The document discusses the poor risk communication response to the Chernobyl nuclear disaster and argues for the need for standardized radiological incident communication plans across all levels of government in the United States. It summarizes the events of the Chernobyl disaster and the Soviet government's deliberate withholding of information, examines the negative impacts this had, and proposes that the US implement consistent written plans to ensure timely, accurate information is shared between local, state, and federal authorities and provided to the public in any future radiological emergencies.
Man made disasters are hazards caused by human action or inaction. They are contrasted with natural hazards. Man made disasters may adversely affect humans, other organisms and ecosystems. The frequency and severity of hazards are key elements in some risk analysis methodologies.
ICAS Event: Disaster Discourses, Public Policy and the Politics of 3.11
Session 2: The Road to Fukushima and Its Impact on Restarts
James Simms, Forbes Contributor and freelance reporter and television and radio commentator in Tokyo
The document defines different types of disasters including natural disasters like floods and earthquakes, man-made disasters triggered by human activity, and technological disasters caused by industrial accidents or infrastructure failures. It provides examples of specific disaster types such as nuclear disasters from accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island, the Bhopal chemical plant leak, and oil spills. The impacts of disasters can persist for years through conditions like PTSD, depression, and anxiety.
The document discusses various types of natural disasters including floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, and wildfires. It describes the causes of natural disasters such as floods, fires, drought, and severe weather events. The effects of natural disasters discussed include physical destruction, emotional toll, economic impact, disruption of utilities, and environmental damage.
1. The document discusses various types of natural and man-made disasters including volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, floods, landslides, terrorist incidents, industrial accidents, wars, and pandemics.
2. Specific examples of disasters mentioned include the Bhopal gas tragedy, World Wars I and II, the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, HIV/AIDS epidemic, and the ongoing 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa.
3. Risk factors, impacts, and death tolls of different disasters are presented along with brief summaries of some significant historical events.
India experiences many natural disasters that cause loss of life and property damage. Some key points:
- India averages over 4,600 deaths per year from disasters like earthquakes, floods, landslides, cyclones and heat waves. Over 1.5 billion people are affected on average each year.
- Economic damage from disasters averages over $1.5 billion per year. Some of the costliest individual disasters include the 1993 floods ($7 billion), 2006 floods ($3.39 billion), and the 2001 earthquake ($2.62 billion).
- The document concludes that India is not fully prepared to handle national disasters due to the widespread impacts experienced. Preparedness needs to be improved to better cope with future disasters.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of natural and man-made disasters. It discusses natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, droughts and tornadoes. It also covers man-made disasters and technological hazards like industrial accidents, fires and oil spills. The document emphasizes that while hazards may occur naturally, it is the vulnerability of human settlements and lack of emergency management that turns these events into disasters that cause loss of life and property damage. Developing nations are often the most impacted due to greater exposure and fewer resources to build resilience against disasters.
- Wayne Greene gave a presentation on emergency preparedness lessons from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan.
- Japan's emergency response was well organized, but local governments were overwhelmed by the scale of the disaster.
- The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster highlighted issues with Japan's nuclear regulatory system and TEPCO's preparedness.
- A parliamentary panel later found systemic problems in government and industry culture that hindered the initial response.
Man made disasters are hazards caused by human action or inaction. They are contrasted with natural hazards. Man made disasters may adversely affect humans, other organisms and ecosystems. The frequency and severity of hazards are key elements in some risk analysis methodologies.
ICAS Event: Disaster Discourses, Public Policy and the Politics of 3.11
Session 2: The Road to Fukushima and Its Impact on Restarts
James Simms, Forbes Contributor and freelance reporter and television and radio commentator in Tokyo
The document defines different types of disasters including natural disasters like floods and earthquakes, man-made disasters triggered by human activity, and technological disasters caused by industrial accidents or infrastructure failures. It provides examples of specific disaster types such as nuclear disasters from accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island, the Bhopal chemical plant leak, and oil spills. The impacts of disasters can persist for years through conditions like PTSD, depression, and anxiety.
The document discusses various types of natural disasters including floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, and wildfires. It describes the causes of natural disasters such as floods, fires, drought, and severe weather events. The effects of natural disasters discussed include physical destruction, emotional toll, economic impact, disruption of utilities, and environmental damage.
1. The document discusses various types of natural and man-made disasters including volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, floods, landslides, terrorist incidents, industrial accidents, wars, and pandemics.
2. Specific examples of disasters mentioned include the Bhopal gas tragedy, World Wars I and II, the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, HIV/AIDS epidemic, and the ongoing 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa.
3. Risk factors, impacts, and death tolls of different disasters are presented along with brief summaries of some significant historical events.
India experiences many natural disasters that cause loss of life and property damage. Some key points:
- India averages over 4,600 deaths per year from disasters like earthquakes, floods, landslides, cyclones and heat waves. Over 1.5 billion people are affected on average each year.
- Economic damage from disasters averages over $1.5 billion per year. Some of the costliest individual disasters include the 1993 floods ($7 billion), 2006 floods ($3.39 billion), and the 2001 earthquake ($2.62 billion).
