1. A new anode material composed of silicon oxide (SiO) and graphite was prepared using high-energy ball milling. 2. The anode showed initial charge and discharge capacities of 1139 and 568 mAh/g respectively, and maintained a reversible capacity of 719 mAh/g after 30 cycles with a high coulombic efficiency over 99%. 3. By using a constant-current constant-voltage charge method instead of a constant-current method, it was possible to more efficiently convert all the SiO particles, resulting in a higher initial discharge capacity in the first cycle. The initial discharge capacity of the SiO/graphite composite was improved considerably by this pretreatment method.

1. Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
Vo!. 11, No. 1, 2008, 47-50
~'fi-Ol~l~t~l% ]7E~ ~~(SiO-Graphite)
~~l1{ltt. £~~* . {l%~t . {lK~ • -&l-7J:§l-t. ~*. {l~4-. ~~~ . {l71~t • .2..-clI§ltt
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(2007'! l2~ l4~ ~"T- : 2008'! l~ 22~ .:<~~)
High Coulombic Efficiency Negative Electrode(SiO-Graphite) for
Lithium Ion Secondary Battery
Hye-Min Shintt, Chil-Hoon Doh*, Dong-Hun Kimt, Hyo-Seok Kim, Kyung-Hwa Hat, Bong-Soo Jin,
Hyun-Soo Kim, Seong-In Moon, Ki-Won Kimt, and Dae-Hui Ohtt
Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon, Gyeongnam, 641-120, Korea
tGyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-701, Korea
ttPukyong National University, Pusan, Gyeongnam, 608-829, Korea
(Received December 14,2007: Accepted January 22, 2008)
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c.1~(SiO-Graphite)A~.li~ 7~~1-t-}2, ~§j-{!c.1~J!} ~~ *w~l£1 if,9,- ll17}~ %~£1 i5~5:-'4 ..y.}ol,€oJl rrj-~ c.1~ ~-%
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Abstract: A new anode composition material comprising of SiO and Graphite has been prepared by adopting High
energy ball milling (HEBM) technique. The anode material shows high initial charge and discharge capacity values
of 1139 and 568 mAh/g, respectively. The electrode sustains reversible discharge capacity value of 719 mAh/g at
30th
cycle with a high coulombic efficiency~99%. Since the materials formed during initial charge process the nano
siliconiL4Si03 and Li20 remains as interdependent, it may be expected that the composite exhibiting higher amount
of irreversibility(Li20) will deliver higher reversible capacity. In this study, constant current-constant voltage (CC-
CV) charge method was employed in place of usual constant current (CC) method in order to convert efficiently
all the SiO particles which resulted high initial discharge capacity at the fIrst cycle. We improved considerably the
initial discharge specifIc capacity of SiO/G composite by pretreatment(CC-CV).
Keywords: High efficiency negative electrode, SiO/graphite composite, Anode, Lithium ion secondary battery.
1. Ai -E
*1:11% ~A}71717} "B'-4f"6}711 ~~"6}~ ~2. 011lojA1 ~s:.., «l-
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*E-mail: chdoh@keri.re.kr
47
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-"~Aa501D1 {lij~£1 If-.l11ll§~J-g ~§}A1~"T~ 72-1:1 g A1Y~ %
Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
Vo!. 11, No. 1, 2008, 47-50
~'fi-Ol~l~t~l% ]7E~ ~~(SiO-Graphite)
~~l1{ltt. £~~* . {l%~t . {lK~ • -&l-7J:§l-t. ~*. {l~4-. ~~~ . {l71~t • .2..-clI§ltt
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(2007'! l2~ l4~ ~"T- : 2008'! l~ 22~ .:<~~)
High Coulombic Efficiency Negative Electrode(SiO-Graphite) for
Lithium Ion Secondary Battery
Hye-Min Shintt, Chil-Hoon Doh*, Dong-Hun Kimt, Hyo-Seok Kim, Kyung-Hwa Hat, Bong-Soo Jin,
Hyun-Soo Kim, Seong-In Moon, Ki-Won Kimt, and Dae-Hui Ohtt
Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon, Gyeongnam, 641-120, Korea
tGyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-701, Korea
ttPukyong National University, Pusan, Gyeongnam, 608-829, Korea
(Received December 14,2007: Accepted January 22, 2008)
~:A~ AJ-%§]- ~o]~i::- ~~£1 A~%~ -¥-:A~l~ i5~~i>}71 !f1i5~ {lc.1~01l-j- ~lll % 2%~ llllC!.-5:ll1 %~~~;(~li:~ol
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Abstract: A new anode composition material comprising of SiO and Graphite has been prepared by adopting High
energy ball milling (HEBM) technique. The anode material shows high initial charge and discharge capacity values
of 1139 and 568 mAh/g, respectively. The electrode sustains reversible discharge capacity value of 719 mAh/g at
30th
cycle with a high coulombic efficiency~99%. Since the materials formed during initial charge process the nano
siliconiL4Si03 and Li20 remains as interdependent, it may be expected that the composite exhibiting higher amount
of irreversibility(Li20) will deliver higher reversible capacity. In this study, constant current-constant voltage (CC-
CV) charge method was employed in place of usual constant current (CC) method in order to convert efficiently
all the SiO particles which resulted high initial discharge capacity at the fIrst cycle. We improved considerably the
initial discharge specifIc capacity of SiO/G composite by pretreatment(CC-CV).
