This white paper discusses Denmark's leadership in wind energy through its 40+ years of experience. Denmark has over 5,000 MW of installed wind capacity, meeting over 50% of its electricity demand on windy days. It has the highest share of wind power integrated into its national grid worldwide. Danish wind companies are globally competitive, with the sector exporting over $7 billion in 2014 and employing over 28,000 people. The paper outlines how Denmark continues to reduce the cost of wind energy through collaboration across the industry and unique testing facilities that drive innovation.

1. White papers for a green transition
How Denmark utilises wind
in the energy sector
WIND ENERGY
MOVING AHEAD
INSIDE THIS WHITE PAPER
Acting the way the industry needs
When dialogue, transparency and flexibility
become more than just words
Denmark to meet 50%
wind energy in 2020
Cross-border electricity market and good
connections to neighbouring markets ensure
first-class security of supply
Making offshore wind attractive
and accessible to investors
Offshore wind projects are politically
and financially attractive investments

2. WIND ENERGY MOVING AHEAD
How Denmark utilises wind in the energy sector
Version 2.0
Printed October 2015
Front page photo
Cover photo showing Anholt Offshore Wind Farm. Photo: DONG Energy
Editor in Chief
State of Green
Technical Editor
Danish Wind Industry Association
Contributors
Danish Energy Agency: Morten Bæk, Peter Sehestedt and Torsten Malmdorf
Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners: Christina Grumstrup Sørensen and Stephanie Bendorff Røpcke
Danish Energy Association: Lars Aagaard
Danish Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate: Lars Christian Lilleholt
Danish Business Authority: Niels Bjørkbom
Danish Wind Industry Association: Jan Hylleberg
Energinet.dk: Peder Østermark Andreasen
Middelgrunden Wind Turbine Cooperative: Erik Christiansen
Siemens Wind Power: Michael Hannibal
Vestas Wind Systems: Anders Vedel
To order copies of this white paper or receive information about other related
publications, please contact State of Green at info@stateofgreen.com.
© Copyright State of Green 2015

3. With more than 40 years of experience and
a world-class energy sector, Denmark is
uniquely positioned to play a key role in the
future market for wind technology.
Since the oil crisis in the early 1970s Den-
mark has moved towards a national energy
system that is more and more reliant on
renewable energy sources, with wind en-
ergy playing a key role. The global demand
for energy is expected to rise dramatically
in the coming years. Wind energy will un-
doubtedly be an important part of the solu-
tion to this and connected challenges relat-
ed to climate change and security of supply.
From 2000 to 2013 global installed wind
power capacity increased with an average
growth rate of 25% per year. According to
the IEA wind energy could account for 8%
of the global generation mix in 2040.
Largest share of wind in the world
Denmark has a total installed wind energy
capacity of more than 5,000 MW and on
windy days, wind turbines produce more
than the domestic Danish demand. Fur-
thermore, Denmark is the country in the
world with the largest share of wind inte-
grated in the grid. This means that more
and more countries - developed and devel-
oping - are looking towards Denmark for
inspiration and cooperation. We shall con-
tinue to use this unique position to gener-
ate more sustainable economic growth and
jobs in both Denmark and abroad.
A world class wind energy sector
Danish wind companies belong to the top
league globally. In 2014, the Danish wind
sector’s export reached DKK 53.5 bn (EUR
7.1 bn). Almost 17% more than the year be-
fore. Furthermore the wind energy sector
employed more than 28,000 people. Wind
turbines have undergone considerable
technological advances and wind has be-
come one of the most competitive renewa-
ble energy systems. This is the result of in-
vestments and the work and commitment
of several innovative companies backed by
world leading research and knowledge in-
stitutions and unique test facilities.
But global competition is fierce and new
and innovative technologies are gaining
ground. We should therefore ensure good
framework conditions and world class re-
search and innovation facilities so that the
Danish wind energy sector will continue to
be a global front-runner in the future.
A FUTURE OF WIND ENERGY
The global market for wind energy is gaining ground as
wind technologies are getting more and more
sophisticated and competitive
Lars Christian Lilleholt
Danish Minister for Energy, Utilities and Climate
Foreword 3

4. ABOUT THIS
WHITE PAPER
In this White Paper we have gathered lessons learned from different Danish
players and legislators within the wind energy sector, supported by state-of-
the-art case examples showing, for instance, how we work with integrating
wind, invest in wind and optimise products to make more energy for less money.
Denmark has decided to lead the transition to a green growth economy and be-
come independent of fossil fuels by 2050. Completely dependent on imported
oil for decades, Denmark was severely affected by the oil crises of the 1970s and
it was decided to take a new path. As a result, renewable energy – and in particu-
lar wind energy – has become a Danish stronghold.
The content of this White Paper is meant to serve as a helpful tool for interna-
tional stakeholders who wish to get an overview of the Danish way of utilising
wind, who want to spot the potentials of wind energy, or who are looking for
Danish business partners.
Integrating 10, 20, 30, 40 or 50% wind energy or even more in the electricity sys-
tem is no easy task just as agreeing on the political framework for large invest-
ments and getting the citizens on board for new projects is not something eas-
ily achievable. But with this White Paper we want to show you that it is feasible
through collaboration.
We hope you will be inspired.

5. INDEX
Wind is a major part of the solution....................................................................................... 3
There is no status quo in the wind industry....................................................................... 6
Cost reductions and alliances are keywords in the Danish wind industry
Acting the way the industry needs........................................................................................ 8
When dialogue, transparency and flexibility become more than just words
Denmark to meet 50% wind energy target in 2020.....................................................10
A cross-border electricity market and good connections to
neighbouring markets ensure first-class security of supply
Electrification equals value from wind energy...............................................................12
Why electrification is necessary for the Danish energy system
Bringing the neighbours on board........................................................................................14
A specialised wind turbine task force is assisting
the planning process of onshore wind projects
Do you speak wind turbine?....................................................................................................16
Denmark from above..................................................................................................................17
Case studies
The world’s most depicted offshore windfarm is 50% locally owned.................................. 18
Denmark – a pioneer in wind energy............................................................................................ 20
Østerild test centre ensures Siemens Wind Power a competitive offshore advantage.........22
Advanced nacelle testing integral part of Vestas product development............................... 24
Making offshore wind attractive and accessible to investors................................................ 26
Sustainable wind export business ..............................................................................................28
Selected examples of danish footprints in offshore wind .....................................................30
Denmark - the supplier hub .......................................................................................................... 31

