo, and neo-Marxist and postmodernist critiques of these views.
Resources are an integral and necessary component of social movement mobilization.
Media exposure represents an important resource for movements having few
assets. Therefore, many movements consciously seek media attention to enhance
their chance of success. This article argues that media attention often impedes
movement success. The positive or negative outcome of media attention largely
depends on how media agents "frame" movement goals and actions. How the
media frames movement protest is an unknown outcome for a movement. Decisions
about framing depend on several factors, some of which lie outside the
control of movement actors. I use NBC EveningNews coverage of Native American
protest from 1968 - 1979 in an attempt to understand these factors. This case
study shows the dysfunctions of media attention.
475 2015 democracy and the news media, part ii upmpeffl
The document discusses the changing media landscape in the United States and its potential effects on democracy. It notes the decline of traditional news sources due to increased competition, corporate ownership pressures, and deregulation. This has led to less "hard news" reporting and the rise of more partisan or entertainment-focused sources. Research suggests these shifts negatively impact political knowledge, particularly among those who prefer entertainment to news. They may also contribute to declining voter turnout and increased polarization as the composition of voters changes. The future of news and its ability to serve democratic ideals like an informed public remains uncertain given the financial troubles of legacy media and questions around new online news sources.
1. The document discusses research on how different forms of media like television, news, advertising, and sports can influence people's opinions on political issues, candidates, and social attitudes.
2. Specific studies found that entertainment programs can shape young people's political views, frequent news coverage can increase importance of issues, and advertising can prime automatic behaviors and influence consumption.
3. Research also suggests local news tends to disproportionately focus on crime stories, some portrayals of black individuals in news and ads can encourage negative views, and product advertisements are sometimes targeted based on assumed consumer demographics.
Insignia - Impact of Social Media Report A4 finaljhemus
The document discusses how social media has impacted traditional media's role in breaking news stories. Key findings include:
- Traditional media still sees itself as important, but its role has changed due to social media. Speed of reporting is now critical.
- Social media makes it easier for reporters to access sources (official and unofficial) and content like images and video.
- News often breaks first on social media, putting pressure on reporters to confirm and share stories quickly.
- This increased speed can compromise accuracy at times, though competition also drives higher quality reporting.
- Reporters use social media to source stories, eyewitnesses, and content, but still value traditional media's credibility and perspective.
The presentation is a simple breakdown of the theory with examples from an Indian as well as international Media context. The intent of the same is to understand the theory with real life instances of where it is used.
1. Spin doctors use political PR strategies to positively frame politicians and policies while negatively portraying opponents. This includes shifting perspectives, distracting from issues, and pressuring opponents.
2. The rise of mass media like television has empowered spin doctors to more easily influence and manipulate public opinion. They direct attention to certain issues and steer voters.
3. Relationships with media allow spin doctors, who understand how to use media's manipulative powers, to influence the political agenda through disruption, intimidation, and hyping or trivializing issues.
The agenda-setting theory originated in 1972 when McCombs and Shaw studied the 1968 US presidential election. They found that the issues given prominent coverage in the media were also considered important by voters. This showed that the media has the ability to influence the salience or importance of issues on the public agenda by deciding what to cover prominently. Later research expanded this to the concept of framing, which is that media can influence not just what issues the public thinks about, but also how they think about those issues through selective presentation and emphasis of certain aspects of stories.
- Whistleblowing has a long history but contexts have changed with the internet now providing a platform to bypass journalists. However, relying too heavily on platforms like WikiLeaks needs reconsideration.
- There are questions around whether whistleblowers now become the story rather than their actual revelations and risks of smear campaigns against them hiding in full view.
- The context of government secrecy, corporate interests, and erosion of privacy online has arguably made disclosure of wrongdoing more important, but has also enabled closing of information flows and top-down control through consolidation of online platforms.
The advent of cable news has created a "news of ideology." This means that each of the major networks (CNN, Fox News and MSNBC) all present the news from a strong political standpoint. This lecture discusses what it means to be on the left and on the right--and the objectivity troubles journalists often face in this news climate.
The Impact of Communication Technology on Politicscrhogan
The document discusses how political campaigns have historically utilized new communication technologies to engage voters and influence public opinion. It provides examples such as William Hearst using newspapers in 1898, FDR using radio for his "Fireside Chats" in the 1930s-40s, the first televised presidential debates between JFK and Nixon in 1960, and Obama's successful use of social media and the internet in his 2008 campaign. While Obama was not the first to use these new technologies, he adapted them uniquely to spread his message and brand in a way that captured voters, particularly younger generations. The implications are that winners in new media will be those who both participate in emerging technologies but also figure out how to make them work effectively for their specific
Jo 2003 The Portrayal Of Public Relations In The News MediaAna ADI
This study analyzed over 300 news stories from major newspapers and television networks that contained the term "public relations" between 1998-2001. The study found that public relations was primarily portrayed as image and reputation management (51.8% of stories) and persuasion efforts (25.1% of stories). Additionally, negative connotations of public relations prevailed in the news stories, with image and reputation management being the most common function attributed to public relations. The results suggest journalists perceive public relations as primarily focused on promoting favorable images rather than relationship management.
Journalism has evolved over centuries from handwritten bulletins in ancient Rome to the modern practices of verifying and reporting news. The development of printing, railroads, and technologies like computers have enabled the spread of information. While most online communication is not journalism, journalism provides a valuable service by verifying facts and providing context through disciplined reporting. The elements of journalism include pursuing truth, prioritizing citizens, verifying information, maintaining independence, serving as a watchdog, and allowing debate. New technologies have increased the speed of reporting while also lowering barriers to publishing and giving more voices a platform.
This document discusses the rise of "fake news" and its impact on media consumption and politics. It notes that fake websites are pushing political agendas while claiming journalistic standards, and are changing how people consume media. Some key points made include:
- Social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter are increasingly how people get their news, especially younger generations, but the reliability of news on these sites is questionable.
