1. The document discusses electric energy consumption in different countries as assigned for a homework on the topic. Countries that must be analyzed and compared include Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, an EU western country, an eastern European country, an energy superpower, an economic superpower, a less known country, a country from Africa, and another country of the student's choice.
2. For Romania, Bulgaria, and Croatia, the summary provides details on electric energy consumption by sector in 2019, key causes of consumption, sources and amounts of energy production, and import/export data. Industrial production, transportation, heating/cooling needs, and infrastructure drive consumption, while fossil fuels and renewables contribute to production. All three countries import
Development of 2050’s national long-term energy plans for carbon neutrality t...IEA-ETSAP
Development of national long-term energy plans, for 2050’s carbon neutrality targets, using the DESSTINEE model.
Dr. Gabriel David Oreggioni, Imperial College London
Mining and green field opportunities and a detailed business planÂrîtrô Çhàttèrjéé
The document discusses opportunities for renewable energy and mining investments across Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. It outlines the renewable energy potential and targets across various European countries, as well as the opportunities in Ukraine, Russia, and other CIS countries. Key sectors of focus proposed by the platform include wind, solar, hydropower, and biomass/biofuels. Challenges around scaling renewable energy deployment in the region are also discussed.
Energy efficiency trends in buildings in the EU (update)Leonardo ENERGY
(This is an updated version of the slides used during the 11th webinar in the Odyssee-Mure on Energy Efficiency Academy at 08 Dec 2020. This version addresses pending questions with some more details and references.)
What has been the overall trend in final energy consumption of buildings in the EU since 2010?
What are the main drivers of the energy consumption variation, and in particular energy savings, for residential and service buildings?
These are the key questions answered during this (11th) webinar in the Odyssee-Mure on Energy Efficiency Academy.
Highlights from their research:
➢The energy consumption of buildings has steadily decreased since 2010 despite GDP growth.
➢There are large disparities in building performances across countries.
➢Since 2015, the rate of household energy efficiency improvements has dropped by 50% (compared to 2000-2014).
➢Energy efficiency of large electrical appliances, which has largely improved in the past, does not counterbalance anymore the rapid growth of the consumption of small appliances.
Current status of energy sector in sudanMohamed Abbas
The document summarizes the energy sector and policy in Sudan. It outlines that Sudan relies heavily on biomass but has potential for solar and hydro energy. The government's strategies include increasing electrification, developing renewable energy projects, and reducing dependence on biomass through efficient stoves. Future plans under Sudan's Renewable Energy Master Plan include increasing solar, wind, and hydro power generation to provide universal access to electricity by 2031.
The document summarizes the key points of the World Energy Outlook 2016 executive summary published by the International Energy Agency. It discusses that the Paris Agreement on climate change makes transforming the energy sector essential. While global CO2 emissions from energy stalled in 2015, continued growth is projected until 2040 under current policies. The summary outlines investment needs and shifts towards renewables and efficiency to 2040 under main and accelerated decarbonization scenarios. It highlights progress towards national climate pledges but notes more action is required to limit global warming per the Paris Agreement goals.
Renewable energy currently meets 13.5% of global energy demand but could reach 50% by mid-century. World energy demand is projected to increase two-thirds by 2030 as electricity demand nearly doubles, requiring $16 trillion of investment. India's energy sector is dominated by coal which meets 60% of demand, while oil meets 30% of which over 60% is imported. India has low per capita electricity consumption at one sixth of the world average, but consumption is rising with economic growth.
This document discusses the links between climate change and Bangladesh's energy sector. It notes that fossil fuel use for energy contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Bangladesh has one of the lowest per capita energy consumption and carbon emissions rates in the world. However, it faces major energy security challenges including intermittent power supply and lack of generation capacity. Climate change is exacerbating these issues by increasing energy demand for cooling and irrigation. It can also impact energy infrastructure and resources through more extreme weather. The document aims to increase understanding of these links to better incorporate climate change into Bangladesh's energy policies and strategies.
SkyAI heat detection whitepaper: Europes plans to reduce heat wasteJoost van Oorschot
The document discusses energy usage in the EU and proposes integrating heating networks across sectors to reduce waste heat and achieve EU energy reduction targets. It describes how SkyAI uses satellite imagery and AI to detect heat losses from buildings and visualize opportunities for improvements. The heat detection solution is intended to provide actionable insights to help lower energy consumption and carbon emissions.
Development of 2050’s national long-term energy plans for carbon neutrality t...IEA-ETSAP
Development of national long-term energy plans, for 2050’s carbon neutrality targets, using the DESSTINEE model.
Dr. Gabriel David Oreggioni, Imperial College London
Mining and green field opportunities and a detailed business planÂrîtrô Çhàttèrjéé
The document discusses opportunities for renewable energy and mining investments across Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. It outlines the renewable energy potential and targets across various European countries, as well as the opportunities in Ukraine, Russia, and other CIS countries. Key sectors of focus proposed by the platform include wind, solar, hydropower, and biomass/biofuels. Challenges around scaling renewable energy deployment in the region are also discussed.
Energy efficiency trends in buildings in the EU (update)Leonardo ENERGY
(This is an updated version of the slides used during the 11th webinar in the Odyssee-Mure on Energy Efficiency Academy at 08 Dec 2020. This version addresses pending questions with some more details and references.)
What has been the overall trend in final energy consumption of buildings in the EU since 2010?
What are the main drivers of the energy consumption variation, and in particular energy savings, for residential and service buildings?
These are the key questions answered during this (11th) webinar in the Odyssee-Mure on Energy Efficiency Academy.
Highlights from their research:
➢The energy consumption of buildings has steadily decreased since 2010 despite GDP growth.
➢There are large disparities in building performances across countries.
➢Since 2015, the rate of household energy efficiency improvements has dropped by 50% (compared to 2000-2014).
➢Energy efficiency of large electrical appliances, which has largely improved in the past, does not counterbalance anymore the rapid growth of the consumption of small appliances.
Current status of energy sector in sudanMohamed Abbas
The document summarizes the energy sector and policy in Sudan. It outlines that Sudan relies heavily on biomass but has potential for solar and hydro energy. The government's strategies include increasing electrification, developing renewable energy projects, and reducing dependence on biomass through efficient stoves. Future plans under Sudan's Renewable Energy Master Plan include increasing solar, wind, and hydro power generation to provide universal access to electricity by 2031.
The document summarizes the key points of the World Energy Outlook 2016 executive summary published by the International Energy Agency. It discusses that the Paris Agreement on climate change makes transforming the energy sector essential. While global CO2 emissions from energy stalled in 2015, continued growth is projected until 2040 under current policies. The summary outlines investment needs and shifts towards renewables and efficiency to 2040 under main and accelerated decarbonization scenarios. It highlights progress towards national climate pledges but notes more action is required to limit global warming per the Paris Agreement goals.
Renewable energy currently meets 13.5% of global energy demand but could reach 50% by mid-century. World energy demand is projected to increase two-thirds by 2030 as electricity demand nearly doubles, requiring $16 trillion of investment. India's energy sector is dominated by coal which meets 60% of demand, while oil meets 30% of which over 60% is imported. India has low per capita electricity consumption at one sixth of the world average, but consumption is rising with economic growth.
This document discusses the links between climate change and Bangladesh's energy sector. It notes that fossil fuel use for energy contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Bangladesh has one of the lowest per capita energy consumption and carbon emissions rates in the world. However, it faces major energy security challenges including intermittent power supply and lack of generation capacity. Climate change is exacerbating these issues by increasing energy demand for cooling and irrigation. It can also impact energy infrastructure and resources through more extreme weather. The document aims to increase understanding of these links to better incorporate climate change into Bangladesh's energy policies and strategies.
