The document examines electricity prices in the EU, highlighting an average increase from €127.6 in 2016 to €132.9 in 2021, with significant disparities between countries due to taxes and fees. It notes that high energy prices are prevalent in wealthier nations, while some Eastern European countries have seen price reductions. Additionally, the report points out the inequities caused by taxes and fees, especially in countries like Portugal, where the VAT on electricity remains high.

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Speculative electricity prices in the EU
Summary
1 - Electricity prices in the EU - 2016 (2nd semester) and 2021 (1st semester)
2 – The tax puncture widens the inequalities inserted in the prices
3 - Remuneration and electricity prices
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Eurostat publishes, for EU countries, data on electricity consumption costs, using as a
standard consumption in the range 2500/5000 kWh per year. Generally, a comparison
between the situations for the EU as a whole in the second half of 2016 and in the first
half of 2021. In this context, there is an average increase of of €5.3 during that period,
per 1000kwh; that is, the change from €127.6 in 2016 to €132.9 in 2021. Below we will
address not only the variations in the period referred to, but also the changes
introduced by fees and taxes in the price levels of electricity available, in each country
of the EU. And, finally, to observe the result between the evolution of the price of
energy and the average salary.
1 - Electricity prices in the EU - 2016 (2nd semester) and 2021 (1st semester)
In the following chart, the national values for the consumption of 1000 kWh can be
observed, without considering the taxes and fees that the States, in general, heavily
impose and perpetuate, since energy is something irreplaceable to whose
consumption, no one can escape1
The domestic acquisition of solar energy capture
panels, for example - not being viable the taxation of this capture - does not escape the
imposition of a VAT rate of 23% by the Portuguese government gangs, the
components of the PS/PSD mafia2
.
1
Except for those who live in marginal neighborhoods, especially in the so-called Third World, where clandestine
pulls are common.
2
During the troika monitoring of governance in Portugal in 2014, VAT on electricity increased from 6%
to 23%. Despite the usual governmental praise about the strength of the Portuguese economy, seven years
later, the tax continues to be applied at that maximum rate.

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Title translation – Price for 1000 kWh excluding taxes and fees
Following are some conclusions drawn from reading the above graph.
 Ireland has the highest energy prices (less taxes and fees) and one of the biggest
increases in the period. In the immediate place, Belgium and Spain follow; in the
latter case, only in 2016;
 In 2016, Spain had the third-highest price in the Union and recently (2019) it
reduced the special tax on electricity from 5.44% to 0.5%; it also suspended the tax
on production, which was 7%; and reduced VAT for small users from 21 to 10%.
Thus, the price of energy, which was between €170/195 per 1000kwh in 2016/18,
moved to inclusion in a range of €118/135 later on.
 On the other hand, in Portugal, the PS government maintains the maximum VAT
rate (23%) decreed by the sister party, the PSD, by order of the troika, about ten
years ago; in this context, excluding taxes and fees, values of €100/121 are
attributed to energy in the period under analysis for the five-year period observed.
 Among the richest countries of the Union are most of the highest values (above
€125) and increasing during the period – Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Austria; in addition to the Czech Republic, Greece, and France, they
surpassed this mark only in 2021.
 The cases of price decrease, in 2021 and compared to 2016, are situated in; Greece,
Spain, Croatia, Cyprus, Latvia, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, and
Sweden. Excluding the case of Spain, already mentioned, these are essentially
Eastern European countries, in addition to Portugal and Sweden.

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 With the lowest values for the price of 1000 kWh and, below €100 are Bulgaria
(2016) and Hungary (2021); and, with approximate indicators, are the cases of
Denmark, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, and Romania (2016).
Let us then observe the prices for 1000 kWh, in 2016 and 2021, but now, considering
the effects of the intervention of state leeches and, more specifically, of their parasitic
political classes that find, in this essential good – electric energy – an instrument of
suction of proceeds from the crowd; without forgetting the financial support and
special prerogatives that States grant to operators in the energy sector.
Title translation – Price for 1000 kWh excluding taxes and fees
It is easy to see that the highest prices occur particularly in the richest countries, almost
all of which exceed €150 per 1000 kWh; and conversely, where income levels are lower,
energy prices are also lower. There is, however, one notable exception, that of a country
in southwestern Europe called Portugal, where energy prices exceed those of countries
as rich as the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Finland, and, Sweden; compared to
other lower income countries, the price of electricity in Portugal is higher by around
€100/150 per 1000 kWh[3]
.
2 – The tax puncture widens the inequalities inserted in the prices
Let us take a closer look at the base prices of energy, which are much more disparate
when they incorporate the high charges with fees and taxes applied by States and their
respective political classes; generally raising the price of energy to be paid by peoples,
as can be seen in the following charts, for 2016 and 2021.
In 2016, it is quite clear that electricity prices in Denmark, Germany and, Belgium are
the most expensive in the EU – €308, €298 and €275 respectively; the first two countries
are the only ones that incorporate fees and taxes as the dominant shares in the total
electricity price; a reality that is also evident in 2021. In addition to the two countries
mentioned, it should be noted that Portugal appears as the country with the highest