Keywords: High efficiency negative electrode, SiO/graphite composite, Anode, Lithium ion secondary battery.
1. Ai -E
*1:11% ~A}71717} "B'-4f"6}711 ~~"6}~ ~2. 011lojA1 ~s:.., «l-
;~Va, 5:,*§]-, 78 '*§}, .AJ-'T~ g 7}{l ~}~A17} JlT-5012 ~q
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*E-mail: chdoh@keri.re.kr
47
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-"~Aa501D1 {lij~£1 If-.l11ll§~J-g ~§}A1~"T~ 72-1:1 g A1Y~ %

2. 48 J. Korean Electrochem. Soc., Vo!. 11, No. 1, 2008
A1oJ1 l:l17l-<2:J l:l1% i'$=01 ~J,Jii}o:j {lfil1El ~;<;1 ~ ~Jil1~ A1 ~fil1
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fil1;':ii}~q. g~,<: g~~~:i!J- ~Wftj]'i'l PVDF (polyvinylidene
fluoride~ 90: lOEl ~~ ;':Aa~ ~~ fil];':ii}2, Li metal
0J:~:i!J- IM LiPF6 in ECIEMC = I/I(v/v) + 2 wt%VC ~%~Q!j
~ J-l-%ii}o:j 2032~ coin cell~ TAaii}~q. fil];':~ {!-~~~
:i!J- ~'?! *W;;<~.liEl T;':~ ~lf;j.5!.7] !fl%fl XRD (PhilipsA},
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El ~-ff-£. "5Jii}~q.
Fig. l.XRD patterns of SiO-Graphite composite.
2.0
-Reduotlve pretreatment
1.6 ~Oxidative pretreatment
?; 1.2
ID
~
~ 0.8
0.4
0.0
o 200 400 600 600 1000 1200
Capacity (mAh/g)
Fig. 2. Voltage profIle of SiO-Graphite composite at frrst cycle.
1400 140
IUO.Gf.(1;1·all:ft••~.t900't
1200 120
2 1000 100 ~
s: >-
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1 "
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200
-Couloomblc efficiency.
20
0 0
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Cycle (No.)
Fig. 1'<: {!-~~~, ~'?! ~;;<~.li, {!-~~~:i!J- ~'?!(I : 1)
~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~.:f *W~]El XRD §j~ JJ1lJti~ L.}El-~
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:i!J- W7Jl] ~~~~ *W~]~ ~'?!El ~7cl~a ~ L.}El-~~ peak
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7clT;':oJ] .e- oa-a-J:% p1~1;<;1 U~q. Fig. 3. Cycle performance of SiO-Graphite composite.
Tablel. Specific capacities of SiO-Graphite in SiO-GfLi Cell by the reduction of CC-Cv.
Electrochemical pretreatment The 1st redox cycle
No. C': treating Specific capacity Specific capacity Coulombic Irreversible Specific capacity Specific capacity Cou1ombic Irreversible
time (h) ofreduction of oxidation efficiency specific capacity ofreduction ofoxidation efficiency specific capacity
(mAhlg) (mAhlg) (%) (mAhlg) (mAhlg) (mAhlg) (%) (mAhlg)
0 1139 568 50 571 834 722 80 112
2 10 1769 786 44 983 1023 874 85 149
3 24 1700 765 45 935 828 747 90 82
4 48 2068 949 46 1119 833 786 94 47
48 J. Korean Electrochem. Soc., Vo!. 11, No. 1, 2008
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Fig. l.XRD patterns of SiO-Graphite composite.
2.0
-Reduotlve pretreatment
1.6 ~Oxidative pretreatment
?; 1.2
ID
~
~ 0.8
0.4
0.0
o 200 400 600 600 1000 1200
Capacity (mAh/g)
Fig. 2. Voltage profIle of SiO-Graphite composite at frrst cycle.
1400 140
IUO.Gf.(1;1·all:ft••~.t900't
1200 120
2 1000 100 ~
s: >-
«
.i
s.
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11 600 60 :a
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1 "
400 40 0
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200
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20
0 0
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Cycle (No.)
