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1. THE TEACHING OF SCIENCE IN THE HIGH SCHOOLS OF PROVINCE A AS
PERCEIVED BY THE SCIENCE TEACHERS AND STUDENTS DURING THE
SCHOOL YEAR 1989-1990
(The Title should be clear and precise. It has an objective or purpose. It should not be
written too long or too short. By just reading the title, you can determine what the
investigative study is all about.)
Researcher 1
Researcher 1
Researcher 1
Researcher 1
Researcher 1
A Science Investigatory Project Proposal submitted
as partial fulfillment of the requirements of the subject
RESEARCH II
May 2024

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3. TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF TABLES v
CHAPTER I-The Research Problem
Introduction/Background of the Study
Research Questions and hypothesis
Research Scope, Limitations and Delimitations
Significance of the Study
Definition of Terms
CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature
Review of Related Studies
CHAPTER III
Research Design
Data Collection Procedure
Materials Used in the Study
Procedure
Data Analysis Procedure
Ethical Considerations
REFERENCES

4. LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1

5. CHAPTER I
The Research Problem
Introduction/Background of the Study
There is no other period in world history when science has been making its
greatest impact upon humankind than it is today. The teaching of science in the high
schools of Province A has been observed to be weak as shown by the results of the
survey tests given to the students recently, the causes must be found so that remedial
measures may be instituted. One of the thrusts of the Department of Education, Culture
and Sports and of the government for that matter is to strengthen the teaching of science.
It is necessary to conduct this inquiry to find out how to strengthen the instruction of
science in the province. Since the sending into space by Russia of the first satellite that
orbited the earth, educational systems all over the world including the Philippines have
been trying hard to improve their science curricula and instruction. (This may be
prolonged)
(The Introduction is about one page only wherein it includes the background of the study
and its rationale. It usually leads into the research problem.)
Research Questions
This study was conducted to investigate all aspects of the teaching of science in the high
schools of Province A during the school year 1989-1990 as perceived by the science teacher and
students.
Specifically, the study attempted to answer the following questions:
1. How qualified are the teachers handling science in the high schools of Province A?
2. How effective are the methods and strategies used by the teachers in teaching
science?
3. How adequate are the instructional as well as the non-instructional facilities for the
teaching of science? How adequate are the forms of supervisory assistance extended
to the teachers relative to the teaching of science?
4. Is there any significant difference between the perceptions of the teachers and those
of the students concerning the different aspects in the teaching of science?
5. What problems are being encountered by the teachers of science?
(Usually, one general problem and three specific problems which derived from the general
problem. The research problems should be specific, reliable, valid, measurable, objectively
stated. It can be a question form or in a declarative statement.)

6. Hypothesis
Null hypothesis: there is no significant difference between the perceptions of the teachers and
those of the students concerning the different aspects in the teaching of science.
Operational hypothesis: There is a significant difference between the perceptions of the teachers
and those of the students concerning the different aspects in the teaching of science.
(The Formulation of the Hypothesis has two types namely: the null hypothesis and affirmative
hypothesis. Hypotheses is a scientific guess which intends subject for thorough investigation. It
is recommended to use null hypothesis in your research project.)
Research Scope, Limitations and Delimitations
The investigation was conducted to determine the status of the teaching of science in the
high schools of Province A as perceived by the teachers and students in science classes during the
school year 1989-1990. The aspects investigated were the qualifications of teachers, their
methods and strategies, facilities, forms of supervisory assistance, problems, and proposed
solutions to problems.
General purpose: to determine the status of the teaching of science.
Subject Matter: The teaching of Science
Topics (aspect)studied: qualifications of teachers, their methods and strategies,
facilities, forms of supervisory assistance, problems, and proposed solutions to the
problems.
Population: Teachers and Students
Locale of the study: High Schools of Province A
Period of the Study: School year 1989-1990
Significance of the Study
The study is very timely and relevant because today it is science and technology that are
making some nations very highly industrializes and progressive. So, if science is properly studied
and taught and then applied, it can also make the country highly industrialized and progressive.
(The Significance of the Study indicates how important is your investigatory project for the
people, environment and community as a whole. It is really relevant in the changing world or
global impact into the field of technology.)
Definition of Terms
Non-teaching facilities- facilities needed by the students and teachers but are not used to explain
the lesson nor make instruction clearer.
(The Definition of Terms has two types: the Dictionary-derived definitions and the Operational
definitions which derived from how these terms were used in your research.)