SkyAI heat detection whitepaper: Europes plans to reduce heat wasteJoost van Oorschot
The document discusses energy usage in the EU and proposes integrating heating networks across sectors to reduce waste heat and achieve EU energy reduction targets. It describes how SkyAI uses satellite imagery and AI to detect heat losses from buildings and visualize opportunities for improvements. The heat detection solution is intended to provide actionable insights to help lower energy consumption and carbon emissions.
Energy efficiency trends in buildings in the EULeonardo ENERGY
- Energy consumption in buildings in the EU accounts for 43% of final energy consumption and 60% of electricity consumption. There is a need for ambitious policies to improve energy efficiency in buildings to meet 2030 targets and make Europe climate neutral by 2050.
- Energy consumption in buildings has been relatively stable since 2014 while GDP has risen. Residential buildings account for two-thirds of buildings consumption. Space heating is the dominant end-use but its consumption is declining, while appliances and lighting consumption are rising.
- The EU's energy efficiency index (ODEX) shows that household energy efficiency has improved 29% from 2000-2019, but progress slowed after 2014 mainly for space heating, water heating, and cooking. For
This webinar analyses energy efficiency trends in the EU for the period 2014-2019 and the impact of COVID-19 in 2020 (based on estimates from Enerdata).
The speakers present the overall trend in total energy supply and in final energy consumption, as well as details by sector, alongside macro-economic data. They will explain the main drivers of the variation in energy consumption since 2014 and determine the impact of energy savings.
Speakers:
Laura Sudries, Senior Energy Efficiency Analyst, Enerdata
Bruno Lapillonne, Scientific Director, Enerdata
The recordings of the presentation (webinar) can be viewed at:
https://youtu.be/8RuK5MroTxk
The document provides highlights and key insights from the DNV Energy Transition Outlook 2021 report. It finds that:
1) Global emissions are not decreasing fast enough to meet Paris Agreement goals, and warming is projected to reach 2.3°C by 2100 despite renewable growth.
2) Electrification is surging, with renewables like solar and wind outcompeting other sources by 2030 and providing over 80% of power by 2050, supported by technologies like storage.
3) Energy efficiency gains lead to flat global energy demand after the 2030s, with a 2.4% annual improvement in energy intensity outpacing economic growth.
Using Ground Source Heat Pumps for Renewable EnergyIJERA Editor
This paper provides background information on the current energy supply, energy demand, and energy sources in Kosovo. Moreover, it presents the country‟s current level of applying alternative energy sources. Additionally, this paper focuses on geothermal energy as a renewable energy resource with the potential to contribute to a sustainable use of resources to meet renewable energy and energy efficiency requirements of the European Union (EU), “EU 20 20 by 2020” policy. Hence, a careful analysis is included on how to approach the aforementioned targets through investments in geothermal energy through providing an energy consumption forecast and analysing geothermal energy projects in Europe and specifically in Kosovo. This paper carefully represents the potential usage of geothermal energy in Kosovo, renewable energy source targets, and it addresses the importance of laws, regulations, and reports regarding the utilization of this type of energy. Economic and environmental implications of investing in geothermal energy - geothermal heat pumps for the case of International Village are additionally analysed. Lastly, recommendations and conclusions, for future actions, are derived and addressed to relevant stakeholders, primarily policy-makers, and government representatives
Global environmental tendencies and energy sustainabilitypvsinbloom
The document summarizes the global and European renewable energy picture and the EU's 2020 strategy for promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency. It discusses how renewable energy accounted for an estimated 16% of global energy consumption in 2010 and how the EU aims to source 20% of its energy from renewables by 2020. It also outlines the opportunities for promoting the EU 2020 strategy in Central and Eastern European countries through increasing their use of renewable energy and improving energy efficiency, especially in buildings.
Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydro, and biomass currently provide around 20% of global energy but are increasing in use. In Italy, renewable sources play a key role in electricity and heat production. Hydropower provides the most electricity at 40%, followed by solar at 20% and wind and biomass also at 20%. The UN has established global goals to promote clean energy access and increased renewable energy use by 2030. The EU has set targets for 40% greenhouse gas reduction, 27% renewable energy production, and 27% improved energy efficiency by 2030 to help achieve these goals.
Gilberto Callera e Paolo D'Ermo - WEC Italia - WEC Energy Scenarios to 2050WEC Italia
The document summarizes key findings from the World Energy Council's World Energy Scenarios report, which models two scenarios for the global energy system up to 2050. The scenarios differ in their assumptions around the role of governments, climate policy, and other factors. Key findings include:
- Fossil fuels will likely still dominate primary energy supply by 2050, though their share decreases from 80% today to 59-77% by 2050 depending on the scenario.
- Global energy demand is projected to increase significantly by 2050, ranging from 629 exajoules in the consumer-focused "Jazz" scenario to 491 exajoules in the environmentally-focused "Symphony"
THE STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES DEPLOYMENT IN THE CZECH R...Riobras CZ s.r.o.
As part of the EU common energy policy adopted in 2007, the Czech Republic has established a commitment to achieve an 8% share of electricity generated from renewable energy sources (RES) in domestic electricity generation by 2010 and achieve a share of 13% of energy made from RES per final consumption before 2020. This contribution suggests a balanced scorecard (BSC) model aimed to set up a group of strategic objectives, initiatives, key performance indicators (KPIs) and targets that can be adopted in the Czech Republic in order to foster a sustainable deployment of renewable energy technologies. The model provides a strategy map showing four perspectives over which the objectives are organized and aligned through a cause-effect relation: Learning and Development, Energy Supply Systems, Energy Services Consumers, and Welfare.
1) Renewables are the primary source of energy growth across all scenarios, multiplying threefold between 2019-2050.
2) Total energy consumption declines significantly between 36-53% due to large efficiency gains.
3) Hydrogen production increases substantially, requiring 18-30% of renewable capacity and growing to represent 5-10% of final energy demand by 2050.
Economy-wide Impact of Electricity Shortage - A CGE Analysisessp2
Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Seventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy, June 24, 2010
ELECTRIC AND THERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION AND STORAGE SYSTEM BY PINECONE WASTEAEIJjournal2
Rural ecosystems are the main source of biomass used in the production of renewable energy in Portugal.
However, it is based on pruning residues are most of the raw material for biomass leaving other
opportunities aside. This paper highlights the role of pinecone waste without pinion for the energy sector.
The present paper studies different solutions to enhance the use of the pinecones for energy proposes. The
present paper also presents the different principal technologies.
ELECTRIC AND THERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION AND STORAGE SYSTEM BY PINECONE WASTEAEIJjournal2
Rural ecosystems are the main source of biomass used in the production of renewable energy in Portugal.
However, it is based on pruning residues are most of the raw material for biomass leaving other
opportunities aside. This paper highlights the role of pinecone waste without pinion for the energy sector.
The present paper studies different solutions to enhance the use of the pinecones for energy proposes. The
present paper also presents the different principal technologies.
It is possible to conclude that the use of residual biomass is a way to reduce the national dependence on
energy imports (fossil specialties), decreases transport losses (by allowing local production and
consumption locally) and encourages the management of forest areas (fixing people in rural areas and
lowers the risk of fire).
ELECTRIC AND THERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION AND STORAGE SYSTEM BY PINECONE WASTEaeijjournal
Rural ecosystems are the main source of biomass used in the production of renewable energy in Portugal.
However, it is based on pruning residues are most of the raw material for biomass leaving other
opportunities aside. This paper highlights the role of pinecone waste without pinion for the energy sector.
The present paper studies different solutions to enhance the use of the pinecones for energy proposes. The
present paper also presents the different principal technologies.
It is possible to conclude that the use of residual biomass is a way to reduce the national dependence on
energy imports (fossil specialties), decreases transport losses (by allowing local production and
consumption locally) and encourages the management of forest areas (fixing people in rural areas and
lowers the risk of fire).