Fig. 1'<: {!-~~~, ~'?! ~;;<~.li, {!-~~~:i!J- ~'?!(I : 1)
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W~]El XRD pattemoJ] ~~7l- ll.~ ~~ .5!.0} ~~~~7} ~
7clT;':oJ] .e- oa-a-J:% p1~1;<;1 U~q. Fig. 3. Cycle performance of SiO-Graphite composite.
Tablel. Specific capacities of SiO-Graphite in SiO-GfLi Cell by the reduction of CC-Cv.
Electrochemical pretreatment The 1st redox cycle
No. C': treating Specific capacity Specific capacity Coulombic Irreversible Specific capacity Specific capacity Cou1ombic Irreversible
time (h) ofreduction of oxidation efficiency specific capacity ofreduction ofoxidation efficiency specific capacity
(mAhlg) (mAhlg) (%) (mAhlg) (mAhlg) (mAhlg) (%) (mAhlg)
0 1139 568 50 571 834 722 80 112
2 10 1769 786 44 983 1023 874 85 149
3 24 1700 765 45 935 828 747 90 82
4 48 2068 949 46 1119 833 786 94 47

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y.qt11~q. {=-BJ-~~ ~.!fl~ 0.5 vo1"8"* y.qt11O-1 C1i}°1~}~
7.1% g~~M1 ~~ ~d g y.qt11~q. ~ ~~C1 41'l~
~ l:l1%~ 1139 mAh/g °luj ~:& ~~1C1 41'l~ BJ-~ l:l1
%~ 568 mAh/g~Al ~.71 ~% .:B:%~ 50%01.2 ~71 l:l1
7}~ l:l1%~ 571 mAh/g% y.qt11~q. l:l17}~ l:l1%~ 4~
5§l~ --I-}01~7J}7.1s:. y.qy.uj 4§l7J}7.1~ T3'J l:l17l-~ l:l1%~
789 mAh/go1.2 lO§l7J}7.1~ T3'J l:l17}~ l:l1%~ 859 mAh/g
~ ~71 {=-BJ-~oJ1Al ~~ ~~::i:: ~7.1 *"8"}.2 --I-}01~~oJ1 lI}C1-
7.14r3'J~ ~AJ"8"}e:j {).A11~ ~7.1 ~ 1illl W uJl ~A1Hlo1 ciij->'J-
!8q. 01 ~ ~~~"8"}71 .!fl~~ 0voJ1Al 1'l~~~ %7.1"8"~ ~~1
C1 ~ A1s:."8"}~q. Fig. 4 ~ 1'l~* 41'l~ 0V7J}7.1 {=-~~
.:f 1'l~~ 41'l..2..5'.. 0voJ1Al 1QA1Z!, 24A1z!, 48A1Z! %~ ~
~ ~~1C1~ 7d~oJl t11~ ~({=-~) l:l1%2J'% y.qt11~~uj, Zf
Zf 1769, 1700, 2068mAh/~ ~ ~~1C1 A1Z!~ ~7}oJ1 lI}C1-
~ l:l1%2J=01 ~7}"8"mq. °1~ 1'l~~ 41'loJ1A
l 7.14r3'J~
C1i}~ ~~ol ~"5J~O-1 ~~01 .5!.q '£01 ~~ ~401q.
Fig. 5~ ~:&(BJ-~) l:l1%2J'% y.q';1! ?;!olq. 1'l~* 41'l'i!
A}%~ 7d~(1'l~~ 0 A1Z!)oJl~ :"i~3'J~ ~71oJl '5t~ l:ll%
~ y.E}t11.2 --I-}01~~ ~7}oJl lI}C1- ~7}"8"}7.1'i!, 1'l~~ 41'l
~ -"n%..2..5'.. ~71-¥-E.l 3'f~ l:l1%~ y.E}t11s:.~ W 'T 'V-q.
24A1Z! %~ 1'l~~ {=-~~ 7d~oJ1~ ~71~ Ai l:l1%2J= ~~ :"i
• " < • •
ir':.·······t.t5fj····;·······i········!····j·······
~~ .........
..-
.c
f ::::r:""
...... Pretreatment with CV for Oh
.....Pretreatment with CV for 10h
.....Pretreatment with CV for 24h
.....Pretreatment with CV for 48h
2 4 5 8 9 10
Cyde(No.}
Fig, 4. Reduction(charge) specific capacities of electrochemically
pretreated SiO-GlLi Cell.
1000 .-----,--..,..--,--...,--..,.----,,..----,_-..,.._-,...._...
~ : : j ! ~~i!j~I:ail:at~flt!l*tI~~..!:iili~_~17.xt.
1:~!: i:1
~c; 600 ·········1 ..:~~:..~:.~~.... ··~::.···l·.
