1. A bank guarantee is a written contract issued by a bank on behalf of a customer, where the bank takes responsibility for payment of a sum of money if the customer does not pay. The bank charges a commission for issuing the guarantee. 2. Bank guarantees provide benefits for both governments and private sectors. For governments, it increases private financing for infrastructure and reduces government risk exposure. For private sectors, it reduces risks and opens new markets. 3. There are different types of bank guarantees including direct/indirect guarantees, confirmed guarantees, tender bonds, performance bonds, rental guarantees, and credit card guarantees which are used for various commercial purposes.

1. N.G. ACHARYA AND D.K. MARATHE COLLEGET.Y.B.COM (BANKING AND INSURANCE)SBJECT- INTERNATIONAL BUSINESSSSUBMITTED TO- Prof. JOSEPH SIRSUBMITTED BY- SONALI ANANT TAKKARROLL NO.- 44

2. Bank Guarantee

3. A bank guarantee is a written contract given by a bank on the behalf of a customer. By issuing this guarantee, a bank takes responsibility for payment of a sum of money in case, if it is not paid by the customer on whose behalf the guarantee has been issued. In return, a bank gets some commission for issuing the guarantee. .In the situations, where a customer fails to pay the money, the bank must pay the amount within three working days. This payment can also be refused by the bank, if the claim is found to be unlawful. Bank Guarantee

4. For GovernmentsIncreases the rate of private financing for key sector such as infrastructureProvides access to capital markets as well as commercial banksReduces cost of private financing to affordable levels.Facilitates privatizations and public private partnerships. Reduces government risk exposure by passing commercial risk to the private sector.Benefits of Bank Guarantees

5. For Private Sector1. Reduces risk of private transactions in emerging countries2. Mitigates risks that the private sector does not control.3. Opens new markets.4. Improves project sustainability.

6. AdvantagesAn unsupported guarantee is a very simple security to take - no registration is involved and no complications concerning proof of title arise.A guarantee can easily and immediately be enforced by court action.As with any other security given by a third party (collateral security), it can be ignored when claiming against the principal debtor.As several parties can guarantee a loan, it is useful security where the principal debtor is unable to provide security but offers a viable business loan proposition.Attributes of Guarantees as Security

7. DisadvantagesUnless supported by a cash deposit or other security, a guarantee is always of an uncertain value as a security. A guarantor's financial position can change very quickly. An unsupported guarantee should only be accepted after careful investigation into the proposed guarantor's financial circumstances.Court action may be necessary to realise the security and a technicality may defeat the bank's claim. Enforcing a guarantee may cause bad feeling, particularly if the guarantor is a valued customer.Litigation may be necessary to enforce payment where the guarantee was not supported by other (realisable) security.

8. Direct or indirect guaranteeConfirmed Guarantee Tender BondPerformance BondsRental GuaranteeCredit Card GuaranteeTypes of Bank Guarantees

9. 1. Direct or Indirect Bank Guarantee: A bank guarantee can be either direct or indirect.Direct Bank GuaranteeIt is issued by the applicant's bank (issuing bank) directly to the guarantee's beneficiary without concerning a correspondent bank. This type of guarantee is less expensive and is also subject to the law of the country in which the guarantee is issued unless otherwise it is mentioned in the guarantee documents.Indirect Bank GuaranteeWith an indirect guarantee, a second bank is involved, which is basically a representative of the issuing bank in the country to which beneficiary belongs. This involvement of a second bank is done on the demand of the beneficiary. This type of bank guarantee is more time consuming and expensive too.

10. 2. Confirmed Guarantee It is cross between direct and indirect types of bank guarantee. This type of bank guarantee is issued directly by a bank after which it is send to a foreign bank for confirmations. The foreign banks confirm the original documents and thereby assume the responsibility. 3. Tender BondThis is also called bid bonds and is normally issued in support of a tender in international trade. It provides the beneficiary with a financial remedy, if the applicant fails to fulfill any of the tender conditions.4. Performance BondsThis is one of the most common types of bank guarantee which is used to secure the completion of the contractual responsibilities of delivery of goods and act as security of penalty payment by the Supplier in case of nondelivery of goods.

11. 5. Rental GuaranteeThis type of bank guarantee is given under a rental contract. Rental guarantee is either limited to rental payments only or includes all payments due under the rental contract including cost of repair on termination of the rental contract.6. Credit Card GuaranteeCredit card guarantee is issued by the credit card companies to its customer as a guarantee that the merchant will be paid on transactions regardless of whether the consumer pays their credit.

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