This paper explores the lived experiences and aspirational social constructions of call centre work and employment in India’s high profile IT Enabled Services–Business Process Outsourcing (ITES–BPO) industry; the ways in which they differ from those previously documented amongst call centre workers in the Global North (specifically the UK); and the consequences of that geographical reconfiguration of offshored call centre work for the replicability in India of workplace collective bargaining strategies successfully developed in some UK call centres. These issues are analysed using new empirical evidence from a
regional survey of 511 non-unionised ITES–BPO workers and 42 in-depth interviews in India’s National Capital Region. Based on this analysis, the paper then discusses the operation, outcomes and ongoing challenges faced by the newly formed ‘Union for ITES Professionals’ (UNITES Pro) in developing an alternative occupational organising model better suited to the particular needs, motivations and preferences of India’s young, mobile, call centre workers. The empirical analysis presented in the paper is located, therefore, within wider debates on the role of geographical context in shaping possibilities for organising
white-collar service workers at different ends of global service chains in the new economy.
This paper explores the lived experiences and aspirational social constructions of call centre work and employment in India’s high profile IT Enabled Services–Business Process Outsourcing (ITES–BPO) industry; the ways in which they differ from those previously documented amongst call centre workers in the Global North (specifically the UK); and the consequences of that geographical reconfiguration of offshored call centre work for the replicability in India of workplace collective bargaining strategies successfully developed in some UK call centres. These issues are analysed using new empirical evidence from a
regional survey of 511 non-unionised ITES–BPO workers and 42 in-depth interviews in India’s National Capital Region. Based on this analysis, the paper then discusses the operation, outcomes and ongoing challenges faced by the newly formed ‘Union for ITES Professionals’ (UNITES Pro) in developing an alternative occupational organising model better suited to the particular needs, motivations and preferences of India’s young, mobile, call centre workers. The empirical analysis presented in the paper is located, therefore, within wider debates on the role of geographical context in shaping possibilities for organising
white-collar service workers at different ends of global service chains in the new economy.
Please read the article. What is your opinion about the job prosp.docxLeilaniPoolsy
"Please read the article. What is your opinion about the job prospects? Is there a bright future for the IT field in general? Are certifications the key to landing a great job? What certifications do you need to land a network administrator job? http://blog.rht.com/network-administrator-great-career-rising-salary-2014"
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Forschungsinstitut
zur Zukunft der Arbeit
Institute for the Study
of Labor
On the Robustness of Minimum Wage Effects:
Geographically-Disparate Trends and
Job Growth Equations
IZA DP No. 8420
August 2014
John T. Addison
McKinley L. Blackburn
Chad D. Cotti
On the Robustness of Minimum Wage Effects:
Geographically-Disparate Trends and
Job Growth Equations
John T. Addison
University of South Carolina,
Durham University and IZA
McKinley L. Blackburn
University of South Carolina
Chad D. Cotti
University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh
Discussion Paper No. 8420
August 2014
IZA
P.O. Box 7240
53072 Bonn
Germany
Phone: +49-228-3894-0
Fax: +49-228-3894-180
E-mail: [email protected]
Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in
this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions.
The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity.
The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center
and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit
organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of
Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and
conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i)
original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of
policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public.
IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion.
Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be
available directly from the author.
mailto:[email protected]
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8420
August 2014
ABSTRACT
On the Robustness of Minimum Wage Effects:
Geographically-Disparate Trends and Job Growth Equations
Just as the standard two-way fixed effects model for estimating the impact of minimum
wages on employment has been sharply criticized for its neglect of spatial heterogeneity so,
too, have the latest models been attacked for their uncritical use of state- or county-specific
linear trends (and other spatial counterfactuals). Further attenuation of the effects of policy is
also alleged to obtain in such circumstances where the true effect.
Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 2
Annotated Bibliography
Arielle Black
Webster University
December 1, 2017
Annotated Bibliography
Fatma, I. K. (2017). The Level Of Wage And Labor Productivity In Hotel Industry: An Analysis. Eurasian Journal of Economics and Finance, 5(2), 36-50.