- The rise of "alternative facts" and celebrity gossip passing as news has blurred the lines between facts and falsehoods for many consumers.
- Younger generations in particular seem to prioritize entertainment over factual news in their media diets and do not carefully fact-check information on social media.
- This
மனத்தை ஒருமுகப்படுத்து, சிந்தனையை ஒழுங்குபடுத்து, செயலின் வெற்றியை உறுதிப்படுத்து.
இயலாமை எனும் இருட்டை குறை கூறி என்ன இலாபம்?.
அறிவு என்னும் விளக்கை ஏற்றி இயலாமை என்னும் இருட்டை அகற்றினால் நாம் அனைத்திலும் இலாபம் என்னும் வெற்றியை அடையலாம்.
KOWSHIKAA CONSULTANCY - R.RAJARAM - 9865118262
மனத்தை ஒருமுகப்படுத்து, சிந்தனையை ஒழுங்குபடுத்து, செயலின் வெற்றியை உறுதிப்படுத்து.
இயலாமை எனும் இருட்டை குறை கூறி என்ன இலாபம்?.
அறிவு என்னும் விளக்கை ஏற்றி இயலாமை என்னும் இருட்டை அகற்றினால் நாம் அனைத்திலும் இலாபம் என்னும் வெற்றியை அடையலாம்.
KOWSHIKAA CONSULTANCY - R.RAJARAM - 9865118262
The document discusses several ways in which mass media may fail to fulfill ideal functions in a democracy. It describes how people experience social and political reality increasingly through mediated sources like TV rather than direct experiences. TV is cited as the primary source of political information for most Americans, though news presented is often superficial with an emphasis on spectacle over substance. The business interests of media owners shape content to maximize profits over public interests. This can lead to homogenized, sensationalized news with limited perspectives.
This document discusses the history of political communication research. It covers the early scholarship from thinkers like Walter Lippmann who studied how the media shapes public perceptions. It also discusses the development of propaganda and different theories around media effects. Key theories mentioned include the two-step flow model and research showing limited to moderate media effects. The document concludes by discussing social scientific research methods used in political communication research like content analysis, experiments, and surveys.
This document summarizes a presentation on the portrayal of police image in Indian media. It discusses how media shapes public perceptions of police through agenda setting, priming, and framing. Interviews found common perceptions are that police are corrupt, insensitive, and politically influenced. News reports often portray police negatively. Entertainment media shows unrealistic heroic police. The presentation concludes police and media need better cooperation and understanding to improve police image through strategies like crime newsletters and community workshops.
A History of Fake News
https://geopoliticalfutures.com/?utm_source=GPF%20-%20Media&utm_campaign=23d5498191-180518_Weekly_Graphic_GPF_Free_99_Sub&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_368360ed47-23d5498191-249724713&mc_cid=23d5498191&mc_eid=4db72a5228
The term “fake news” entered American political discourse
during the 2016 election with both Democrats
and Republicans charging each other and the media
with generating fake news. Ever since, there have been countless
stories about how public opinions are manipulated for
political gain. In March, it was revealed that a consulting firm
called Cambridge Analytica acquired Facebook user data and
used it to try to influence voters in the run-up to the election.
Just a few weeks later lawmakers in Malaysia approved a law
making it a crime to spread fake news, punishable by up to six
years in prison. Fake news has become a global issue that affects
the core of contemporary information technology. It has
gone from a charge hurled during an American political campaign
to an issue shaping global political discourse.
The document discusses different views of the relationship between the media, the state, and the political process. It begins by outlining two views: that the media is controlled by powerful companies who impose their views, and that the media acts as a watchdog criticizing politicians. It then provides learning objectives about discussing the role of mass media in democracies and authoritarian regimes. Finally, it outlines various theories including the pluralist view that media reflects a range of interests, the Marxist view that media reinforces the status quo, and neo-Marxist and postmodernist critiques of these views.
Resources are an integral and necessary component of social movement mobilization.
Media exposure represents an important resource for movements having few
assets. Therefore, many movements consciously seek media attention to enhance
their chance of success. This article argues that media attention often impedes
movement success. The positive or negative outcome of media attention largely
depends on how media agents "frame" movement goals and actions. How the
media frames movement protest is an unknown outcome for a movement. Decisions
about framing depend on several factors, some of which lie outside the
control of movement actors. I use NBC EveningNews coverage of Native American
protest from 1968 - 1979 in an attempt to understand these factors. This case
study shows the dysfunctions of media attention.
475 2015 democracy and the news media, part ii upmpeffl
The document discusses the changing media landscape in the United States and its potential effects on democracy. It notes the decline of traditional news sources due to increased competition, corporate ownership pressures, and deregulation. This has led to less "hard news" reporting and the rise of more partisan or entertainment-focused sources. Research suggests these shifts negatively impact political knowledge, particularly among those who prefer entertainment to news. They may also contribute to declining voter turnout and increased polarization as the composition of voters changes. The future of news and its ability to serve democratic ideals like an informed public remains uncertain given the financial troubles of legacy media and questions around new online news sources.
1. The document discusses research on how different forms of media like television, news, advertising, and sports can influence people's opinions on political issues, candidates, and social attitudes.
2. Specific studies found that entertainment programs can shape young people's political views, frequent news coverage can increase importance of issues, and advertising can prime automatic behaviors and influence consumption.
3. Research also suggests local news tends to disproportionately focus on crime stories, some portrayals of black individuals in news and ads can encourage negative views, and product advertisements are sometimes targeted based on assumed consumer demographics.
Insignia - Impact of Social Media Report A4 finaljhemus
The document discusses how social media has impacted traditional media's role in breaking news stories. Key findings include:
- Traditional media still sees itself as important, but its role has changed due to social media. Speed of reporting is now critical.