~ ~ 500 ......Pretreatment with CVfor Oh
.. e .....Pretreatment with CV for lOh
~ - 400 .....Pretreatment with CV for 24h
:!!. 300 ...........r' .....Pretreatment with CVfor 48h
t 200· . .
~ 100
o 4 5
Cycle (No.)
.~ ........:.
10
Fig. 5. Oxidation (discharge) specific capacities of electrochemically
pretreated SiO-GlLi Cell.
49
Ad g ~n::i:: W'T 'V-~q.
Fig. 64 Fig. 7~ ;,,}01~ -3!'ToJ1 lI}~ ~%.:B:%4 l:l17}~ %
~ y.E}t11~q. Acl~* ~~1C1oJ1Al~ ~71 l:l17}~ l:l1%2J=01
571 mAh/g01~~y., 1'l~~ ~~1C1 41'l~ .£~~5'.. 980~
1120 mAh/g~ 3'f~ 'T 'V-~q. 1'l~~ {=-~~ ~~1C1 478~
5'.. Cd"8"}e:j ~71-¥-E.i 3'f'<: BJ-~(~:&) l:l1%~ y.qt11.2, l:l17}
~ l:l1%2J=~ t11 'j' ~ g 1§l {=-BJ-~oJ1Ai y.E}y.711 W'T 'V-~q.
Acl~*~~~ 478..2..5'.. ~~1C1~ ~~,<: ~71-¥-E.i .2~% .:B:%
120 .-----,,...----,--..,.--..,..--:---.,..:
••
-~-m.-:"-
••-,,-
••...,,;"-"'-.,,-""""..,.:
-,-
....-,
, . . . . . .
~ lOO ..·..·~·..f'·..··l..·..·...·........' ......·• ...........
go 80
I 60
"
:is
g
:; 40 ....
.3
20
o 3
.. _.....~ ..........~ ..........~.
..... Pretreatment with CVfor Oh
.....Pretreatment with CVfor 10h
.....Pretreatment with CVfor 24h
..... Pretreatment with CVfor 48h
,.·········t···
.........~....." ..'"~......,.,,~....."" ...~
4 5 6
Cycle (No.)
9 10
Fig. 6. Coulombic efficiencies of electrochemically pretreated SiO-
GlLi Cell.
2 3 4 5 6
Cycle (No.)
7 9 10
Fig. 7. Irreversible specific capacities of electrochemically pretreated
SiO-GlLi Cell.
. . .
1:::::2=J !...
~~ :: l:=~-+""",,~=~~~=r
H800 .uuu~ UI
i [800 ...... ......Pretreatment with cvfor Oh
.! rJ !: ..... Pretreatment with CVfor 10h
E 400 ...----.-:.-'1 _PretreatmentwtthCVfor24h
"
~ .. .. :-*,::P'!'~1I1ent ~ CV for 48h
200 ..........!... . ..........................;. ........! .........,.......;.........j .•.
o 2 3 4 5 6
Cyde(No.)
7 9 10
Fig. 8. Accumulated irreversible specific capacities ofelectrochemically
pretreated SiO-GlLi Cell.
Fig. 2~ Fig. 3'<: 1'l~*5'.. 0V7J}7.1 ~~ ~~1C1~ 7d~oJ1
t11~ {=-BJ-~ ~.!fl ~:&s:.~ --I-}01~oJ1 lI}~ l:l1%2J=~ ~:&.£~
y.qt11~q. {=-BJ-~~ ~.!fl~ 0.5 vo1"8"* y.qt11O-1 C1i}°1~}~
7.1% g~~M1 ~~ ~d g y.qt11~q. ~ ~~C1 41'l~
~ l:l1%~ 1139 mAh/g °luj ~:& ~~1C1 41'l~ BJ-~ l:l1
%~ 568 mAh/g~Al ~.71 ~% .:B:%~ 50%01.2 ~71 l:l1
7}~ l:l1%~ 571 mAh/g% y.qt11~q. l:l17}~ l:l1%~ 4~
5§l~ --I-}01~7J}7.1s:. y.qy.uj 4§l7J}7.1~ T3'J l:l17l-~ l:l1%~
789 mAh/go1.2 lO§l7J}7.1~ T3'J l:l17}~ l:l1%~ 859 mAh/g
~ ~71 {=-BJ-~oJ1Al ~~ ~~::i:: ~7.1 *"8"}.2 --I-}01~~oJ1 lI}C1-
7.14r3'J~ ~AJ"8"}e:j {).A11~ ~7.1 ~ 1illl W uJl ~A1Hlo1 ciij->'J-
!8q. 01 ~ ~~~"8"}71 .!fl~~ 0voJ1Al 1'l~~~ %7.1"8"~ ~~1
C1 ~ A1s:."8"}~q. Fig. 4 ~ 1'l~* 41'l~ 0V7J}7.1 {=-~~
.:f 1'l~~ 41'l..2..5'.. 0voJ1Al 1QA1Z!, 24A1z!, 48A1Z! %~ ~
~ ~~1C1~ 7d~oJl t11~ ~({=-~) l:l1%2J'% y.qt11~~uj, Zf
Zf 1769, 1700, 2068mAh/~ ~ ~~1C1 A1Z!~ ~7}oJ1 lI}C1-
~ l:l1%2J=01 ~7}"8"mq. °1~ 1'l~~ 41'loJ1A
l 7.14r3'J~
C1i}~ ~~ol ~"5J~O-1 ~~01 .5!.q '£01 ~~ ~401q.