Wage is an aspect that happens today is high wage and high aggressiveness. Wage hypothesis that was created by Rees (1973) and Katz (1980) clarify that payment can't just be seen just as a generation cost yet additionally as a piece of a push to expand the work thriving and inspiration. This hypothesis is a wage effectiveness hypothesis, which expressed that organization's income can increment notwithstanding paying pay over the market wage harmony. Even though here the two specialists had ascertained the issue of work's quality however they have not achieved observational testing by building up specific model. Subsequently, the specialists saw this hole as a chance to unwind the marvels event to work and try to build up an exact model to see the impact of wage to profitability and variable that can quantify the nature of work and different factors that influence salary and efficiency at the same time.
The components utilized are the distinction between singular trademark, human capital, and nature of work life (Fatma, 2017). The approach of this exploration is constructivism approach through quantitative investigation procedure with concurrent condition framework. Examination unit in this exploration is work in friendliness industry. Estimation aftereffects of research demonstrate that instruction, preparing, knowledge, work hour and profitability have a critical positive impact on wage, while age and work status isn't massive. Nature of work life and payment have the enormous positive impact on profitability, while training, background, age, and work status have no huge impact. Imperative finding from inquiring about that preparation has a noteworthy implication for profitability however contrarily. Discoveries of this examination demonstrate that beneficial outcome of preparing to profitability will be greater in an association that ready to put resources into the workplace that help the work.
McGowan, M. A. (2017). Labor Market Mismatch and Labor Productivity: Evidence from PIAAC Data☆. In Skill Mismatch in Labor Markets, (pp. 199-241). Emerald Publishing Limited.
This paper investigates the connection amongst ability and capability confuse and work profitability utilizing cross-country industry information for 19 OECD nations. Using bungle pointers totaled from miniaturized scale information sourced from the current OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC), the principle comes about propose that higher aptitude and capability crisscross is related with bringing d ...
The Effects of Automation. How the development of new technologies affects t...Dominik Batorski
The Effects of Automation
Rapid development of digital technologies affects the demand for work in various occupations. Some professions are becoming increasingly popular but many others are less needed due to automation and greater efficiency of workers through the use of new technologies. In this paper we examine the dynamics of occupational structure in Poland, analyzing how changes in employment in the various professions depend on the risk of computerization. To this end we use the probabilities of computerisation of different occupations that were estimated by Frey and Osborne (2013). Using longitudinal data from Social Diagnosis study, i.e. a large survey conducted every two years from 2003 to 2015 with over 26000 of respondents in each wave, we make an empirical verification of the effects of work automation in different occupation predicted by Frey and Osborne. We verify whether the probability of automation of a given profession explains the risk of the job loss, as well as how large was the risk of unemployment associated with automation in recent years. Finally, we discuss the situation of people who lost their jobs estimating the scale of technological unemployment in Poland. The results demonstrated in this paper suggests that the automation is an important factor in the dynamics of the labor market.
Apprenticeship contract and firm performanceCarlos Ospino
These are the slides for my 6/05/2016 presentation of the paper "The effects of the apprenticeship contracts on firm performance: TFP losses and capital-labor substitution in the Colombian manufacturing sector." at weekly seminar of Universidad del Norte's economics department.
Asymmetric media responses in the Dutch context: Does newspapers coverage respond to economic information?
Autoregressive Distributed Lags and Error Correction Models
The paper is concerned with the relationship between labour share and unemployment in the major OECD countries. Special emphasis is put on examining whether the relationship has altered in a manner which can be interpreted as an indication of the weakened bargaining power of labour. The
econometric analysis is based on the use of the theoretical framework which employs the notion of the wage curve as a central analytical tool. The investigation utilises cross-country panel data for twenty OECD countries over the period from 1972 to 2008 and statistical methods suitable for the
examination of non-stationary panels. According to the results, the decline in the labour share, which is apparent in most major OECD countries, is highly likely due, at least partly, to the weakened bargaining power of labour. With a given level of unemployment, the labour share is nowadays lower than before.