- The document concludes that India is not fully prepared to handle national disasters due to the widespread impacts experienced. Preparedness needs to be improved to better cope with future disasters.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of natural and man-made disasters. It discusses natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, droughts and tornadoes. It also covers man-made disasters and technological hazards like industrial accidents, fires and oil spills. The document emphasizes that while hazards may occur naturally, it is the vulnerability of human settlements and lack of emergency management that turns these events into disasters that cause loss of life and property damage. Developing nations are often the most impacted due to greater exposure and fewer resources to build resilience against disasters.
- Wayne Greene gave a presentation on emergency preparedness lessons from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan.
- Japan's emergency response was well organized, but local governments were overwhelmed by the scale of the disaster.
- The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster highlighted issues with Japan's nuclear regulatory system and TEPCO's preparedness.
- A parliamentary panel later found systemic problems in government and industry culture that hindered the initial response.
Define disaster
Classify the disaster
Explain natural and man made disasters
Describe social issues after disaster
Learn psychological issues after disaster
Elaborate social issues during disaster
Define disaster management
Discuss disaster management
Man-made disasters can be both intentional and unintentional, and cause immense human suffering and economic damage. They include nuclear accidents, biological and chemical disasters, acts of terrorism, and various transportation accidents. Some specific examples that resulted in massive loss of life discussed in the document are the Bhopal gas tragedy, Kuwait oil fires during the Gulf War, Mumbai terrorist attacks of 2008, Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and London's killer fog of 1952. Precautions are needed to minimize risks from these disasters, such as proper handling of hazardous materials and informing authorities of any suspicious activity.
This document discusses different types of man-made disasters including nuclear accidents, biological disasters, chemical disasters, fires, and epidemics. It notes that man-made disasters are caused by human intent, negligence, or error and can result in significant loss of life and economic damage. The document provides examples of nuclear disasters like atomic and hydrogen bombs. It describes biological disasters as being similar to a "poor man's nuclear bomb" that can kill many. Chemical disasters are caused by irresponsible handling of powerful chemicals. Fires often result from poor wiring or careless use of flammables. Epidemics can spread after disasters if water and sanitation are not maintained.
This document discusses different types of disasters, separating them into natural and man-made categories. Natural disasters include hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, wildfires, droughts, and earthquakes. Man-made disasters involve hazardous materials, workplace fires, terrorism targeting facilities, cities or cyber networks, and other technological incidents like power outages or nuclear/radiological events. The document provides lists of specific natural and man-made disaster types.
Disasters (man made and natural disasters)aagmansaini
A disaster is defined as a sudden event that causes widespread human and material losses exceeding a community's ability to cope. Disasters can be natural, caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, cyclones, floods, droughts or tornadoes. They can also be man-made, such as chemical spills, nuclear accidents, acts of terrorism, or other industrial and transportation incidents. Preparing for disasters includes having detection systems, incident response plans, safety measures, hazard assessments, support systems, medical triage and evacuation routes. Both natural and man-made disasters can have severe negative effects including loss of life, property damage, health issues and environmental degradation.
This document discusses the unique challenges of responding to international disasters compared to complex emergencies. Some key points:
1) Disaster response requires operating in a "high-pressure cauldron" as needs are sudden and overwhelming, infrastructure is damaged, and the time to save lives is measured in hours, not days.
2) The physical conditions created by disasters, like damaged infrastructure and communications, impose limits on responders' ability to coordinate and deliver assistance.
3) National governments have primary responsibility for disaster response according to international law, but their capacity is often overwhelmed in large disasters, creating challenges for international coordination.
This document defines and discusses man-made disasters. It notes that man-made disasters are caused directly by human actions, whether intentional or unintentional. Several types of man-made disasters are described in detail, including structural collapses, transportation accidents, oil spills, arson, deforestation, and more. Causes of man-made disasters include human error, negligence, ignorance, and technological failures. The impacts on human well-being, economies, and societies are also summarized.
The document provides information about various natural disasters including avalanches, earthquakes, hurricanes, landslides, thunderstorms, tornados, tsunamis, and volcanoes. For each type of disaster, it describes what causes it and includes one or more relevant images. It also provides additional resources and links for further information. The document was written by Ben Darin, a 19-year-old studying elementary education, who included his contact information.
The document provides an overview of a workshop on disaster risk reduction management (DRRM) for schools, including an opening prayer, welcome remarks, presentations on DRRM programs and policies, earthquake and tsunami preparedness, and an actual drill evaluation. It also discusses Philippines' hazardscape, earthquake and tsunami hazards like from the Manila Trench, and the importance of schools having a DRRM plan.
Widening the Scope: Communication Programs that SellDana Plotke
Research shows associations’ biggest communications challenges are how to combat information overload/communication clutter; clearly communicating member benefits and maintaining No. 1 share of voice in their industry. This presentation, delivered at the California Society of Association Executives 2012 Elevate conference, demonstrates how building a single brand voice that integrates content, promotion and advertising/sponsorships can address all three.