The document discusses the EU's 2030 energy and climate policy framework and the transition towards decarbonization. It provides an overview of the key targets proposed in the 2030 package, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 40% compared to 1990 levels, achieving a 27% renewable energy target, and assessing new energy efficiency targets. It also outlines some of the milestones in international and EU climate policies leading up to the proposed 2030 framework.
While UK met its 2020 interim target, there is some doubt regarding whether it will meet the overall 2020 target of 15% of energy consumption from renewables. For the time being it seems that the UK will have to make arrangements to count renewable energy produced and used in other member states to achieve its targets. Additionally, recent government decision to remove preliminary accreditation from the Feed-in-tariff, rejection of several renewable projects and Austrian legal action against development of the Hinkley Point nuclear power plant will have an effect on the countries energy future.
International energy partnership program manuscript instructions: case BulgariaSimeon Arnaudov
Green economic growth became slogan of thousands public and private activities, nevertheless there are arguments for switching to low-carbon, high-efficiency energy systems disregard enormous investment cost. Innovative energy technologies are able to reduce carbone emissions in aim to limit or avoid climate change directs the public debate. However renewable energy source reduced dependence on imported energy, suspension of conflicts over energy resources, and the increasing price of fossil fuels also are motivate actions. Nonetheless, the potential price and difficulty of doing the transition to a new energy system have brought forted essential opposition from fortified economic interests and consumers equally. In this paper we investigate whether and how photovoltaic power plants as case of renewable energy growing market as Bulgaria do, could become an economic occasion rather than a precious burden. Could a photovoltaic energy capacity induce net economic growth rather than social pay off burden? Analyzing foreign (Korean) direct investment as photovoltaic power plant case study as example of some successful or unsuccessful practices of rapidly growing domestic renewable market. Our aim is this paper to be useful to public or private energy communities in supporting them with professional renewable domestic market anatomy.
Areas of collaboration between International Organizations and National Agenc...pedrolmarin
This document discusses areas of collaboration between international organizations and national agencies on energy issues. It outlines current energy trends like high growth in emerging economies driving up demand, price volatility in markets, and the need to address climate change. It also examines opportunities for renewable energy, new technologies, infrastructure improvements, and energy efficiency. The document concludes that international organizations and countries can work together on technology transfer, information sharing, capacity building, and financial schemes to support addressing global energy challenges.
This document summarizes Bangladesh's energy policy. It discusses domestic energy resources, indicators of energy usage including fuel mixes and energy security, energy intensity, policy instruments introduced, and governmental plans to change energy policy. Key points include reliance on biomass, low per capita electricity access and generation, a growing energy demand-supply gap, plans to increase domestic gas and coal production and import LNG and coal to boost supply and ensure energy security. Renewables like solar and wind are being promoted but make up a small portion of energy usage currently.
BIOMASS - A local ad renewable solution for energy securityAEBIOM2
During the AEBIOM Bioenergy Conference, AEBIOM dedicated one session to the Biomass Counts campaign which focused on biomass as a local and renewable solution for energy security.
The workshop which gathered more than 150 participants through live streaming and live presence, focused on how biomass can play an active role in reaching the EU’s energy security objectives, while tackling at the same time growth and climate change objectives.
Benedek Javór, member of the European Parliament presented the European Parliament initiative report on energy security mentioning that there is a clear lack of harmonization among EU energy policies and that the Initiative report bears too little attention to the important role of renewable energies such as biomass.
The event was reinforced by a factsheet which consists of facts and figures which support our statements.
This event was organized under the framework of the Biomass Counts Campaign, an initiative launched by the European Biomass Association (AEBIOM) to showcase the numerous benefits of biomass and highlight its key role in achieving EU’s objectives of economic growth, decarbonisation and energy dependency.
Energy efficiency trends in buildings in the EULeonardo ENERGY
- Energy consumption in buildings in the EU accounts for 43% of final energy consumption and 60% of electricity consumption. There is a need for ambitious policies to improve energy efficiency in buildings to meet 2030 targets and make Europe climate neutral by 2050.
- Energy consumption in buildings has been relatively stable since 2014 while GDP has risen. Residential buildings account for two-thirds of buildings consumption. Space heating is the dominant end-use but its consumption is declining, while appliances and lighting consumption are rising.
- The EU's energy efficiency index (ODEX) shows that household energy efficiency has improved 29% from 2000-2019, but progress slowed after 2014 mainly for space heating, water heating, and cooking. For
This webinar analyses energy efficiency trends in the EU for the period 2014-2019 and the impact of COVID-19 in 2020 (based on estimates from Enerdata).
The speakers present the overall trend in total energy supply and in final energy consumption, as well as details by sector, alongside macro-economic data. They will explain the main drivers of the variation in energy consumption since 2014 and determine the impact of energy savings.
Speakers:
Laura Sudries, Senior Energy Efficiency Analyst, Enerdata
Bruno Lapillonne, Scientific Director, Enerdata
The recordings of the presentation (webinar) can be viewed at:
https://youtu.be/8RuK5MroTxk
The document provides highlights and key insights from the DNV Energy Transition Outlook 2021 report. It finds that:
1) Global emissions are not decreasing fast enough to meet Paris Agreement goals, and warming is projected to reach 2.3°C by 2100 despite renewable growth.
2) Electrification is surging, with renewables like solar and wind outcompeting other sources by 2030 and providing over 80% of power by 2050, supported by technologies like storage.
3) Energy efficiency gains lead to flat global energy demand after the 2030s, with a 2.4% annual improvement in energy intensity outpacing economic growth.
Using Ground Source Heat Pumps for Renewable EnergyIJERA Editor
This paper provides background information on the current energy supply, energy demand, and energy sources in Kosovo. Moreover, it presents the country‟s current level of applying alternative energy sources. Additionally, this paper focuses on geothermal energy as a renewable energy resource with the potential to contribute to a sustainable use of resources to meet renewable energy and energy efficiency requirements of the European Union (EU), “EU 20 20 by 2020” policy. Hence, a careful analysis is included on how to approach the aforementioned targets through investments in geothermal energy through providing an energy consumption forecast and analysing geothermal energy projects in Europe and specifically in Kosovo. This paper carefully represents the potential usage of geothermal energy in Kosovo, renewable energy source targets, and it addresses the importance of laws, regulations, and reports regarding the utilization of this type of energy. Economic and environmental implications of investing in geothermal energy - geothermal heat pumps for the case of International Village are additionally analysed. Lastly, recommendations and conclusions, for future actions, are derived and addressed to relevant stakeholders, primarily policy-makers, and government representatives
Global environmental tendencies and energy sustainabilitypvsinbloom
The document summarizes the global and European renewable energy picture and the EU's 2020 strategy for promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency. It discusses how renewable energy accounted for an estimated 16% of global energy consumption in 2010 and how the EU aims to source 20% of its energy from renewables by 2020. It also outlines the opportunities for promoting the EU 2020 strategy in Central and Eastern European countries through increasing their use of renewable energy and improving energy efficiency, especially in buildings.
Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydro, and biomass currently provide around 20% of global energy but are increasing in use. In Italy, renewable sources play a key role in electricity and heat production. Hydropower provides the most electricity at 40%, followed by solar at 20% and wind and biomass also at 20%. The UN has established global goals to promote clean energy access and increased renewable energy use by 2030. The EU has set targets for 40% greenhouse gas reduction, 27% renewable energy production, and 27% improved energy efficiency by 2030 to help achieve these goals.
Gilberto Callera e Paolo D'Ermo - WEC Italia - WEC Energy Scenarios to 2050WEC Italia
The document summarizes key findings from the World Energy Council's World Energy Scenarios report, which models two scenarios for the global energy system up to 2050. The scenarios differ in their assumptions around the role of governments, climate policy, and other factors. Key findings include:
- Fossil fuels will likely still dominate primary energy supply by 2050, though their share decreases from 80% today to 59-77% by 2050 depending on the scenario.