NO1 Uk Rohani Baba In Karachi Bangali Baba Karachi Online Amil Baba WorldWide...Amil baba
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
Please read the article. What is your opinion about the job prosp.docxLeilaniPoolsy
"Please read the article. What is your opinion about the job prospects? Is there a bright future for the IT field in general? Are certifications the key to landing a great job? What certifications do you need to land a network administrator job? http://blog.rht.com/network-administrator-great-career-rising-salary-2014"
D
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C
U
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I
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P
A
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E
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E
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Forschungsinstitut
zur Zukunft der Arbeit
Institute for the Study
of Labor
On the Robustness of Minimum Wage Effects:
Geographically-Disparate Trends and
Job Growth Equations
IZA DP No. 8420
August 2014
John T. Addison
McKinley L. Blackburn
Chad D. Cotti
On the Robustness of Minimum Wage Effects:
Geographically-Disparate Trends and
Job Growth Equations
John T. Addison
University of South Carolina,
Durham University and IZA
McKinley L. Blackburn
University of South Carolina
Chad D. Cotti
University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh
Discussion Paper No. 8420
August 2014
IZA
P.O. Box 7240
53072 Bonn
Germany
Phone: +49-228-3894-0
Fax: +49-228-3894-180
E-mail: [email protected]
Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in
this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions.
The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity.
The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center
and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit
organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of
Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and
conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i)
original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of
policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public.
IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion.
Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be
available directly from the author.
mailto:[email protected]
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8420
August 2014
ABSTRACT
On the Robustness of Minimum Wage Effects:
Geographically-Disparate Trends and Job Growth Equations
Just as the standard two-way fixed effects model for estimating the impact of minimum
wages on employment has been sharply criticized for its neglect of spatial heterogeneity so,
too, have the latest models been attacked for their uncritical use of state- or county-specific
linear trends (and other spatial counterfactuals). Further attenuation of the effects of policy is
also alleged to obtain in such circumstances where the true effect.
Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 2
Annotated Bibliography
Arielle Black
Webster University
December 1, 2017
Annotated Bibliography
Fatma, I. K. (2017). The Level Of Wage And Labor Productivity In Hotel Industry: An Analysis. Eurasian Journal of Economics and Finance, 5(2), 36-50.
Wage is an aspect that happens today is high wage and high aggressiveness. Wage hypothesis that was created by Rees (1973) and Katz (1980) clarify that payment can't just be seen just as a generation cost yet additionally as a piece of a push to expand the work thriving and inspiration. This hypothesis is a wage effectiveness hypothesis, which expressed that organization's income can increment notwithstanding paying pay over the market wage harmony. Even though here the two specialists had ascertained the issue of work's quality however they have not achieved observational testing by building up specific model. Subsequently, the specialists saw this hole as a chance to unwind the marvels event to work and try to build up an exact model to see the impact of wage to profitability and variable that can quantify the nature of work and different factors that influence salary and efficiency at the same time.
The components utilized are the distinction between singular trademark, human capital, and nature of work life (Fatma, 2017). The approach of this exploration is constructivism approach through quantitative investigation procedure with concurrent condition framework. Examination unit in this exploration is work in friendliness industry. Estimation aftereffects of research demonstrate that instruction, preparing, knowledge, work hour and profitability have a critical positive impact on wage, while age and work status isn't massive. Nature of work life and payment have the enormous positive impact on profitability, while training, background, age, and work status have no huge impact. Imperative finding from inquiring about that preparation has a noteworthy implication for profitability however contrarily. Discoveries of this examination demonstrate that beneficial outcome of preparing to profitability will be greater in an association that ready to put resources into the workplace that help the work.
McGowan, M. A. (2017). Labor Market Mismatch and Labor Productivity: Evidence from PIAAC Data☆. In Skill Mismatch in Labor Markets, (pp. 199-241). Emerald Publishing Limited.
This paper investigates the connection amongst ability and capability confuse and work profitability utilizing cross-country industry information for 19 OECD nations. Using bungle pointers totaled from miniaturized scale information sourced from the current OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC), the principle comes about propose that higher aptitude and capability crisscross is related with bringing d ...
The Effects of Automation. How the development of new technologies affects t...Dominik Batorski
The Effects of Automation
Rapid development of digital technologies affects the demand for work in various occupations. Some professions are becoming increasingly popular but many others are less needed due to automation and greater efficiency of workers through the use of new technologies. In this paper we examine the dynamics of occupational structure in Poland, analyzing how changes in employment in the various professions depend on the risk of computerization. To this end we use the probabilities of computerisation of different occupations that were estimated by Frey and Osborne (2013). Using longitudinal data from Social Diagnosis study, i.e. a large survey conducted every two years from 2003 to 2015 with over 26000 of respondents in each wave, we make an empirical verification of the effects of work automation in different occupation predicted by Frey and Osborne. We verify whether the probability of automation of a given profession explains the risk of the job loss, as well as how large was the risk of unemployment associated with automation in recent years. Finally, we discuss the situation of people who lost their jobs estimating the scale of technological unemployment in Poland. The results demonstrated in this paper suggests that the automation is an important factor in the dynamics of the labor market.
