Slides from ACM CHI 2010 in Atlanta, GA, April 11-16, 2010. Empirical study on the connection between direct communication and passive consumption of social news online and social well-being.
Related paper is available here: http://thoughtcrumbs.com/publications/burke_chi2010_sns_and_wellbeing.pdf
with Melissa Morgan (www.ememdesign.com)
An introduction to gauging the impact of social-media on society in this media saturated, hyper-networked, über-techie, digitally innovative world.
with Melissa Morgan (www.ememdesign.com)
An introduction to gauging the impact of social-media on society in this media saturated, hyper-networked, über-techie, digitally innovative world.
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This chapter focuses on specific relationship types: (1) friendship, (2) love, (3) family, and (4) workplace relationships. We establish what these are and explore how interpersonal communication within each of these relationships can be made more effective. We’ll also examine the dark side of some relationships in the final section. All of these relationships can be face-to-face or online or, as is most often the case, some combination. Online relationships have been increasing since the first online dating service was established in 1995. According to one survey, 38 percent of those who identified themselves as “single and looking” used an online dating service (Smith & Duggan, 2013). Social networking sites such as Facebook, Google+, Twitter, Instagram, and Pinterest; professional sites such as LinkedIn; and the dating sites such as Match.com, eHarmony, and OKCupid (and the numerous apps for your phone such as Zoosk, PlentyofFish, and HowAboutWe) make it increasingly easy and interesting to meet new friends and potential romantic partners, to keep in touch with family (websites that provide family hubs are increasing in popularity), and to conduct much of the business of work. As you’ve no doubt noticed, each type of relationship has both advantages and disadvantages. Here we need to identify just a few of these. One of the advantages to establishing relationships online (though some may say it’s a disadvantage) is that personality outweighs physical appearance. Online communication reveals people’s inner qualities first. Rapport and mutual self-disclosure become more important than physical attractiveness in promoting intimacy (Cooper & Sportolari, 1997). And contrary to some popular opinion, online relationships rely just as heavily on the ideals of trust, honesty, and commitment as do face-to-face relationships (Whitty & Gavin, 2001). Friendship and romantic interaction on the Internet are a natural boon to shut-ins and extremely shy people, for whom traditional ways of meeting others are often difficult. Computer talk is empowering for those with “physical disabilities or disfigurements,” for whom face-to-face interactions are often superficial and often end with withdrawal (Bull & Rumsey, 1988; Lea & Spears, 1995). By eliminating the physical cues, computer talk equalizes the interaction and doesn’t put the disfigured person, for example, at an immediate disadvantage in a society where physical attractiveness is so highly valued. Online you’re free to reveal as much or as little about your physical self as you wish, when you wish. Another obvious advantage of online relationships is that the number of people you can reach is so vast that it’s relatively easy to find someone who matches what you’re looking for. The situation is like finding a book that covers just what you need from a library of millions of volumes rather than from a collection of only several hundred or even thousands. In a ...
Christopher Sibona Ph.D. is the Principal Software Engineer at Oracle Corp. Christopher obtained his Ph.D. at the University of Colorado Business School in 2011. His study on why people unfriend on Facebook has helped hundreds of corporations and individuals understand what encourages engagement and what turns people off when marketing on Facebook. This is Christopher’s talk at the January 2011 Emerging Media Conference in San Francisco, CA.
Pitfalls of Social MediaSome disadvantages of social network.docxrandymartin91030
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Some disadvantages of social networking are addiction, friendships, and how it can become a distraction. According to an article in the Huffington Post by Britney Fitzgerald, “forty-five percent of responders said they feel “worried or uncomfortable” when email and Facebook are inaccessible.” Now-a-days society has gotten so dependent to their social networking; they cannot even leave their house without taking their phones or laptops to school. People cannot stand to be without their phones without having anxiety, we need to establish a control over the technology. “It’s not being on social networks that makes people anxious. It’s being away from them.” We have grown into this new culture where we cannot even go to sleep without checking our phones, and what is the first thing we do when we wake up? Check our phone. In fact, in a recent study Mobile Mindset study by Lookout “54 percent admit to checking their phones while lying in bed.” The unfortunate price we pay for social networking is lack of sleep. A similar study from the University of Bergen found that “people with poor sleeping habits were most likely to be Facebook-obsessed.” It has become apparent that one has created this dependency on modern technology that we have added these aps such as Facebook and YouTube to our cell phones, since we cannot even wait to get home and check from our computers. We don’t even send invitations anymore; all we do is send a Facebook invite.
