1) The document studies how allowing firms to substitute between different types of employment, such as direct and outsourced labor, affects the implications of size-dependent policies on labor demand.
2) A theoretical model is developed where firms can substitute between direct and outsourced labor when facing taxes or regulations on direct labor. This reconciles empirical evidence that size-dependent policies do not always generate gaps in employment at thresholds.
3) The model predicts that size-dependent policies reduce total employment but increase the ratio of outsourced to direct labor for affected firms. It also finds no gap in total employment at the policy threshold due to labor substitution.
INDUSTRIAL CONFLICT AND COLLECTIVE BARGAINING: EVIDENCE FROM NORTH CENTRAL RE...IAEME Publication
Industrial conflicts in organizations are inevitable due to disagreement between the employees and employers which can either benefit or harm the organization. For the efficacy of the employer, there should be very positive ties between employer and workers. This study therefore, focuses on the use of collective bargaining as an effective instrument for management of conflict in Store Product Research Institute, in the north central of Nigeria. The study made used of pluralist theory as frameworks and employs both qualitative and quantitative research techniques. The findings of the study shows that negotiating via the process of collective bargaining on the terms and conditions of employments were not satisfied to the employees in the way the management of the institution handle them. Therefore, a proactive collective bargaining procedural and substance rules are recommended for both parties to reach collective agreement.
How the Use of NFC is Evolving-Innovative Ways to Use NFC Beyond Payments.
Speakers - John Murray, Ranbijay Kumar and Amrish Jain
JAM ASIA 2013, Hong Kong
INDUSTRIAL CONFLICT AND COLLECTIVE BARGAINING: EVIDENCE FROM NORTH CENTRAL RE...IAEME Publication
Industrial conflicts in organizations are inevitable due to disagreement between the employees and employers which can either benefit or harm the organization. For the efficacy of the employer, there should be very positive ties between employer and workers. This study therefore, focuses on the use of collective bargaining as an effective instrument for management of conflict in Store Product Research Institute, in the north central of Nigeria. The study made used of pluralist theory as frameworks and employs both qualitative and quantitative research techniques. The findings of the study shows that negotiating via the process of collective bargaining on the terms and conditions of employments were not satisfied to the employees in the way the management of the institution handle them. Therefore, a proactive collective bargaining procedural and substance rules are recommended for both parties to reach collective agreement.
How the Use of NFC is Evolving-Innovative Ways to Use NFC Beyond Payments.
Speakers - John Murray, Ranbijay Kumar and Amrish Jain
JAM ASIA 2013, Hong Kong
Please read the article. What is your opinion about the job prosp.docxLeilaniPoolsy
"Please read the article. What is your opinion about the job prospects? Is there a bright future for the IT field in general? Are certifications the key to landing a great job? What certifications do you need to land a network administrator job? http://blog.rht.com/network-administrator-great-career-rising-salary-2014"
D
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C
U
S
S
I
O
N
P
A
P
E
R
S
E
R
I
E
S
Forschungsinstitut
zur Zukunft der Arbeit
Institute for the Study
of Labor
On the Robustness of Minimum Wage Effects:
Geographically-Disparate Trends and
Job Growth Equations
IZA DP No. 8420
August 2014
John T. Addison
McKinley L. Blackburn
Chad D. Cotti
On the Robustness of Minimum Wage Effects:
Geographically-Disparate Trends and
Job Growth Equations
John T. Addison
University of South Carolina,
Durham University and IZA
McKinley L. Blackburn
University of South Carolina
Chad D. Cotti
University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh
Discussion Paper No. 8420
August 2014
IZA
P.O. Box 7240
53072 Bonn
Germany
Phone: +49-228-3894-0
Fax: +49-228-3894-180
E-mail: [email protected]
Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in
this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions.
The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity.
The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center
and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit
organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of
Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and
conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i)
original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of
policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public.
IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion.
Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be
available directly from the author.
mailto:[email protected]
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8420
August 2014
ABSTRACT
On the Robustness of Minimum Wage Effects:
Geographically-Disparate Trends and Job Growth Equations
Just as the standard two-way fixed effects model for estimating the impact of minimum
wages on employment has been sharply criticized for its neglect of spatial heterogeneity so,
too, have the latest models been attacked for their uncritical use of state- or county-specific
linear trends (and other spatial counterfactuals). Further attenuation of the effects of policy is
also alleged to obtain in such circumstances where the true effect.
Apprenticeship contract and firm performanceCarlos Ospino
These are the slides for my 6/05/2016 presentation of the paper "The effects of the apprenticeship contracts on firm performance: TFP losses and capital-labor substitution in the Colombian manufacturing sector." at weekly seminar of Universidad del Norte's economics department.
Labor Policy Analysis for Jobs Expansion and DevelopmentFEF Philippines
Study conducted and presented by FEF Fellow Vicente Paqueo, Aniceto Orbeta, Leonardo Lanzona and Dean Dulay for the PIDS Economic Policy Monitor Seminar, April 3, 2014. The study concludes that minimum wages and labor security have negative effects for poverty alleviation and income growth.
Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 2
Annotated Bibliography
Arielle Black
Webster University
December 1, 2017
Annotated Bibliography
Fatma, I. K. (2017). The Level Of Wage And Labor Productivity In Hotel Industry: An Analysis. Eurasian Journal of Economics and Finance, 5(2), 36-50.
Wage is an aspect that happens today is high wage and high aggressiveness. Wage hypothesis that was created by Rees (1973) and Katz (1980) clarify that payment can't just be seen just as a generation cost yet additionally as a piece of a push to expand the work thriving and inspiration. This hypothesis is a wage effectiveness hypothesis, which expressed that organization's income can increment notwithstanding paying pay over the market wage harmony. Even though here the two specialists had ascertained the issue of work's quality however they have not achieved observational testing by building up specific model. Subsequently, the specialists saw this hole as a chance to unwind the marvels event to work and try to build up an exact model to see the impact of wage to profitability and variable that can quantify the nature of work and different factors that influence salary and efficiency at the same time.
The components utilized are the distinction between singular trademark, human capital, and nature of work life (Fatma, 2017). The approach of this exploration is constructivism approach through quantitative investigation procedure with concurrent condition framework. Examination unit in this exploration is work in friendliness industry. Estimation aftereffects of research demonstrate that instruction, preparing, knowledge, work hour and profitability have a critical positive impact on wage, while age and work status isn't massive. Nature of work life and payment have the enormous positive impact on profitability, while training, background, age, and work status have no huge impact. Imperative finding from inquiring about that preparation has a noteworthy implication for profitability however contrarily. Discoveries of this examination demonstrate that beneficial outcome of preparing to profitability will be greater in an association that ready to put resources into the workplace that help the work.
McGowan, M. A. (2017). Labor Market Mismatch and Labor Productivity: Evidence from PIAAC Data☆. In Skill Mismatch in Labor Markets, (pp. 199-241). Emerald Publishing Limited.
This paper investigates the connection amongst ability and capability confuse and work profitability utilizing cross-country industry information for 19 OECD nations. Using bungle pointers totaled from miniaturized scale information sourced from the current OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC), the principle comes about propose that higher aptitude and capability crisscross is related with bringing d ...
Lean production in Italian and US auto plants.
Several studies have acknowledged that lean production is implemented in diverse ways across workplaces, thereby generating different outcomes for workers. However, explanations for this variability needs further development. The present article addresses this issue by considering the role played by workplace unions' framing of lean production. It finds that unions' framing is derived from their identities in interaction with available resources in institutional and organisational terms. A case study comparison of the automotive parts industry in Italy and the United States was conducted.
Overlapping generations (OLG) models are used to analyze the effects of fiscal policy on households’ decisions to work and save; the distribution of income, wealth, consumption, and taxes among households; and the well-being of different generations.
In December 2018, CBO held a symposium about OLG models in order to learn more about them and about how they can be used to examine the effects of a hypothetical reduction in Old-Age and Survivors Insurance benefits. This presentation highlights the similarities and differences among OLG models and the lessons learned from the symposium.