6. Photo: Keenpress / Wind Power Works
6 There is no status quo
in the wind industry

7. What few people believed 40 years ago is
now a reality with a booming global indus-
try. Over the years, the wind industry has
fine-tuned its ability to harvest energy
from the wind in a controlled manner that
benefitsmillionsandmillionsofpeople.The
groundwork for much of the technological
development has taken place in Denmark.
Today, nearly 500 companies work within
the Danish wind energy sector, generating
more than 28,000 jobs including the whole
supply chain (2014) and combined revenue
of DKK 84.4 bn (EUR 11.31 bn) of which
more than 60% is exported.
The Danish wind industry accounts for
5.2% of the total Danish export in 2014;
this is the highest level since 2008-2009.
More energy for less money
Even though the Danish wind industry has
developed into a highly professional and
well-established one, the objective has
remained the same since the beginning. At
the core, all work evolves around reducing
the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) - the
price of the electricity production over the
lifetime of a wind turbine. The wind indus-
try has come far and the technology holds
huge potential for becoming even cheaper.
While the price of wind energy continues
to decline, investments are going up. Proof
of this is found in Europe, where wind en-
ergy was the favoured energy techno­logy
in 2014, with a grid connected wind energy
supply more than double that of coal and
gas combined.
Danish companies are driving the develop-
ment of a lower LCOE. Strong cross-indus-
try cooperation along with unique testing
facilities are creating the foundation for
an innovation hub found nowhere else in
the global wind industry. Today, energy
from onshore wind turbines is cheaper
than energy from new fossil energy plants
in many markets, including Denmark, and
across the industry efforts are put into
reducing the cost of offshore wind in a
similar manner. Producing energy offshore
requires a new way of thinking and this
has led to a new way of organising the in-
dustry in Denmark.
Alliances are vital
Abandoning the idea of wind turbine manu-
facturers dealing with all of their sub-sup-
pliers, the industry is now moving towards
organising in clusters offering concentrat-
ed and packaged solutions. This entails an
even closer collaboration between Danish
wind turbine manufacturers and clustered
sub-suppliers, enhancing manoeuvrability
and the ability to innovate. This develop-
ment is evidence of the continuous profes-
sionalisation of the Danish wind industry
that acts as a strong competitive advan-
tage - only to be developed further in the
coming years.
With wind energy having one of the great-
est potentials for integrating more renewa-
bleenergyacrosstheworld,itisunthinkable
fortheDanishwindindustryjusttomaintain
the status quo. The wind industry is facing
before yet another era of progress that will
benefit not only job creation and energy se-
curity, but also people and climate.
THERE IS NO STATUS QUO
IN THE WIND INDUSTRY
Cost reductions and alliances are keywords in the Danish wind industry
Companies in the Danish wind industry are at the
very forefront of the global wind expansion, driving the
continuous development of evermore effective and
cost-efficient wind turbines
Jan Hylleberg, CEO, Danish Wind Industry Association
There is no status quo
in the wind industry 7

8. The industry-friendly Danish tender approach for setting up offshore windfarms is a result of many adaptations
over time. It consists of three parts:
A strategic offshore planning process with transparent tender procedures
A guaranteed timely establishment of grid connection
A fixed settlement price and the one-stop-shop permitting procedure Photo: Danish Energy Agency
8 Acting the way the industry needs

9. Denmark has set ambitious political tar-
gets for the use of wind energy. In 2010,
the Danish Commission on Climate Change
Policy presented its recommendations for
the total phasing out of fossil fuels.
Set in place in 2012, the current energy
agreement includes a target of applying
1,900 MW of new capacity from onshore
and offshore wind. By the end of 2021, this
capacity needs to be realised. As a result,
wind energy is expected to cover 50% of
Danish electricity consumption in 2020.
The agreement secures a substantial ex-
pansion of the Danish wind energy capac-
ity offshore, near-shore and onshore. The
offshore expansion alone corresponds to
the annual electricity consumption of 1.4
million average Danish households. The
first step to establish more offshore wind
farms is a strong and smooth planning
phase, which reflects the importance of
flexibility in the tendering processes, just
as the ability to conduct dialogue with
the market and to learn from experience
is paramount for success. Only then can
the authorities attract the most competi-
tive bids for these complex projects which
carry large economic commitments and
which are influenced by political currents.
Tenders that work
The Danish Energy Agency has strived to
develop a scheme that delivers on these
parameters. As such, the Danish tender-
ing approach for setting up offshore wind
farms is the result of many adaptations
over time. In fact, Denmark has the longest
experience with tenders for offshore wind
energy in the world. The strength of the
Danish approach can be divided into three
areas. Firstly, a strategic offshore planning
process with transparent tender proce-
dures and fully consented environmental
impact assessments in place before the
submission of tenders. Secondly, a timely
establishment of grid connection guaran-
teed by the Danish state and paid for by the
electricity consumers. Thirdly, a fixed set-
tlement price and a unique one-stop-shop
permitting process, in which the Danish En-
ergy Agency grants all the required permits
and coordinates with other relevant public
authorities.
Dialogue as a new Danish trademark
In the offshore market change is a constant
and each tender is different from the next.
What we have learned is that the tendering
authorities need to speed up on their learn-
ing capacity. If we want to ensure the best
possible market prices and projects in our
tendering procedures, we have to be part
of the changes more or less at the same
time as they happen.
This is why dialogue has become the new
trademark of the Danish tendering proce-
dures and why the Danish Energy Agency
is promoting a vision where authorities and
industry act like equal partners. Our goal is
to share this vision with all major offshore
countries and we invite all tendering au-
thorities in Europe to start a dialogue of
their own. Ultimately, this dialogue has the
potential to create a new network of gov-
ernance and help establish a common vi-
sion of offshore tendering in the European
market.
ACTING THE WAY
THE INDUSTRY NEEDS
When dialogue, transparency and flexibility
become more than just words
On the path to becoming a nation independent of fossil fuels
with large amounts of wind energy in the electricity grid, having
the right political framework plays a major role. Denmark leads
the way in making political decisions that the industry needs.
But how did we get to this point, and what are the big challenges
that still remain?
Peter Sehestedt, Special Advisor, Danish Energy Agency
One-stop-shop means full speed ahead
The Danish tendering process is unique,
and the one-stop-shop permitting proce-
dure plays a central role in this. To ensure
a rapid and as-little-as-possible bureau-
cratic application process, the Danish En-
ergy Agency grants all the required permits
and coordinates with other relevant public
authorities. This results in a single point of
access for enterprises or industry in need of
assistance on issues related to permits and
tendering procedures – and this is one of
the political framework conditions leading
Denmark towards a future as independent
of fossil fuels.
Acting the way the industry needs 9

10. Photo: Palle Peter Skov
Map of Denmark’s transmission grid and interconnectors
Denmark’s transmission grid (400 and 150/132 kV) and the inter-
connectors to Germany, Sweden and Norway. Interconnectors
have a total capacity of more than 5,500 MW.
The transmission grid is designed to handle long fluctuations and
transport electricity over large distances, e.g. from on- and off-
shore wind farms in the west to the Danish capital in the east. Den-
mark often acts as a transit country, enabling power from Norway’s
hydroelectric dams to be sent to Germany and Central European
consumers or the other way around, if wind turbines and solar cells
generate energy that Norway wants to buy.
10 Denmark to meet 50% wind energy in 2020