- Social media makes it easier for reporters to access sources (official and unofficial) and content like images and video.
- News often breaks first on social media, putting pressure on reporters to confirm and share stories quickly.
- This increased speed can compromise accuracy at times, though competition also drives higher quality reporting.
- Reporters use social media to source stories, eyewitnesses, and content, but still value traditional media's credibility and perspective.
The presentation is a simple breakdown of the theory with examples from an Indian as well as international Media context. The intent of the same is to understand the theory with real life instances of where it is used.
1. Spin doctors use political PR strategies to positively frame politicians and policies while negatively portraying opponents. This includes shifting perspectives, distracting from issues, and pressuring opponents.
2. The rise of mass media like television has empowered spin doctors to more easily influence and manipulate public opinion. They direct attention to certain issues and steer voters.
3. Relationships with media allow spin doctors, who understand how to use media's manipulative powers, to influence the political agenda through disruption, intimidation, and hyping or trivializing issues.
The agenda-setting theory originated in 1972 when McCombs and Shaw studied the 1968 US presidential election. They found that the issues given prominent coverage in the media were also considered important by voters. This showed that the media has the ability to influence the salience or importance of issues on the public agenda by deciding what to cover prominently. Later research expanded this to the concept of framing, which is that media can influence not just what issues the public thinks about, but also how they think about those issues through selective presentation and emphasis of certain aspects of stories.
- Whistleblowing has a long history but contexts have changed with the internet now providing a platform to bypass journalists. However, relying too heavily on platforms like WikiLeaks needs reconsideration.
- There are questions around whether whistleblowers now become the story rather than their actual revelations and risks of smear campaigns against them hiding in full view.
- The context of government secrecy, corporate interests, and erosion of privacy online has arguably made disclosure of wrongdoing more important, but has also enabled closing of information flows and top-down control through consolidation of online platforms.
The advent of cable news has created a "news of ideology." This means that each of the major networks (CNN, Fox News and MSNBC) all present the news from a strong political standpoint. This lecture discusses what it means to be on the left and on the right--and the objectivity troubles journalists often face in this news climate.
The Impact of Communication Technology on Politicscrhogan
The document discusses how political campaigns have historically utilized new communication technologies to engage voters and influence public opinion. It provides examples such as William Hearst using newspapers in 1898, FDR using radio for his "Fireside Chats" in the 1930s-40s, the first televised presidential debates between JFK and Nixon in 1960, and Obama's successful use of social media and the internet in his 2008 campaign. While Obama was not the first to use these new technologies, he adapted them uniquely to spread his message and brand in a way that captured voters, particularly younger generations. The implications are that winners in new media will be those who both participate in emerging technologies but also figure out how to make them work effectively for their specific
Jo 2003 The Portrayal Of Public Relations In The News MediaAna ADI
This study analyzed over 300 news stories from major newspapers and television networks that contained the term "public relations" between 1998-2001. The study found that public relations was primarily portrayed as image and reputation management (51.8% of stories) and persuasion efforts (25.1% of stories). Additionally, negative connotations of public relations prevailed in the news stories, with image and reputation management being the most common function attributed to public relations. The results suggest journalists perceive public relations as primarily focused on promoting favorable images rather than relationship management.
Journalism has evolved over centuries from handwritten bulletins in ancient Rome to the modern practices of verifying and reporting news. The development of printing, railroads, and technologies like computers have enabled the spread of information. While most online communication is not journalism, journalism provides a valuable service by verifying facts and providing context through disciplined reporting. The elements of journalism include pursuing truth, prioritizing citizens, verifying information, maintaining independence, serving as a watchdog, and allowing debate. New technologies have increased the speed of reporting while also lowering barriers to publishing and giving more voices a platform.
This document discusses the rise of "fake news" and its impact on media consumption and politics. It notes that fake websites are pushing political agendas while claiming journalistic standards, and are changing how people consume media. Some key points made include:
- Social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter are increasingly how people get their news, especially younger generations, but the reliability of news on these sites is questionable.
- The rise of "alternative facts" and celebrity gossip passing as news has blurred the lines between facts and falsehoods for many consumers.
- Younger generations in particular seem to prioritize entertainment over factual news in their media diets and do not carefully fact-check information on social media.
- This
மனத்தை ஒருமுகப்படுத்து, சிந்தனையை ஒழுங்குபடுத்து, செயலின் வெற்றியை உறுதிப்படுத்து.
இயலாமை எனும் இருட்டை குறை கூறி என்ன இலாபம்?.
அறிவு என்னும் விளக்கை ஏற்றி இயலாமை என்னும் இருட்டை அகற்றினால் நாம் அனைத்திலும் இலாபம் என்னும் வெற்றியை அடையலாம்.
KOWSHIKAA CONSULTANCY - R.RAJARAM - 9865118262
மனத்தை ஒருமுகப்படுத்து, சிந்தனையை ஒழுங்குபடுத்து, செயலின் வெற்றியை உறுதிப்படுத்து.
இயலாமை எனும் இருட்டை குறை கூறி என்ன இலாபம்?.
அறிவு என்னும் விளக்கை ஏற்றி இயலாமை என்னும் இருட்டை அகற்றினால் நாம் அனைத்திலும் இலாபம் என்னும் வெற்றியை அடையலாம்.
KOWSHIKAA CONSULTANCY - R.RAJARAM - 9865118262
This table shows the final league standings of teams in a football (soccer) league after 46 games. Crawley Town finished in first place with 105 points, followed by Wimbledon in second with 90 points, and Luton in third with 84 points. Forest Green and Southport finished in 21st place with 46 points. Eastbourne Borough finished last in 24th place with 39 points.
The document provides a daily commodity report for gold, silver, and crude on the MCX for June 13, 2012. It summarizes the opening, high, low, and closing prices for each commodity. It also analyzes the technical indicators like RSI, stochastic, and ADX line for each commodity and identifies key resistance and support levels. The report concludes with the US economic calendar for the week and a disclaimer.