1Thesis Statement The minimum wage, the least possible pa.docxvickeryr87
1
Thesis Statement
The minimum wage, the least possible payment an employer can pay their workers as enshrined in labor laws regarding a certain industry, should be changed based on the rapidly changing economic times and the fact that different professions keep changing with regards to skills desirable. This will be in furtherance with the spirit of conscious capitalism and a match to embracing the best ever conditions of employees across the globe.
Annotated Biography
Annotation Reference 1:
Tilly, C. (2017). From mobilization to revolution. In Collective Violence, Contentious Politics, and Social Change (pp. 71-91). Routledge.
Annotation: The article addresses the various milestones and achievements arrived at by activists of social change in the past with regards improving universal employee remuneration schemes and other legislation loops that provided for employee exploitation based on poor payments. The author identifies the movement groups' movements and the factors that influenced their initiatives such as poor payments during the working hours and working for extra hours without extra pay. Tilly found out that the existing minimum wage was set as a culmination of radical labor movement activities and was based on the then prevailing economic conditions. The author recommends a continuous course of action to give employees their dignity through fair remuneration. This article will inform this research paper especially on appreciating the plight of employees subjected to exploitative constant minimum wage cutline in the face of the ever-rising cost of living. Secondly, the article will inform this paper on the foundational philosophies that inform the reasons that warrant a review of the minimum wage in the United States of America and to the extension of other parts of the world. Finally, this article will provide the basic economic parameters used in determining the frequency of employee remuneration schemes as well as their implications on the minimum salaries given to employees in all industries.
Annotation Reference 2:
Dube, A., Lester, T. W., & Reich, M. (2010). Minimum wage effects across state borders: Estimates using contiguous counties. The review of economics and statistics, 92(4), 945- 964.
Annotation: The research work by the three authors sought to investigate the effects of the minimum wage concept on the productivity of employees with the different levels of economy. Dube, Lester, and Reich found that a constant minimum wage in the face of the dynamic nature of the other parameters of an economy demoralized employees in all industries based on poor working motivation, attracted few employees seeking to serve an institution with a minimum wage, resulted in low employee turn-over and skill retention while at the same time leading to poor personal development of employee with regards to increasing their skill capacity, reducing their productivity and consequently resulting in poor organizational performance. The re.
NO1 Uk Black Magic Specialist Expert In Sahiwal, Okara, Hafizabad, Mandi Bah...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Please read the article. What is your opinion about the job prosp.docxLeilaniPoolsy
"Please read the article. What is your opinion about the job prospects? Is there a bright future for the IT field in general? Are certifications the key to landing a great job? What certifications do you need to land a network administrator job? http://blog.rht.com/network-administrator-great-career-rising-salary-2014"
D
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C
U
S
S
I
O
N
P
A
P
E
R
S
E
R
I
E
S
Forschungsinstitut
zur Zukunft der Arbeit
Institute for the Study
of Labor
On the Robustness of Minimum Wage Effects:
Geographically-Disparate Trends and
Job Growth Equations
IZA DP No. 8420
August 2014
John T. Addison
McKinley L. Blackburn
Chad D. Cotti
On the Robustness of Minimum Wage Effects:
Geographically-Disparate Trends and
Job Growth Equations
John T. Addison
University of South Carolina,
Durham University and IZA
McKinley L. Blackburn
University of South Carolina
Chad D. Cotti
University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh
Discussion Paper No. 8420
August 2014
IZA
P.O. Box 7240
53072 Bonn
Germany
Phone: +49-228-3894-0
Fax: +49-228-3894-180
E-mail: [email protected]
Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in
this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions.
The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity.
The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center
and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit
organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of
Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and
conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i)
original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of
policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public.
IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion.
Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be
available directly from the author.
mailto:[email protected]
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8420
August 2014
ABSTRACT
On the Robustness of Minimum Wage Effects:
Geographically-Disparate Trends and Job Growth Equations
Just as the standard two-way fixed effects model for estimating the impact of minimum
wages on employment has been sharply criticized for its neglect of spatial heterogeneity so,
too, have the latest models been attacked for their uncritical use of state- or county-specific
linear trends (and other spatial counterfactuals). Further attenuation of the effects of policy is
also alleged to obtain in such circumstances where the true effect.
Apprenticeship contract and firm performanceCarlos Ospino
These are the slides for my 6/05/2016 presentation of the paper "The effects of the apprenticeship contracts on firm performance: TFP losses and capital-labor substitution in the Colombian manufacturing sector." at weekly seminar of Universidad del Norte's economics department.
Labor Policy Analysis for Jobs Expansion and DevelopmentFEF Philippines
Study conducted and presented by FEF Fellow Vicente Paqueo, Aniceto Orbeta, Leonardo Lanzona and Dean Dulay for the PIDS Economic Policy Monitor Seminar, April 3, 2014. The study concludes that minimum wages and labor security have negative effects for poverty alleviation and income growth.
Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 2
Annotated Bibliography
Arielle Black
Webster University
December 1, 2017
Annotated Bibliography
Fatma, I. K. (2017). The Level Of Wage And Labor Productivity In Hotel Industry: An Analysis. Eurasian Journal of Economics and Finance, 5(2), 36-50.
Wage is an aspect that happens today is high wage and high aggressiveness. Wage hypothesis that was created by Rees (1973) and Katz (1980) clarify that payment can't just be seen just as a generation cost yet additionally as a piece of a push to expand the work thriving and inspiration. This hypothesis is a wage effectiveness hypothesis, which expressed that organization's income can increment notwithstanding paying pay over the market wage harmony. Even though here the two specialists had ascertained the issue of work's quality however they have not achieved observational testing by building up specific model. Subsequently, the specialists saw this hole as a chance to unwind the marvels event to work and try to build up an exact model to see the impact of wage to profitability and variable that can quantify the nature of work and different factors that influence salary and efficiency at the same time.
The components utilized are the distinction between singular trademark, human capital, and nature of work life (Fatma, 2017). The approach of this exploration is constructivism approach through quantitative investigation procedure with concurrent condition framework. Examination unit in this exploration is work in friendliness industry. Estimation aftereffects of research demonstrate that instruction, preparing, knowledge, work hour and profitability have a critical positive impact on wage, while age and work status isn't massive. Nature of work life and payment have the enormous positive impact on profitability, while training, background, age, and work status have no huge impact. Imperative finding from inquiring about that preparation has a noteworthy implication for profitability however contrarily. Discoveries of this examination demonstrate that beneficial outcome of preparing to profitability will be greater in an association that ready to put resources into the workplace that help the work.
McGowan, M. A. (2017). Labor Market Mismatch and Labor Productivity: Evidence from PIAAC Data☆. In Skill Mismatch in Labor Markets, (pp. 199-241). Emerald Publishing Limited.
This paper investigates the connection amongst ability and capability confuse and work profitability utilizing cross-country industry information for 19 OECD nations. Using bungle pointers totaled from miniaturized scale information sourced from the current OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC), the principle comes about propose that higher aptitude and capability crisscross is related with bringing d ...
Lean production in Italian and US auto plants.
Several studies have acknowledged that lean production is implemented in diverse ways across workplaces, thereby generating different outcomes for workers. However, explanations for this variability needs further development. The present article addresses this issue by considering the role played by workplace unions' framing of lean production. It finds that unions' framing is derived from their identities in interaction with available resources in institutional and organisational terms. A case study comparison of the automotive parts industry in Italy and the United States was conducted.
Overlapping generations (OLG) models are used to analyze the effects of fiscal policy on households’ decisions to work and save; the distribution of income, wealth, consumption, and taxes among households; and the well-being of different generations.
In December 2018, CBO held a symposium about OLG models in order to learn more about them and about how they can be used to examine the effects of a hypothetical reduction in Old-Age and Survivors Insurance benefits. This presentation highlights the similarities and differences among OLG models and the lessons learned from the symposium.