Article Explores Google’s Reaction to Subpoena for Internal DocumentsScott Cleland
Scott Cleland has leveraged his expertise in cyber-ideology, regulation, and privacy to provide expert testimony to Congressional subcommittees and contribute to major publications. Currently serving as the president of research consultancy Precursor LLC, Scott Cleland is also the author of the book Search & Destroy: Why You Can't Trust Google Inc. in 2011, and he continues to publish material on the topic.
The document discusses key topics from an 2013 Association Communications Benchmarking Report. It found that nearly 400 association leaders participated with a 99% completion rate. On average, associations engage with members 8.9 times per month via social media. The document also discusses the importance of video for associations and tips for an effective digital strategy, such as keeping subject lines short and content brief for mobile readers. It emphasizes taking a content 360 approach by integrating print, online, and event content.
Finding Clarity in an Age of Disruption: Results from Naylor's 2014 Associati...Dana Plotke
Naylor's annual benchmarking study highlights the communications challenges that associations face. This presentation offers strategy recommendations to help association executives gain control of their communications plan. Comprehensive recomendations are available in the full report which can be downloaded at www.Naylor.com/Benchmarking
A radiological incident occurred at a hydroelectric construction site in Peru in 1999. An unauthorized person removed a radioactive source from gammagraphy equipment, which was later found in the pocket of a welder. Over the next day, 18 people were exposed to radiation from the source before it was recovered. The welder suffered severe health effects and ultimately had his leg amputated. An investigation found that the company failed to implement proper safety procedures, inspect equipment, or adequately train operators, contributing to the incident.
The Maori creation story tells of Rangi and Papa (Heaven and Earth) who were the original ancestors. They clung closely together in darkness along with their six sons. The sons pushed Heaven and Earth apart, separating them and allowing light. This is how light and vision came to be. In the battle to separate Heaven and Earth, Tu matauenga ate four of his brothers, sparing only Tawhiri-ma-tea. This explains humanity's fierce and warring nature as well as their reliance on food from plants, animals, and existence of storms.
The document discusses the ethnic composition of Bosnia and provides background information on the Srebrenica massacre. It notes that 43% of Bosnia's population is Bosnian Muslim, 33% is Bosnian Serb, and 17% is Bosnian Croat. It describes how the massacre took place during the Bosnian War from 1992-1995 after Bosnia's secession from Yugoslavia. Between July 6-11, 1995, Bosnian Serb forces overran the town of Srebrenica, taking UN peacekeepers hostage. They then proceeded to commit atrocities, separating and executing over 8,000 Bosnian Muslim men.
Environment Safety and Health რატი.pdfIaShalikiani
This document discusses several major nuclear disasters that have occurred throughout history and their negative impacts on human and environmental health. It provides details on 5 significant nuclear accidents: the Fukushima Daiichi disaster in Japan in 2011 which displaced over a million people, the Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine in 1986 which was the worst nuclear disaster in history and caused thousands of cancer cases, the Three Mile Island accident in the US in 1979 which provoked concerns about nuclear energy despite no deaths, the Kyshtym disaster in the former Soviet Union in 1957 which exposed thousands to radiation and killed hundreds, and the Windscale fire in the UK in 1957 which caused 200 cancer cases. The document emphasizes that nuclear accidents can have widespread, long-lasting negative
Define disaster
Classify the disaster
Explain natural and man made disasters
Describe social issues after disaster
Learn psychological issues after disaster
Elaborate social issues during disaster
Define disaster management
Discuss disaster management
Man-made disasters can be both intentional and unintentional, and cause immense human suffering and economic damage. They include nuclear accidents, biological and chemical disasters, acts of terrorism, and various transportation accidents. Some specific examples that resulted in massive loss of life discussed in the document are the Bhopal gas tragedy, Kuwait oil fires during the Gulf War, Mumbai terrorist attacks of 2008, Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and London's killer fog of 1952. Precautions are needed to minimize risks from these disasters, such as proper handling of hazardous materials and informing authorities of any suspicious activity.
This document discusses different types of man-made disasters including nuclear accidents, biological disasters, chemical disasters, fires, and epidemics. It notes that man-made disasters are caused by human intent, negligence, or error and can result in significant loss of life and economic damage. The document provides examples of nuclear disasters like atomic and hydrogen bombs. It describes biological disasters as being similar to a "poor man's nuclear bomb" that can kill many. Chemical disasters are caused by irresponsible handling of powerful chemicals. Fires often result from poor wiring or careless use of flammables. Epidemics can spread after disasters if water and sanitation are not maintained.
This document discusses different types of disasters, separating them into natural and man-made categories. Natural disasters include hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, wildfires, droughts, and earthquakes. Man-made disasters involve hazardous materials, workplace fires, terrorism targeting facilities, cities or cyber networks, and other technological incidents like power outages or nuclear/radiological events. The document provides lists of specific natural and man-made disaster types.