Another article in the Huffington Post, The Addiction and Cost of Social Media by Sam Fiaorella he states that “if you are not paying for the product, you are the product.” In this case social networking, the Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, they are all free however, you are wasting time, emotion and privacy. “According to Nielsen and NM Incite's The Social Media Report 2012, “consumers continue to spend more time on social networks than on any other type of Internet site.” “As of July 2012, the total time spent accessing and engaging in social media sites has increased 37 percent in the U.S., representing 121 billion minutes.”
Emotionally we put our lives out there on social networking. We are willing to share everything we do on a daily basis and post our feelings. We create an “online version of ourselves” in which we are able to let people see and know any “version” we allow ourselves to be. “A study by the University of Waterloo as reported in Psychological Science demonstrated that Facebook engagement can increase the likelihood of depression in some people.”
Privacy is often a forgotten factor in social networking; people seem to forget that whatever they post online can follow them throughout life. Some jobs even check your social sites to make sure you are right for the job. Social networks keep track what you are interested in, you may think its because they want to learn more about you however, “the more personal the information they can acquire the more they can .
Youth Communication and Privacy in the Social Media AgeNathan Wright
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Pro-social cues have been known to enforce positive behavior in organizational and child development contexts. We examine pro-social cues in psychology literature and develop corresponding technological solutions that can be applied to computer mediated communication. We review these solutions in the context of reducing deception and hypothesize that pro-social cues should be equally effective in reducing deceptive behavior as they are in encouraging positive behavior. We propose a technological solution of embedding these cues during profile creation and propose an experimental study where these cues can be tested in a controlled manner.
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Your phone let you in on their little secret. What would you do? Ditch your phone? Reward your phone for dobbing them in? Get them all out of your life and start again, with dumb objects?
Worse still, as a UX designer how are you going to deal with having to design for a world in which your products, objects and services will collaborate, communicate and share with each other. How can you create systems that not only react to human needs, but also potentially shape the behaviours of the people who are using them?
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The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
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Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
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In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
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Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
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https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
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Another article in the Huffington Post, The Addiction and Cost of Social Media by Sam Fiaorella he states that “if you are not paying for the product, you are the product.” In this case social networking, the Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, they are all free however, you are wasting time, emotion and privacy. “According to Nielsen and NM Incite's The Social Media Report 2012, “consumers continue to spend more time on social networks than on any other type of Internet site.” “As of July 2012, the total time spent accessing and engaging in social media sites has increased 37 percent in the U.S., representing 121 billion minutes.”
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3. Impact of technology on social well-being
Technology displaces
Americans’ core social networks
declining
Internet use displaces offline
communication, increases stress,
depression, loneliness
McPherson, Smith-Lovin, & Brashears, 2006;
Putnam, 2001; Kraut, et al., 1998; Shklovski,
Kraut, & Rainie, 2004; Bessière, Kiesler, Kraut, &
Boneva, 2008; Waestlund, Norlander, & Archer,
2001
3
4. Impact of technology on social well-being
Technology displaces Technology augments
Americans’ core social networks Internet users have greater civic
declining participation, are in more
frequent contact with friends
Internet use displaces offline Heavy Facebook users have
communication, increases stress, higher levels of social capital,
depression, loneliness with greater gains for students
with low self-esteem.
McPherson, Smith-Lovin, & Brashears, 2006; Hampton, Sessions, Her, & Rainie, 2009;
Putnam, 2001; Kraut, et al., 1998; Shklovski, Valenzuela, Park, & Lee, 2009; Wellman, Quan
Kraut, & Rainie, 2004; Bessière, Kiesler, Kraut, & Haase, Witte, & Hampton, 2001; Ellison,
Boneva, 2008; Waestlund, Norlander, & Archer, Steinfeld, & Lampe, 2007; Steinfeld et al., 2008
2001
4
8. Kinds of Facebook activities
Directed communication with another friend (e.g., messages in/out, wall
posts, likes, comments, distinct
Passive consumption of others’ social news friends communicated with)
Non-social activities
8
9. Kinds of Facebook activities
Directed communication with another friend (e.g., feed stories clicked,
Passive consumption of others’ social news profiles viewed, photos viewed)
Non-social activities
9
10. Kinds of Facebook activities
Directed communication with another friend (e.g., time spent playing games
Passive consumption of others’ social news and quizzes)
Non-social activities
10
12. Well-being measures Williams, 2006; Ellison, et al., 2007; Russell, 1996
Bridging social capital: access to new information through diverse acquaintances
“I come in contact with new people all the time.”