Fig. 5~ ~:&(BJ-~) l:l1%2J'% y.q';1! ?;!olq. 1'l~* 41'l'i!
A}%~ 7d~(1'l~~ 0 A1Z!)oJl~ :"i~3'J~ ~71oJl '5t~ l:ll%
~ y.E}t11.2 --I-}01~~ ~7}oJl lI}C1- ~7}"8"}7.1'i!, 1'l~~ 41'l
~ -"n%..2..5'.. ~71-¥-E.l 3'f~ l:l1%~ y.E}t11s:.~ W 'T 'V-q.
24A1Z! %~ 1'l~~ {=-~~ 7d~oJ1~ ~71~ Ai l:l1%2J= ~~ :"i
• " < • •
ir':.·······t.t5fj····;·······i········!····j·······
~~ .........
..-
.c
f ::::r:""
...... Pretreatment with CV for Oh
.....Pretreatment with CV for 10h
.....Pretreatment with CV for 24h
.....Pretreatment with CV for 48h
2 4 5 8 9 10
Cyde(No.}
Fig, 4. Reduction(charge) specific capacities of electrochemically
pretreated SiO-GlLi Cell.
1000 .-----,--..,..--,--...,--..,.----,,..----,_-..,.._-,...._...
~ : : j ! ~~i!j~I:ail:at~flt!l*tI~~..!:iili~_~17.xt.
1:~!: i:1
~c; 600 ·········1 ..:~~:..~:.~~.... ··~::.···l·.
~ ~ 500 ......Pretreatment with CVfor Oh
.. e .....Pretreatment with CV for lOh
~ - 400 .....Pretreatment with CV for 24h
:!!. 300 ...........r' .....Pretreatment with CVfor 48h
t 200· . .
~ 100
o 4 5
Cycle (No.)
.~ ........:.
10
Fig. 5. Oxidation (discharge) specific capacities of electrochemically
pretreated SiO-GlLi Cell.
49
Ad g ~n::i:: W'T 'V-~q.
Fig. 64 Fig. 7~ ;,,}01~ -3!'ToJ1 lI}~ ~%.:B:%4 l:l17}~ %
~ y.E}t11~q. Acl~* ~~1C1oJ1Al~ ~71 l:l17}~ l:l1%2J=01
571 mAh/g01~~y., 1'l~~ ~~1C1 41'l~ .£~~5'.. 980~
1120 mAh/g~ 3'f~ 'T 'V-~q. 1'l~~ {=-~~ ~~1C1 478~
5'.. Cd"8"}e:j ~71-¥-E.i 3'f'<: BJ-~(~:&) l:l1%~ y.qt11.2, l:l17}
~ l:l1%2J=~ t11 'j' ~ g 1§l {=-BJ-~oJ1Ai y.E}y.711 W'T 'V-~q.
Acl~*~~~ 478..2..5'.. ~~1C1~ ~~,<: ~71-¥-E.i .2~% .:B:%
120 .-----,,...----,--..,.--..,..--:---.,..:
••
-~-m.-:"-
••-,,-
••...,,;"-"'-.,,-""""..,.:
-,-
....-,
, . . . . . .
~ lOO ..·..·~·..f'·..··l..·..·...·........' ......·• ...........
go 80
I 60
"
:is
g
:; 40 ....
.3
20
o 3
.. _.....~ ..........~ ..........~.
..... Pretreatment with CVfor Oh
.....Pretreatment with CVfor 10h
.....Pretreatment with CVfor 24h
..... Pretreatment with CVfor 48h
,.·········t···
.........~....." ..'"~......,.,,~....."" ...~
4 5 6
Cycle (No.)
9 10
Fig. 6. Coulombic efficiencies of electrochemically pretreated SiO-
GlLi Cell.
2 3 4 5 6
Cycle (No.)
7 9 10
Fig. 7. Irreversible specific capacities of electrochemically pretreated
SiO-GlLi Cell.
. . .
1:::::2=J !...