Disasters (man made and natural disasters)aagmansaini
A disaster is defined as a sudden event that causes widespread human and material losses exceeding a community's ability to cope. Disasters can be natural, caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, cyclones, floods, droughts or tornadoes. They can also be man-made, such as chemical spills, nuclear accidents, acts of terrorism, or other industrial and transportation incidents. Preparing for disasters includes having detection systems, incident response plans, safety measures, hazard assessments, support systems, medical triage and evacuation routes. Both natural and man-made disasters can have severe negative effects including loss of life, property damage, health issues and environmental degradation.
This document discusses the unique challenges of responding to international disasters compared to complex emergencies. Some key points:
1) Disaster response requires operating in a "high-pressure cauldron" as needs are sudden and overwhelming, infrastructure is damaged, and the time to save lives is measured in hours, not days.
2) The physical conditions created by disasters, like damaged infrastructure and communications, impose limits on responders' ability to coordinate and deliver assistance.
3) National governments have primary responsibility for disaster response according to international law, but their capacity is often overwhelmed in large disasters, creating challenges for international coordination.
This document defines and discusses man-made disasters. It notes that man-made disasters are caused directly by human actions, whether intentional or unintentional. Several types of man-made disasters are described in detail, including structural collapses, transportation accidents, oil spills, arson, deforestation, and more. Causes of man-made disasters include human error, negligence, ignorance, and technological failures. The impacts on human well-being, economies, and societies are also summarized.
The document provides information about various natural disasters including avalanches, earthquakes, hurricanes, landslides, thunderstorms, tornados, tsunamis, and volcanoes. For each type of disaster, it describes what causes it and includes one or more relevant images. It also provides additional resources and links for further information. The document was written by Ben Darin, a 19-year-old studying elementary education, who included his contact information.
The document provides an overview of a workshop on disaster risk reduction management (DRRM) for schools, including an opening prayer, welcome remarks, presentations on DRRM programs and policies, earthquake and tsunami preparedness, and an actual drill evaluation. It also discusses Philippines' hazardscape, earthquake and tsunami hazards like from the Manila Trench, and the importance of schools having a DRRM plan.
Widening the Scope: Communication Programs that SellDana Plotke
Research shows associations’ biggest communications challenges are how to combat information overload/communication clutter; clearly communicating member benefits and maintaining No. 1 share of voice in their industry. This presentation, delivered at the California Society of Association Executives 2012 Elevate conference, demonstrates how building a single brand voice that integrates content, promotion and advertising/sponsorships can address all three.
Article Explores Google’s Reaction to Subpoena for Internal DocumentsScott Cleland
Scott Cleland has leveraged his expertise in cyber-ideology, regulation, and privacy to provide expert testimony to Congressional subcommittees and contribute to major publications. Currently serving as the president of research consultancy Precursor LLC, Scott Cleland is also the author of the book Search & Destroy: Why You Can't Trust Google Inc. in 2011, and he continues to publish material on the topic.
The document discusses key topics from an 2013 Association Communications Benchmarking Report. It found that nearly 400 association leaders participated with a 99% completion rate. On average, associations engage with members 8.9 times per month via social media. The document also discusses the importance of video for associations and tips for an effective digital strategy, such as keeping subject lines short and content brief for mobile readers. It emphasizes taking a content 360 approach by integrating print, online, and event content.
Finding Clarity in an Age of Disruption: Results from Naylor's 2014 Associati...Dana Plotke
Naylor's annual benchmarking study highlights the communications challenges that associations face. This presentation offers strategy recommendations to help association executives gain control of their communications plan. Comprehensive recomendations are available in the full report which can be downloaded at www.Naylor.com/Benchmarking
A radiological incident occurred at a hydroelectric construction site in Peru in 1999. An unauthorized person removed a radioactive source from gammagraphy equipment, which was later found in the pocket of a welder. Over the next day, 18 people were exposed to radiation from the source before it was recovered. The welder suffered severe health effects and ultimately had his leg amputated. An investigation found that the company failed to implement proper safety procedures, inspect equipment, or adequately train operators, contributing to the incident.
The Maori creation story tells of Rangi and Papa (Heaven and Earth) who were the original ancestors. They clung closely together in darkness along with their six sons. The sons pushed Heaven and Earth apart, separating them and allowing light. This is how light and vision came to be. In the battle to separate Heaven and Earth, Tu matauenga ate four of his brothers, sparing only Tawhiri-ma-tea. This explains humanity's fierce and warring nature as well as their reliance on food from plants, animals, and existence of storms.
The document discusses the ethnic composition of Bosnia and provides background information on the Srebrenica massacre. It notes that 43% of Bosnia's population is Bosnian Muslim, 33% is Bosnian Serb, and 17% is Bosnian Croat. It describes how the massacre took place during the Bosnian War from 1992-1995 after Bosnia's secession from Yugoslavia. Between July 6-11, 1995, Bosnian Serb forces overran the town of Srebrenica, taking UN peacekeepers hostage. They then proceeded to commit atrocities, separating and executing over 8,000 Bosnian Muslim men.
