Somers_Energy_Expo_2011_02_05_lifecycle

Somers Energy Expo
February 5, 2011

what goes in, must come out
the cycle of material life

Leo A. W. Wiegman, Mayor
Village of Croton-on-Hudson, NY
lwiegman@crotononhudson-ny.gov

1
Life Cycle Analysis Primer, Wiegman, Feb. 2011
Tuesday, February 1, 2011 1


sources for this slide: [8] Fava J, Hall J (2004) 2


“A life cycle approach is a way of thinking
which helps us recognize how our selections 
—such as buying electricity or a new t-shirt —
are one part of a whole system of events.”
–Jim Fava and Jennifer Hall, 2004

sources for this slide: [8] Fava J, Hall J (2004) 2

what is Life Cycle Management?

sources for this slide: adapted from [27] Mastny 2003 and [35] Remmen 2007 3

meet Connect-the-Dot T shirt Company

sources for this slide: adapted from [27] Mastny 2003 and [35] Remmen 2007 4

simple t-shirt life cycle

sources for this slide: adapted from [35] Remmen 2007 5

sources for this slide: adapted from [4] Cleveland 2008 and [15] Hall 2007 6

We extract 3 barrels of oil from the ground for every 1 barrel delivered to your home.

+ +

sources for this slide: adapted from [15] Hall 2007 7

Can biofuels save us? No!
• US Primary Energy Use exceeds total Biomass Energy Production (2003)
• Some biofuels (ethanol) actually increase harmful tailpipe emissions (aldehydes, etc)

How much total
biomass potential
does US have?

units: EJ = 1 exajoule = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 joules

8
sources for this slide: adapted from [32] Patzek 2006 and [33] Pimentel and Patzek 2005

Can biofuels save us? No!
• US Primary Energy Use exceeds total Biomass Energy Production (2003)
• Some biofuels (ethanol) actually increase harmful tailpipe emissions (aldehydes, etc)

units: EJ = 1 exajoule = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 joules

8
sources for this slide: adapted from [32] Patzek 2006 and [33] Pimentel and Patzek 2005

So what can save us from
ourselves?

9

ourselves?
Conservation & Efﬁciency!

9

ourselves?
How?

9

ourselves?
How?
Use simple life cycle analysis
9


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Cheapest energy is what we do not use.
Step 1: Conserve:
What energy use can I do without?
•Does every pole need 2 cobra-heads?
•Is each bulb the right wattage?

Step 2: Efficiency:
How can I get same result with less energy?
•Can I switch to more efficient lamps?
•Do I save labor if new lamps last longer?

10

some sample EROIs using LCA

sources for this slide: adapted from [32: table 5.2] Patzek 2006 using data from [3, 13, 22, 33] 11

life cycle meets life style: BedZed
Beddington Zero Energy Development BedZed video (2:30min)

is UK’s largest mixed use sustainable community. BedZED video embedded

sources for this slide: adapted from [1] BedZED 2008 12

What about $ costs?
•Life cycle is more than
units of energy flowing in
and out.
•What about the $ of
product’s life cycle?
•e.g. a building?

sources for this slide: adapted from www.wbdg.org/resources/lcca.php 2010 13

Life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA)

sources for this slide: www.wbdg.org/resources/lcca.php 2010 14

Life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA)

• Life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) is a method for assessing
the total cost of facility ownership.
• It takes into account all costs of acquiring, owning, and
disposing of a building or building system.
• LCCA is especially useful when project alternatives that fulfill
the same performance requirements, but differ with respect to
initial costs and operating costs, have to be compared in order to
select the one that maximizes net savings.
• E.g., LCCA will help determine whether a high-performance
HVAC or glazing system, which may increase initial cost, but
result in dramatically reduced operating and maintenance costs,
is cost-effective or not.