- Global energy demand is projected to increase significantly by 2050, ranging from 629 exajoules in the consumer-focused "Jazz" scenario to 491 exajoules in the environmentally-focused "Symphony"
THE STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES DEPLOYMENT IN THE CZECH R...Riobras CZ s.r.o.
As part of the EU common energy policy adopted in 2007, the Czech Republic has established a commitment to achieve an 8% share of electricity generated from renewable energy sources (RES) in domestic electricity generation by 2010 and achieve a share of 13% of energy made from RES per final consumption before 2020. This contribution suggests a balanced scorecard (BSC) model aimed to set up a group of strategic objectives, initiatives, key performance indicators (KPIs) and targets that can be adopted in the Czech Republic in order to foster a sustainable deployment of renewable energy technologies. The model provides a strategy map showing four perspectives over which the objectives are organized and aligned through a cause-effect relation: Learning and Development, Energy Supply Systems, Energy Services Consumers, and Welfare.
1) Renewables are the primary source of energy growth across all scenarios, multiplying threefold between 2019-2050.
2) Total energy consumption declines significantly between 36-53% due to large efficiency gains.
3) Hydrogen production increases substantially, requiring 18-30% of renewable capacity and growing to represent 5-10% of final energy demand by 2050.
Economy-wide Impact of Electricity Shortage - A CGE Analysisessp2
Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Seventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy, June 24, 2010
ELECTRIC AND THERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION AND STORAGE SYSTEM BY PINECONE WASTEAEIJjournal2
Rural ecosystems are the main source of biomass used in the production of renewable energy in Portugal.
However, it is based on pruning residues are most of the raw material for biomass leaving other
opportunities aside. This paper highlights the role of pinecone waste without pinion for the energy sector.
The present paper studies different solutions to enhance the use of the pinecones for energy proposes. The
present paper also presents the different principal technologies.
ELECTRIC AND THERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION AND STORAGE SYSTEM BY PINECONE WASTEAEIJjournal2
Rural ecosystems are the main source of biomass used in the production of renewable energy in Portugal.
However, it is based on pruning residues are most of the raw material for biomass leaving other
opportunities aside. This paper highlights the role of pinecone waste without pinion for the energy sector.
The present paper studies different solutions to enhance the use of the pinecones for energy proposes. The
present paper also presents the different principal technologies.
It is possible to conclude that the use of residual biomass is a way to reduce the national dependence on
energy imports (fossil specialties), decreases transport losses (by allowing local production and
consumption locally) and encourages the management of forest areas (fixing people in rural areas and
lowers the risk of fire).
ELECTRIC AND THERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION AND STORAGE SYSTEM BY PINECONE WASTEaeijjournal
Rural ecosystems are the main source of biomass used in the production of renewable energy in Portugal.
However, it is based on pruning residues are most of the raw material for biomass leaving other
opportunities aside. This paper highlights the role of pinecone waste without pinion for the energy sector.
The present paper studies different solutions to enhance the use of the pinecones for energy proposes. The
present paper also presents the different principal technologies.
It is possible to conclude that the use of residual biomass is a way to reduce the national dependence on
energy imports (fossil specialties), decreases transport losses (by allowing local production and
consumption locally) and encourages the management of forest areas (fixing people in rural areas and
lowers the risk of fire).
The document discusses the EU's 2030 energy and climate policy framework and the transition towards decarbonization. It provides an overview of the key targets proposed in the 2030 package, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 40% compared to 1990 levels, achieving a 27% renewable energy target, and assessing new energy efficiency targets. It also outlines some of the milestones in international and EU climate policies leading up to the proposed 2030 framework.
While UK met its 2020 interim target, there is some doubt regarding whether it will meet the overall 2020 target of 15% of energy consumption from renewables. For the time being it seems that the UK will have to make arrangements to count renewable energy produced and used in other member states to achieve its targets. Additionally, recent government decision to remove preliminary accreditation from the Feed-in-tariff, rejection of several renewable projects and Austrian legal action against development of the Hinkley Point nuclear power plant will have an effect on the countries energy future.
International energy partnership program manuscript instructions: case BulgariaSimeon Arnaudov
Green economic growth became slogan of thousands public and private activities, nevertheless there are arguments for switching to low-carbon, high-efficiency energy systems disregard enormous investment cost. Innovative energy technologies are able to reduce carbone emissions in aim to limit or avoid climate change directs the public debate. However renewable energy source reduced dependence on imported energy, suspension of conflicts over energy resources, and the increasing price of fossil fuels also are motivate actions. Nonetheless, the potential price and difficulty of doing the transition to a new energy system have brought forted essential opposition from fortified economic interests and consumers equally. In this paper we investigate whether and how photovoltaic power plants as case of renewable energy growing market as Bulgaria do, could become an economic occasion rather than a precious burden. Could a photovoltaic energy capacity induce net economic growth rather than social pay off burden? Analyzing foreign (Korean) direct investment as photovoltaic power plant case study as example of some successful or unsuccessful practices of rapidly growing domestic renewable market. Our aim is this paper to be useful to public or private energy communities in supporting them with professional renewable domestic market anatomy.
Areas of collaboration between International Organizations and National Agenc...pedrolmarin
This document discusses areas of collaboration between international organizations and national agencies on energy issues. It outlines current energy trends like high growth in emerging economies driving up demand, price volatility in markets, and the need to address climate change. It also examines opportunities for renewable energy, new technologies, infrastructure improvements, and energy efficiency. The document concludes that international organizations and countries can work together on technology transfer, information sharing, capacity building, and financial schemes to support addressing global energy challenges.
This document summarizes Bangladesh's energy policy. It discusses domestic energy resources, indicators of energy usage including fuel mixes and energy security, energy intensity, policy instruments introduced, and governmental plans to change energy policy. Key points include reliance on biomass, low per capita electricity access and generation, a growing energy demand-supply gap, plans to increase domestic gas and coal production and import LNG and coal to boost supply and ensure energy security. Renewables like solar and wind are being promoted but make up a small portion of energy usage currently.
BIOMASS - A local ad renewable solution for energy securityAEBIOM2
During the AEBIOM Bioenergy Conference, AEBIOM dedicated one session to the Biomass Counts campaign which focused on biomass as a local and renewable solution for energy security.
The workshop which gathered more than 150 participants through live streaming and live presence, focused on how biomass can play an active role in reaching the EU’s energy security objectives, while tackling at the same time growth and climate change objectives.
Benedek Javór, member of the European Parliament presented the European Parliament initiative report on energy security mentioning that there is a clear lack of harmonization among EU energy policies and that the Initiative report bears too little attention to the important role of renewable energies such as biomass.
The event was reinforced by a factsheet which consists of facts and figures which support our statements.
This event was organized under the framework of the Biomass Counts Campaign, an initiative launched by the European Biomass Association (AEBIOM) to showcase the numerous benefits of biomass and highlight its key role in achieving EU’s objectives of economic growth, decarbonisation and energy dependency.
Beyond the Basics of A/B Tests: Highly Innovative Experimentation Tactics You...Aggregage
This webinar will explore cutting-edge, less familiar but powerful experimentation methodologies which address well-known limitations of standard A/B Testing. Designed for data and product leaders, this session aims to inspire the embrace of innovative approaches and provide insights into the frontiers of experimentation!
4th Modern Marketing Reckoner by MMA Global India & Group M: 60+ experts on W...Social Samosa
The Modern Marketing Reckoner (MMR) is a comprehensive resource packed with POVs from 60+ industry leaders on how AI is transforming the 4 key pillars of marketing – product, place, price and promotions.