~~ :: l:=~-+""",,~=~~~=r
H800 .uuu~ UI
i [800 ...... ......Pretreatment with cvfor Oh
.! rJ !: ..... Pretreatment with CVfor 10h
E 400 ...----.-:.-'1 _PretreatmentwtthCVfor24h
"
~ .. .. :-*,::P'!'~1I1ent ~ CV for 48h
200 ..........!... . ..........................;. ........! .........,.......;.........j .•.
o 2 3 4 5 6
Cyde(No.)
7 9 10
Fig. 8. Accumulated irreversible specific capacities ofelectrochemically
pretreated SiO-GlLi Cell.

4. 50 J. Korean Electrochem. Soc., Vo!. 11, No. 1, 2008
Fig. 9. Pretreatment process scheme.
~ ~7Jl] 3:7]lfLE~ ~~~ BJ-~(AJ-:&) %* 1-j-E}~ "T 'V,~c}.
~~li:!.l~~E-l .:s:.~ ~ SiO-Graphite g~E-l 3:7] J:l]7}Qo]%~
~Ag ~;;IJ]~ "5R~"8"}O:j ~~ ~~.:B:.%~ ;;IJ]..:g."5R"r,c BJ-~~;;IJ]
A]~c}. EE~ ~~~~~ ~ .:s:.~~ ~~li:!.l A]~01H ~~ ~
~ 24A]Z!- Aa~~ %7.].£ 3:7] -'I-I}O]-€<'601]A~ {}:&(BJ-~)J:l]%~
0] ~7}"8"},c '~l/'J-~ ~~li:!.l~~01]A~ "5n:±."%} "T 'V,~c}. 1-j-O}7}
full cell ;;IJ]3:: A] 0]C1~ ~~li:!.l~~~ .:s:.~~.Q..£~ ~i:!.l~ll]
g~*~E-l J:l]7}Qo]%~ ~;;IJ]~ "5n~"%}"T 'V,~ ~ 7}7.] BJ-~
~ ;;IJ]..:g.~c}.
Fig. 901]A1 CD ~ ~~li:!.l ~"5n3:: (Q {}:& ~~li:!.l ~"5R3::
© Al]Aa3:: ® ~7,-7,- CD ~~~ @ ~ ~~li:!.l% i:!.l~ AJ-qj~
~ (ID ~ ~~li:!.l% %7] ~"5RQlj @ ~ ~~1i:!.l% i:!.l~ 7]~
~~ CS) {}:& ~~li:!.l% i:!.l~ ~J-qj~~ CID {}:& ~~li:!.l% 7]~
~~ (j) ~~~ Al]~3:: ® ~~~ ~3::~ 1-j-E}';-l!c}.3)
Fig. 901] 1-j-E}';-l! ~7.] ;;IJ]3:: ~~ ~ -'8-"8"}O:j ~7.] Ag{}01] 3J%
"%} "T 'V,c}.
4. ~ e
{}~i:!.l~~ ~~E-l 1: 1 %~J:l].£ ~~~ *~~n~ 800
rnAh/gE-l BJ-~(AJ-:&) J:l]%* 1-j-E}t.J1~J!., ~~* *BJ-~01V1
-'I-I}o]-€01] u}~ BJ-~ J:l]%~~ ~~.:B:.%E-l ~{l3J~ ~7} ~a
~ "5R:±'"8"}7] -'f-l"8"}O:j ~~*~a~~ *~E-l ~~li:!.l ~~ ~ .:s:.~
~ ~~ 3:7]lfLEl ~~ BJ-~(AJ-:&) J:l]%* ~"@"8"}J!. J:l]7}Qo]
1l]%~E-l qj 'T J'. ~ "5R:±. W "T 9J~C}. o].£~ ;;IJ]3::~ ~~ ~
~ .:B:.%~ ~~ J:l]%~~ -'i'-"T~ -'I-I}o]-€ "T~ ~a ~ J!.~ ~
{t:- J:l]~:±'ll] 7]~E-l {In- g~~ 7R~"8"t9X.Q.u:j ;;IJ]~ ~7]:&~
3J :o;~a ~6cj ~ ~~ i:!.l~ o]~t ~7.]E-l g~.Q..£Ai 12f%l~ ~
~ ~ "T 'V,c}.
1. M. S. Park, S. Rajendran, Y M. Kang, K. S. Han, Y S. Han, J. Y
Lee, "Si-Ni alloy-graphite composite synthesized by arc-melting and
high-energy mechanical milling for use as an anode in lithium-ion
batteries", J. Pawer sources, 158, 650 ( 2006).
2. F. S. Ke, L. Huang, J. S. Cai, S. G Sun, "Electroplating synthesis
and electrochemical properties of macroporous Sn-Cu alloy electrode
for lithium-ion batteries", Electrochimica Acta, 52, 6741 (2007).