11. 2013
Electricity consumption Electricity generation from wind turbines
Week 1 Week 1Week 2 Week 2Week 3 Week 3
2035
“It can’t be done”. “It’s not possible to inte-
grate more than a few per cent wind energy
in an electricity system”. These are words
we sometimes hear when foreign visitors
visit Energinet.dk. However, when we open
the door to our control room and show them
that we on any given day have 20, 30, 40%
wind energy or more in our electricity sys-
tem, we are not presenting them with a
theoretical calculation or a case story. What
they see is a quiet control room without
panic and the electricity system that sup-
plies Danish households and businesses
with electricity – which has one of the high-
est levels of security of supply in Europe.
This is possible because Denmark has a
well-developed electricity grid and strong
connections to our neighbouring countries
Norway, Sweden and Germany (see map).
50% wind in 2020 and more to come
We are making good progress to meet the
objective that wind energy will cover 50%
of the Danish electricity consumption. In
2014, the figure was 39.1%, and with the
wind energy generated by future offshore
wind farms in particular, we will reach the
equivalent of 50% wind energy in electrici-
ty consumption.
Denmark does not have mountains, rivers
or many hours of sunshine, but we have
wind and a unique location. Wind energy
is one of Denmark’s most remarkable re-
newable energy sources and it will become
even more important after 2020. Looking
towards 2035, for example, there will be
many more days where wind energy gener-
ation will exceed our consumption.
From generation to consumption
We are transitioning from an energy system
where generation is adapted to consump-
tion to one where consumption is adapted
to generation. That is why electricity must
be able to flow far, across borders and in
large quantities. The prices must reflect the
fact that there are days with ample gener-
ation or high demand, and electricity must
increasingly be integrated into flexible con-
sumption, such as heat pumps and electric
vehicles. Only by taking a cross-border ap-
proach and ensuring maximum utilisation
of domestic flexibility will we be able to
secure an effective and successful energy
transition.
New interconnectors
To be able to handle this, we have joined
forces with TenneT, TSO for power and gas
in Netherlands and Germany, to build a 700
MW and 320 kilometre submarine cable
linking the Dutch and Danish electricity
systems - and together with the National
Grid, TSO for power and gas in England, we
are looking into the possibilities of laying a
600 kilometre cable to the UK.
Today, Denmark is part of a cross-border
Nordic market, and we are integrated with
Central Europe. Even though we as consum-
ers do not notice the changes, we buy and
sell electricity across borders hour by hour.
Electricity generated by wind, water, sun,
coal,gasandnuclearpowerflowsfreelyback
and forth depending on supply and demand.
But the future requires even more open­
nessandcross-borderthinking.Awell-func-
tioning market is crucial if Denmark and the
rest of Europe are to maintain a high level of
security of supply.
New market model
With increasing amounts of renewable en-
ergy, the current business model for elec-
tricity is put under pressure, where espe-
cially conventional generators based on
fossil energy sources are challenged. In the
long term this creates a risk of insufficient
capacity during future periods with limited
renewable energy available, e.g. during pe-
riods without wind.
We have therefore invited industry players
to a sector-wide cooperation with the aim
of developing a new market model that will
help ensure a high level of security of sup-
ply and contribute to a healthy investment
climate in the energy sector, and further-
more encourage interaction and flexibility
across the value chain.
Wind production and power
consumption 2013-2035
Today, wind rarely exceeds the total power
consumption. In the future this will happen
more often. Here shown in three weeks in
2013 and three weeks in 2035.
DENMARK TO MEET 50%
WIND ENERGY IN 2020
A cross-border electricity market and good connections to
neighbouring markets ensure first-class security of supply
“We are in the process of transitioning from an energy system where generation is
adapted to consumption to one where consumption is adapted to generation”
Peder Østermark Andreasen, CEO, Energinet.dk, the Danish TSO responsible for supplying Denmark with electricity and natural gas
Denmark to meet 50% wind energy in 2020 11

12. Flexible production requires flexible consumption and a
strong underlying system
Clean electricity from wind turbines can be used to substitute
CO2
-emitting energy consumption in the heating sector, in industry
and in households. This benefits the environment and the climate
but in order to reap the full value of wind energy, we need to focus
on a better utilisation of it.
Integrating large volumes of wind energy into the energy system
has proven possible, but wind is dependent on a strong back-up
system and good market conditions for selling electricity via inter-
connectors and flexible electricity usage.
12 Electrification equals value from wind energy

13. 2014
Development of electricity consumption and wind energy production 2014-2020
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2015 2016
Index 2014 = 100
Wind energy production (index)Electricity consumption (index)
Source:DanishEnergyAgency
2017 2018 2019 2020
Danish electricity generation has under-
gone significant changes during the last
two decades and Denmark is on the cutting
edge when it comes to integrating wind en-
ergy into the electricity system.
Wind is a positive story already
20 years ago the Danish electricity produc-
tion consisted of 96% fossil fuels, which
emitted 30 million tons of CO2
. In 2013,
these numbers had changed to 54% fossil
fuels, resulting in a 55% decrease of the
CO2
-emissions.
So far, the increasing wind share has not
changed the continuity of supply. In 2013,
Danish electricity consumers had electric-
ity in their power outlets 99,997% of the
time.
The potential for electrification
Even though we use most of the electricity
from wind in households, industry, for elec-
trical cars and in heat pumps in the heating
sector, the transformation of the electric-
ity system moves much faster than the
electrification of the energy consumption.
The electricity consumption is expected to
grow by 3 TWh until 2020, while the new
wind production is expected to grow by 6.5
TWh.
Obviously, wind energy is a fluctuating pro-
duction form. Given the rapid build-out it
needs to be accompanied by further incen-
tives to use and store the electricity when it
is produced and a strong backbone of flexi-
ble power generation is also required.
The curves in the figure illustrating devel-
opmentofelectricityconsumptionandwind
energy production 2014-2020 clearly show
that the expected expansion of wind pro-
duction exceeds the changes in electricity
consumption. There is a clear mismatch be-
tween the growth of the two, which – given
the flexible nature of wind energy – needs
to be addressed, if we are to make the most
value of our wind energy production.
The Danish Energy Association has calcu-
lated the technical potential of electrifying
the end consumption in the district heating
sector, the individual heating sector and in
the industry. The potential comes out at
approximately 13 TWh/year, which is more
than a third of the current Danish electricity
consumption. In other words, there is a po-
tential for utilising all new wind production
in a flexible manner, creating more value for
the Danish wind model.
Combined with strong, available intercon-
nectors to neighbouring countries, a back-
bone of power generation plants and a fast
development in bringing down costs for
electricity storage, we are confident that
we can continue the wind expansion and
use the fluctuating production in an intelli-
gent way.
In order for that to happen we need to see
Danish legislators consider and decide upon
difficult political issues such as securing
continued back-up capacity from power
plants, an intensified electrification of the
Danish energy system and constraints on
interconnectors.
Denmark has led the way and will continue
to do so by showing the world that it will be
possible to introduce more than 50% wind
energy into the electricity system. But we
need to take the necessary measures to
guarantee the continued balance of the
electricity supply and to create maximum
value of the wind’s changing production
levels.
Keywords for that to happen are intercon-
nectors, flexible electricity use and reliable
backup production when wind is absent.
ELECTRIFICATION EQUALS
VALUE FROM WIND ENERGY
Why electrification is necessary for the Danish energy system
Danish electricity generation will consist of at least 50% wind
energy in 2020. This requires a focus on electrification and
Denmark needs to address the challenge of smart energy
Lars Aagaard, CEO, Danish Energy Association
Development of electricity consump-
tion and wind energy production
2014-2020
Wind energy produced 3% of the electrici-
ty consumption in 1994. In 2014, this num-
ber had increased to 39.1% and by 2020 at
least half of the electricity consumption
will be delivered by wind turbines. The gen-
eral electricity consumption is expected to
grow at a much slower rate.
Electrification equals value from wind energy 13