Apprenticeship contract and firm performanceCarlos Ospino
These are the slides for my 6/05/2016 presentation of the paper "The effects of the apprenticeship contracts on firm performance: TFP losses and capital-labor substitution in the Colombian manufacturing sector." at weekly seminar of Universidad del Norte's economics department.
Asymmetric media responses in the Dutch context: Does newspapers coverage respond to economic information?
Autoregressive Distributed Lags and Error Correction Models
The paper is concerned with the relationship between labour share and unemployment in the major OECD countries. Special emphasis is put on examining whether the relationship has altered in a manner which can be interpreted as an indication of the weakened bargaining power of labour. The
econometric analysis is based on the use of the theoretical framework which employs the notion of the wage curve as a central analytical tool. The investigation utilises cross-country panel data for twenty OECD countries over the period from 1972 to 2008 and statistical methods suitable for the
examination of non-stationary panels. According to the results, the decline in the labour share, which is apparent in most major OECD countries, is highly likely due, at least partly, to the weakened bargaining power of labour. With a given level of unemployment, the labour share is nowadays lower than before.
NO1 Uk Rohani Baba In Karachi Bangali Baba Karachi Online Amil Baba WorldWide...Amil baba
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
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2. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Motivation
Literature
This paper
I study theoretically and empirically how the fact that firms may substitute be-
tween different types of employment changes the implications of Size-Dependent
Policies (SDP) in terms of labor demand.
Literature has focused on homogeneous labor.
Introducing labor heterogeneity and potential
substitution reconciles model implications with
empirical evidence: With substitution SDP
does not generate a gap in the employment
distribution at the policy threshold.
Highly policy relevant: 1-Prevalent policies on
specific types of employment (e.g. direct la-
bor), 2-World-wide trend towards contract la-
bor. Source: Garicano et. al., 2015
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 2/33
3. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Motivation
Literature
Ratio of outsourced workers to directly hired workers increased...
Source: Own calculations using Colombia’s Annual Manufacturing Survey. Dashed lines at years 2002 and 2006.
After a major labor reform in 2002.
Apprenticeship compulsory quotas
started being calculated using
directly hired labor (a tax on direct
labor).
Size Dependent: only for 15+
directly hired workers.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 3/33
4. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Motivation
Literature
... and the ratio of outsourced to direct labor grew particularly before the threshold
of the policy (15 workers).
Source: Own calculations using Colombia’s Annual Manufacturing Survey. 2002-2003. Vertical line at 14 directly hired workers.Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 4/33
5. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Motivation
Literature
Related literature I
Misallocation and productivity
Theoretical size-dependent models imply that the size distribution of firms has
a spike (“bunching”) right before the threshold where SDP kick-in, and a gap
at the threshold. (Guner, Ventura & Xu, 2008).
1 Some studies find bunching before threshold, but positive mass (a valley) where
a gap was expected. ((Garicano, LeLarge, & Van Reenen (2015), (Gourio &
Roys (2014)).
2 These papers model distortion as combination of fixed costs, proportional taxes
and measurement error to match the data.
Could this bunching and lack of a gap be explained by labor substitution?
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 5/33
6. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Motivation
Literature
Related literature II
Labor substitution and employment protection
Ramaswamy (2013) and Chaurey (2015) study the case of contract workers
in India.
Firms substitute towards the labor type that’s not subject to size-dependent
regulation at the threshold.
Marked increase in the share of contract labor in states where legislation is
pro-worker.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 6/33
7. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Motivation
Literature
Preview of results
Compared with models of SDP with homogeneous labor:
Taxes on direct labor also reduce total labor demand both by firms at the
threshold and those above it.
But labor substitution allows some firms that would bunch to keep their size
above the policy threshold: No gap in the employment distribution at the
threshold.
...even with imperfect labor substitution.
Regulation induces a change in the employment composition.
Colombian manufacturing firms react to the 2002 reform according to what the
model predicts:
1 Reduced total and direct labor demand for firms above and just below the
threshold compared to those well below it.