வெற்றி = பணம் என்று வாதத்திற்கு ஒப்புக் கொண்டால்
அந்த பணத்தை அடைய CASH என்பதிற்கு பதிலாக KASH என்பதை
நீங்கள் வளர்த்தல் வேண்டும்.
அது என்ன KASH ?
K = KNOWLEDGE = அறிவு
A = ATTITUDE = மனப்பான்மை
S = SKILL = திறமை
H = HABIT = பழக்கம்
இவை தான் உங்கள் வெற்றியை தீர்மானிக்கும் .
ஏன்? எதற்கு? எங்கே? எப்பொழுது?
ஏன்?
உங்கள் வியாபார வளர்சிக்கு தேவையான தொழில் வளக்கலை.
எதற்கு?
1.விற்பனை அதிகரிக்க.....
2.மார்க்கெட்டிங் துறை சார்ந்த அனைத்து பிரச்சனைகளுக்கும் சரியான வழிகாட்டுதல்.
3.புதிய தயாரிப்புகளை சந்தைபடுத்த தேவையான ட்ரைனிங் .......
4.உங்கள் தயாரிப்புகளுக்கு தனி ப்ரண்ட் அங்கிகாரம் பெற தேவையான ட்ரைனிங் ....
5.ஸ்டார்ட் அப் தொழில் அமைப்புகளுக்கு தங்கள் தயாரிப்புகள் மார்க்கெட்டிங் செய்ய தேவையான அனைத்து மார்க்கெட்டிங் ட்ரைனிங் நாங்கள் உங்களுக்கு தருகிறோம்.
மனிதவளத்துறை சார்ந்த வழிகாட்டுதல்.
செயல் திறன் மேம்பாடு ஒன்று மட்டுமே உங்கள் தொழில் வெற்றிக்கு வழிவகுக்கும்.
1. நீங்கள் யார் உங்களுக்குள் இருக்கும் பிரச்சனைகளுக்கு சரியானவழிகாட்டுதல்.
2.உங்கள் முடிவு எடுக்கும் முறை ஒழுங்குபடுத்த
3.உங்கள் தாழ்வு மனப்பான்மை மாற
4.உங்கள் வியாபார வெற்றிக்கு தேவையான அனைத்து ட்ரைனிங் எங்களிடம் உள்ளது.
எங்கே?
உங்களுக்கா உங்களிடத்தில்.
எப்பொழுது?
உங்கள் வெற்றிக்கான நாளை நீங்களே தீர்மானியுங்கள்.
நாளைய அறிவு இன்றய வெற்றி.
அணுகவும்
கௌசிகா கன்சல்டண்சி ர.ராஜாராம் - 9865118262
kowshikaa2009@gmail.com
வெற்றி = பணம் என்று வாதத்திற்கு ஒப்புக் கொண்டால்
அந்த பணத்தை அடைய CASH என்பதிற்கு பதிலாக KASH என்பதை
நீங்கள் வளர்த்தல் வேண்டும்.
அது என்ன KASH ?
K = KNOWLEDGE = அறிவு
A = ATTITUDE = மனப்பான்மை
S = SKILL = திறமை
H = HABIT = பழக்கம்
இவை தான் உங்கள் வெற்றியை தீர்மானிக்கும் .
ஏன்? எதற்கு? எங்கே? எப்பொழுது?
ஏன்?
உங்கள் வியாபார வளர்சிக்கு தேவையான தொழில் வளக்கலை.
எதற்கு?
1.விற்பனை அதிகரிக்க.....
2.மார்க்கெட்டிங் துறை சார்ந்த அனைத்து பிரச்சனைகளுக்கும் சரியான வழிகாட்டுதல்.
3.புதிய தயாரிப்புகளை சந்தைபடுத்த தேவையான ட்ரைனிங் .......
4.உங்கள் தயாரிப்புகளுக்கு தனி ப்ரண்ட் அங்கிகாரம் பெற தேவையான ட்ரைனிங் ....
5.ஸ்டார்ட் அப் தொழில் அமைப்புகளுக்கு தங்கள் தயாரிப்புகள் மார்க்கெட்டிங் செய்ய தேவையான அனைத்து மார்க்கெட்டிங் ட்ரைனிங் நாங்கள் உங்களுக்கு தருகிறோம்.
மனிதவளத்துறை சார்ந்த வழிகாட்டுதல்.
செயல் திறன் மேம்பாடு ஒன்று மட்டுமே உங்கள் தொழில் வெற்றிக்கு வழிவகுக்கும்.
1. நீங்கள் யார் உங்களுக்குள் இருக்கும் பிரச்சனைகளுக்கு சரியானவழிகாட்டுதல்.
2.உங்கள் முடிவு எடுக்கும் முறை ஒழுங்குபடுத்த
3.உங்கள் தாழ்வு மனப்பான்மை மாற
4.உங்கள் வியாபார வெற்றிக்கு தேவையான அனைத்து ட்ரைனிங் எங்களிடம் உள்ளது.
எங்கே?
உங்களுக்கா உங்களிடத்தில்.
எப்பொழுது?
உங்கள் வெற்றிக்கான நாளை நீங்களே தீர்மானியுங்கள்.
நாளைய அறிவு இன்றய வெற்றி.
அணுகவும்
கௌசிகா கன்சல்டண்சி ர.ராஜாராம் - 9865118262
kowshikaa2009@gmail.com
What is Social Networking and why should I care?Doug Lucy
Doug from AdLinea gave a presentation to the Virginia Council of CEOs about the benefits of social networking for businesses. He explained that traditional marketing channels are no longer as effective and that social media allows companies to both listen to online conversations and insert their expert voice to generate new leads. Doug provided examples of how businesses can use social networks like Twitter, LinkedIn, and blogs on a daily or weekly basis to engage with customers and spread their message.