14. www.vindinfo.dk – a Danish shortcut
In 2012, a national committee issued recommendations for what to focus on in order
to optimise the planning processes for wind project developments. A central point was
improved public access to information. In response to this, four agencies have gathered
all available governmental information about wind energy in Denmark on one website:
www.vindfo.dk. This way, citizens, local authorities, and wind project developers have
easy access to information.
The introduction of task forces
The Danish Wind Turbine Task Force is a new concept within the Danish public administration. Free of charge, the task force assists local
authorities in matters such as siting the turbines and the planning process. Public acceptance is the key to deflect the problems that can
occur when planning new onshore wind farms. Photo: Lia Maria Hauch Kaufmann
14 Bringing the neighbours on board

15. Step 1
Invite stakeholders
Citizens
Business community
Network
topics
Network meetings
Secreterial
function
Network meetings
Secreterial
function
Network meetings
Secreterial
function
Network meetings
Secreterial
function
Visiting wind turbine sites,
enhancing dialogue
Input on decision on
wind turbine plant
Growth potential for
community developmentAuthorities
Step 2
Establish workshops
Step 3
Network meetings
Step 4
Network activies and results
Source: Antropologerne
The 1970s energy crises in Denmark and the
rest of Europe sparked an increased interest in
renewable energy. During the 1970s, the first
wind turbines, less than 50 meters tall, were
installed all over the country through local in-
itiatives with no general planning and often
through citizen initiated wind turbine coopera-
tives. Today, onshore wind turbines as high as
150 meters are installed on a commercial scale,
which requires larger areas and substantial in-
vestments. These kinds of wind turbines are
often erected and owned by people living far
from the wind turbine areas and that is one of
the reasons why it has become increasingly
difficult to achieve local acceptance of wind
energy projects.
A complicated process
In Denmark, local authorities are responsible
for planning onshore wind turbine installa-
tions, and the planning processes are often
long and complicated. In some municipalities,
local politicians stop the planning activities at
relatively late stages, due to local public op-
position against installing wind farms in the
specific area. This is a problem, firstly, because
it often results in frustration and local division
between opponents and supporters of wind
energy. Secondly, because one of the paths
to becoming free of fossil fuels, as written in
the political energy agreement from 2012, is
by installing 1,800 MW of new onshore wind
capacity before 2020 - 1,300 MW of which are
expected to replace existing, aging wind tur-
bines.
Wind Turbine Task Force and state
assistance
In order to assist local authorities with these
challenges, a Wind Turbine Task Force was es-
tablished in 2008. Furthermore, four financial
incentive schemes were introduced a year lat-
er. These initiatives both aim to increase local
interest in and support for the installation of
new, modern wind turbines. An important role
of the task force is to solve problems as early
as possible and assist the local authorities with
the planning process.
Citizen involvement takes up an increasing-
ly larger part of the planning process. It is our
experience that a good relationship between
citizens and the municipality is a crucial aspect
in achieving acceptance of new wind turbine
projects. Interviews show that many Danish
citizens are unhappy with the way planning
activities have been carried out previously.
Therefore, we have worked on finding new
ways to meet the public and to get them on
board at early stages in the planning process.
The figure illustrateshowthe citizensmeetthe
authorities and business community at an ear-
ly stage in workshops and various networking
activities. These include public meetings with
display boards, discussion forums and visits to
existing and potential wind turbine areas. Tra-
ditional citizen meetings usually only include
presentations by experts and panel debates
and come late in the planning process.
Through our work it has become clear to us
that municipalities must be more proactive and
direct in meeting the public. So far, feedback
from participants has been a call for clear, po-
litical statements when it comes to setting up
onshore wind farms.
BRINGING THE NEIGHBOURS
ON BOARD
A specialised wind turbine task force is assisting
the planning process of onshore wind projects
Schemes focused on citizens and close municipal and state collaboration regarding citizen
involvement are just some of the approaches that Denmark takes in order to meet its ambitious
targets for CO2
-reduction and the advancement of more renewable energy
Niels Bjørkbom, Head of the Wind Turbine Task Force, Danish Business Authority
1.Invitestakeholders:Ideallycitizensshould
be invited as a first step in a planning process
to participate in a debate about wind turbines
within their local community to kick start the
planning process of locating areas suitable for
possible wind turbines.
2.Establish workshops: Citizens and other
stakeholders with different opinions are em-
powered through constructive dialogue in a
workshop.
3.Network meetings: Network groups on
topics preferred by participants can be formed
in the workshops.
4.Network activities and results: Partici-
pants get to know and understand each other
better, qualified input to municipal planners
and political decision makers, participation in
field-trips, bottom-up thoughts etc. This cre-
ates an earlier dialogue and increases citizens
understanding and acceptance of the need for
new wind turbines.
Bringing the neighbours on board 15

16. DO YOU SPEAK WIND TURBINE?
Blade
As a rule of thumb, every MW installed offshore
generates enough electricity for roughly 1,000
Danish households per day.
The share of wind in the Danish electricity
consumption has increased steadily during
the last years: 30% in 2012, 33% in 2013
and 39% in 2014.
In 2013 and 2014, the average capacity of an
onshore wind turbine installed in Denmark
was 2.8 MW.
The world’s largest wind turbine is currently being
tested at Østerild – The National Test Centre for Large
Wind Turbines. The turbine has a total height of 222
m, and once installed offshore the power it generates
will cover the daily electricity consumption of more
than 8,000 average Danish homes.
In 2014, 860 kW of wind energy were installed per
1,000 Danish citizen. In comparison, this number
was 250 kW for the other EU28 countries.
On the night of July 10, 2015, Danish wind turbines
produced 140% of the Danish electricity consumption.
The surplus was exported to Sweden, Norway and
Germany thanks to the interconnected grid
between the countries.
In its lifespan, a wind turbine can produce up
to 57 times the amount of energy that went
in to constructing it.
Transition
piece
Foundation
NacelleHub
Gear box
Generator
Tower
Monopile Tripod Jacket Gravity Suction Jacket
bucket suction
bucket
Landing platform
Different types of foundations:
16 Do you speak wind turbine?