7. Chapter II
Review of Related Literature and Studies
Related Literature
Essential oils are very much in demand in the Philippines, especially in pharmaceuticals
and cosmetic industries. These industries heavily depend on foreign essences and cosmetics
preparation for adequate supply and are spending millions of dollars for the import of essential
oils and other toilet preparations (Manalo et.al., 1982). The Philippines ranked 8th among the
importing countries, garnering 1.3% of the world’s import share and practically imports more
than 90% of the country’s requirements (Dar, 1997).
High dependence of the Philippines on imported essential oils increased from US$ 37.2
million in 1989 to US$ 59.3 million in 1993 while exports decreased from a value of US$ 2.4
million in 1989 to US$ 1.5 in 1993; in terms of quantity (net kg) from 328,494 kg in 1989 to
180,084 kg in 1993. Data for the period 1989 – 1993 shows an increasing trend value of
importation of essential oils (De Guzman, 1997).
Given the outlook for the continuing economic growth of the country, one will assume
that the demand for essential oils is also likely to grow, as more money becomes available for
discretionary funding. It is therefore timely and relevant to further develop and explore the
essential oil-bearing plants to lessen the country’s dependence on imported essential oils (Jamilla,
1997).
Moreover, lemongrass is a very important oil component in soaps, bath salts, sprays and
perfume preparations. It is also used for the isolation of citral which is employed in artificial
flavors and in the manufacture of ionones. In addition, lemongrass is also used as starting
materials for Vitamin A. Lemongrass is obtained by methods such as steam distillation, extraction
by volatile solvent, expression by hand or machine and enfleurage. Steam distillation and solvent
extraction are used commercially. However, the processes produce only small amounts of oil,
thus, have low cost effectivity. On the other hand, the use of pectic enzyme in various industries
is increasing. It is energy-efficient and economically feasible (Espino, 1997). This study,
therefore was conducted in order to develop a new technique, the pectinase application, in
extracting essential oils from lemongrass so as to increase its yield, quality and stability.
(The Related Literature are statements taken from science books, journals, magazines,
newspapers and any documents from authorized scientists, Science experts or well-known
Science agencies. These statements can support your study through their concepts, theories,
principles and laws. Footnoting is important on this part.)
(The sample was from the research entitled: Pectinase-Enhanced Production of Essential Oil
from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) By Kren Kristil J. Cinco)

8. Related Studies
(The Related Studies are those researches which may be local and foreign studies who can
attribute to your research or can support your investigation scientifically. Footnoting is also
important on this part.)
Chapter III
Materials and Methods
A. Materials
This study will use the following materials:
1. 200 grams of Black pepper leaves (air dried)
2. 100 ml of 70% Ethyl Alcohol
3. 100 ml of distilled water
4. Hot plate
5. 3 pieces of filter paper
6. 1 piece of graduated cylinder – 100 mL
7. Thermometer (alcohol)
8. 2 pieces of beaker – 1 Litre
9. 2 pieces of round container
10. Refrigerator
11. Digital Weighing scale
12. Mechanical weighing scale
13. 2 pieces Funnel
14. 1-piece Iron stand
15. 1-piece Iron clamp
B. Procedure
The following steps will be followed by the researcher in conducting the
experimentation:
PHASE I
• Collection and preparation of materials
1. Black pepper leaves will be gathered at Dińo’s residence at San Rafael, Bulusan,
Sorsogon.
2. Seventy percent (70%) ethyl alcohol and 250 mL distilled water will be bought at LCC
Department Store Irosin Branch.
3. Materials for Extraction will be borrowed at the Gallanosa National High School’s
Laboratory with the permission of Mrs. Marcia Cielo.
4. The fungicide commercial product will be bought in a store.
PHASE II
• Extraction of Black pepper leaves