மனத்தை ஒருமுகப்படுத்து, சிந்தனையை ஒழுங்குபடுத்து, செயலின் வெற்றியை உறுதிப்படுத்து.
இயலாமை எனும் இருட்டை குறை கூறி என்ன இலாபம்?.
அறிவு என்னும் விளக்கை ஏற்றி இயலாமை என்னும் இருட்டை அகற்றினால் நாம் அனைத்திலும் இலாபம் என்னும் வெற்றியை அடையலாம்.
KOWSHIKAA CONSULTANCY - R.RAJARAM - 9865118262
வெற்றி = பணம் என்று வாதத்திற்கு ஒப்புக் கொண்டால்
அந்த பணத்தை அடைய CASH என்பதிற்கு பதிலாக KASH என்பதை
நீங்கள் வளர்த்தல் வேண்டும்.
அது என்ன KASH ?
K = KNOWLEDGE = அறிவு
A = ATTITUDE = மனப்பான்மை
S = SKILL = திறமை
H = HABIT = பழக்கம்
இவை தான் உங்கள் வெற்றியை தீர்மானிக்கும் .
ஏன்? எதற்கு? எங்கே? எப்பொழுது?
ஏன்?
உங்கள் வியாபார வளர்சிக்கு தேவையான தொழில் வளக்கலை.
எதற்கு?
1.விற்பனை அதிகரிக்க.....
2.மார்க்கெட்டிங் துறை சார்ந்த அனைத்து பிரச்சனைகளுக்கும் சரியான வழிகாட்டுதல்.
3.புதிய தயாரிப்புகளை சந்தைபடுத்த தேவையான ட்ரைனிங் .......
4.உங்கள் தயாரிப்புகளுக்கு தனி ப்ரண்ட் அங்கிகாரம் பெற தேவையான ட்ரைனிங் ....
5.ஸ்டார்ட் அப் தொழில் அமைப்புகளுக்கு தங்கள் தயாரிப்புகள் மார்க்கெட்டிங் செய்ய தேவையான அனைத்து மார்க்கெட்டிங் ட்ரைனிங் நாங்கள் உங்களுக்கு தருகிறோம்.
மனிதவளத்துறை சார்ந்த வழிகாட்டுதல்.
செயல் திறன் மேம்பாடு ஒன்று மட்டுமே உங்கள் தொழில் வெற்றிக்கு வழிவகுக்கும்.
1. நீங்கள் யார் உங்களுக்குள் இருக்கும் பிரச்சனைகளுக்கு சரியானவழிகாட்டுதல்.
2.உங்கள் முடிவு எடுக்கும் முறை ஒழுங்குபடுத்த
3.உங்கள் தாழ்வு மனப்பான்மை மாற
4.உங்கள் வியாபார வெற்றிக்கு தேவையான அனைத்து ட்ரைனிங் எங்களிடம் உள்ளது.
எங்கே?
உங்களுக்கா உங்களிடத்தில்.
எப்பொழுது?
உங்கள் வெற்றிக்கான நாளை நீங்களே தீர்மானியுங்கள்.
நாளைய அறிவு இன்றய வெற்றி.
அணுகவும்
கௌசிகா கன்சல்டண்சி ர.ராஜாராம் - 9865118262
kowshikaa2009@gmail.com
This document discusses strategies to improve patient flow in emergency departments. It notes that ED visits in the US have increased significantly in recent decades, leading to overcrowding issues. The purpose is to review literature on techniques to improve ED efficiency and identify gaps that lead to overcrowding. Some strategies discussed include implementing fast tracks to separate high and low acuity patients, using rapid triage and treatment areas, and applying lean manufacturing principles like continuous process improvement teams. The conclusion emphasizes that successful strategies require a safety culture, fully analyzing the problems, and slowly implementing changes while measuring outcomes.
LOVD & ITHANET: Synergies and plans under GG2020 - Carsten W LedererHuman Variome Project
The document discusses plans to synergize LOVD and ITHANET databases and platforms under the Global Globin 2020 initiative. Key points:
- LOVD is a variant database with over 7,000 individuals and 18,500 variants currently focused on HBB. ITHANET is a complementary web platform.
- They aim to integrate the databases and platforms to allow seamless, disease-specific access to variant and clinical data, with visualizations.
- Challenges include deciding which data to include and how to design suggested fields for the genotype-phenotype database.
- Input is needed on how to best collect and integrate the data between the two systems to create an effective global database.
1) According to Steven Barnett, there are four phases of the relationship between media and politics in postwar Britain: deference (1940s-early 1960s), equal engagement (1964-1970s), disdain (1970s), and contempt (current).
2) The phases show a shift from deferential media to a more watchdog role as media gained power through technologies like television.
3) However, the current phase of contempt is characterized by distrust between politicians, media, and the public, breeding cynicism.
4) The author argues the relationship can be repaired through open communication and acknowledging past mistakes, in order to rebuild trust.
Indexing theory of political mass communication - Prepared by Fiza Zia Ul HannanDr. Fiza Zia Ul Hannan
The document discusses the relationship between media and foreign policy. It outlines several key theories on this relationship, including Walter Lippmann's view that the public is dependent on media for information, Bernard Cohen's argument that media can become instruments of public officials, and the indexing hypothesis proposed by Bennett that media coverage reflects the range of views among elites. The indexing hypothesis suggests media give more attention to elite viewpoints and are more critical when elites disagree. Several studies provide empirical evidence supporting indexing theory, though some critics argue it overlooks the possibility journalists may take independent stances.
The document discusses different theories about the influence of the media on voting and politics:
1) The "manipulative theory" argues that the media is controlled by elites who use it to maintain their rule by influencing public opinion.
2) The "hegemonic theory" claims that while individuals are rational, the media reflects and reinforces the dominant ideology of society rather than shaping views.