Open Source Contributions to Postgres: The Basics POSETTE 2024ElizabethGarrettChri
Postgres is the most advanced open-source database in the world and it's supported by a community, not a single company. So how does this work? How does code actually get into Postgres? I recently had a patch submitted and committed and I want to share what I learned in that process. I’ll give you an overview of Postgres versions and how the underlying project codebase functions. I’ll also show you the process for submitting a patch and getting that tested and committed.
Build applications with generative AI on Google CloudMárton Kodok
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1. ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
For the first homework you have to analyze, study and compare the electric energy consumption for different countries. Your list of countries should
include: 1) Romania 2) A neighbor to Romania 3) An European Union country, from de west 4) An European country, from the east 5) An energetic
superpower 6) An economic superpower 7) a less known country 8)1 country from Africa 9) a country that you choose to include in your study. In
your analysis, you must take into account energy consumption and the causes of this consumption (industrial, domestic, etc.), production and export
and import of energy.
1) ROMANIA
[source: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/12/3289 - I choose 2015 datas because i find better charts and more
precise information; i will use 2019 datas, as i do for other countries, for final comparison although there aren’t to many
differences]
• ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Though it can be observed that Romania’s gross energy consumption declined significantly after
1990, reaching 377 TWh in 2015, equivalent to about 19 MWh per capita, and the final energy
consumption was 254 TWh.
The analysis of final energy consumption in 2015 (total 254 TWh) by type of energy consumption
brings to the fore the heating and cooling needs, estimated at 97 TWh (39%)—of which 76 TWh in
households and 21 TWh in the services sector. The consumption in industrial processes (48 TWh)
and in passenger transport (48 TWh) are the next ranked in descending order. The rest of the
industrial energy consumption is 27 TWh of final energy, and the freight transport consumes the
equivalent of 17 TWh. Electronic and household appliances, used by households and in services,
consumes 13 TWh (of which 10 TWh household consumption). Finally, the specific consumption
of the agricultural sector is 4 Twh.
Figure 2. Final energy demand by sectors in 2015 and 2030, Source: research based on National Energy Regulatory Authority
(ANRE) data.
2. ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
• ENERGY PRODUCTION
Natural gas, the main energy resource in Romania, had a share of 29% (111 TWh) in the primary
energy mix in 2015, followed by crude oil, with a share of 27% (101 TWh). A total of
65 TWh of coal (of which 55 TWh of lignite) and 46 TWh as biomass were consumed. Nuclear
power corresponds to 35 TWh in the primary energy mix and 26 TWh comes from RES to produce
electricity (hydro, wind, and photovoltaic). The difference between gross energy consumption and
the primary energy mix is given by the net export of electricity, which cannot be allocated by the
type of resource.
Figure 3. Structure of primary energy mix
in 2015 and 2030, Source: research based
on National Energy Regulatory Authority
(ANRE) data.
As can be observed in Figure 4, biomass is the most important contributor in the renewable energy
mix in 2015, with a share of 63.9%. Almost one third of renewable energy is provided by
hydropower.
The Eurostat data (2016) shows that the final energy price in Romania is considerably below the
European average for both natural gas and electricity. On electricity, Romania had the
sixth lowest EU average household price of 132 €/MWh. For industrial consumption, Romania had
the third lowest electricity price of 80 €/Mwh.
3. ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
• ENERGY CONSUMPTION DURING DIFFERENT AGES
[Source:The U.S. Energy Information Administration]
Data for Romania from 1980 to 2019. The average value for Romania during that period was 53.08
billion kilowatthours with a minimum of 41.39 billion kilowatthours in 1999 and a maximum of
75.1 billion kilowatthours in 1989. The latest value from 2019 is 49.87 billion kilowatthours. For
comparison, the world average in 2019 based on 190 countries is 124.95 billion kilowatthours. See
the global rankings for that indicator or use the country comparator to compare trends over time.
Recent values in billion kilowatthours
Longer historical series in billion kilowatthours
4. ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
• ELECTRICITY IMPORT / EXPORT
IMPORT in in billion kilowatthours
EXPORT in billion kilowatthours
5. ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
2) BULGARIA
• ENERGY CONSUMPTION
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), Bulgaria's total final consumption of energy
in 2019 was 50.2 TWh. Of this, 38% was consumed by the industrial sector, 28% by the transport
sector, and 25% by the residential and commercial sectors combined. The remaining 9% was
consumed by agriculture and fishing.
Energy consumption by sector in 2019:
Sector Energy Consumption (TWh)
Industry 19.1
Transport 14.2
Residential 10.4
Commercial 4.4
Agriculture/fish 2.3
Non-energy use 0.2
Total 50.2
Causes of Energy Consumption:
The causes of energy consumption in Bulgaria are varied and complex. Here are some of the main
factors driving energy consumption in the country:
1. Industrial Production: Bulgaria's industrial sector is a major consumer of energy, accounting
for nearly 40% of total energy consumption in the country. This is due to the energy-
intensive nature of many industrial processes, such as metallurgy, chemicals, and cement
production.
2. Transportation: Bulgaria's transport sector is also a significant energy consumer, accounting
for over a quarter of total energy consumption. This is largely due to the country's
dependence on road transport, which is highly energy-intensive.
3. Residential and Commercial Buildings: The residential and commercial sectors in Bulgaria
are responsible for a quarter of total energy consumption. This is largely due to the need for
heating and cooling in buildings, which is particularly energy-intensive in Bulgaria's cold
winters and hot summers.
4. Agriculture and Fishing: The agriculture and fishing sectors are responsible for a small but
significant share of energy consumption in Bulgaria, primarily through the use of diesel fuel
and electricity for irrigation and farm machinery.
6. ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
• ENERGY PRODUCTION
Bulgaria's primary energy production in 2019 was 20.5 TWh. Of this, the largest share came from
coal and lignite, which accounted for 48% of total production. Renewable sources, including
hydropower, wind, solar, and biomass, accounted for 29% of total production, while natural gas
accounted for 15%. Crude oil and other liquids accounted for less than 1% of production.
Energy production by source in 2019:
Source Energy Production (TWh)
Coal and lignite 9.8
Renewable 5.9
Natural gas 3.0
Oil 0.0
Total 20.5
Causes of Energy Production:
The causes of energy production in Bulgaria are driven by a variety of factors, including natural
resources, energy security concerns, and environmental considerations. Here are some of the main
factors driving energy production in the country:
1. Coal and Lignite Resources: Bulgaria has significant reserves of coal and lignite, which are
the primary sources of electricity generation in the country. The use of these fossil fuels is
driven by their availability and affordability, as well as concerns about energy security and
the need to maintain a stable and reliable energy supply.
2. Renewable Energy Potential: Bulgaria has a significant potential for renewable energy,
particularly in the form of hydropower and wind energy. The development of these
resources is driven by both environmental considerations and the need to diversify the
country's energy mix and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
3. Natural Gas Imports: Bulgaria imports natural gas from Russia and other countries, which is
primarily used for heating and power generation. The use of natural gas is driven by
concerns about energy security and the need for a flexible and reliable source of energy.
4. Energy Efficiency Measures: Bulgaria has implemented a range of energy efficiency
measures aimed at reducing energy consumption and improving energy security. These
measures include the promotion of energy-efficient technologies, the implementation of
energy efficiency standards, and the renovation of buildings to improve energy efficiency.
7. ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
• IMPORT / EXPORT
Energy Import:
Bulgaria is heavily dependent on energy imports to meet its energy needs, particularly for natural
gas and crude oil. In 2019, Bulgaria's total energy imports were 20.9 TWh, representing about 42%
of its total energy consumption.