9. A. Aqueous Extract
1. The dried leaves will be torn into smaller pieces (size of 50 centavo).
2. Twenty grams of torn dried leaves will be measured using digital weighing scale.
3. The torn black pepper leaves will be placed in an Erlenmeyer flask. Label it as Setup A:
Aqueous Extract.
4. Measure a 100 mL distilled water using graduated cylinder and poured it in the
Erlenmeyer flask, setup A.
5. The Erlenmeyer flask will be placed on a beaker. The beaker will be filled with distilled
water until the Erlenmeyer flask submerged halfway without floating.
6. The beaker with the Setup A will be placed on a hot plate.
7. Iron stand and iron clamp will be used to hold the thermometer to be used in measuring
and monitor the water’s temperature inside the beaker. Make sure it is not touching the
beaker’s bottom.
8. It will be heated for 1 hour using the hot plate with a temperature varying from 45-50 .
℃
9. After heating, filter paper and funnel will be used to separate the extract from unwanted
particles in another Erlenmeyer flask.
10. It will be labelled as T1: Aqueous Extract.
11. It will be stored in a freezer until used.
B. Alcoholic Extract
1. The dried leaves will be torn into smaller pieces (size of 50 centavo).
2. Twenty grams of torn dried leaves will be measured using digital weighing scale.
3. The torn black pepper leaves will be placed in an Erlenmeyer flask. Label it as Setup B:
Alcoholic Extract.
4. Measure a 100 mL 70% Ethanol using graduated cylinder and poured it in the
Erlenmeyer flask, setup B.
5. The Erlenmeyer flask will be placed on a beaker.
6. The beaker will be filled with distilled water until the Erlenmeyer flask submerged
halfway without floating.
7. The beaker with the Setup B will be placed on a hot plate.
8. Iron stand and iron clamp will be used to hold the thermometer to be used in measuring
and monitor the water’s temperature inside the beaker. Make sure it is not touching the
bottom of the beaker.
9. It will be heated for 1 hour using the hot plate with a temperature varying from 45-50 .
℃
10. After heating, filter paper and funnel will be used to separate the extract from unwanted
particles in another Erlenmeyer flask.
11. It will be labelled as T1: Alcoholic Extract.
12. It will be stored in a freezer until used.
PHASE III
• Culturing of Fungi
1. A number of clementine that were affected with fungi will be gathered and will be
isolated in a clear container.
2. The clementine will be brought in a standard laboratory for culturing.
3. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test will be used in culturing the fungi.
4.
• Preparation of agar medium