17. Rønland
17 MW
2003
Vesterhav
North
200 MW
Høvsøre National Test Centre
for Large Wind Turbines
Vesterhav
South
200 MW
Horns Rev 3
400 MW
2019
Horns
Rev 2
209 MW
2009
N
etherlands
United Kingdom
Horns
Rev 1
160 MW
2002
Denmark’s largest onshore wind farm
is the 73 MW Nørhede-Hjortmose
wind farm commissioned in 2014
Global Lightning
Protection Services
Denmark’s third largest onshore
wind farm is the 34 MW Lem
Kær wind farm commissioned
in 2012
Sæby
200 MW
Frederikshavn
7 MW
Anholt
400 MW
2013
Tunø Knob
5 MW
1995
Sejrø Bugt
200 MW
Sprogø
21 MW
2009
Smålandsfarvandet
200 MW
Vindeby
5 MW
1991
Rødsand II
207 MW
2010
Avedøre Holme
11 MW
2009/2010
Middelgrunden
40 MW
2000
DELTA
DHI
Force Technology
Danish
Technological
Institute
Name of wind farm
Capacity in MW
Year of commissioning
House of Green
Bornholm
50 MWKriegers Flak
600 MW
2021
Samsø
23 MW
2003
LORC
Lindoe Offshore
Renewables
Center
Østerild
National Test Centre for Large Wind Turbines
Blaest Blade Test Centre
Upon completion in 2015, Den-
mark’s second largest onshore
wind farm will be the 70 MW
Klim Fjordholme wind farm
Selected onshore
wind farm Cable connections (Current)
Public Available
Test Facility
Offshore wind farm
(Commissioned)
Cable connections (Planned) Place of Interest
Near shore area
Possible installed capacity
Offshore wind farm
(Planned)
Cable connections (Proposed)
The total Danish capacity onshore equals 3.739 MW The total Danish capacity offshore equals 1.271 MW
Norway
Sweden
Germany
DENMARK FROM ABOVE
Denmark from above 17

18. Photo: Danish Wind Industry Association
18 Case: The world’s most depicted offshore windfarm is 50% locally owned

19. Set in a symbolic curving line in the wa-
ters outside Copenhagen, Middelgrunden
offshore wind farm stands as the image of
Denmark’s world-renowned renewables
sector. The 40 MW wind farm was at the
time of commissioning in 2001 the world’s
largest offshore wind farm. Today, it covers
3% of Copenhagen’s electricity consump-
tion.
A particularly innovative model of pub-
lic ownership was used in the construc-
tion of Middelgrunden. To establish local
acceptance for the wind farm, groups of
local residents came together to form a
customised cooperative: Middelgrunden
Wind Turbine Cooperative. Through the
cooperative, almost 8,700 local residents
became co-owners of the wind farm and
bought together 40,500 shares. In the end,
this amounted to a local ownership of 50%
of Middelgrunden offshore wind farm. The
other 50% of the project is owned by the
utility company DONG Energy.
In the process, the key focus for Middel-
grunden Wind Turbine Cooperative was
on sharing information with the local resi-
dents due to the landmark position of the
wind farm just outside the Copenhagen
harbour. It was of great importance to in-
volve the local citizens in all phases from
planning and installation to the operational
phase. This has proven to enhance the lo-
cal involvement in the project, as well as
the will to invest. Thousands of citizens in
Copenhagen have visited the wind farm’s
information stands and construction sites
and thousands attended the opening of
the wind farm in May 2001.
The project has proven the necessity of lo-
cal information to ensure local involvement
and support for wind turbines.
FACTS ON WIND COOPERATIVES IN DENMARK
The cooperative movement has been part of the Danish story since the first consumer cooperative was created in 1866. Historical-
ly, the cooperatives have focused on the agricultural sector through for instance cooperative dairy and slaughterhouses but also
cooperative cold stores were common in Denmark in the 1950s. The general ideas behind the cooperatives are that both profits
and losses are shared between the members in relation to their company’s turnover, that the cooperative is open for new members
and that it is one vote per member at meetings– regardless of the size and turnover of a member.
The same ideas are present in the Danish legislation on new wind turbines, which state that at least 20% of the ownership of new
turbines has to be offered to citizens as shares of approx. 1000 kWh (annual production). The exceptions include small turbines
meant for private households, turbines erected solely for research, test and development and not least wind farms, which are put
out to tender by the Danish state - primarily large projects of 400-600 MW.
The practise of wind turbine cooperatives started in the 1980s and the following 10-15 years most turbines were erected by the
cooperatives. The current law states that the option to purchase must firstly be offered to any citizen above the age of 18 living
within 4.5 kilometres from the location of the turbines. Remaining shares are to be sold secondly to other citizens of the munici-
pality in question. The idea behind wind turbines cooperatives and the option to purchase is to create a correlation between the
benefits and joy and the inconvenience of living close to a wind turbine.
THE WORLD’S MOST DEPICTED
OFFSHORE WINDFARM IS 50%
LOCALLY OWNED
8,700 citizens are co-owners of Denmark’s iconic offshore wind
farm Middelgrunden, located just off the coast of the capital
Copenhagen. Targeted information has played a key role in the
local involvement and support for the wind turbines
Erik Christiansen, Chairman of Middelgrunden Wind Turbine Cooperative
Case: The world’s most depicted offshore windfarm is 50% locally owned 19

20. Photo: Danish Wind Industry Association
20 Case: DENMARK – A PIONEER IN WIND ENERGY

21. Wind mills and post mills were initially used
in the agricultural sector for grinding grains
and pumping water but in 1891, the Danish
physicist Poul la Cour started experiment-
ing with wind power as a source of electric-
ity. Supported by funds from the Danish
state, he created a turbine, which supplied
the school he was working at with direct
current and he even experimented with
storing wind energy. While ingenious, the
wind turbine could not compete with the
growing number of coal-fired power plants
and despite a brief blossoming during the
world wars, the development of the tech-
nology almost came to a standstill.
A renewed focus on wind
Highly dependent on imported energy,
the oil crises of the early 1970s lead to
increasing electricity costs in Denmark.
As a result, it became an objective to be-
come independent of imported oil and in
the mid-1970s, the Danish state started
funding a development program for wind
energy. This was followed by a test base
for smaller turbines in the late 1970s, as
industrious self-builders, grassroots and
entrepreneurs had started constructing
turbines for their own use. The first com-
mercial turbines with an output of 22 kW
were constructed by machinery manufac-
turers around 1979. As a result, the Danish
wind energy story has been one of both a
bottom-up and a top-down approach – and
the strategy has paid off.
Harnessing the wind offshore
In a search for more efficiency and a lower
cost of energy, the size of the turbines has
grown steadily over the years and while
most turbines in the early 1990s had siz-
es of up to 225 kW, the next generation of
wind turbines now reaches 8 MW. The larg-
er turbines makes it economically feasible
to harness wind offshore, where the wind
speeds makes up for the larger expens-
es. In 1991, the world’s first offshore wind
farm was erected in Denmark, when eleven
450 kW turbines were commissioned. Many
more offshore wind farms has seen the
light of day since 1991 and the next Dan-
ish offshore wind farms, Horns Rev 3 and
Kriegers Flak, will reach sizes of 400-600
MW.
The future of wind energy
Today the Danish wind industry, employing
more than 28,000, holds a global market
share of more than 20% of all newly in-
stalled capacity and a study by the Danish
Energy Agency has concluded that onshore
wind energy has become the cheapest en-
ergy source for new electricity generation
in Denmark, undercutting coal and natu-
ral gas. However, the future calls for even
more efficient turbines, overall cost reduc-
tions and a continued focus on the coop-
eration and strong partnerships between
the industry, the private sector and the
research institutions which has previously
characterisedtheDanishwindenergystory.
DENMARK
– A PIONEER IN WIND ENERGY
The use of wind as a source of energy in Denmark dates
back hundreds of years but the oil crisis of the 1970s lead to
a renewed focus on harnessing the natural forces and the
entrepreneurial ingenuity combined with a RD focus
has given Denmark a pioneering role in wind
The development in Danish wind energy
technology is remarkable. The first com-
mercial turbines had an output of 22 kW
and the blades in the photo, dated 1980,
are 7.5 meters long and produced for 55 kW
turbines.Thebladesofthenewestoffshore
turbines are more than 80 meters long.
Photo: Erik Grove-Nielsen.
Case: DENMARK – A PIONEER IN WIND ENERGY 21