1Thesis Statement The minimum wage, the least possible pa.docxvickeryr87
1
Thesis Statement
The minimum wage, the least possible payment an employer can pay their workers as enshrined in labor laws regarding a certain industry, should be changed based on the rapidly changing economic times and the fact that different professions keep changing with regards to skills desirable. This will be in furtherance with the spirit of conscious capitalism and a match to embracing the best ever conditions of employees across the globe.
Annotated Biography
Annotation Reference 1:
Tilly, C. (2017). From mobilization to revolution. In Collective Violence, Contentious Politics, and Social Change (pp. 71-91). Routledge.
Annotation: The article addresses the various milestones and achievements arrived at by activists of social change in the past with regards improving universal employee remuneration schemes and other legislation loops that provided for employee exploitation based on poor payments. The author identifies the movement groups' movements and the factors that influenced their initiatives such as poor payments during the working hours and working for extra hours without extra pay. Tilly found out that the existing minimum wage was set as a culmination of radical labor movement activities and was based on the then prevailing economic conditions. The author recommends a continuous course of action to give employees their dignity through fair remuneration. This article will inform this research paper especially on appreciating the plight of employees subjected to exploitative constant minimum wage cutline in the face of the ever-rising cost of living. Secondly, the article will inform this paper on the foundational philosophies that inform the reasons that warrant a review of the minimum wage in the United States of America and to the extension of other parts of the world. Finally, this article will provide the basic economic parameters used in determining the frequency of employee remuneration schemes as well as their implications on the minimum salaries given to employees in all industries.
Annotation Reference 2:
Dube, A., Lester, T. W., & Reich, M. (2010). Minimum wage effects across state borders: Estimates using contiguous counties. The review of economics and statistics, 92(4), 945- 964.
Annotation: The research work by the three authors sought to investigate the effects of the minimum wage concept on the productivity of employees with the different levels of economy. Dube, Lester, and Reich found that a constant minimum wage in the face of the dynamic nature of the other parameters of an economy demoralized employees in all industries based on poor working motivation, attracted few employees seeking to serve an institution with a minimum wage, resulted in low employee turn-over and skill retention while at the same time leading to poor personal development of employee with regards to increasing their skill capacity, reducing their productivity and consequently resulting in poor organizational performance. The re.
NO1 Uk Black Magic Specialist Expert In Sahiwal, Okara, Hafizabad, Mandi Bah...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
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The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
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1. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Size-dependent policies and labor substitution: Threshold
effects and missing gaps.
Carlos Ospino1
1Universidad de los Andes
Seminario IEEC.
Barranquilla, Colombia.
February 12, 2016
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 1/25
2. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Motivation
Literature
This paper
I study theoretically and empirically how the fact that firms may substitute be-
tween different types of employment changes the implications of Size-Dependent
Policies (SDP) in terms of labor demand.
Literature has focused on homogeneous labor.
Introducing labor heterogeneity and potential
substitution reconciles model implications with
empirical evidence: With substitution SDP
does not generate a gap in the employment
distribution at the policy threshold.
Highly policy relevant: 1-Prevalent policies on
specific types of employment (e.g. direct la-
bor), 2-World-wide trend towards contract la-
bor. Source: Garicano et. al., 2015
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 2/25
3. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Motivation
Literature
Ratio of outsourced workers to directly hired workers increased...
Source: Own calculations using Colombia’s Annual Manufacturing Survey. Dashed lines at years 2002 and 2006.
After a major labor reform in 2002.
Apprenticeship compulsory quotas
started being calculated using
directly hired labor (a tax on direct
labor).
Size Dependent: only for 15+
directly hired workers.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 3/25
4. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Motivation
Literature
... and the ratio of outsourced to direct labor grew particularly before the threshold
of the policy (15 workers).
Source: Own calculations using Colombia’s Annual Manufacturing Survey. 2002-2003. Vertical line at 14 directly hired workers.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 4/25
5. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Motivation
Literature
Related literature I
Misallocation and productivity
Theoretical size-dependent models imply that the size distribution of firms has
a spike (“bunching”) right before the threshold where SDP kick-in, and a gap
at the threshold. (Guner, Ventura & Xu, 2008).