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share of taxes and fees in the price of energy, in 2016 (47.3%) as in 2021 (45.9%);
surpassed by a small margin by Spain (41.5%) in the current year.
Also in 2016, the price of energy appears to be the lowest in Bulgaria (€93.8), followed
by Lithuania, Hungary, and Romania. As for the relevance of fees and taxes, their
absolute value is particularly low in the Eastern countries, with emphasis on Bulgaria
and Hungary; in addition to the case of Malta where the share of fees and taxes is only
€6.1, for an overall price of €127.4.
In the first half of 2021, the highest electricity prices belong to the same countries
referenced for 2016; but this time with the highest value in Germany - €319, followed
by Denmark €290 and Belgium with €270. The first two present the only situations in
which the share of taxes and fees exceeds the level of energy production, of itself. As
for the greater weight of the tax burden and similar in the overall value, Denmark and
Germany stand out, with 64% and 51%, respectively, followed by Portugal (45.9%) and
Spain (41.5%).
Comparing the situation in 2021 with that observed five years earlier shows different
realities. In the case of the base value of production, without considering taxes and
fees, are recorded the following:

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 11 reductions in that base value, highlighting: Spain (-43.8%) and, drops just below
19%, (Sweden -19.9%) and Slovakia (-19.2%)…
 and 16 additions to the base value, where the following stand out: Romania 22.2%,
Lithuania 18.5%, Ireland 19.1%, Germany and Finland 18%, Austria 17.2%…
In the chapter on changes in taxes and fees included in the fine prices of energy and,
decided by the state apparatus, it is worth noting:
 10 countries with reductions in the weight of that set of elements that burden the
price of electricity, with the most relevant cases being Spain 47.7%, Cyprus 36.4%,
Poland 32.8% and Slovakia 32.3%.
 17 countries with increases in the tax burden or rates, the most relevant being –
Spain 47.7%, Cyprus 36.4%, Poland 32.8% and Slovakia 32.3%.
 10 tax cuts, the largest being, Netherlands 47.3%, Denmark 27.6%, Latvia 17.1%,
Greece 16.2% and Portugal 12.9%.
In summary, the arithmetic means,
 For energy, including taxes and fees, the global averages are €176.5 and €183.5,
respectively for 2016 and 2021
 Energy, excluding taxes and fees that are levied on it, show averages, in 2016 and
2021, of €119.3 and €122.6
From this it can be deduced that there is a value of around €60 for every 1000 kWh
subtracted from the populations by state bureaucracies and their adjacent political
classes.
3 - Remunerations and electricity prices
The following graph shows the comparison for a very approximate time-lapse (2016/1st
half/2021) between electricity prices and 2016/2020 and average wages in EU countries.

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The graph shows the countries where the wage evolution had a higher growth rate
than electricity prices (16) and the remaining countries (11), where electricity prices had
a higher growth rate than average wages. However, it is important to consider that the
percentage changes in energy prices may be close to those registered for
remuneration, without it being possible to conclude that, in absolute values, they
correspond to similar realities. For example, in the case of Germany, energy prices
between the two years considered were €298 and €319 respectively, per 1000 kWh
(+7.2%) while average earnings, in the same period, increased by 6.3% (€2387).
The situations in which the rate of increase in the price of energy exceeds that observed
for remunerations are 8 countries; among which only two – Czech Republic and Cyprus
– are not among the richest. The 14 countries where it was preferred not to burden
wages with proportionally higher increases for energy are essentially those that the
poorest, even if accompanied by others, much richer - Belgium, Denmark, the
Netherlands, and Sweden. Between the two positions – Slovenia, Spain, Italy, and
Poland.
[1]
Except for those who live in marginal neighbourhoods, especially in the so-called Third World, where clandestine
pulls are common.
[2]
During the troika monitoring of governance in Portugal in 2014, VAT on electricity increased from 6%
to 23%. Despite the usual governmental praise about the strength of the Portuguese economy, seven years
later, the tax continues to be applied at that maximum rate.
[3]
Accused of crimes within the scope of EDP, the main electricity company, are the company's former directors –
António Mexia, Manso Neto and a former minister of the Socialist Party area, Manuel Pinho.
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