22. Siemens Wind Power is the world’s largest provider of offshore wind turbines. Siemens Wind Power has delivered turbines to the
three largest offshore parks in the world: London Array, Greater Gabbard and Anholt Havmøllepark.
Photo: Siemens Wind Power A/S
Offering test facilities is a keystone in the Danish wind industry
Test facilities are crucial for technological and system innovation in the Danish
wind industry. In order to maintain Denmark’s leading role within wind energy, it
is a prerequisite that the industry has easy access to test facilities for prototype
testing close to their RD departments.
In Denmark you can test any part of a wind turbine. From materials to blades, weld-
ing, drivetrain and large components such as nacelles – and last but not least full
scale turbines.
22 Case: Østerild test centre ensures siemens wind power a competitive offshore advantage

23. In October 2012, Siemens Wind Power
installed a 6 MW turbine at Østerild Test
Centre in Northern Jutland, Denmark. The
test centre, operated by the Technical
University of Denmark (DTU), is of great
importance to us. The test site allows us to
test turbines on a full scale under changing
climatic conditions, which is a strong driver
for innovation and therefore a large com-
ponent in reducing energy production for
wind farms.
The fast and comprehensive full scale test-
ing possibility at Østerild means that the
testing period has ended for SWP-6MW and
it is already being used by the European off-
shore wind market. Innovation is our most
important competitive advantage. There-
fore, a public test facility, like Østerild, only
reinforces the reason why we have decided
to carry out our turbine tests in Denmark.
The importance of Østerild
Østerild is currently the only place in the
world where measurements on turbines
up to 250 metres in height can be made.
For this reason, the test centre is ideal for
testing the offshore wind turbines of today
and tomorrow.
The technological improvements from the
tests are already showing. Firstly, they
ensure that our fleet of existing turbines
continue to evolve and that small improve-
ments can be made in order to increase
output. Secondly, an entirely new and
much larger wind turbine is underway: A
10 MW turbine. It is not just an evolution
of the existing turbines, but a leap into
something bigger. This is a turbine that I
believe we will see on the market before
2020 thanks to the accelerated innova-
tion that research and development test-
ing allows for.
The Danish approach
Denmark has pioneered the wind industry
for the past four decades. Renewable en-
ergy is deeply integrated into the Danish
conscience and Denmark is known world-
wide for this. Denmark has high education
and qualification levels within wind ener-
gy, which Siemens Wind Power takes ad-
vantage of in research and development.
Denmark is also characterised by a political
environment that has a positive attitude
towards renewable energy. The public as-
pect of Østerild Test Centre is a good exam-
ple of this. For all of these reasons, it is not
a coincidence that Siemens has chosen to
place and maintain its research and devel-
opment departments in Denmark.
In addition to the test facility of Østerild,
we have established our own test centres
in Denmark, investing over DKK 2 bn (EUR
268 m) in state-of-the-art research and
development departments in the cities
of Brande and Aalborg. Combined, these
make up the largest test facilities for wind
turbines and blades in the world.
Altogether, these strategic reasons pro-
vide Siemens Wind Power with the best
test opportunities in order for us to accel-
erate our wind turbine innovation.
ØSTERILD TEST CENTRE
ENSURES SIEMENS WIND POWER
A COMPETITIVE OFFSHORE
ADVANTAGE
Siemens Wind Power has just finished testing a 6 MW wind turbine at Østerild Test Centre, the
world’s largest and most advanced centre for full scale turbine testing. The Danish test facility
allows Siemens Wind Power to accelerate innovation to reduce energy production costs for
offshore wind farms
Michael Hannibal, CEO Offshore, Siemens Wind Power
The first Siemens turbine at Østerild, the
6 MW, is being installed.
Photo: Siemens Wind Power A/S
Case: Østerild test centre ensures siemens wind power a competitive offshore advantage 23

24. Strong forces. Vestas’ own 20 MW test bench in Aarhus is ready to perform another test. Here, Vestas can simulate a complete life
cycle for key components and systems in order to map potential reliability issues and possible improvements. This significantly reduc-
es risks for customers and increases the speed of product development. Knowledge previously gathered after years in the field can
now be collected over the course of months before a product is even installed for customers. Photo: Vestas Wind Systems A/S
24 Case: Advanced nacelle testing an integral part of vestas product development

25. All around the year, Vestas is conducting
tests on different components in different
locations around the world. Most of these
tests take place in Denmark, because ad-
vanced test facilities and relevant compe-
tencies are available here. The latest addi-
tion is Lindoe Offshore Renewables Center
(LORC), where Vestas will perform full-scale
testing of nacelles over the coming years.
Comprehensive and advanced testing of
components, systems and products is a
key part of product development in Ves-
tas, where the overall objective is to reduce
the levelised cost of wind energy (by defi-
nition the production cost of each unit of
electricity generated over the lifetime of a
wind farm taking into account a wind farms
development costs, capital investments,
financial costs and lifetime running costs),
shorten the time it takes to bring new prod-
ucts to market and to increase the business
case certainty for the customers.
Thetestprocesscanroughlybedividedinto
three steps with good facilities available in
Denmark for every step.
Step 1: Component and
system integration testing
Aarhus, the second-largest city in Den-
mark, provides the setting for Vestas’ pow-
erful in-house test bench for wind turbines.
Here, the full system, including main com-
ponents such as gearbox and generator, is
tested. The test bench can apply massive
power and loads to the drivetrain similar
to the conditions in the field, which allows
us to simulate a complete life cycle over a
short period of time.
Step 2: Complete nacelle testing
LORC adds another element to the tests,
as the complete nacelle, including the hub,
is tested on a 10 MW test bench. It ena-
bles Vestas to test other key components
in the wind turbine and – not least – their
interaction during realistic conditions. For
example, the full software and hardware
is tested calculating the torque reference
from simulated wind input. The test bench
is close to unique when it comes to the abil-
ity to test the electrical components and
their output to the grid. This is of course of
great interest to Vestas – and in the end to
our customers.
Step 3: Field tests
Finally, we test in the field to prove that we
can deliver what we have promised our cus-
tomers. A number of sites in Denmark are
dedicated to test purposes, which enables
us to quickly bring a prototype to field test-
ing.
ADVANCED NACELLE TESTING
AN INTEGRAL PART OF VESTAS
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
The world’s largest wind turbine manufacturer, Vestas Wind
Systems, uses state-of-the-art test facilities to reach the
ambitious targets for product development. The newest
addition to the wind turbine test options in Denmark is the
nacelle tester at LORC
Anders Vedel, Executive Vice President CTO, Vestas Wind Systems A/S
Shortening the time to market. LORC
offers the world’s most realistic indoor full
scale testing of 3-10MW nacelles. A unique
design allows the hub to be included and
the pitch system to remain active during
testing of the nacelle’s functionalities and
interaction with the grid. The full software
and hardware is tested under extreme
events with a test controller calculating
the torque reference from simulated wind
input.
Photo: Vestas Wind Systems A/S
Case: Advanced nacelle testing an integral part of vestas product development 25