3. P. Zuo, G Ym, "Electrochemical reaction of the SiMn/C composite
for anode in lithium ion batteries", Journal ofalloys and compounds,
414,265 (2006).
4. U. Kasavaiiula, C. Wang, A. John Appleby, "Nano-and bulk-silicon-
based insertion anodes for lithium-ion secondary cells", Journal of
Power Sources, 163, 1003 (2007).
5. N. Dimov, S. Kugino, M. Yoshio, "Carbon-coates silicon as anode
material for lithium ion batteries", Electrochimica Acta, Vo!. 48, p.
1579,2003.
6. M. S. Park, Y J. Lee, Y S. Ran, J. Y Lee, "Effects of mechanical
milling and arc-meltiong processes on the electrochemical perfor-
mance of Si-based composite materials", Materials letters, 60, 3079
(2006).
7. ~~, 787]~, ~*Y, {l~4-, ~il<j, S:J:'i, ~~Fr, ~~%, 0]
~-3J. "PVD ~T~]~ o]%~ ~5: ~ {)'c.1~ AR.li~ 7R~ ';l.l c.1
~~PJA] ~~il", -?i71~MI.li"§:,@/~71, 19, 7, 636 (2006).
8. H. Dong, X. P. Ai, H. X. Yang, "Carbon/Ba-Fe-Si alloy composite
as high capacity anode materials for Li-ion batteries", Electrochem.
Commun, 5, 952 (2003).
9. P. Patel, 1. S. Kim, P. N. Kumta, "Nanocomposites of silicon!
titanium carbide synthesized using high-energy mechanical milling
for use as anodes in lithium-ion batteries", Material Science and
engineering, B 116, 347 (2005).
10. J. N. Jayaprakash, N. Kalaiselvi, C. H. Doh, "A new class of tailor-
made FeO.92mnO.08Si2 lithium battery anodes", Intermetallics, 15,
442 (2007).
11. T. Morita, N. Takami, "Namo Si Cluster-SiOx-C Composite Material
as High-Capacity Anode Material for Rechargeable Lithium
Batteries", J. Electrochem. Soc., 153,425 (2006).
12. J. H. Kim, H. J. Sohn, H. Kim, G Jeong, W. Choi, "Enhanced cycle
performance of SiO-C composite anode for lithium-ion batteries",
Journal ofPower Sources, 170, 456 (2007).
13. ~~, ~~%, {l-aj]'i0., {lU, 78~%, ~*Y, {l~4-, ~il<j, 0]
W, 0]~-3J, ~*~l=u], ".:;:tt% c.1~]~}~]% ~, ~~ ;;IJ]~BJ­
~ ';l.l ~]~PJA]", ¥1~Jti~ 10-2007-0098813 (2007).
50 J. Korean Electrochem. Soc., Vo!. 11, No. 1, 2008
Fig. 9. Pretreatment process scheme.
~ ~7Jl] 3:7]lfLE~ ~~~ BJ-~(AJ-:&) %* 1-j-E}~ "T 'V,~c}.
~~li:!.l~~E-l .:s:.~ ~ SiO-Graphite g~E-l 3:7] J:l]7}Qo]%~
~Ag ~;;IJ]~ "5R~"8"}O:j ~~ ~~.:B:.%~ ;;IJ]..:g."5R"r,c BJ-~~;;IJ]
A]~c}. EE~ ~~~~~ ~ .:s:.~~ ~~li:!.l A]~01H ~~ ~
~ 24A]Z!- Aa~~ %7.].£ 3:7] -'I-I}O]-€<'601]A~ {}:&(BJ-~)J:l]%~
0] ~7}"8"},c '~l/'J-~ ~~li:!.l~~01]A~ "5n:±."%} "T 'V,~c}. 1-j-O}7}
full cell ;;IJ]3:: A] 0]C1~ ~~li:!.l~~~ .:s:.~~.Q..£~ ~i:!.l~ll]
g~*~E-l J:l]7}Qo]%~ ~;;IJ]~ "5n~"%}"T 'V,~ ~ 7}7.] BJ-~
~ ;;IJ]..:g.~c}.
Fig. 901]A1 CD ~ ~~li:!.l ~"5n3:: (Q {}:& ~~li:!.l ~"5R3::
© Al]Aa3:: ® ~7,-7,- CD ~~~ @ ~ ~~li:!.l% i:!.l~ AJ-qj~
~ (ID ~ ~~li:!.l% %7] ~"5RQlj @ ~ ~~1i:!.l% i:!.l~ 7]~
~~ CS) {}:& ~~li:!.l% i:!.l~ ~J-qj~~ CID {}:& ~~li:!.l% 7]~
~~ (j) ~~~ Al]~3:: ® ~~~ ~3::~ 1-j-E}';-l!c}.3)
Fig. 901] 1-j-E}';-l! ~7.] ;;IJ]3:: ~~ ~ -'8-"8"}O:j ~7.] Ag{}01] 3J%
"%} "T 'V,c}.