3) Research has shown that newspapers and TV news coverage tends to be biased in favor of maintaining the status quo and dominant economic perspectives, as well as being implicitly biased against unions and in favor of management.
Perfectessay.net coursework sample #1 mla styleDavid Smith
In their article, authors Nichols and McChesney discuss the crisis of journalism in America and its decline, which threatens democracy. They argue that media companies prioritized profits over professional journalism, leading to less news content. While some blame new technologies or economics, the authors believe the crisis stems from media consolidation reducing authentic journalism. To revive the industry, they propose government intervention through indirect subsidies, which they argue need not threaten media independence.
1) In the postwar era from 1945-1970s, British voting behavior was highly predictable, with strong correlations between social class, occupation, and voting patterns. However, beginning in the 1970s-1980s, a period of "dealignment" began as class distinctions weakened and voting became less predictable.
2) As dealignment occurred, the "communications barrier" between the media and the public eroded, allowing the media to have more influence on the public in areas like agenda-setting, learning, framing issues, and persuasion.
3) Studies found correlations between the partisan leanings of British newspapers and their readers, though it was unclear if the media shaped views or readers chose congenial papers
This document discusses different perspectives on the relationship between journalism and democracy. It addresses Walter Lippmann's views on the limits of people's knowledge and the role of objectivity in journalism. It also discusses agenda-setting theory and the media's role in shaping public opinion. Finally, it outlines different models of the media's role in democracy, including as a watchdog, civic forum, or means to empower various groups in society.
The document discusses myths and realities in political news coverage. It summarizes research showing that most Americans perceive news to be biased and inaccurate. The document then discusses factors that influence news content, including journalists' attitudes, organizational pressures, and economic forces. It also notes that most news focuses on prominent figures rather than average citizens. The concept of "gatekeeping" in news is introduced, where billions of potential stories are filtered down to a few hundred. Definitions of news bias and its aspects are provided. The document analyzes media coverage of Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin's presidential campaigns through both journalistic and gender role perspectives.
Fast-developing field of media communication scholarship and study News, Public Relations and Power has contributions from leading international researchers who address issues such as: the rapid growth of public relations and its impact on news production; state information management strategies in times of internal political dissent; political parties and mediated `spin' conducted at national and local levels; the historically changing nature of war journalism; and tabloid television and forms of cultural representation.
The New Media and Democracy, Sir Peter Luff MP.Matt Gourd
Sir Peter Luff MP spoke about how his experience in public relations consulting proved invaluable in his 23 years as a Member of Parliament. He discussed an example from 1994 where he successfully campaigned against sexually explicit content in magazines aimed at young girls by applying communication strategies he had used as a PR consultant. These included focusing on a clear message, repeating the message until people were tired of hearing it, targeting influential national media, and using the media to both attack an issue and help promote his campaign. He argued that experience in public relations gives important skills for both challenging status quos and gaining attention for clients and causes, in service of democracy.
Traditionally, media coverage of political campaigns has been shaped by working routines that constitute a set of “rules” journalists follow. How did these rules fare in the U.S. 2016 election?
Public relations involves strategically managing communication between an organization and its various stakeholders to build mutually beneficial relationships. It aims to shape public perceptions of an organization by informing and persuading key audiences through non-paid forms of communication like publicity and civic engagement. PR pioneers like Ivy Lee, Edward Bernays, and others in the early 20th century professionalized the field by emphasizing the importance of truth, transparency, and social responsibility in an organization's relationships with the public.
The document discusses media bias and whether it truly exists. It argues that while both liberals and conservatives claim bias in the media, the bias may be more of a myth perpetuated by political leaders to convince their followers. It aims to analyze cable news and talk shows to determine if provable bias exists or if the perception of bias depends on one's political viewpoint. It also discusses how context and a communicator's situation can influence the understanding and perception of messages.
The document discusses the impact of social media on politics in Bangladesh. It analyzes how social media influences politics and political parties in the country in various ways, through both primary and secondary research. The document finds that social media has significant influence on political movements and allows politicians to more directly communicate with citizens. However, it can also spread misinformation if the information portrayed is inaccurate. The document examines different levels of influence from individual media workers to large organizations and how they can shape political coverage.
This document summarizes an academic article that discusses the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) as a potential solution to the perceived "journalism crisis" affecting both commercial and state-controlled media systems. It acknowledges that the BBC is often praised for its independence and ability to hold power to account. However, it argues that the BBC has structural and institutional constraints that undermine its ability to act as a truly independent check on power due to its close relationship with elite political interests in the UK. While public service media can enhance democracy in some ways, the performance of existing institutions like the BBC depends on how independent they are in reality from those in positions of authority.
The document discusses issues with modern American media, including its focus on profit over informing citizens, consolidation of media ownership, and reluctance to criticize government. It analyzes how this impacted coverage of the Iraq war and 2004 election. Presidential candidates Dennis Kucinich and Howard Dean received little coverage after criticizing media monopolies and discussing important issues. John Kerry received more attention as a "safe" candidate who avoided controversy, despite being ill-suited to challenge Bush, who benefited from friendly media that focused on personality over policy.
The document discusses different views of the relationship between the media, the state, and the political process. It outlines two main views:
1) The pluralist view sees the media as independent from the state and reflecting a diversity of views in society.
2) The neo-Marxist and Marxist views see the media as maintaining the status quo and serving the interests of the powerful by distorting reality and justifying inequality. They view the media's role as reinforcing the existing social and political order.
3) A post-modernist perspective maintains that media coverage of events like wars can construct the events in a way that calls their actual occurrence into question.
Rachel Miller Social Media and Image in Political CampaignsRachel Miller M.S
This document discusses how political campaigns have changed with new media like the internet and social media. It focuses on how image and motivation are key aspects of campaigns and how they are impacted by these changes. Specifically, it notes that the internet allows for more rapid spread of information, both positive and negative, which can impact a candidate's image. It also discusses how social media can help campaigns motivate voters and keep them engaged throughout the process.