1 Some studies find bunching before threshold, but positive mass (a valley) where
a gap was expected. ((Garicano, LeLarge, & Van Reenen (2015), (Gourio &
Roys (2014)).
2 These papers model distortion as combination of fixed costs, proportional taxes
and measurement error to match the data.
Could this bunching and lack of a gap be explained by labor substitution?
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 5/25
6. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Motivation
Literature
Related literature II
Labor substitution and employment protection
Ramaswamy (2013) and Chaurey (2015) study the case of contract workers
in India.
Firms substitute towards the labor type that’s not subject to size-dependent
regulation at the threshold.
Marked increase in the share of contract labor in states where legislation is
pro-worker.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 6/25
7. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Motivation
Literature
Preview of results
Compared with models of SDP with homogeneous labor:
Taxes on direct labor also reduce total labor demand both by firms at the
threshold and those above it.
But labor substitution allows some firms that would bunch to keep their size
above the policy threshold: No gap in the employment distribution at the
threshold.
...even with imperfect labor substitution.
Regulation induces a change in the employment composition.
Colombian manufacturing firms react to the 2002 reform according to what the
model predicts:
1 Reduced total and direct labor demand for firms above and just below the
threshold compared to those well below it.
2 Increased the ratio of outsourced to direct labor demand for firms above the
threshold compared to those well below it.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 7/25
8. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Model outline
Firm problem
max
{nd ,no}
π(s, n) = s1−γ
[(nd )σ
(no)1−σ
]γ
− wd nd − wono − τ(ˆnd ) (2.1)
s.t. τ(ˆnd ) = 0 if nd ≤ ˆnd .
τ(ˆnd ) = αnd if nd > ˆnd .
Production function a la Guner, Ventura & Xu (2008): Lucas (1978) “Span of
control” model with SDP.
s: Exogenous idiosyncratic productivity.
Two types of labor: Imperfect substitution.
Tax on one type.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 8/25
9. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Model outline
Types of firms
Definition
Undistorted firms are those whose direct labor demand is at most ˆnd and are
not subject to the size-dependent regulation. Distorted firms are those whose
labor demand is greater than ˆnd and are therefore subject to the size-dependent
regulation. (Labor) Constrained firms are firms who fix the demand of direct labor
at ˆnd in order to avoid being subject to the regulation.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 9/25
10. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Model outline
Note: Functions simulated using a log normal distribution and the following
parameter values: γ=0.802, σ=0.65, α=0.025, Wo=0.14, Wd =0.2, ˆnd =14.
s−
=0.160, s+
=0.527
Solution to firm problem implies
that:
Profit maximization separates firms
in three groups:
s−(s+) is recovered by equating
Π(s, wi, ˆnd ) = Π(s, wi(, τ)).
1 Undistorted firms: Those with
s ∈ [0, s−
]
2 (Labor) Constrained firms: Those
with s ∈ [s−
, s+
]
3 Distorted firms: Those with
s ∈ [s+
, 1]
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 10/25
11. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Model outline
Note: Functions simulated using a log normal distribution and the following parameter val-
ues: γ=0.802, σ=0.65, α=0.025, Wo=0.14, Wd =0.2, ˆnd =14. s−
=0.160, s+
=0.527
Outsourced labor demand is
increasingly nonlinear in
s ∈ [s−, s+].
Demand for outsourced labor by
constrained and distorted firms falls
by less than demand for direct labor
and generates a higher ratio of labor
types relative to undistorted
economy.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 11/25
12. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Model outline
Assume wages can’t adjust
Partial Equilibrium still useful to
study employment effects.
SDP generate unemployment!
SDP change the relative
composition of employment in the
economy (LM segmentation).
The policy implications are
substantial:
Fiscal costs: Employers avoid
contributing to social protection.