4. ~ e
{}~i:!.l~~ ~~E-l 1: 1 %~J:l].£ ~~~ *~~n~ 800
rnAh/gE-l BJ-~(AJ-:&) J:l]%* 1-j-E}t.J1~J!., ~~* *BJ-~01V1
-'I-I}o]-€01] u}~ BJ-~ J:l]%~~ ~~.:B:.%E-l ~{l3J~ ~7} ~a
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~ ~~ 3:7]lfLEl ~~ BJ-~(AJ-:&) J:l]%* ~"@"8"}J!. J:l]7}Qo]
1l]%~E-l qj 'T J'. ~ "5R:±. W "T 9J~C}. o].£~ ;;IJ]3::~ ~~ ~
~ .:B:.%~ ~~ J:l]%~~ -'i'-"T~ -'I-I}o]-€ "T~ ~a ~ J!.~ ~
{t:- J:l]~:±'ll] 7]~E-l {In- g~~ 7R~"8"t9X.Q.u:j ;;IJ]~ ~7]:&~
3J :o;~a ~6cj ~ ~~ i:!.l~ o]~t ~7.]E-l g~.Q..£Ai 12f%l~ ~
~ ~ "T 'V,c}.
1. M. S. Park, S. Rajendran, Y M. Kang, K. S. Han, Y S. Han, J. Y
Lee, "Si-Ni alloy-graphite composite synthesized by arc-melting and
high-energy mechanical milling for use as an anode in lithium-ion
batteries", J. Pawer sources, 158, 650 ( 2006).
2. F. S. Ke, L. Huang, J. S. Cai, S. G Sun, "Electroplating synthesis
and electrochemical properties of macroporous Sn-Cu alloy electrode
for lithium-ion batteries", Electrochimica Acta, 52, 6741 (2007).
3. P. Zuo, G Ym, "Electrochemical reaction of the SiMn/C composite
for anode in lithium ion batteries", Journal ofalloys and compounds,
414,265 (2006).
4. U. Kasavaiiula, C. Wang, A. John Appleby, "Nano-and bulk-silicon-
based insertion anodes for lithium-ion secondary cells", Journal of
Power Sources, 163, 1003 (2007).
5. N. Dimov, S. Kugino, M. Yoshio, "Carbon-coates silicon as anode
material for lithium ion batteries", Electrochimica Acta, Vo!. 48, p.
1579,2003.
6. M. S. Park, Y J. Lee, Y S. Ran, J. Y Lee, "Effects of mechanical
milling and arc-meltiong processes on the electrochemical perfor-
mance of Si-based composite materials", Materials letters, 60, 3079
(2006).
7. ~~, 787]~, ~*Y, {l~4-, ~il<j, S:J:'i, ~~Fr, ~~%, 0]
~-3J. "PVD ~T~]~ o]%~ ~5: ~ {)'c.1~ AR.li~ 7R~ ';l.l c.1
~~PJA] ~~il", -?i71~MI.li"§:,@/~71, 19, 7, 636 (2006).
8. H. Dong, X. P. Ai, H. X. Yang, "Carbon/Ba-Fe-Si alloy composite
as high capacity anode materials for Li-ion batteries", Electrochem.
Commun, 5, 952 (2003).
9. P. Patel, 1. S. Kim, P. N. Kumta, "Nanocomposites of silicon!
titanium carbide synthesized using high-energy mechanical milling
for use as anodes in lithium-ion batteries", Material Science and
engineering, B 116, 347 (2005).
10. J. N. Jayaprakash, N. Kalaiselvi, C. H. Doh, "A new class of tailor-
made FeO.92mnO.08Si2 lithium battery anodes", Intermetallics, 15,
442 (2007).
11. T. Morita, N. Takami, "Namo Si Cluster-SiOx-C Composite Material
as High-Capacity Anode Material for Rechargeable Lithium
Batteries", J. Electrochem. Soc., 153,425 (2006).
12. J. H. Kim, H. J. Sohn, H. Kim, G Jeong, W. Choi, "Enhanced cycle
performance of SiO-C composite anode for lithium-ion batteries",
Journal ofPower Sources, 170, 456 (2007).
13. ~~, ~~%, {l-aj]'i0., {lU, 78~%, ~*Y, {l~4-, ~il<j, 0]
W, 0]~-3J, ~*~l=u], ".:;:tt% c.1~]~}~]% ~, ~~ ;;IJ]~BJ­
~ ';l.l ~]~PJA]", ¥1~Jti~ 10-2007-0098813 (2007).