The document discusses concerns about media bias and its influence on public opinion. It argues that many political figures have claimed major media outlets have a liberal bias, which could manipulate the American public and influence them to support Democratic policies and candidates. While media organizations have historically leaned liberal, the document asserts they should report news objectively without an ideological slant, as bias can seep into coverage in ways that sway the public. Overall, the text examines debates around alleged media bias and its potential effects on shaping political views.
Selling & spinning political advertisingIbrar Ahmad
This document discusses political advertising and spin. It defines political advertising as paid media used by candidates to influence voters, which now plays a key role in elections. Channels used include print, television, radio, and social media. Political campaigns have existed as long as citizens have voted. Significant money is spent on campaigns, such as Hillary Clinton spending $1.4 billion. Research shows political ads have become more negative over time and can impact elections, though some studies find limited effects. Unethical practices sometimes used include propaganda, distortion, and fake news. Spin attempts to control messaging to favor one side, and spin doctors develop misleading messages.
1. HOW THE CONTEST RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MEDIA AND POLITICIANS
CREATED SPIN DOCTORS
Kayla Lardner
Politics and the Media
March 3rd, 2016
Spin, now deeply ingrained in our political consciousness, developed from an adversarial
relationship between the media and politics. According to Kevin Moloney, the relationship
between media and politics can either be an exchange or a contest. This relationship centers “on
2. 1
the value of information and of favourable publicity… The exchange relationship can be
characterized as a voluntary contractual one because it mimics a market relationship in which
information supplied by government is freely swapped for publicity supplied by journalists at the
price where both sides gain equal satisfaction.”1 This open trade agreement breeds a positive
relationship between the two parties, however, “the contest relationship can be categorized as
non-market because government is not supplying information but it is hoarding it away from the
market with the journalists.”2 When one party denies the other the benefits they are due in the
exchange relationship, the other has no choice but to do the same or succumb to complete
domination.
This is what happened beginning in 1979 with what Oborne and Moloney call the rise of
the Media Class. This period, from 1979 to 1984, saw a new class of media with, “better
educated journalists than the previous generations; less deferential to politicians; and most
crucially, given to comment rather than reportage.”3 Thus, with a more adversarial media became
a more adversarial relationship between that media and the politicians. The new contest
relationship , “does not preclude severe criticism of the former by the latter, nor the more routine
monitoring of political power implied by the ‘fourth estate’ watch-dog role.”4 The power of the
media as a watchdog and a deciding factor in campaign came to a head in 1987. According to
Garnett and Lynch, “In the general elections of 1979, 1983 and 1987 Labour faced a hostile
press, and on each occasion it lost heavily.”5 This is where spin begins. Greenslade finds that,
“the underlying reason for Labour’s aggressive press strategy [is] a response to the way Neil
1
Kevin Moloney, “The rise and fall of spin: Changes of fashion in the presentation of UK
politics,” Journal of Public Affairs 12 (2001): 130.
2
Moloney, “The rise and fall of spin” 130.
3
Moloney, “The rise and fall of spin” 128.
4
Brian McNair, An Introduction to Political Communication. (London: Routledge, 2003). 136.
5
Mark Garnett and Philip Lynch, Exploring British Politics (Harlow: Pearson Education, 2012).
100.
3. 2
Kinnock was treated by the right-wing newspapers in his last years as Labour leader.”6 For years,
he was deliberately and brutally attacked by the media. “A sample of the many headlines… give
you some idea of the ferocity of the attacks: ‘Road to ruin with Kinnock’ and ‘Who do you think
you are kidding Mr Kinnock?’”7 Greenslade also quotes Alastair Campbell as “remarking years
later that the virulent attacks on Kinnock were ‘bound to have an effect on the way politics was
perceived during those years and which people are actually making up their minds.”
But Spin Doctor Campbell was not about to let another leader fall under the weight of the
Media Class. The term Spin Doctor was first used by the New York Times editorial board to
describe, “a dozen men in good suits and women in silk dresses [who] will circulate smoothly
among the reporters, spouting confident opinions. They won’t just be press agents trying to
impart a favorable spin to a routine release. They’ll be Spin Doctors.”8 Though this was the first
mention of the specific terminology, the addition that, “how well [the Spin Doctors] do their
work will be just as important as how well the candidates do theirs,” solidified the inherent
power of the new phrase.9 As the Media Class rose, growing in numbers and strength, their
training “‘to put a slant on the news rather than merely report’ [and] this search for a news ‘slant’
was the demand to which spin was the reply.”10 Thus, it is the growth of media which had
produced spin and spin doctors. McNair concludes that “media’s heightened role in the conduct
of political discourse has become apparent, the twentieth century witnessed the birth and rapid
growth of a new profession… incorporating public relations, advertising, and marketing, stand
between the politician and the media.”11
6
Roy Greenslade, “Spin the beginning,” The Guardian, June 24, 2002.
7
Greenslade, “Spin the beginning”
8
“The Debate and the Spin Doctors,” New York Times, October 21, 1984.
9
“The Debate and the Spin Doctors”
10
Moloney, “The rise and fall of spin” 128.
11
McNair, Intro to Political Communication 133.
4. 3
According to Garnett and Lynch, after the destruction of Kinnock, “Following the rise of
Tony Blair and the election of Labour to government, the most famous (and infamous) of these
became Alastair Campbell. [He] seduced, cajoled, harassed and intimidated the media from
behind the scenes into giving his leader the best possible coverage in any given circumstance.”12
Another prominent Spin Doctor, who was also “an important player in the maneuvers leading up
to [Blair as Labour leader] was Peter Mandelson, a former TV producer who had helped in
Labour’s rebranding after 1987. Mandelson was regarded as the archetype of a spin doctor.” The
pair formed an alliance, and a lasting impact on the media and the public. According to McNair,
“Together with Alastair Campbell, [Peter Mandelson] insisted slurs were rebutted and retractions
given. The right-wing media soon discovered they were being matched and criticisms of ‘New
Labour spin’ became commonplace.”13
Every step forward for New Labour meant a step or two backwards for the relationship
between the media and politicians. As professional spin doctors grew in power, the media began
to feel their influence draining. McNair notes that “Journalists [became] aware of the efforts
made to influence their coverage, and include analysis of these efforts as part of their reportage.
