Introduction
The jujube, Ziziphus jujuba Mill. is a well-known medicinal plant with various nutritional values and pharmacological properties which grows in South Khorasan province, Iran, as the major producer of jujube in Iran. The jujube lace bug, Monosteira alticarinata Ghauri (Hemiptera: Tingidae) is the second most important pest of jujube trees after the jujube fruit fly, Carpomyia vesuviana Costa (Diptera: Tephritidae) in South Khorasan province. Its occurrence in Iran was reported for the first time in 2012 by Moodi from Birjand in South Khorasan province. Adults of M. alticarinata overwinter on the bark of trees, under fallen leaves and in spring they move to young jujube leaves where they feed and lay eggs on the underside, thus starting infestations. Both M. alticarinata adults and nymphs feed on underside of leaves and produce small chlorotic stippling on the upper leaf surface. Leaf undersides appear specifically black varnish spotted due to lace bug excrement. Their injury reduces photosynthesis and respiration and also causes aesthetically displeasing injured leaves. As a result, foliage becomes bronzed and leaves may drop early. The accumulation of excrements on the leaves, also results in reduction of the gas exchange like other lace bugs. Distribution pattern of an insect population is an important aspect as it represents the interaction between individuals of the species and their habitat. The importance of spatial distribution comes from its central role in ecological theories and its practical role in population sampling theory as well as in the development of rational pest management strategies. For these reasons, a great deal of effort has been invested in characterizing the spatial distribution of insect populations. Spatial dispersion of a population usually follows one of three models: aggregated (or contagious), random (or by chance) or uniform (or regular). To determine the spatial distribution pattern of a given species it is necessary to obtain data on the count of individuals in the ecosystem to be considered. Despite the importance of M. alticarinata in the region, no study has been conducted on the distribution of this pest in jujube plant in Iran. Knowledge of spatial distribution of M. alticarinata is useful for designing, pest management and development of population models and assessment of levels of its damage.
Materials and Methods
To investigate the spatial distribution pattern of different life stages of M. alticarinata, samplings were done weekly of jujube trees in 2020. Jujube leaf was selected as sampling unit and the reliable sample size with maximum relative variation of 20% was obtained 50. The number of egg, nymph and adult was recorded in three heights of jujube trees (1.5, 2, and 3 meters). The spatial distribution pattern of different life stages of lace bug was determined using mean-variance ratio, Lloyd's mean crowding index, Taylor´s power low and Iwao´s patchiness regression model.
Results
Response of Agronomic and Phenological Characteristics of Bread Wheat (Tritic...
Spatial Distribution of Different Life Stages of Monosteira alticarinata (Hemiptera: Tingidae) in Birjand Region
1. Research Article
Vol. 37, No. 3, Fall 2023, p. 275-288
Spatial Distribution of Different Life Stages of Monosteira alticarinata
(Hemiptera: Tingidae) in Birjand Region
S.A. Notghi Moghadam1
, H. Sadeghi-Namaghi 2
*, S. Moodi32
Received: 19-06-2023
Revised: 01-09-2023
Accepted: 05-09-2023
Available Online: 05-09-2023
How to cite this article:
Notghi Moghadam, S.A., Sadeghi-Namaghi, H., & Moodi, S. (2023). Spatial
distribution of different life stages of Monosteira alticarinata (Hemiptera:
Tingidae) in Birjand region. Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research,
37(3), 275-288. (In Persian with English abstract).