Environment Safety and Health რატი.pdfIaShalikiani
This document discusses several major nuclear disasters that have occurred throughout history and their negative impacts on human and environmental health. It provides details on 5 significant nuclear accidents: the Fukushima Daiichi disaster in Japan in 2011 which displaced over a million people, the Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine in 1986 which was the worst nuclear disaster in history and caused thousands of cancer cases, the Three Mile Island accident in the US in 1979 which provoked concerns about nuclear energy despite no deaths, the Kyshtym disaster in the former Soviet Union in 1957 which exposed thousands to radiation and killed hundreds, and the Windscale fire in the UK in 1957 which caused 200 cancer cases. The document emphasizes that nuclear accidents can have widespread, long-lasting negative
The Chernobyl nuclear disaster was the worst nuclear power plant accident in history. In 1986, during a safety test at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Pripyat, Ukraine, then part of the Soviet Union, there was a sudden power surge and steam explosion that destroyed reactor number four. Large amounts of radioactive material were released into the environment, contaminating over 150,000 square kilometers of land. Over 100,000 people had to be evacuated and many suffered long-term health effects such as increased cancer rates due to exposure to radiation. The disaster was a result of flawed reactor design and human error during the poorly planned safety test. It highlighted issues with safety culture and communication within the Soviet nuclear industry.
The Chernobyl nuclear disaster occurred on April 26, 1986 at a nuclear power plant near Pripyat, Ukraine. A failed safety test caused an explosion that released large amounts of radiation. Over 30 people died initially and it is estimated the disaster may have caused up to 300,000 cancer deaths. The WHO played a key role in assessing health impacts and coordinating the international response in the aftermath of the disaster.
The Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986 was the most severe accident in the history of the nuclear industry. It occurred at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant located in Ukraine near the border with Belarus. Large amounts of radioactive materials were released into the environment, contaminating areas in Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia. Over 100,000 people were evacuated from the most contaminated areas closest to the reactor. The accident caused widespread health and environmental impacts that continue to affect the region. It also resulted in huge economic and social costs for the affected countries. While radiation exposures have decreased over time, concerns remain about health effects and long-term management of contaminated areas.
The Chernobyl disaster was a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred on April 26, 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. An explosion and fire released large amounts of radioactive contamination into the atmosphere that spread over much of the western USSR and Europe. At least 31 people died soon after in the accident itself and it is estimated that the disaster may end up causing thousands of additional cancer deaths. The accident had devastating environmental and economic impacts requiring the evacuation of over 100,000 people and rendering large areas of land unsafe and unusable for many years. It was the worst nuclear disaster in history both in terms of cost and casualties and exposed flaws in the Soviet nuclear safety standards.
The document discusses nuclear accidents and their severity levels according to the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES). It describes seven levels of severity, ranging from minor accidents with no safety impact (Level 1) to major accidents resulting in widespread health and environmental effects (Level 7). Only three events have been rated Level 7 - Chernobyl in 1986, Fukushima in 2011, and the Kyshtym disaster in 1957. Accidents are measured based on their impacts on people, the environment, and radioactive damage and exposure.
The document discusses nuclear accidents and their severity levels according to the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES). It provides examples of different types of accidents at each severity level, from minor incidents with no safety impact (Level 1) to major events resulting in widespread health and environmental effects (Level 7). The two worst accidents to date were the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011, both rated at Level 7.
Delving into Calamity The Leading Worst Accidents in the world.pptxelizabethella096
Accidents, by their very nature, are unforeseeable and typically lead to devastating repercussions. Throughout history, mankind has witnessed numerous disasters that have left enduring marks on neighborhoods, nations, and even the world at large. From industrial incidents to natural catastrophes, these events serve as raw tips for the fragility of human life and the relevance of safety measures. Here, we delve into the top worst accidents in history, each leaving a profound effect on humanity.
This document summarizes gaps in risk communication during the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan in 2011. It discusses how the Japanese government perpetuated a "myth of absolute safety" regarding nuclear power that collapsed during the crisis. This eroded public trust and left people without reliable information from officials. It also led to inconsistencies in messaging within the government. Technical information was also mismanaged and not shared properly with the public or response organizations. Overall, the breakdown of clear, consistent communication severely hampered the public health response to the nuclear hazards.
Chernobyl’s Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts and Recommendations to the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine.
Running head GLOBAL EVENTS1[Type text][Type text][Type text.docxjeanettehully
Running head: GLOBAL EVENTS 1
[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]
GLOBAL EVENTS 2
Global Events
Samantha M. Tallarine
Capella University
BSN-FP4014
Global Perspectives of Community and Public Service
July, 2019
DISASTER REPORT AND ROLE OF NURSES
Global event regarding disaster, taking many lives:
· In discussing the global event regarding the disaster and prevailing scenarios which have occurred throughout the human history, creating hindrance and allowing us to rehabilitate ourselves from the stains of previous global events which have taken a lot of lives along with it.
· The basic structure to control a disaster is to improvise the true skills of a professional controlling and providing the exact information about the working weather machines and other things required in the community and tell others to remain updated from the emerging outcomes and symptoms most relevant in our neighborhood.
· Manhood from the beginning has evolved many techniques and rules to evaluate the power and business for him with proper facilities and benefits. Nuclear plants and demonstrating plants like these for the building up of power and electricity has eventually a great role in this modern society. With cheap and fascinating production of the electricity with little effort just in order to control the reaction and turbines occurring in the field.
