Social And Cultural Sustainability In Rural Finland

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RE-INVENTING THE RURAL BETWEEN THE SOCIAL AND THE NATURAL The XXIII European Society for Rural Sociology congress Vaasa, Finland 17-21 August 2009

Social and cultural sustainability in rural Finland -- Two examples Tiina Silvasti University of Helsinki Department of Social Policy

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The glaring inequality between men and women farmers in the African agricultural sector is alarming evidence that calls for fair, inclusive and sustainable development. Gender productivity gaps vary across and even within countries, but recent studies suggest that gender gaps are in the range of 10% to 30%. Gender gap in agricultural productivity means that crop production is lower than its potential. Closing the gender gap in access to production capitals alone has been estimated to have the potential of lifting 100–150 million people out of hunger, thus resulting in benefits that spread far beyond female farmers.

Research Summary Report_Rural Youth NSMeggie MacMichael

Poor and Rich - The Facts DEFINING POVERTY... Absolute poverty is defined according to an absolute minimum standard, often called the ‘poverty line’. Relative poverty means that you are poor in relation to those around you. Income poverty (‘less than a dollar a day’, for example), means that you are poor if you have less money than the defined poverty line for your country. Human poverty takes into account other factors, such as life expectancy, infant malnutrition, illiteracy and lack of food or clean water. Basic needs definitions also go beyond money, to include all the things that a person needs in order to survive – including employment and participation in society. MEASURING POVERTY... Measuring poverty is always a problem, especially if you recognize that just using money is not enough. There are a number of new measurements emerging, like the Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare.1 This measures ‘quality’ economic activity by, for example, making a subtraction for air pollution and an addition for unpaid household labour. Another method is the Human Poverty Index. This is ranked according to three main areas of deprivation: survival; knowledge and a decent standard of living. In the industrial world, where the Index also includes social exclusion, some 7 to 17% of the populations are classified as poor. The higher the percentage figure, the greater the poverty in that country

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1) Explain how political obstacles (lack of skilled officials, instability, corruption, and constaints by special interest groups) and cultural obstacles (cultural attitudes that discourage entrepreneurial activity and and encourage rapid population growth) are greater barriers to economic growth than lack of technology, education and natural resources. (2) Many people blame special interests of developed nations for supporting political regimes and cultural norms that prevent the success of developing nations. Explain why this might be true and in your own words agree or disagree with this statement. Try to give a specific example of a nation (Haiti, Iraq, Pakistan, Sudan, Zimbabwe or any example in the past). Solution There are many barriers and difficulties in the way of economic growth and development of less developed countries. Development for developing nations is desirable but not achievable due to a lot of hurdles. These obstacles are grouped into the following five categories: A. Economic Obstacles B. Social Obstacles C. Cultural Obstacles D. Political Obstacles and E. Administrative Obstacles Economic Obstacles: Economic and financial barriers: Economists observed that the dominating development model tends to focus on economic growth as precedence rather than people\'s rights or welfare, and environmental processes and limits. This requires a shift in the worldview from treating the environment as part of the economy to treating the economy as part of the environment; strategically this means the economy should be adapted to ensure environmental services are maintained. Innovational Barriers: In the educational sector there is a lack of innovation-oriented research. This means that there has to be a closer connection between research institutes and the economy, which would also overcome problems concerning the knowledge transfer to applications in real life. Political Obstacles: There is political instability in Pakistan; the policies of the government are also instable. Due to political instability, rate of economic growth and development remains low in all the sectors of the economy. Investors feel hesitation while making investment if political situation is not stable. Mis-use of Authorities Mis-use of authorities and powers is a big problem in the way of economic development. Mis- use of authority leads to corruption and nepotism. Accordingly, there is no regard for talented, intelligent and brilliant brain. In our country, use of authorities is not reasonable. Officers use their powers for their personal interest. They give first preference to their own benefits and second preference to the public welfare. Insincere Leaders Politics in Pakistan creates insincere leaders. Political leaders have no interest with the welfare of population but their own interest. In Pakistan rich industrialists join politics to safeguard their industries. The Feudals involve in politics for the sake of status and power. Changes in Fiscal Policy I.

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