26. Beatrice is an offshore wind project located in Outer Moray Firth,
Scotland, with a potential capacity of up to 664 MW. The project has
been substantially developed by SSE and Repsol and is progressing
towards Final Investment Decision in 2016. SSE manages the de-
velopment of the project and will be the main operator. Beatrice is
owned by SSE (50%), Repsol (25%), Copenhagen Infrastructure I
(12.5%) and Copenhagen Infrastructure II (12.5%). All shareholders
have seats on the board of the project. Photo: Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners
26 Case: Making offshore wind attractive and accessible
to investors

27. 1
Investment Contract
strike price
Year
Nominal GBP received per MWh produced
Illustrative example: Revenue per MWh for a UK offshore
wind project with an Investment Contract
Estimated market price
– Illustrative average level
Estimated market price
– Illustrative high and low level
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
For institutional investors, investment in
offshore wind is attractive. With long time
frames, stable returns over several years
and a strong cash flow, offshore wind can
serve as a substitute to certain bond types.
Governments, seeking to achieve CO2
reduc-
tions, address future capacity needs and
ensure regional security of supply, support
offshore wind investments and the projects
are becoming more bankable due to proven
concept and technology. The world’s first
offshore wind farm was Danish and built in
1991. Today, we have more than 5 GW off-
shore wind capacity installed in Europe and
The European Wind Energy Association an-
ticipates a level of around 23 GW by 2020.
However, many institutional investors do
not yet have the required resources and
experience within energy infrastructure
investments. This has led to the formation
of specialised infrastructure funds, such
as Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners
(CIP), which was founded in 2012. To make
offshore wind projects more attractive and
accessible for institutional investors, CIP
applies an “industrial approach”. The five
partners in CIP have extensive experience
within development, construction and
operations from numerous offshore wind
projects and leverage their industrial back-
ground for access to proprietary deals.
The recent CIP investment in the UK off-
shore wind project Beatrice is a good exam-
ple of how and why the industrial approach
works. CIP and the two shareholders of Be-
atrice, the UK energy company SSE and the
global energy company Repsol, engaged in
a dialogue in early 2014 about the possible
acquisition of a shareholding in Beatrice. In
November 2014, CIP acquired 25% of Be-
atrice from SSE. The acquisition was made
on behalf of the two funds, Copenhagen In-
frastructure I II, which have commitments
from eight of the largest institutional inves-
tors, primarily pension funds, in Denmark.
SSE and Repsol had developed the project
substantially since 2009 and CIP entered
the project at the last stage of develop-
ment. This was late enough for the develop-
ment risks to be significantly reduced: the
Investment Contract was awarded and the
grid connection, main consents and building
permits were obtained. However, it was as
well early enough to allow CIP to participate
in the optimization of risk allocation (e.g.
allocation of risks in the contracts with sup-
pliers), concept (e.g. wind farm layout and
technology choice) and bankability (e.g. par-
ticipatinginsecuringbankableOperations
Maintenance contracts and Power Purchase
Agreements, designing and executing the
project finance strategy). All areas in which
the CIP partners have substantial experi-
ence.
Unlike most infrastructure funds, CIP has a
long investment horizon. This is attractive
for industrial companies looking for long
termpartnerswithwhomtheycanbuildand
operate the projects and for institutional
investors looking for strong cash flows and
stable inflation-linked returns for many
years.
MAKING OFFSHORE WIND
ATTRACTIVE AND ACCESSIBLE
TO INVESTORS
Offshore wind projects are politically and
financially attractive investments
Beatrice is one of five offshore wind projects in the UK awarded
an Investment Contract by the UK government. The Investment
Contract secures the generator a fixed CPI indexed price per MWh
for a 15-year period (green area). After this period, the generator
receives the market price (blue area) which is expected to be low-
er and exhibit fluctuations due to seasonal effects and changes in
economic activity. The investment contract thus reduces the power
price risk significantly and produces bond-like cash flows.
The graph is only an illustrative example of the revenue profile for a
project similar to Beatrice.
With interest rates at a historically low level, investing in
infrastructure such as offshore wind is becoming increasingly
attractive as new investment channels become available
Christina Grumstrup Sørensen, Senior Partner, Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners
Stephanie Bendorff Røpcke, Manager, Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners
Case: Making offshore wind attractive and accessible
to investors 27

28. A green transition. China stands as an example of countries wish-
ing to transform its energy sector into a greener one. The country’s
extensive need for energy has seen a large fraction of renewable
energy projects being built in recent years. Denmark’s extensive
knowledge within renewable energy technologies, in particular
within wind, creates great knowledge-sharing opportunities be-
tween the two countries.
Export of the Danish energy model
The Danish political parties have approved an initiative to
promote export of Danish energy solutions in the period
from 2014 to 2015. The countries of focus for the export
initiative are UK, Germany and China. The aim is to facilitate
increased collaboration between Danish and foreign au-
thorities to pave the way for business cooperation, export
opportunities and foreign investments in Denmark.
Photo: Keenpress/Wind Power Works
28 Case: Sustainable wind export business