· The reactors for the production of electricity has termed to be used uranium as a fuel to burn the water turn it into steam and that steam runs the turbine. This might look like a simple process, but the network of complications with it is uncountable and every single person is truly responsible for the outcome of the good or bad result.
· The windmills, dams, and solar plants are considered the safest and convenient way to yield cheap electricity as it does not have a risk of explosion, but when the wind is high enough to carry windmills out of the ground may have a little chance to assist a disaster.
Chernobyl incident in Ukrainian SSR near Pripyat:
The incident happened near Pripyat in 1986, on April 26, it was an RBMK reactor that has built in flaws regarding to its structure and design, then it was tested for working on low power to release the power and allow the generators to operate the rest of the reaction. The gap between the starting of the generators was 1 minute.
Since 1982, 3 tests were conducted with the result of a failure, this was the fourth attempt. The chief engineer, Dyatlov, was leading the reaction that time with the night shift, and this shift had not been properly informed about the test and how to run it. Procedures were not carried out with proper management and follow up of the manual. This carelessness brought catastrophe, resulting in the overheating of the core where the fission reaction was carried out in the building # 4. The core exploded with an immense amount of energy leading towards the open environment dispersing the radioactive fuel in the sky and open ai ...
This document discusses lessons that can be learned from the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan and how the United States is still unprepared for a similar event. It summarizes the key events of the Fukushima disaster and the U.S. response. While the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission began reviewing safety measures, critical issues like emergency preparedness, spent nuclear fuel storage, and ability to respond to a multi-reactor event involving natural disasters are still not adequately addressed.
The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster in Ukraine was caused by a flawed Soviet reactor design and mistakes made by the plant's untrained operators. During a test with safety protocols deactivated, a series of errors caused a power surge and steam explosion, destroying the reactor and releasing massive amounts of radiation across Europe. Over 4,000 deaths are expected from long-term health effects, though the full consequences are unknown. The disaster highlighted issues in the Soviet nuclear program and had wide-ranging environmental and political impacts.
The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster in Ukraine was caused by a flawed Soviet reactor design and mistakes made by the plant's untrained operators. During a test with safety protocols deactivated, a series of errors caused a power surge and steam explosion, destroying the reactor and releasing massive amounts of radioactive materials into the atmosphere. The accident spread radioactive fallout across much of Europe and is considered the worst nuclear power plant disaster in history due to the huge amount of radiation released.
Chernobyl-nuclear disaster(Man made disasters)Krishnan KS
The Chernobyl disaster was a tragic nuclear accident that occurred on April 26, 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. An explosion and fire released large amounts of radioactive particles into the atmosphere, spreading radiation over much of Europe. In the aftermath, over 30 people died from acute radiation sickness, many of whom were firefighters trying to contain the accident. The disaster contaminated wide areas and caused billions in cleanup costs, demonstrating the dangers of nuclear accidents.
Tornado Disaster in Joplin, Missouri and in Birmingham, Alabama.docxjuliennehar
Tornado Disaster in Joplin, Missouri and in Birmingham, Alabama
Samantha Tallarine
Capella University
BSN-FP4014
July, 2019
EFFECTS ON COMMUNITY HEALTH
.
The occurrence of crises such as hurricanes and volcanic eruptions leave the affected communities without access to healthcare (Delgado, Gonzalez, & Swathi, 2017).
Natural disasters destroy the necessary infrastructure like roads and power supply
The outbreak of diseases like Ebola affects health care delivery because of the exposure to the virus.
In the long-run, the crisis’s effect on the social susceptibility of the populace can have a ripple impact, which further burdens health care delivery care in the community.
Shifts in victim demographics creates significant workload for weakened health systems
2
RESPONSE TO 2011, TORNADO IN JOPLIN
The Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services (DHSS) activated the PHEP-financed State Emergency Operations Center and Emergency(CDC, 2011).
It integrated public health into the emergency response and, in partnership with its associates, lead and coordinated the health care and public health sectors.
Local health units took advantage of existing collaborations with health units in others states to offer mutual aid utilities like administering tetanus vaccinations.
The private sector-inclusive of churches, Joplin residents, the business community, and volunteers offered relief to the victims.
3
RESPONSE IN BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA
The state through FEMA activated its National Response Coordination Staff to Level II
Level II activates its emergency support operations inclusive of search and rescue, public health, mass care, and transportation (FEMA, 2011).
FEMA coordinated the emergency response teams ensuring that the exercise went on smoothly.
The private sector also provided aid, with the Salvation Army offering free meals to the affected victims.
In comparison to the Joplin tornado the Birmingham response was well coordinated.
4
Key Lessons Learned in the Joplin Disaster
Hospitals should test all emergency plans to pinpoint and correct weaknesses(Smith & Sutter, 2013).
It is important to draft emergency plans to provide medical staff with critical thinking capabilities to manage disaster responses.
Tactical and strategic communication is vital to coordinating response teams, media and the public.