Worker’s well being: Less favorable
contracts. Less incentives to invest
in human capital.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 12/25
13. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Model outline
Note: Functions simulated using a log normal distribution and the following
parameter values: γ=0.802, σ=0.65, α=0.025, Wo=0.14, Wd =0.2, ˆnd =14.
s−
=0.160, s+
=0.527
no
nd
is:
1 Same as undistorted economy for
undistorted firms.
2 Increasing in productivity for
constrained firms.
3 Higher than undistorted economy
for distorted firms.
At s+ there’s a jump in the ratio of
labor types.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 13/25
14. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Model outline
What about “The Gap”? I
Note: Functions simulated using a log normal distribution and the following
parameter values: γ=0.802, σ=0.65, α=0.025, Wo=0.14, Wd =0.2, ˆnd =14.
s−
=0.160, s+
=0.527
Total demand is continuous at the
threshold (ˆnd =14).
A sufficient condition for the absence
of a gap at the threshold is given by:
R > 0
...which is always satisfied in this
model because of imperfect substi-
tutability of labor in the technology.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 14/25
15. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Empirical exercise
Wrap up
Model predictions I
Relative to the distortion-free world, with labor substitution a size-dependent
policy:
1 Reduces total, direct and outsourced labor demand by constrained and distorted
firms.
2 Increases the ratio of outsourced to direct labor for constrained and distorted
firms.
3 Labor demands (their ratio, Rα) increase (decreases) discontinuously at s+
for
firms subject to the regulation compared to constrained firms.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 15/25
16. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Empirical exercise
Wrap up
Empirical approximation I
Take advantage of exogenous variation in apprenticeship contract regulation
which was overhauled in Dic. 2002.
Apprentices quota calculated using direct number of workers starting 2003.
Up to 2002 quota used “skilled” workers. (Admin. staff).
Small firms are subject to regulation starting 2003...
... but only those with 15 or more direct workers.
Looks like a whole new regulation even though it’s been in effect since 1959.
(e.g. Number of contracts doubled between 2002 and 2003).
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 16/25
17. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Empirical exercise
Wrap up
Empirical approximation II
To test implication 1 and 2 I estimated (3.1) using plant-level data from
Colombia’s Annual Manufacturing Survey, with and without the variables from
structural labor demands, denoted here by X.
yit = αi + β1Tt + β2D2i ∗ Tt + β3D3i ∗ Tt + γXit + µit (3.1)
yit =Total, direct and outsourced labor demand, and ratio of labor types.
D2i ≡ I(Nd = 14); D3i ≡ I(Nd ≥ 15); Tt ≡ I(Year = 2003); X=Controls,
include TFP.
ITT estimators. Treatment defined in 2002. Data from 2002 and 2003.
X=Ratio of outsourced to direct labor, inverse share of managers in total
employment, the average wage bill, Sector controls, and TFP.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 17/25
18. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Empirical exercise
Wrap up
Summary Statistics
Figure: Source: Own calculations using Colombia’s Annual Manufacturing Survey. Table shows summary statistics for firms hiring between 10
and 29 directly hired workers in each year. Prices deflated using PPI 2009.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 18/25
23. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Empirical exercise
Wrap up
Discussion
These policies have clear economic costs: ⇓ labor demand, misallocation, ⇓
TFP, labor substitution, segmentation.
They could have benefits as well: ⇑ human capital, school to work transitions,
⇑ labor productivity.
This paper studies the costs, which are policy relevant. But the benefits
deserve attention as well.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 23/25
24. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Empirical exercise
Wrap up
Further work
Exploit other features of the regulation and data: Heterogeneous effects across
multiple thresholds, industries (Elasticities of substitution).
Test quantitative effect of substitution channel on TFP/Output.
There appears to be GE effects going on. Close the model for further intuition
about misallocation and productivity (Another paper).
The data suggests firms substitute capital as well (or may invest in labor sav-
ing technology). Future research should expand the model to consider this
channel and test its relative importance.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 24/25
25. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Empirical exercise
Wrap up
Thank you.
cg.ospino20@uniandes.edu.co
carlos.ospino.h@gmail.com
Find latest version of the paper at:
https://sites.google.com/site/spinmetrics/
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 25/25