https://doi.org/10.22067/jpp.2023.83016.1149
Introduction
The jujube, Ziziphus jujuba Mill. is a well-known medicinal plant with various nutritional values and
pharmacological properties which grows in South Khorasan province, Iran, as the major producer of jujube in
Iran. The jujube lace bug, Monosteira alticarinata Ghauri (Hemiptera: Tingidae) is the second most important
pest of jujube trees after the jujube fruit fly, Carpomyia vesuviana Costa (Diptera: Tephritidae) in South
Khorasan province. Its occurrence in Iran was reported for the first time in 2012 by Moodi from Birjand in South
Khorasan province. Adults of M. alticarinata overwinter on the bark of trees, under fallen leaves and in spring
they move to young jujube leaves where they feed and lay eggs on the underside, thus starting infestations. Both
M. alticarinata adults and nymphs feed on underside of leaves and produce small chlorotic stippling on the
upper leaf surface. Leaf undersides appear specifically black varnish spotted due to lace bug excrement. Their
injury reduces photosynthesis and respiration and also causes aesthetically displeasing injured leaves. As a
result, foliage becomes bronzed and leaves may drop early. The accumulation of excrements on the leaves, also
results in reduction of the gas exchange like other lace bugs. Distribution pattern of an insect population is an
important aspect as it represents the interaction between individuals of the species and their habitat. The
importance of spatial distribution comes from its central role in ecological theories and its practical role in
population sampling theory as well as in the development of rational pest management strategies. For these
reasons, a great deal of effort has been invested in characterizing the spatial distribution of insect populations.
Spatial dispersion of a population usually follows one of three models: aggregated (or contagious), random (or
by chance) or uniform (or regular). To determine the spatial distribution pattern of a given species it is necessary
to obtain data on the count of individuals in the ecosystem to be considered. Despite the importance of M.
alticarinata in the region, no study has been conducted on the distribution of this pest in jujube plant in Iran.
Knowledge of spatial distribution of M. alticarinata is useful for designing, pest management and development
of population models and assessment of levels of its damage.
Materials and Methods
To investigate the spatial distribution pattern of different life stages of M. alticarinata, samplings were done
weekly of jujube trees in 2020. Jujube leaf was selected as sampling unit and the reliable sample size with
maximum relative variation of 20% was obtained 50. The number of egg, nymph and adult was recorded in three
heights of jujube trees (1.5, 2, and 3 meters). The spatial distribution pattern of different life stages of lace bug
was determined using mean-variance ratio, Lloyd's mean crowding index, Taylor´s power low and Iwao´s
1 and 2- Ph.D. and Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,
Mashhad, Iran, respectively.
(*- Corresponding Author Email: sadeghin@um.ac.ir)
3- Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran
https://doi.org/10.22067/jpp.2023.83016.1149
Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research
https://jpp.um.ac.ir
2. 276
نشریه
پژوهش
های
ایران گیاهان حفاظت
جلد ،)کشاورزی صنایع و (علوم
37
شماره ،
3
،
پاییز
1402
patchiness regression model.
Results and Discussion
Spatial distribution of an insect is affected by various environmental factors such as food, temperature, light,
habitat condition, and other biotic and abiotic factors. The results of the study indicated an aggregated pattern for
the spatial distribution of M. alticarinata in almost all heights of jujube. In other words, different heights of
jujube did not have any marked effect on the distribution pattern of this pest. Information on spatial distribution
of M. alticarinata can be used in estimating the number of samples required from an area to reliably estimate
pest infestation levels to develop effective management programs. Similar to our results, the change in plant
height did not affect the spatial distribution pattern of Agonoscena pistaciae and Diaphorina citri nymphs and in
both cases the pattern of distribution was reported to be aggregated. Aggregated distribution is the most common
pattern of spatial distribution in the world of harmful insects which is consistent with the results of this research.
Conclusion
M. alticarinata presented an aggregated spatial distribution in different life stages. The causes of aggregation
in these lace bugs might be due to their inherent active aggregative behavioral response such as in a situation
where the presence of one individual attracts the others, perhaps for the purpose of feeding and reproduction.
Knowledge of the spatial distribution of this pest can be useful in designation of suitable sampling programs and
it makes us estimate the density of this pest faster with low cost.
Keywords: Jujube lace bug, Jujube pests, Population distribution indices, Spatial distribution
11. نطق
ی
مقدم
،همکاران و
پراکنش الگوی
زیستی مختلف مراحل فضایی
سنک
عناب
…
285
Mohiseni and Kushki, 2016
.)