5
Key Lessons Learnt in Birmingham, Alabama
It is important to update disaster training and have the necessary equipment for future disasters
inclusive of items to assist hospitals in evacuating and kits to convert busies for patient transport.
The disaster also showed the need for counties and cities to have debris contracts in place before a disaster.
6
CURRENT PRACTICES JOPLIN
A majority of hospitals in Missouri have their emergency operations plans and their command centers active.
In case of a community crisis there is enough notice and time to prepare and communication systems are uninterrupted.
The hospitals are abl ...
The document discusses a roundtable discussion on whether nuclear energy remains a viable energy source following the Fukushima disaster. It provides background on Fukushima, an overview of the pros and cons of nuclear energy, and how the disaster has impacted public opinion and the international debate. Key points include: 1) Fukushima involved a nuclear meltdown in Japan triggered by an earthquake and tsunami in 2011; 2) Public support for nuclear energy declined significantly post-Fukushima; 3) Countries are re-evaluating their nuclear policies but some like Japan still see nuclear as important for energy needs. The roundtable aims to analyze factors for Japan restarting nuclear and the disaster's global policy impacts.
1. The Precedent of Soviet Information
Policy and
the Need for Radiological Incident
Communication Plans
Simon Chernack
Risk Communication
4/5/11
2. Introduction
The disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant was arguably the most
significant nuclear accident in modern history. The devastation of the incident was
exacerbated by poor risk communication andinsufficient policies for nuclear
accidents.While the disaster at Chernobyl occurred over two decades ago there are
still many facets of the risk communication response that can realistically inform
policy changes. Though the international community has made great strides in
redundant systems and reactor containment communicating effectively remains a
challenge. The literature surrounding nuclear incident management suggests that
the effective communication of risk and government response plays a large role in
the ability of the populace to recover from an incident.
Chernobyl Incident
On the 26th of April 1986 Reactor 4 at the Chernobylnuclear power plant
suffered a catastrophic failure; the resulting disaster is the worst nuclear disaster in
modern times. The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant occurred as
Soviet scientists were attempting to test the ability of the reactor to operate on
backup generator power. The test was called for after a previous test had
demonstrated that reactor turbines were running out of power too quickly (World
Nuclear Organization, 2011). Due to operator error’s including disabling
theemergency shutdown system the reactor quickly became unstable. When the test
operator’s realized that the reactor was dangerously unstable they tried to scram
the reactor by inserting control rods, which due to a design flaw actually caused an
increase in power (World Nuclear Organization, 2011). Increased power levels led
to rupturing of the fuel assemblies, jamming the control rods before they could be
fully lowered into the reactor. Consequently two explosions were reported in the
reactor, throwing nuclear fuel and debris into the air. This massive disaster
prompted Soviet authorities to launch a massive recovery operation to contain the
spread of dangerous radioactive contamination.
Response
As the reactors burned Soviet personnel began to flood the reactor with
water to try to maintain some form of cooling. In an effort to put out the raging fires
in the reactor boron, dolomite, sand and clay were dropped by helicopter into the
exposed core (Horner, 2009).Evacuation of the city of Pripyat (3 kilometers away)
did not begin until some 36 hours after the initial explosions. After the initial scene
was controlled a concrete sarcophagus was built around the destroyed reactor to
allow for continued operation of the other three reactors at the site. The ultimate
legacy of the Chernobyl disaster was an exclusion zone of some 4300 square
kilometers, the death of the 28 first responders on scene and thousands of cancer
cases (World Nuclear Organization, 2011). The true number of cancer deaths
related to Chernobyl remains an extremely contentious issue that will not be
explored here, as it only has a minor bearing on the risk communication question at
hand.
3. Crisis Communication-Soviet Information Sharing
One of the major failures in the response to the Chernobyl incident was the
deliberate withholding of information to the international community, Soviet
leadership and the citizenry of the USSR (Maret, 2011). Soviet citizens were given
no information on the catastrophe and were told by officials that the explosion that
had occurred was a steam discharge from the plant. Once it was decided that Pripyat
was to be evacuated residents were told that the move was temporary and they
would be returning to their homes “within a few days” (NOVA, 1989). The Soviet
response to the international community was similarly disingenuous; no official
statement was given until the 28th of April. Soviet leadership only released
information because Swedish nuclear plant employees had registered higher level of
radiation and deduced that it had come from the USSR. Information distribution
within the Soviet government was also weak. In the initial eight-hour period after
the disaster Soviet leadership received conflicting reports of the situation at
Chernobyl prompting Mikhail Gorbachev to send troops to measure radiation
(Horner, 2009).
As if to purposefully push citizens into harms way Soviet leadership also
encouraged the populace to go out and celebrate May Day in the Ukraine.
Government officials encouraged celebration knowing full well that radiation levels
were 1,000 times acceptable levels (Horner, 2009).