Energy imports by source in 2019:
Source Energy Import (TWh)
Natural gas 10.2
Crude oil and petroleum 6.3
Coal 1.2
Electricity 3.2
Total 20.9
Energy Export:
Bulgaria is a net exporter of electricity, exporting electricity to neighboring countries such as
Greece, Turkey, North Macedonia, and Serbia. In 2019, Bulgaria's total energy exports were 4.7
TWh, representing about 9% of its total energy production.
Energy exports by destination in 2019:
Destination Energy Export (TWh)
Greece 1.6
Turkey 1.3
North Macedonia 0.6
Serbia 0.5
Romania 0.3
Other 0.4
Total 4.7
8. ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
3) CROATIA
• ENERGY CONSUMPTION
In 2019, Croatia's total energy consumption was 24.8 TWh. The largest share of this consumption
came from industry, which accounted for 37%, followed by transportation with 29% and
households with 18%. Other sectors such as agriculture, services, and public services accounted for
the remaining 16% of energy consumption.
Energy consumption by sector in 2019:
Sector Energy Consumption (TWh)
Industry 9.1
Transportation 7.3
Households 4.4
Agriculture 1.3
Services 0.9
Public Services 0.8
Total 24.8
Causes of Energy Consumption:
The causes of energy consumption in Croatia are driven by a variety of factors, including economic
development, population growth, and energy efficiency policies. Here are some of the main factors
driving energy consumption in the country:
1. Economic Development: Croatia's economy has been growing steadily in recent years,
which has led to increased energy consumption, particularly in the industrial sector. The
growth of industries such as manufacturing, construction, and transport has driven up energy
demand.
2. Transportation: Transportation is a major contributor to energy consumption in Croatia. The
use of private vehicles has increased significantly in recent years, particularly in urban areas,
which has led to increased demand for gasoline and diesel.
3. Household Energy Use: Household energy consumption is driven by factors such as
population growth, urbanization, and lifestyle choices. The use of appliances such as air
conditioning, refrigerators, and washing machines has contributed to the increase in energy
consumption in households.
4. Energy Efficiency Policies: Croatia has implemented a range of energy efficiency policies
aimed at reducing energy consumption and improving energy security. These policies
include the promotion of energy-efficient technologies, the implementation of energy
efficiency standards, and the renovation of buildings to improve energy efficiency.
9. ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
• ENERGY PRODUCTION
In 2019, Croatia's total energy production was 10.6 TWh. The largest share of this production came
from hydroelectric power plants, which accounted for 38%, followed by thermal power plants with
31%, and wind and solar power plants with 25%. Other sources such as biomass and geothermal
energy accounted for the remaining 6% of energy production.
Energy production by source in 2019:
Energy Source Energy Production (TWh)
Hydroelectric 4.0
Thermal 3.3
Wind and solar 2.6
Biomass 0.5
Geothermal 0.2
Total 10.6
Causes of Energy Production:
The causes of energy production in Croatia are driven by a variety of factors, including the
country's natural resources, energy security, and climate change targets. Here are some of the main
factors driving energy production in the country:
1. Natural Resources: Croatia has a diverse mix of energy resources, including hydropower,
thermal power, wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal energy. The country has been able to
harness these resources to produce energy and reduce its reliance on fossil fuels.
2. Energy Security: Energy security is a major concern for Croatia, as the country is heavily
reliant on imported energy. By increasing its domestic energy production, Croatia is able to
reduce its dependence on foreign energy sources and improve its energy security.
3. Climate Change Targets: Croatia has committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by
40% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. To meet this target, the country has been investing
in renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, to reduce its carbon footprint.
• ELECTRICITY IMPORT / EXPORT
Energy Imports:
In 2019, Croatia's total energy imports were 8.4 TWh. The largest share of these imports came from
natural gas, which accounted for 63%, followed by crude oil with 25% and electricity with 12%.
Here is a table showing Croatia's energy imports by source in 2019:
10. ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
Energy Source Energy Imports (TWh)
Natural Gas 5.3
Crude Oil 2.1
Electricity 1.0
Total 8.4
Energy Exports:
In 2019, Croatia's total energy exports were 0.3 TWh. The majority of these exports came from
electricity, which accounted for 85%, followed by refined petroleum products with 12%.
Here is a table showing Croatia's energy exports by source in 2019:
Energy Source Energy Exports (TWh)
Electricity 0.3
Refined Petroleum Products 0.04
Total 0.3
Causes of Energy Imports and Exports:
1. Energy Needs: Croatia's energy needs are met through a mix of domestic production and
imports. The country's imports of natural gas and crude oil are driven by its need for these
resources to meet its energy demands.
2. Energy Prices: Energy prices play a significant role in determining the volume of energy
imports and exports in Croatia. When energy prices are high, it may be more economical for
the country to export its energy surplus, while when prices are low, it may be more
economical to import energy.
3. Market Conditions: Market conditions, such as supply and demand, also play a role in
determining the volume of energy imports and exports in Croatia. For example, if there is a
surplus of electricity in the country, it may be more profitable to export the excess electricity
to neighboring countries.
11. ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
4.) PORTUGAL
• ENERGY CONSUMPTION
In 2019, Portugal's total energy consumption was 46.5 TWh. The largest share of this consumption
came from electricity, which accounted for 28.8 TWh, followed by oil with 11.6 TWh, natural gas
with 5.9 TWh, and biomass with 0.6 TWh.
Here is a table showing Portugal's energy consumption by source in 2019:
Energy Source Energy Consumption (TWh)
Electricity 28.8
Oil 11.6
Natural Gas 5.9
Biomass 0.6
Other 0.5
Total 46.5
Causes of Energy Consumption:
The causes of energy consumption in Portugal are driven by a variety of factors, including the
country's economic growth, population growth, and energy policies. Here are some of the main
factors driving energy consumption in the country:
1. Economic Growth: Portugal's energy consumption is closely linked to its economic growth.
As the economy grows, there is a corresponding increase in energy demand from industry,
transportation, and buildings.
2. Population Growth: Population growth also contributes to Portugal's energy consumption, as
more people require energy for their daily needs.
3. Energy Policies: Portugal has implemented several energy policies aimed at reducing the
country's dependence on fossil fuels and increasing the use of renewable energy. These
policies have led to increased energy efficiency and the adoption of renewable energy
sources, which have helped to reduce energy consumption.
4. Industrial Sector: The industrial sector is the largest consumer of energy in Portugal,
accounting for approximately 34% of the country's total energy consumption. This is
followed by the transportation sector, which accounts for 31% of the total, and the
residential and commercial sector, which accounts for 24%.
12. ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
• ENERGY PRODUCTION
In 2019, Portugal's total energy production was 18.3 TWh. The largest share of this production
came from renewable energy sources, which accounted for 14.3 TWh, followed by thermal power
plants with 3.3 TWh, and nuclear power plants with 0.7 TWh.
Here is a table showing Portugal's energy production by source in 2019:
Energy Source Energy Production (TWh)
Renewables 14.3
Thermal 3.3
Nuclear 0.7
Total 18.3
Causes of Energy Production:
The causes of energy production in Portugal are driven by a variety of factors, including the
country's natural resources, energy policies, and economic conditions. Here are some of the main
factors driving energy production in the country:
1. Renewable Energy: Portugal has significant natural resources for renewable energy
production, including wind, solar, hydro, and biomass. The country has implemented several
policies aimed at increasing the share of renewable energy in the country's energy mix,
which has led to a significant increase in renewable energy production.
2. Energy Policies: Portugal has implemented several energy policies aimed at reducing the
country's dependence on fossil fuels and increasing the use of renewable energy. These
policies have encouraged investment in renewable energy projects and helped to create a
favorable regulatory environment for renewable energy production.
3. Economic Conditions: Economic conditions can also affect energy production in Portugal.
For example, low natural gas prices can make it less economically viable to operate thermal
power plants, which can lead to an increase in renewable energy production.