به
می نظر
انبروهی میرزاد رسرد
،
تعیی اتره تحرکات
ن
کننده
.است د پراکنش السوی ی
ب
که طوری ه
کم که اتراتی در
ولرد و زاد ،مانده ساکن جا ی در و هستند تحرك
می
برات انبروهی در تجمع وقوع دارند محدود موضعی ارکات یا ،کنند
محتمل
.است
ا
ی
ن
وضعیت با
سرن
ا در عنراب
یر
ن
بررسر
ی
،
شرته
ی
( رردو
رگ ر
رکوچ
2015
et al.,
Mahdavi
شررته ،)
کلررم رومی
رم ی
(
2004
et al.,
Haghani
،)
کنه
ی
دولکه تارتن
ای
(
et al.,
Ahmadi
2005
; So, 1991
)
و
سرخرطوم
ی
ی
ونجه
(
Haddadi et al., 2016
)
بررس سایر در
ی
ها
تا
یی
د
م
ی
شود
پرتحررك اتررات مورد در ،ازطرفی .
فاصله هم از تدریج به افراد ،سن افزایش با ایتالیایی مل مانند
گرفتره
و
پرراکنش
از
االرت
کپره
ای
خرار
مر
ی
شرود
(
Alipour, 2011
در .)
بررس
ی
ها
ی
تعداد
ی
از
محقق
ی
ن
السرو
ی
توز
یر
ع
فضرا
یی
ترو
بالپولر
داراد
مختلف
از
نوع
توز
ی
ع
تصادف
ی
به
دسرت
مرد
.
ا
یر
ن
پژوهترسراد
دل
ی
ل
ا
ی
ن
امر
را
تحرکات
ز
ی
اد
ش
پره
ها
و
نحوه
ی
تخرم
ر
یر
زی
د
هرا
گزارش
کردند
(
Story and Keaster, 1982
; Goze et al., 2003;
Melo et al., 2006; Mendoza et al., 2008
)
.
از تعردادی در
ناهماهنسی اترات
بین
زیستساه
ها
محیط و
و
ر
فتارها
و
کره عرواملی
به
شرایط
محیطی
وابسته
به ،نیستند
فضایی توزیع اصلی دتیل عنواد
د در تجمعی
شرده عنرواد ها
( انرد
Nehrangi and Vahedi, 2018
;
Zareii Ahmad-Abadi et al., 2022;
می که )
سن مورد در تواند
.باشد صادق نیز پژوهش این در عناب
ژنت
ی
،
السوها
ی
رفتار
ی
و
مح
ی
ط
م
ی
تواند
تع
یی
ن
کننرده
ی
توز
یر
ع
فضا
یی
افراد
جمع
ی
ت
در
ی
اکوس
ی
ستم
باشرد
.
بره
عنرواد
مثرال
دل
یر
ل
تجمع
برخ
ی
از
اترات
مانند
پس
ی
ل
ها
واکنش
رفترار
ی
تجمعر
ی
فعرال
یات
ی
د
ها
یکر
شده
است
مانند
شرا
ی
ط
ی
که
اضور
ی
نفر
سا
ی
ر
افراد
را
به
منظور
تغذ
ی
،ه
تول
یر
دمثل
و
ن
یر
ز
بره
دل
یر
ل
برخر
ی
نراهمسن
ی
هرا
ی
ز
ی
ستساه
و
مح
ی
ط
مانند
ر
ی
زاقل
ی
م
و
بخش
ترج
ی
ح
ی
گ
ی
اه
جذب
م
ی
کند
(
Jamshidi et al., 2017; Lashkari and Shahbazvar, 2016
.)
عوامل
مختلف
ی
شریوه و شرکل جمله از
زراعرت کاشرت ی
میرزاد ،هرا
( خاك نوع ،محصول یکنواختی
Rajabi, 1999
)
ارقام
مختلف
گ
یر
اه
ی
(
Sedaratian et al., 2010
; Gholam Moghaddam et al.,
2018
گونه پراکنش توانایی ،)
زیستساه انتخاب و افراد بین تعامالت ،ها
(
Vinatier et al., 2011
)
می
نوع و شکل در توانند
فضرایی پراکنش
.باشند تأریرگذار اتره
اطالعات
به
دست
مده
در
ا
ی
ن
بررس
ی
،
م
ی
تواند
در
طراار
ی
و
توسرعه
ی
برنامره
هرای
نمونره
بررداری
و
بره
دنبرال
د
راهبردهای
مد
ی
ر
ی
ت
ی
مناس
برای
کنترل
سن
عناب
استفاده
شود
.
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