29. EXPORT SHARE 2005 2014
Danmark 8.4 12.0
Finland 6.6 9.1
Italien 7.8 9.1
Tyskland 7.5 8.7
Østrig 7.4 8.3
Sverige 6.6 7.9
EU15 5.8 6.6
Frankrig 6.1 6.2
Storbritannien 5.2 5.7
Spanien 4.3 5.4
Portugal 4.5 5.4
Luxembourg 4.9 4.9
Grækenland 5.2 3.4
Belgien 3.3 3.2
Holland 3.0 3.2
Irland 2.0 1.8
Green energy technologies are in high de-
mand and Denmark is a living example that
economic growth and CO2
reductions can be
achieved simultaneously. Denmark has al-
ready established bilateral cooperation with
a number of countries, including China, Mex-
ico,SouthAfricaandVietnamtocatalysethe
energy transition in these countries. The
focus is on energy policy and regulatory is-
sues - such as cost effective framework con-
ditions for wind power expansions.
China has entered the energy transition
fast track with a clear focus on e.g. wind
performance and quality, aiming to learn
from Denmark’s technology development
practice and regulatory experience. The co-
operation makes for real cuts in global CO2
emissions and paves the way for increased
bilateral trading in the energy area.
Danish export statistics show that green
energy technology equals good business.
Energy technology exports have long ac-
counted for a large share of Denmark’s
export of goods compared to other EU
countries. In 2014, the export of energy
technologies amounted to 12% of exported
goods total. Of this, green technologies ac-
counted for more than half.
Wind export
China exemplifies countries that wish to
green their energy production. With an ex-
tensive thirst for more energy, renewables
are making up a large fraction of newly built
energy projects in China. Based on a decade
of mutually beneficial cooperation Denmark
has recently initiated a pilot project to sup-
port China’s energy transition.
Out of the total export of goods to China
in 2014, export of energy technologies
amounted to 12.2% with a green energy
technology proportion of 29.5%. Of this,
the majority was wind.
Government to Government
cooperation
In the implementation of the current bi-
lateral project, the Danish Energy Agency
has joined forces with the Trade Council at
the Royal Danish Embassy in Beijing and
Danish suppliers to the wind industry in
China. The project idea is based on an inte-
grated approach, where deep regulatory
cooperation makes for sustained business
opportunities.TheChineseauthoritieshave
welcomed this approach, appreciating the
Danish experience in crafting legislation,
regulation and modelling for greening the
energy sector.
Changing the focus
China has invested in onshore wind energy
amounting to approx. 100 GW. Some farms
in this vast portfolio are not performing up
to standards and the Chinese government
is dedicated to make the most of its in-
vestment. In the pilot project, Denmark will
share its knowledge on how Chinese wind
farms can increase performance using Dan-
ish standards and technology.
The approach is a focus on Levelized Cost of
Energy (LCOE). LCOE is the production cost
of each unit of electricity generated over
the life time of a wind farm taking into ac-
count a wind farm’s development cost, cap-
ital investment, financial costs, and lifetime
running costs.
The way we think of wind is changing
from a focus on investment costs only to
a broader focus that includes operation
and maintenance costs, too. China has his-
torically approached wind projects with a
relatively short-term investment perspec-
tive. Through the Danish LCOE approach,
Chinese wind farms can achieve a more ro-
bust business case and greater return on
investments.
SUSTAINABLE WIND
EXPORT BUSINESS
Industry hand in hand with intergovernmental
cooperation on the green agenda
Energy technologies’ share of the
export of goods among the EU15
countries
In comparison to other EU countries, export
of energy technologies has long accounted
for a large share of goods exported from
Denmark.
Wind energy covered more than 39% of the Danish electricity consumption in 2014. This makes
Denmark a world champion in wind generated electricity and a market leader in the green energy
transition. Denmark has recently created a new initiative to extend our successful government to
government cooperation in this field
Morten Bæk, Director General, Danish Energy Agency
Case: Sustainable wind export business 29

30. SELECTED EXAMPLES OF DANISH FOOTPRINTS IN OFFSHORE WIND
Middelgrunden 40MW
Denmark 2001
Danish deliveries:
Developer and operator
Wind turbines
Wind turbine installation
Substructure design
Design of substation foundation
Substructure main constructor
Substructure installation
Foundations and transition pieces
Logistics
Project finance
Kentish Flats 90 MW
United Kingdom 2005
Danish deliveries:
Developer
Wind turbines
Wind turbine installation
Substructure design
Substructure main constructor
J-tube installation
Grouting
Logistics
London Array 630 MW
United Kingdom 2013
Danish deliveries:
Developer and operator
Wind turbines
Wind turbine installation
Substructure installation
Substructure main constructor
Substructure design
Design of substation foundation
Monopiles and transition piece
Grouting
Logistics
Monitoring of wind, waves and currents
Project finance
Horns Rev 2 209 MW
Denmark 2009
Danish deliveries:
Developer
Accommodation platform
Wind turbines
Wind turbine installation
Foundations
Foundation installation
Foundation design
Operator
Substation
Substation installation
Project finance
30 Case: Selected examples of danish footprints in offshore wind

31. For nearly 40 years, companies in the Dan-
ish wind industry have developed and built
wind turbines, installed them and integrat-
ed wind into the energy system. Today,
Denmark is home to some of the world’s
leading companies, and more than 500
companies, working in all areas of the wind
industry, are located in Denmark.
Every link in the supply chain is represent-
ed in Denmark. Hundreds of companies are
involved in wind turbine production, sub-
structures, logistics, investment, develop-
ment, installation and service. They form
a close-knit network with unique compe-
tences.
A strong supplier hub – now and in the
future
Competitive parameters and supplier re-
quirements have developed by leaps and
bounds in the last decade. While focus re-
mains on the innovative capabilities of the
suppliers, there has also been increasing
focus on other aspects, such as quality
management, time to market and servicing.
The Danish supply chain has adapted to the
changing landscape and has remained com-
petitive in the global marketplace. When it
comes to lowering the cost of wind energy,
Danish suppliers have a strong hand.
The current evolution of the supply chain
structure is evidence of maturity of the
Danish supplier hub. Drawing inspiration
from both the automotive and aerospace
industry, industrialization of the wind in-
dustry is moving forward, and it is becom-
ingevidentthattheDanishsupplychaincan
set the standards for structural changes
and new business models, such as system
solutions.
Forging alliances Danish style
Wind turbine manufactures today require
systems and solutions from the supply
chain more than individual components
from a range of companies.
For the big wind turbine producers, con-
tracting a series of expert companies indi-
vidually to each provide one part of a total
system is time consuming and costly to
manage compared with managing a single
interface with an allied group. Denmark,
with its myriad of small companies with
specialist wind industry knowledge, often
run by people with years of shared industry
experience, is ideally positioned to respond
to the new trend.
Danish suppliers have been good at organ-
ising themselves in groups and co-oper-
ative constellations to supply a complete
solution. Suppliers who before delivered
directly to the big producers now deliver
to other sub-suppliers who take care of the
direct relation with the wind turbine pro-
ducer.
Moving towards more integrated sys-
tem solutions reinforces the need for the
wind industry to consolidate and cooper-
ate. Strong ties between the wind turbine
manufacturers and the so-called “system
suppliers” are in the best interest of all par-
ties. These suppliers achieve the status of
development partners for the next genera-
tion wind turbines – another advancement
which serves to underline the strength of
the Danish supplier hub.
DENMARK - THE SUPPLIER HUB
The Danish supply chain and production capabilities form a unique
wind energy supplier hub. Strong and extensive collaboration, commit-
ment to innovation and years of experience form the basis of a strong
and progressive hub that is able to compete internationally
Anholt 400 MW
Denmark 2013
Danish deliveries:
Developer and operator
Wind turbines
Wind turbine installation
Substation installation
Substation design
Substation manufacturer
Export cables
Export cable installation
Substructure main constructor
Substructure design
Monopiles and transition piece
Monopiles and transition piece installation
Export cable manufacturing
Export cable installation
Grouting
Logistics
Geophysical investigations
Environmental Impact Assessment
Project finance
Case: Denmark - The supplier hub 31

32. Learn more about Danish solutions in wind energy,
find more cases from around the world and connect
with Danish expertise at:
stateofgreen.com/wind-energy
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