“Interacting with people makes me want to try new things.”
12
13. Well-being measures Williams, 2006; Ellison, et al., 2007; Russell, 1996
Bridging social capital: access to new information through diverse acquaintances
“I come in contact with new people all the time.”
“Interacting with people makes me want to try new things.”
Bonding social capital: emotional support from close friends
“There are several people I trust to help solve my problems.”
“If I needed a very large emergency loan, I know someone I can turn to.”
13
14. Well-being measures Williams, 2006; Ellison, et al., 2007; Russell, 1996
Bridging social capital: access to new information through diverse acquaintances
“I come in contact with new people all the time.”
“Interacting with people makes me want to try new things.”
Bonding social capital: emotional support from close friends
“There are several people I trust to help solve my problems.”
“If I needed a very large emergency loan, I know someone I can turn to.”
Loneliness: difference between desired and actual social interaction
“I often feel that there are people I can talk to.”
“I often feel isolated from others.”
14
15. Hypotheses
Directed communication
(e.g., messages in/out, wall posts, likes, comments, distinct friends communicated with. scale α = 0.94)
H1. Bonding social capital will increase with directed communication.
H2. Loneliness will decrease with directed communication.
Passive consumption
(e.g., feed stories clicked, profiles viewed, photos viewed, distinct friends’ news/photos/profiles consumed.
scale α = 0.86)
H3. Bridging social capital will increase with consumption.
H4. Loneliness will be associated with consumption.
15
16. Method
Survey of 1193 English-speaking, adult Facebook users around the world
recruited through Facebook ad.
Paired two months of site activity data with survey responses.
Subset (n=155) also completed Facebook intensity scale (see paper).
Sensitivity analyses on friend-count buckets.
Controls
• age
• gender
• country
• in relationship
• self-esteem (Rosenberg, 1989)
• life satisfaction (Diener, et al., 1997)
16
17. Results: Overall site use
Overall, greater Facebook use* is associated with greater well-being:
• higher bonding social capital (p < .001)
• higher bridging social capital (p < .001)
• lower loneliness (p < .01)
Results generalize to non college-age users (n=487 over age 35) and those
outside the US (n=993 from South Africa, New Zealand, Great Britain,
Ireland, Canada, and 15 others).
* time on site, friend count, “broadcast” content produced (e.g., status updates, photos)
17
18. Results
Bridging Bonding Loneliness
Intercept 3.90 *** 3.80 *** 2.50 ***
Age 0.00 -0.01 ** 0.00
Male -0.02 -0.10 * 0.08 *
In relationship -0.11 ** -0.05 -0.09 * Demographic and
Self-esteem 0.23 *** 0.30 *** -0.53 *** personal controls
Life satisfaction 0.02 0.10 *** -0.16 ***
Time on site (log2) 0.00 0.06 -0.04
Friend count (log2) 0.14 *** 0.09 * -0.07 *
Content production 0.07 -0.09 . 0.04
Directed communication 0.08 . 0.11 * -0.11 *
Consumption -0.10 * -0.09 . 0.15 ***
*** p < .001 ** p < .01 * p < .05 . p < 0.1
5-pt Likert scale responses
18
19. Results
Bridging Bonding Loneliness
Intercept 3.90 *** 3.80 *** 2.50 ***
Age 0.00 -0.01 ** 0.00
Male -0.02 -0.10 * 0.08 *
In relationship -0.11 ** -0.05 -0.09 *
Self-esteem 0.23 *** 0.30 *** -0.53 ***
Life satisfaction 0.02 0.10 *** -0.16 ***
Time on site (log2) 0.00 0.06 -0.04
Friend count (log2) 0.14 *** 0.09 * -0.07 * Overall site engagement
Content production 0.07 -0.09 . 0.04
Directed communication 0.08 . 0.11 * -0.11 *
Consumption -0.10 * -0.09 . 0.15 ***
*** p < .001 ** p < .01 * p < .05 . p < 0.1
5-pt Likert scale responses
19
20. Results
Bridging Bonding Loneliness
Intercept 3.90 *** 3.80 *** 2.50 ***
Age 0.00 -0.01 ** 0.00
Male -0.02 -0.10 * 0.08 *
In relationship -0.11 ** -0.05 -0.09 *
Self-esteem 0.23 *** 0.30 *** -0.53 ***
Life satisfaction 0.02 0.10 *** -0.16 ***
Time on site (log2) 0.00 0.06 -0.04
Friend count (log2) 0.14 *** 0.09 * -0.07 *
Content production 0.07 -0.09 . 0.04
Directed communication 0.08 . 0.11 * -0.11 *
Facebook activities
Consumption -0.10 * -0.09 . 0.15 ***
*** p < .001 ** p < .01 * p < .05 . p < 0.1
5-pt Likert scale responses
20
21. Results: Facebook activities
Directed communication
H1. Bonding social capital increases with directed communication.