10. 1. Potato Dextrose Agar will be prepared from the dehydrated medium according to the
manufacturer’s instructions. Media will be prepared using distilled water or deionized
water.
2. It will be heated with frequent agitation and boiled to dissolve the medium completely.
The medium will be sterilized by autoclaving at 121°C for 15 min.
3. The pH of each preparation will be checked after it is sterilized, which should be between
7.2 and 7.4 at room temperature. This will be done by macerating a small amount of
medium in a little distilled water or by allowing a little amount of medium to gel around a
pH meter electrode.
4. The agar medium will be cooled to 40-50°C. The agar will be poured into sterile glass or
plastic petri dish on a flat surface to a uniform depth of 4 mm.
5. It will be allowed to solidify.
6. Prior to use, the plates will be dried at 30-37°C in an incubator, with lids partly ajar, for
not more than 30 minutes or until excess surface moisture has evaporated. Media must be
moist but free of water droplets on the surface. Presence of water droplets may result to
swarming bacterial growth, which could give inaccurate results. They are also easily
contaminated.
• Inoculum Preparation
1. From a pure fungal (not more than 48 hours old expect for slow growing organisms), 4 or
5 colonies will be taken with a wire loop.
2. The colonies will be transferred to 5mL of Trypticase soy broth or 0.9% saline.
3. The broth will be incubated at 30 or at an optimum growth temperature until it
℃
achieved or exceeded the turbidity of 0.5 MacFarland standard (prepared by adding 0.5
ml of 0.048 M BaCl2 to 99.5 ml of .36 NH2SO4)
4. The turbidity of the test bacterial suspension will be compared with that of 0.5
MacFarland (vigorously shaken before use) against a white background with contrasting
black line under adequate light.
5. Turbidity will be reduced by adding sterile saline or broth
• Inoculation of plates
1. A sterile cotton swab will be dipped into the standardized bacterial suspension.
2. Excess inoculum will be removed by slightly pressing the swab against the tube wall at a
level above of the liquid.
3. The agar will be inoculated by streaking with the swab containing the inoculum.
4. The plate will be rotated by 60 degrees and the rubbing procedure was repeated. The
process will be repeated two times. This will ensure an even distribution of the inoculum.
5. The surface of the medium will be dried for 3-5 minutes but no longer than 15 minutes to
allow for absorption of excess moisture.
PHASE IV
• Experimental Set-up and Treatment Application
1. Antibiotic disks with a diameter of approximately 6mm purchased from a reputable
manufacturer will be used. The disks must be properly stored in a tightly sealed container
with desiccant at 2-8°C.
2. The disks will be soaked in the each of the treatment. 3 disks each treatment.
3. Sterile forceps or disk dispenser will be used to place the disk on the surface of the
inoculated and dried plate.

11. 4. It will be immediately pressed down tightly with the instrument to ensure complete
contact between the disk and the agar surface.
5. The disks will be positioned such that the minimum center-center distance is 24mm and
no closer than 10 to 15mm from the edge of the petri dish. Three (3) disks will be placed
in each of the 3 petri dishes. Each disk represents one replicate of the treatment. One
plate inoculated with a control strain will be included for every set of plates and will be
incubated together.
• INCUBATION
1. The plates will be incubated in inverted position at 30°C or at an optimum growth
temperature.
2. The zone of inhibition will be observed after 16 to 18 hours.
PHASE V
• READING AND MEASUREMENT OF ZONES OF INHIBITION
1. The presence of individual colonies within the zone of inhibition will be recorded
2. The diameter of the zones of inhibition will be read and recorded with the use of a ruler
graduated to 0.5mm.
3. The zone mm will be rounded up to the nearest millimeter.
4. The diameter of the zone of inhibition of the test isolates will be compared.
5. The data will be recorded and analyzed.
(The Materials and Procedure is the step by step and systematic process of doing your research.
It includes the materials with right amount of measurements, the appropriate equipment to be
used in doing the scientific investigation. It consists of several trials with control variables,
independent variables and dependent variables. Gathering of data is essential in any kind of
research. It is recommended to use control and experimental set-ups to arrive at valid
conclusion.)

12. REFERENCES
Balderama, Erica Joy N., Aljane Janelle D. Dino, and Jewel G. Sarhento. "Fungicidal
Effect of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) Leaves Extract on Green Molds
(Penicillium digitatum) found in Citrus Clementina." SIP., Gallanosa National
High School, n.d.
Cinco, Kren Kristil J. "Pectinase-Enhanced Production of Essential Oil from
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)." SIP. n.d.
"What Are the Parts of a Scientific Investigatory Project (SIP)?" Editage Insights. Last
modified June 5, 2022. https://www.editage.com/insights/what-are-the-parts-of-
scientific-investigatory-project.