Critique of Soviet Response
The response of Soviet authorities to the Chernobyl disaster was a major
blow to Soviet prestige. By totally botching the risk communication on all levels
(internationally, locally) the Soviets tarnished their international reputation and
deepened distrust of the government, a sentiment that remains to this day. This
example of nuclear mismanagement is a very teachable example of how not to go
about managing a major disaster; it is especially poignant today in the wake of the
disaster at the Fukishima Daichi nuclear facility in Japan. The consequences of
Soviet mismanagement are far-reaching; by withholding information the Soviets
needlessly created a worldwide panic and exposed countless innocent people to
dangerous levels of radiation.
The poor handling of information at Chernobyl had far reaching effects not
limited to damaged Soviet prestige. Post Chernobyl disaster studies have found that
survivors suffered a high level of chronic stress that manifested itself in numerous
psychosomatic symptoms. One study in particular identified “inadequate and
insufficient information about radiation exposure” as a major cause for chronic
stress symptoms. Lack of information about financial compensation related to
surviving the Chernobyl incident was also cited as a cause for chronic stress illness
(Ginzburg & Reis, 1991).
Policy Proposal
With the world currently fixated on the disaster and radiological
contamination in Japan it is important that major changes be made in the way we
communicate information in a radiological emergency. In the United States the
problem must be addressed consistently across all levels of government from local
to federal. A set of best practices must be promulgated to adequately address the
4. varied and special conditions present in a radiological emergency. Without codified
consistent policies regarding nuclear disaster communication responsible parties
will fall victim to inconsistent and unconvincing information sharing. Ultimately, a
written radiological communication should become a standard requirement across
levels of government.
Across Levels Government
Nominally the government of the United States exists “by the people, for the
people” a lesson that should not be lost on government spokesmen and incident
managers. It is vital that the government not restrict the flow of non-classified
information in a nuclear disaster. It is the right of the people to know, and the
ethical responsibility of the government to give an accurate statement regarding the
severity and risk of an incident. In a disaster people are less tolerant of complex
information, in communicating risk information to a frightened public emergency
managers must resist the urge to use jargon or purposefully obtuse language
(Sandman, 2006). Trusted government representatives must update emergency
information consistently at regular intervals, failure to do so will erode the public
trust so vital in a successful response to disaster. While the current literature
already cites consistency as an important aspect in disaster communication it is
worth restating, as it is immensely important in the midst of a crisis.
Federal Level
It is practically guaranteed that in the event of a nuclear incident the federal
government will be involved. Having an off the shelf radiological communication
strategy framework will significantly streamline the sharing of information at the
federal level. Current federal government documentation does explicitly mention
the establishment of a Joint Information Center and sharing among federal agencies
but fails to detail how information will be dispatched (FEMA, 1996). Federal plans
need to integrate all of the aforementioned recommendations: clear and concise
language as well as regular updates at established intervals. The federal government
also has the unique responsibility of disclosing a nuclear incident to the
international community. As the events of Chernobyl demonstrated the risk to
national reputation in addition to international relations can be mitigated by timely
and clear disclosure of a problem. Failure to properly inform the international
community sadly will draw little more than condemnation from the International
Atomic Energy Agency, however this does not mean that the United States is any
less bound to report an incident. As a major international power it is on the United
States to lead by example when it comes to disclosing nuclear incidents.
State Level
In emergency management the old saying that “every disaster is local” holds
true. The structure of the U.S. government puts a great deal of responsibility on the
state to appropriately respond to a disaster. A major aspect of the state response is
information sharing in the initial phase of the disaster. This responsibility should
serve as a major impetus for the development for state radiological disaster
communication plans. The ability of the state to “get in front” of a disaster by
providing information on level of risk, protective actions and a laymen’s explanation
of radiological contamination will aid greatly in a orderly response from the public.
State agencies should also be active in providing information on basic protective
5. actions that the public can engage in to mitigate the effects of radiological exposure.
State communication plans should be interoperable with federal plans, as they will
probably be folded together upon establishment of the JIC.
Local
Municipalities that contain nuclear power plants or other sources of
fissionable material should also prepare by creating their own more locally oriented
communication plans. Local level plans should contain information regarding fallout
shelters, evacuation routes, safe foods and places to seek medical attention. Local
communication plans should be consistent with state and federal guidance, though
they will focus far more on local conditions and response mechanisms. To create
buy-in from the public emergency management personnel should work on a
grassroots level to include the public in formulating crisis communication plans.
Incorporating the public will not only inform emergency managers on the concerns
of the public, it will also create a trust relationship that can be called upon in an
emergency.
Conclusion- An Appeal to Duty
The disaster at Chernobyl is seared in our collective memory as a traumatic
world event that seriously threatened the international community. One of the
biggest failures of Chernobyl (in the USSR) was the timely communication of
incident information at all levels. The consequences went far beyond simple ruffled
feathers. Thousands of people were exposed to high levels of radiation; the
survivors became physically and mentally ill with the stress of processing
inadequate information from officials. As easy as it is to attribute the errors in
communication at Chernobyl to Soviet malfeasance, present day crises indicate that
sophisticated democracies struggle with the same issues. The communication errors
that occurred in Japan are in many ways similar to the ones committed in the wake
of the Chernobyl disaster. If the issue of proper risk communication is not resolved
it will create runaway healthcare costs related both to radiation exposure and
mental health problems.