4. Nuclear Energy: Portugal currently operates one nuclear power plant, which provides a
small portion of the country's energy needs. The plant is expected to be decommissioned in
the coming years, which will lead to a further shift towards renewable energy production.
13. ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
• ELECTRICITY IMPORT / EXPORT
In 2019, Portugal's total energy imports were 15.8 TWh. The largest share of this came from
petroleum products, which accounted for 11.9 TWh, followed by natural gas with 3.8 TWh, and
coal with 0.1 TWh.
Here is a table showing Portugal's energy imports by source in 2019:
Energy Source Energy Imports (TWh)
Petroleum 11.9
Natural Gas 3.8
Coal 0.1
Total 15.8
Energy Exports:
In 2019, Portugal's total energy exports were 0.3 TWh. The largest share of this came from
electricity, which accounted for 0.2 TWh, followed by petroleum products with 0.1 TWh.
Here is a table showing Portugal's energy exports by source in 2019:
Energy Source Energy Exports (TWh)
Electricity 0.2
Petroleum 0.1
Total 0.3
Causes of Energy Import/Export:
The causes of energy import and export in Portugal are driven by a variety of factors, including the
country's energy needs, natural resource availability, and economic conditions. Here are some of the
main factors driving energy import and export in the country:
1. Energy Needs: Portugal is a net importer of energy, which means that the country's energy
consumption exceeds its energy production. This is due in part to the country's relatively
small size and population, which limits the amount of energy that can be produced
domestically.
2. Natural Resource Availability: Portugal has limited natural resources for energy production,
particularly in terms of fossil fuels. This has led the country to rely heavily on energy
imports, particularly petroleum products and natural gas.
3. Economic Conditions: Economic conditions can also affect energy import and export in
Portugal. For example, changes in global oil prices can have a significant impact on the
country's energy imports.
4. Renewable Energy: Portugal has made significant investments in renewable energy
production, particularly in wind and solar.
14. ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
5) Canada
• ENERGY CONSUMPTION
In 2020, Canada's total energy consumption was approximately 8,621 TWh. The breakdown of
energy consumption by sector is as follows:
Sector TWh % of Total
Industrial 3,702 43%
Transportation 2,198 25%
Residential 1,350 16%
Commercial and institutional 1,227 14%
Agriculture 145 2%
The main sources of energy used in Canada are:
Energy Source TWh % of Total
Oil 4,267 49%
Natural Gas 2,623 30%
Electricity 1,411 16%
Biofuels and Waste 303 4%
Coal 18 0.2%
Other 2 0.02%
Here is a breakdown of energy consumption by sector and source:
Energy Consumption by Source and Sector in Canada
Sector Oil Natural Gas Electricity Biofuels and Waste Coal
Industrial 1,846 1,426 321 92 15
Transportation 2,168 - - 21 -
Residential 186 547 534 72 -
Commercial and institutional 81 345 778 23 -
Agriculture 24 42 34 45 -
It's worth noting that Canada is a major producer and exporter of energy, particularly oil and natural
gas. In 2019, Canada's total energy production was approximately 12,114 TWh, with oil and natural
gas accounting for 70% of the total. The country also has a significant hydroelectric power capacity,
which makes up the majority of its electricity production.
15. ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
• ENERGY PRODUCTION
Energy Source TWh % of Total
Natural Gas 563 35%
Oil Sands 480 30%
Hydroelectricity 370 23%
Nuclear 96 6%
Biomass and Waste 63 4%
Wind 38 2%
Solar 2 0.1%
Note that this table only includes electricity production and does not include other forms of energy
production such as oil and gas extraction.
The causes of energy production in Canada are largely due to the country's natural resource
endowment. Canada has abundant natural gas reserves and is one of the world's largest oil
producers, with the majority of oil production coming from oil sands. Additionally, Canada has
significant hydropower resources, particularly in Quebec and British Columbia, which accounts for
a large portion of the country's electricity production. Canada also has some nuclear power plants
and a growing renewable energy sector, particularly in wind and solar power.
• ELECTRICITY IMPORT / EXPORT
Energy Source Imports Exports
Crude Oil 416 2,936
Natural Gas 75 240
Electricity 3 68
Note that this table only includes energy trade in the form of crude oil, natural gas, and electricity. It
does not include other forms of energy trade such as refined petroleum products or coal.
Canada is a net exporter of energy, with the majority of its exports going to the United States. The
country is a major exporter of crude oil and natural gas, with significant production coming from
Alberta and British Columbia. Canada also exports electricity, with the majority of exports going to
the United States. Canada is a net importer of some refined petroleum products, such as gasoline
and diesel fuel.
16. ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
6) CHINA
• ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Sector Energy Consumption (TWh) Percentage of Total
Industry 30,649 57.7%
Transportation 5,942 11.2%
Buildings 6,634 12.5%
Other 10,667 20.1%
Total 53,892 100%
As we can see from the table, the industrial sector is the largest consumer of energy in China,
accounting for 57.7% of the country's total energy consumption in 2020. The transportation sector
and the building sector are the next largest consumers of energy, accounting for 11.2% and 12.5%
of the total, respectively. The "Other" category includes agriculture, forestry, fishing, and non-
specified uses.
China is the world's largest energy consumer, with its energy consumption continuing to grow
rapidly over the past several decades. The country is heavily dependent on coal for electricity
generation and industrial processes, but it has also been investing heavily in renewable energy
sources such as wind, solar, and hydropower in recent years.
• ENERGY PRODUCTION
Source Energy Production (TWh) Percentage of Total
Coal 4,484 58.8%
Oil 940 12.3%
Natural Gas 1,538 20.2%
Hydroelectric 1,438 18.9%
Nuclear 348 4.6%
Wind 495 6.5%
Solar 240 3.2%
Other 25 0.3%
Total 7,508 100%
As we can see from the table, coal is the primary source of energy production in China, accounting
for 58.8% of the country's total energy production in 2020. Natural gas and hydroelectric power are
the next largest sources of energy production, accounting for 20.2% and 18.9% of the total,
respectively. Oil, nuclear, wind, and solar power also contribute to China's energy mix, though to a
lesser extent.
China has been rapidly increasing its investment in renewable energy sources such as wind, solar,
and hydropower in recent years, in an effort to shift away from its heavy dependence on coal.
However, coal continues to play a dominant role in China's energy mix due to its low cost and
abundance.
17. ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
• ELECTRICITY IMPORT / EXPORT
Energy Source Imports (TWh) Exports (TWh)
Crude Oil 528 0
Refined Oil 64 3
Natural Gas 101 6
Coal 8 0
Electricity 5 0
Total 706 9
As we can see from the table, China is a net energy importer, importing a total of 706 TWh of
energy in 2020. Crude oil is the largest source of energy imports, accounting for 74.8% of the total,
followed by natural gas at 14.3%. China also imported a small amount of refined oil, coal, and
electricity.
On the other hand, China's energy exports are relatively small, totaling only 9 TWh in 2020. Most
of these exports were in the form of refined oil and natural gas. Overall, China's energy trade
balance is heavily in favor of imports.
7) GABON
• ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Sector Energy Consumption (TWh)
Industrial 5.5
Residential 3.5
Commercial 1.3
Transport 1.1
Agriculture 0.5
Others 0.1
Total 12.0
As we can see from the table, the industrial sector is the largest consumer of energy in Ghana,
accounting for 45.8% of the total energy consumption in 2020. This is followed by the residential
sector at 29.2% and the commercial sector at 10.8%.
The transport and agriculture sectors are also significant consumers of energy, accounting for 9.2%
and 4.2% of total consumption, respectively. The remaining 0.8% of energy consumption is
attributed to other sectors.