Political journalism as a results, is increasingly focused on matters of process rather than policy,
on the hidden meanings behind the surface appearance of political events.”14 This pushback from
the media is where spin became, not just ingrained in our cultural dictionary, but this is also
where spin gets a starkly negative connotation. Yet, despite the media’s unrest with the growth
of spin, Spin Doctors like Campbell began to grow in use and in power. Bill Jones and Philip
Norton argue that “for all its expertise, [Tony] Blair’s operation lacked subtlety. Campbell
acquired too high a profile as the demonic ‘spinner’... The association of New Labour with ‘spin’
12
McNair, Intro to Political Communication 147.
13
Bill Jones and Philip Norton, Politics UK (Harlow: Pearson Education, 2010) 147.
14
McNair, Intro to Political Communication 144.
5. 4
was compounded.”15 Garnett and Lynch take his title even further, saying that “Campbell was so
close to Blair that some people regarded him as the real ‘Deputy Prime Minister.’ Unusually,
although he was not a civil servant himself, he was given authority over officials.”16 His
increasing power further cemented the negative, all-powerful connotations of the term Spin
Doctor. This negativity created a chain reaction, building upon the negativity from the media.
Spin was not just biased, but it began to represent the untrustworthy political process, demeaning
politicians and victimizing the media. Garnett and Lynch fear that Campbell’s popularity was his
downfall, stating that, “One problem with Campbell’s approach was that over time he became a
subject of media interest in his own right, even though he made it a rule that spin doctors should
never become a part of a story. In a sense, his prominence was an important service to the
government… but his iron grip on official information led to allegations that Britain was
governed by ‘control freaks.’”17
Thus, with the inherently negative implications of Spin Doctors and the growing
animosity from the media, how effective are Spin Doctors? The purpose of the Spin Doctor and
media management is to send out the perfect message without fear of media distortion. But, this
doctoring of the message makes the messages and the politicians inauthentic. McNair cites that
spin mediated political communication “has one fundamental weakness as a form of political
communication. To the receiver of the messages it is perceived as being, if not necessarily
‘propaganda’ (in the negative sense of that term), then ‘biased’ and partial.”18 The view the
media has of spin has spilled over into the public’s consciousness, and thus, “regardless of
whether or not the audience agrees or disagrees with the message being advertised, he or she is
15
Jones and Norton, Politics UK
16
Garnett and Lynch, Exploring British Politics 103.
17
Garnett and Lynch, Exploring British Politics 104.
18
McNair, Intro to Political Communication 130.
6. 5
aware that it is a politically loaded message, reflecting the interests, ideas and values of the
sponsor. For this reason, the effectiveness of political advertising as a means of persuasion will
always be limited.”19
Truthfully, spin did work. As it rose in popularity and professionalism, Garnett and
Lynch found that“New Labour strategists had considerable success in courting the press. At the
1992 elections, only the Daily Mirror and The Guardian had been firm Labour supporters; most
other daily newspapers backed the Conservatives. By polling day in 1997, the Daily Star, The
Independent and, most significantly, The Sun had moved into the Labour camp.”20 Yet, as
Campbell rose in power and the New Labour name was marred by the negativity associated with
spin, Spin Doctors began to do more damage than good. “Ulterior motives began to be detected
behind every official announcement. Whatever their personal feelings about New Labour, many
journalists felt that their profession was under attack. It was thus a matter of professional pride to
cause the government as much trouble as possible.”21 Spin was cemented with New Labour, and,
thus, everything Labour said was double-checked for bias or falsities. “It can be argued, indeed,
that far from helping the government to fulfill a constructive mission, the obsession with ‘spin’
presented the greatest threat to its popularity. it provided a unifying target for people who had
become alienated from Labour for a variety of reasons.”22
If my argument that Spin Doctors and spin have done more harm than good by
weakening the relationship between media and politicians and between politicians and the public
is to be believed, then what is the future of spin? “It is arguable that UK politicians will instruct
their spinners to move away from an aggressive style of presentation… but how to present
19
McNair, Intro to Political Communication 130.
20
Garnett and Lynch, Exploring British Politics 101.
21
Garnett and Lynch, Exploring British Politics 104.
22
Garnett and Lynch, Exploring British Politics 104.
7. 6
[without spin]?... ‘Spin is just managing the media. You’d be daft not to,’” argues Moloney23.
Thus, there will be a decline in aggressive spin and Spin Doctors. In order to regain the trust of
the public and of the media, there has to be. That being said, in order to improve the relationship
between the media, which played a major role in breeding spin, and the politicians which placed
such a heavy emphasis on Spin Doctors, the abolition of spin needs to be accompanied by the
abolition of slant.
Bibliography:
Garnett, Mark and Philip Lynch, Exploring British Politics Harlow: Pearson Education, 2012
Greenslade, Roy, “Spin the beginning,” The Guardian, June 24, 2002.
Jones, Bill and Philip Norton, Politics UK Harlow: Pearson Education, 2010.
McNair, Brian An Introduction to Political Communication. London: Routledge, 2003.
23
Moloney, “The rise and fall of spin” 133.
8. 7
Moloney, Kevin “The rise and fall of spin: Changes of fashion in the presentation of UK
politics,” Journal of Public Affairs 12 (2001): 130.
“The Debate and the Spin Doctors,” New York Times, October 21, 1984.