2 Increased the ratio of outsourced to direct labor demand for firms above the
threshold compared to those well below it.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 7/33
8. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Model outline
Firm problem
max
{nd ,no}
π(s, n) = s1−γ
[(nd )σ
(no)1−σ
]γ
− wd nd − wono − τ(ˆnd ) (2.1)
s.t. τ(ˆnd ) = 0 if nd ≤ ˆnd .
τ(ˆnd ) = αnd if nd > ˆnd .
Production function a la Guner, Ventura & Xu (2008): Lucas (1978) “Span of
control” model with SDP.
s: Exogenous idiosyncratic productivity.
Two types of labor: Imperfect substitution.
Tax on one type.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 8/33
9. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Model outline
Firm problem GVX
max
{n,k}
π(s, n) = s1−γ
[(n)σ
(k)1−σ
]γ
− W(1 + τ)n − kR (2.2)
Labor costs are discontinuous at ˆn:
Wn if n ≤ ˆn
W(1 + τ)n if n > ˆn
“Set of inputs that will not be demanded,
[ˆn, n+]”
“implication of this type of policy is a “gap”
in the size distribution for establishments by
employment (or by capital use)”
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 9/33
10. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Model outline
Types of firms
Definition
Undistorted firms are those whose direct labor demand is at most ˆnd and are
not subject to the size-dependent regulation. Distorted firms are those whose
labor demand is greater than ˆnd and are therefore subject to the size-dependent
regulation. (Labor) Constrained firms are firms who fix the demand of direct labor
at ˆnd in order to avoid being subject to the regulation.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 10/33
11. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Model outline
Note: Functions simulated using a log normal distribution and the following
parameter values: γ=0.802, σ=0.65, α=0.025, Wo=0.14, Wd =0.2, ˆnd =14.
s−
=0.160, s+
=0.527
Solution to firm problem implies
that:
Profit maximization separates firms
in three groups:
s−(s+) is recovered by equating
Π(s, wi, ˆnd ) = Π(s, wi(, τ)).
1 Undistorted firms: Those with
s ∈ [0, s−
]
2 (Labor) Constrained firms: Those
with s ∈ [s−
, s+
]
3 Distorted firms: Those with
s ∈ [s+
, 1]
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 11/33
12. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Model outline
Note: Functions simulated using a log normal distribution and the following parameter val-
ues: γ=0.802, σ=0.65, α=0.025, Wo=0.14, Wd =0.2, ˆnd =14. s−
=0.160, s+
=0.527
Outsourced labor demand is
increasingly nonlinear in
s ∈ [s−, s+].
Demand for outsourced labor by
constrained and distorted firms falls
by less than demand for direct labor
and generates a higher ratio of labor
types relative to undistorted
economy.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 12/33
13. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Model outline
Assume wages can’t adjust
Partial Equilibrium still useful to
study employment effects.
SDP generate unemployment!
SDP change the relative
composition of employment in the
economy (LM segmentation).
The policy implications are
substantial:
Fiscal costs: Employers avoid
contributing to social protection.
Worker’s well being: Less favorable
contracts. Less incentives to invest
in human capital.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 13/33
14. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Model outline
Note: Functions simulated using a log normal distribution and the following
parameter values: γ=0.802, σ=0.65, α=0.025, Wo=0.14, Wd =0.2, ˆnd =14.
s−
=0.160, s+
=0.527
no
nd
is:
1 Same as undistorted economy for
undistorted firms.
2 Increasing in productivity for
constrained firms.
3 Higher than undistorted economy
for distorted firms.
At s+ there’s a jump in the ratio of
labor types.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 14/33
15. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Model outline
What about “The Gap”? I
Note: Functions simulated using a log normal distribution and the following
parameter values: γ=0.802, σ=0.65, α=0.025, Wo=0.14, Wd =0.2, ˆnd =14.
s−
=0.160, s+
=0.527
Total demand is continuous at the
threshold (ˆnd =14).
A sufficient condition for the absence
of a gap at the threshold is given by:
R > 0
...which is always satisfied in this
model because of imperfect substi-
tutability of labor in the technology.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 15/33
16. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Empirical exercise
Model predictions I
Relative to the distortion-free world, with labor substitution a size-dependent
policy:
1 Reduces total, direct and outsourced labor demand by constrained and distorted
firms.