H2. Loneliness decreases with directed communication.
No relationship with bridging social capital.
Bridging Bonding Loneliness
Directed communication 0.08 . 0.11 * -0.11 *
Passive consumption -0.10 * -0.09 . 0.15 ***
*** p < .001 ** p < .01 * p < .05 . p < 0.1
21
22. Results: Facebook activities
Consumption
H3. Bridging social capital will increase with consumption.
People felt less access to new ideas and diverse friends the more
content they consumed.
Bridging Bonding Loneliness
Directed communication 0.08 . 0.11 * -0.11 *
Passive consumption -0.10 * -0.09 . 0.15 ***
*** p < .001 ** p < .01 * p < .05 . p < 0.1
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23. Results: Facebook activities
Consumption
H3. Bridging social capital will increase with consumption.
People felt less access to new ideas and diverse friends the more
content they consumed.
H4. Loneliness will be associated with consumption.
People felt lonelier the more content they consumed.
No relationship with bonding social capital.
Bridging Bonding Loneliness
Directed communication 0.08 . 0.11 * -0.11 *
Passive consumption -0.10 * -0.09 . 0.15 ***
*** p < .001 ** p < .01 * p < .05 . p < 0.1
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24. Current work
• Determining causality through longitudinal panel design.
• Recruiting new waves of participants to account for ad-based
response bias.
• Including tie strength in passive consumption analysis.
• Identifying impact of personality and individual differences (e.g.,
social skills and communication comfort).
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25. Summary
• Not all social networking site activities are equal:
• Direct communication with friends is associated with greater
bonding social capital and lower loneliness.
• Passive consumption of social news is associated with lower
bridging social capital and greater loneliness.
Thanks to Nicole Ellison, Adam Kramer, Bob Kraut, Cliff Lampe, Sheila
Normile, Meg Sloan, Facebook Data and Market Research Teams.
NSF IIS-0325049, IIS-0729286, NSF GRFP.
Moira Burke
@grammarnerd moira@cmu.edu
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27. Non-response bias
Participants were recruited through an ad on Facebook.
A comparable sample of 1200 users was randomly selected from English-
speakers who had used the site in the past month.
Survey takers:
• were slightly older (M=33.7 vs. 33.0 years, p<.05)
• spent more time on the site (M=1.7 hours per day vs. 0.5, p<.001 for
log2(minutes))
• had more friends (M=185.6 vs. 170.0, p<.001),
• were more likely to be women (p<.001)
• more likely to be from outside the U.S. (p<.001).
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28. Facebook intensity scale
(Ellison, Steinfeld, & Lampe, 2007; Steinfeld et al., 2008)
• About how many total Facebook friends do you have?
• In the past week, on average, approximately how many minutes per
day have you spent on Facebook?
• Facebook is part of my everyday activity
• I am proud to tell people I'm on Facebook
• Facebook has become part of my daily routine
• I feel out of touch when I haven't logged onto Facebook for a while
• I feel I am part of the Facebook community
• I would be sorry if Facebook shut down
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29. Results: Validating Facebook intensity scale
People are generally good at reporting friend count (r=.96) and time on
site (r=.45).
But attitude questions (“Facebook has become part of my daily routine”)
not strongly correlated with any plausible engagement metrics like content
production (r=.14) or return visits in past month (r=.14).
Self-reports subject to acquiescence and central tendency biases. But
server data don’t explain engagement.
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