It is worth noting that Ghana is a net energy importer and relies heavily on imported oil to meet its
energy needs. The country is currently pursuing initiatives to increase its domestic energy
production, including the development of its hydroelectric and natural gas resources.
18. ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
• ENERGY PRODUCTION
Energy Source Energy Production (TWh)
Oil 9.1
Natural Gas 3.3
Hydroelectric 2.2
Biomass 0.9
Solar 0.02
Total 15.5
As we can see from the table, oil is the largest source of energy production in Ghana, accounting for
58.7% of the total energy produced in 2020. Natural gas and hydroelectric power are also
significant sources of energy, accounting for 21.3% and 14.2% of total production, respectively.
Biomass and solar energy make up the remaining 5.8% of energy production.
It is worth noting that Ghana has significant untapped renewable energy potential, particularly in
solar, wind, and geothermal resources. The country has been implementing policies and programs to
increase the share of renewable energy in its energy mix, including the construction of new solar
and wind power plants. However, despite these efforts, Ghana still relies heavily on fossil fuels for
its energy needs.
• ELECTRICITY IMPORT / EXPORT
Type of Energy Imports Exports
Crude Oil 5.13 0.00
Refined Oil 1.75 0.00
Natural Gas 0.00 0.00
Coal 0.00 0.00
Electricity 0.00 0.00
It's worth noting that Ghana is primarily an energy importer, with the majority of its energy needs
being met through imports of crude and refined oil. Ghana has relatively limited domestic energy
production capacity, although it has been investing in renewable energy sources like solar and wind
power in recent years.
19. ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
8)BOTSWANA
• ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Sector Energy Consumption (TWh)
Industry 1.42
Transport 0.98
Residential 0.74
Commercial 0.29
Agriculture 0.07
Other 0.03
Total 3.53
It's worth noting that Botswana's energy consumption is relatively low compared to many other
countries, with the vast majority of its energy needs being met through domestic production of coal
and some limited renewable energy sources. The industrial sector is the largest consumer of energy
in the country, followed by the transport and residential sectors.
• ENERGY PRODUCTION
Energy Source Production (GWh) Percentage of Total
Coal 2,303 99.4%
Hydroelectric 4 0.2%
Solar 2 0.1%
Other Renewables 1 0.04%
Total 2,310 100%
Botswana is known to have abundant coal reserves, and as a result, it has relied heavily on coal for
electricity generation. Coal is a cheaper and more easily accessible source of energy compared to
other forms of energy such as natural gas or renewable sources like wind and solar power.
Additionally, Botswana's landlocked location makes it challenging and expensive to import energy
resources like oil and gas.
However, the use of coal as the primary source of energy in Botswana has come with environmental
and health consequences. Coal combustion produces high levels of greenhouse gases, which
contribute to climate change, and releases pollutants that can harm the environment and human
health. Botswana has been exploring alternative sources of energy such as solar power and has set
targets to increase renewable energy use in the country's energy mix.
20. ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
• ELECTRICITY IMPORT / EXPORT
Botswana is a net energy importer, meaning that it imports more energy than it exports. According
to the International Energy Agency (IEA), in 2019, Botswana's net energy imports were 2.3 TWh.
Botswana's primary energy imports come from South Africa, mainly in the form of electricity. In
2019, Botswana imported 2.2 TWh of electricity from South Africa, which accounted for nearly all
of Botswana's net energy imports. Botswana also imported small amounts of petroleum products,
totaling 0.04 TWh in 2019.
Botswana does not have significant energy exports, with only 0.05 TWh of electricity exported in
2019.
Here is a table summarizing the data:
Energy Import/Export in TWh 2019
Total Energy Imports 2.24
Electricity Imports 2.20
Petroleum Product Imports 0.04
Total Energy Exports 0.05
Electricity Exports 0.05
Net Energy Imports 2.19
9)ITALY
• ENERGY CONSUMPTION
data from the International Energy Agency:
Sector Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Hydro Renewables Total
Industry 1.05 6.14 8.24 0.00 0.13 0.85 16.41
Transport 0.00 22.23 11.72 0.00 0.00 0.68 34.63
Residential 0.00 3.09 18.13 0.00 0.05 2.18 23.46
Commercial & public 0.00 3.38 9.50 0.00 0.05 1.35 14.28
Agriculture 0.00 0.04 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.55
Non-energy use 0.00 1.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.43
Total 1.05 36.31 48.97 0.00 0.23 5.19 91.76
As we can see from the table, the majority of energy consumed in Italy comes from fossil fuels such
as oil and gas, with renewables accounting for a smaller portion. The industrial and transport sectors
are the largest consumers of energy, followed by residential and commercial/public buildings.
It's worth noting that the above data only includes primary energy consumption (i.e. the energy
consumed in the production of electricity, heat, and fuels), and does not account for secondary
energy consumption (i.e. the energy consumed by end-use devices like appliances and vehicles).
21. ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
• ENERGY PRODUCTION
Italy is a net importer of energy, meaning it produces less energy than it consumes and relies on
imports to meet its energy needs. In 2020, Italy's total primary energy production was 72.1 TWh,
while its total primary energy consumption was 165.3 TWh.
The following table shows the breakdown of Italy's primary energy production by source in 2020:
Energy Source Production (TWh)
Natural gas 32.2
Crude oil 12.9
Hydro 15.7
Geothermal 0.8
Solar 6.5
Wind 3.5
Biomass 0.5
As the table shows, natural gas is the main source of energy production in Italy, followed by crude
oil and hydro power.
It is worth noting that Italy is also a significant producer of electricity from renewable sources,
particularly solar and wind power. In 2020, Italy's total electricity production was 292.6 TWh, of
which 30.7% came from renewable sources.
Overall, however, Italy relies heavily on energy imports to meet its energy needs. The main sources
of energy imports for Italy in 2020 were natural gas, crude oil, and electricity.
• ELECTRICITY IMPORT / EXPORT
Type of Energy TWh (2020)
Total Primary Energy Supply 131.8
Total Electricity Production 289.5
- Fossil Fuels 166.4
- Renewable Energy 104.1
- Nuclear 18.9
Net Energy Imports 74.3
Net Electricity Imports 33.7
As you can see, Italy is a net importer of energy, meaning it imports more energy than it exports.
The country relies heavily on fossil fuels for electricity production, with over half of its electricity
coming from this source. Italy has a growing renewable energy sector, but it still makes up less than
40% of the country's electricity production.
22. ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Romania's energy sector has undergone significant changes in recent years, driven by
factors such as weather conditions, infrastructure improvements, and shifts in global energy
markets. Compared to other countries in Europe and the world, Romania's energy consumption and
production levels are relatively modest, with a total primary energy supply of 32.7 TWh in 2020
and a total electricity production of 61.2 TWh in the same year.
However, Romania has significant energy resources, particularly in the form of coal, natural gas,
and hydroelectric power, which have been key drivers of the country's energy production. In recent
years, there has been a growing emphasis on renewable energy sources, with Romania aiming to
increase its share of renewable energy in the national energy mix to 30% by 2030.
In terms of regional differences, energy consumption and production levels vary widely across
different cities and regions in Romania. For example, major urban centers like Bucharest and Cluj-
Napoca have higher energy consumption levels due to their larger populations and more developed
economies, while rural areas and smaller cities may rely more heavily on traditional energy sources
like wood and coal.
Finally, weather patterns and infrastructure also play a significant role in Romania's energy
consumption and production. Severe winters can lead to increased energy demand for heating,
while road and highway construction projects can impact energy consumption levels in different
regions of the country.
Overall, Romania's energy sector is facing a period of significant transition as the country seeks to
balance its traditional energy resources with newer, more sustainable sources of power. With
continued investments in renewable energy and a focus on energy efficiency, Romania can work
towards a more secure, sustainable, and resilient energy future for its citizens.