sources for this slide: www.wbdg.org/resources/lcca.php 2010 14

Local information = local power

Lighting Croton’s Holiday Tree
$541
bulbs $
electricity $

$295
40% bulbs $
savings
($246) electricity $

800 old incand. lights 1600 new LED lights

2008 2009

Source: Croton’s GHG Inventory www.crotononhudson-ny.gov
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Life cycle resources

The Greenhouse Gas Protocol
•Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) (2010),
for the U.S. Public Sector
Sieglinde Fuller (NIST), www.wbdg.org/
resources/lcca.php

•The Greenhouse Gas Protocol for the U.S.
Public Sector (2010), World Resources
Interpreting the Corporate Standard
for U.S. Public Sector Organizations
Institute and LMI, www.wri.org/publication/
ghg-protocol-for-us-public-sector
WORLD

•LCA 101 (2004), Life Cycle Assessment
RESOURCES
INSTITUTE

Research, US EPA, www.epa.gov/nrmrl/
lcaccess/

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Some good books for background

“Cradle to grave designs dominate modern manufacturing.”
—Bill McDonough and Michael Braungart, Cradle to
Cradle, www.mbdc.com, 2002

“Energy analysis is the ﬁrst step to determine and compare
energy consumption and production of different options. This
can involve complex life-cycle net energy analysis, but often
the most useful energy analysis is done by calculating simple
energy consumption or conversion efﬁciency on the back of an
envelope.”
—John Randolph and Gilbert Masters, Energy for
Sustainability, www.energyforsustainability.org, 2008

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Questions?
contact:
Leo A. W. Wiegman, Mayor
Village of Croton-on-Hudson, NY
lwiegman@crotononhudson-ny.gov

18

works cited & consulted (1 of 3)
Chapter 8, Energy in the Cycle of Material, from Blockstein/Wiegman, The Climate Solutions Consensus
www.eoearth.org/article/Climate_Solutions_Consensus
[1] BedZED (2008) Beddington Zero Energy Development. BioRegional. South London, UK (read December 13, 2008) www.bioregional.com/
programme_projects/ecohous_prog/bedzed/bedzed_hpg.htm
[2] Berst J, Ban P, Burkhalter M, Zheng A (2008) The Electricity Economy: New Opportunities from the Transformation of the Electric Power
Sector. www.globalenvironmentfund.com; www.globalsmartenergy.com
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Technology, Industry and Economics, Paris. www.unep.fr/scp/lcinitiative/publications
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...

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socrates.berkeley.edu/~kammen/
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...

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[28] McDonough W, Braungart M (2002) Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. (North Point Press/FSG, New York).
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Prevention. August 18, 2008 (read September 4, 2008). www.cdc.gov/niosh/blog/
[31] NIRS (2007) Report on Earthquake Damage to Japan’s Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Facility. Nuclear Information and Resource
Service (read September 12, 2008). www.nirs.org
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Legal and Policy Dimensions. http://petroleum.berkeley .edu/ papers/Biofuels/BiofuelsTop.htm
[33] Pimentel D, Patzek TW (2005) Ethanol production using corn, switchgrass and wood; biodiesel production using soybean and sunﬂower.
Natural Resources Research 14:65–76. www.springerlink.com
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Environment Programme). www.unep.fr/scp/lcinitiative/publications/
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[38] US EIA (2008) Annual Energy Review 2007. DOE/EIA-0384(2007). www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/
[39] USGS (1997) Radioactive Elements in Coal and Fly Ash: Abundance, Forms, and Environmental Signiﬁcance. Fact Sheet FS-163-97. US
Geological Survey. Denver, CO. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs163-97/FS-163-97.html
[40] Wald ML (2008) “As Nuclear Waste Languishes, Expense to US Rises.” New York Times, February 19, 2008. www.nytimes.com
[41] Weber CL, Matthews HS (2008) Food-miles and the relative climate impacts of food choices in the United States. Environmental Science and
Technology. http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/asap/abs/es702969f.html
[42] WHO (2003) National Healthy Cities Networks: A Powerful Force for Health and Sustainable Development in Europe. www.euro.who.int

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