2 Increases the ratio of outsourced to direct labor for constrained and distorted
firms.
3 Labor demands (their ratio, Rα) increase (decreases) discontinuously at s+
for
firms subject to the regulation compared to constrained firms.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 16/33
17. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Empirical exercise
Empirical approximation I
Take advantage of exogenous variation in apprenticeship contract regulation
which was overhauled in Dic. 2002.
Apprentices quota calculated using direct number of workers starting 2003.
Up to 2002 quota used “skilled” workers. (Admin. staff).
Small firms are subject to regulation starting 2003...
... but only those with 15 or more direct workers.
Looks like a whole new regulation even though it’s been in effect since 1959.
(e.g. Number of contracts doubled between 2002 and 2003).
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 17/33
18. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Empirical exercise
Empirical approximation II
To test implication 1 and 2 I estimated (3.1) using plant-level data from
Colombia’s Annual Manufacturing Survey, with and without the variables from
structural labor demands, denoted here by X.
yit = αi +β1Postt +β2I(Nd = 14)∗Postt +β3I(Nd ≥ 15)∗Postt +γXit +µit (3.1)
yit =Total, direct and outsourced labor demand, and ratio of labor types.
Postt ≡ I(Year = 2003); X=Controls, include TFP.
ITT estimators. Treatment defined in 2002. Data from 2002 and 2003.
X=Ratio of outsourced to direct labor, inverse share of managers in total
employment, the average wage bill, Sector controls, and TFP.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 18/33
19. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Empirical exercise
Summary Statistics
Figure: Source: Own calculations using Colombia’s Annual Manufacturing Survey. Table shows summary statistics for firms hiring between 10
and 29 directly hired workers in each year. Prices deflated using PPI 2009.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 19/33
23. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Wrap up
Other results: Leads and Lags model I
yit = αi + λt +
2011
τ=1995
βτ I(Nd ≥ 15|τ = 2002) × λτ + µit (4.1)
Model 4.1 formally tests the DD assumption of no difference in trends
previous to treatment by testing βτ = 0 ∀ τ < 2003.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 23/33
24. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Wrap up
Other results: Leads and Lags model II
Figure: Common trends: Total Factor Productivity
Source: EAM 1995-2011. Treatment is defined in 2002.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 24/33
26. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Wrap up
Other results: RDD I
Parametric ITT Regression Discontinuity Design.
yij =β0 + β1I(Nd ij ≥ 15|τ = 2002) + β2Ndij + β3N2
dij
+ β4I(Nd ij ≥ 15) × Ndij + β5I(Nd ij ≥ 15) × N2
dij + µij
(4.2)
Carried out:
Parametric McCrary (2008).
Local continuity of baseline covariates: Capital, Materials, Energy
consumption, Firm age.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 26/33
30. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Wrap up
Discussion I
Size-dependent policies have clear economic costs: ⇓ labor demand,
misallocation, ⇓ TFP, labor substitution, segmentation.
They could have benefits as well: ⇑ human capital, school to work transitions,
⇑ labor productivity.
This paper studies the costs, which are policy relevant. But the benefits
deserve attention as well.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 30/33
31. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Wrap up
Discussion II
Additional results show positive effects on output per worker and on the
capital to labor ratio.
However it showed negative results on firm TFP.
Along with employment losses, these results are consistent with compulsory
training having a negative effect on firm performance via misallocation of
factors of production.
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 31/33
32. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Wrap up
Further work
Exploit other features of the regulation and data: Heterogeneous effects across
multiple thresholds, industries (Elasticities of substitution).
Test quantitative effect of substitution channel on TFP/Output.
There appears to be GE effects going on. Close the model for further intuition
about misallocation and productivity (Another paper).
The data suggests firms substitute capital as well (or may invest in labor sav-
ing technology). Future research should expand the model to consider this
channel and test its relative importance.
Estimate the effect of the apprenticeship share exploiting the multiple threshold
design. A la Angrist Lavy (1999), Urquiola Verhoogen (2009), Pop-Eleches
Urquiola (2013).
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 32/33
33. Introduction
Framework
Discussion
Other results
Wrap up
Thank you.
cg.ospino20@uniandes.edu.co
carlos.ospino.h@gmail.com
Find latest version of the paper at:
https://sites.google.com/site/spinmetrics/
Carlos Ospino Size-dependent policies and labor substitution 33/33