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Short Text, Large Effect:
Measuring the Impact of
User Reviews on Android
App Security & Privacy
Duc Cuong Nguyenโˆ—, Erik Derrโˆ—, Michael Backesโ€ , Sven Bugielโ€ 
โˆ—CISPA, Saarland University โ€ CISPA Helmholtz Center i.G.
์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ๊น€๋ฏผํ•˜
Short Text? Leivews
Large Effect? Update
์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ
์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์†Œํ†ต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ
But
๋ณด์•ˆ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„
์ฃผ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ
๋ฌธ์ œ ์ •์˜
๋ณด์•ˆ&๊ฐœ์ธ ์ •๋ณด&์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ Reivew์™€ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์˜
Update ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ
โ€ข ๋‹ค์‹œ๋งํ•ด ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€
โ€ข SPR์ด ์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์—์„œ Update์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ณ€
์ˆ˜์ž„์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•จ
RELATED WORK
โ€ข ์ž์—ฐ์–ด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
โ€ข ์•ฑ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„
โ€ข ์•ฑ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์ง„ํ™”
methodology
App and Review Crawler
โ€ข ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ ์ˆ˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ
์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ.
โ€ข ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์†Œ 50,000,000๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์ธ ์•ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ์ œ
ํ•œ
โ€ข ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๋งŒ ํƒ์ƒ‰
โ€ข ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž ์‘๋‹ต(๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ)์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘
์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ ๋งˆ์ด๋‹
Google์˜ Crawler
โ€ข ํฌ๋กค๋ง(Crawling) ์ž‘์—… :
โ€ข ๋ฌด์ˆ˜ํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด ์ €์žฅ ๋ผ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•ด ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰
๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ‰์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ 
โ€ข ์ƒ์œ„ 2,583๊ฐœ ์•ฑ์—์„œ 4.5M ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ํ›„
โ€ข 5,527๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„
๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์— ๋“ฑ๋ก๋œ ์˜ˆ์ „ ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ์•ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„
โ€ข ์•ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์ €์žฅ
โ€ข ๋ณด์•ˆ/์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ์™€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„
์—ฐ๊ตฌ
ํฌ๋กค๋ง ์•ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ก
โ€ข ์•ฑ ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ :
โ€ข ๊ฐ ์•ฑ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„.
โ€ข ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์—†์Œ
โ€ข ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์ผ๋ถ€ ์–ดํ”Œ์€ 0๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ
ํ‚ค๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์–ดํ”Œ์€ YYYYMMMDDV์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚ ์งœ ํŒจ
ํ„ด์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฝ”๋“œ๋“ค์ด ์ผ๊ด€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ
โ€ข ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฒ„์ „๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ play API๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
ํฌ๋กค๋ง ์•ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ก
โ€ข ์ถœ์‹œ ๋‚ ์งœ ์ถ”์ถœ :
โ€ข ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ Play API์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฃผ์š” ๋‹จ์ ์€ ์ด์ „ ์•ฑ ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค/
์—…๋กœ๋“œ ๋‚ ์งœ๋ฅผ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํฌ๋กค๋ง ์•ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ก
๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์ˆœ์„œ
1. SPR๊ณผ SPR์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋งž์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
2. ํŠน์ง• ์ถ”์ถœ
์Šคํ†ฑ ์›Œ๋“œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ a, an the ๋“ฑ์„
๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
๋‹จ์–ด ๋Œ€์‹  N-gram ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์ž ์ถ”์ถœ
3. ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ํ•™์Šต
Bow(bag of words) ์ ์šฉ
4. ๊ฒ€์ฆ
K-fold ํฌ๋กœ์Šค ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊ณผ AUC ์ ์šฉ
๊ฒ€์ฆ
โ€ข k-Fold ํฌ๋กœ์Šค ๊ฒ€์ฆ
โ€ข AUC (Area Under the Curve)
Static App Analysis
โ€ข ์•ฑ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋‚˜ ํƒ€์‚ฌ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ ์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„
โ€ข 1. ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ถ„์„
โ€ข 2. LibScout
โ€ข ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ
Mapping SPR to SPU
SPU๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋ฉด SPR๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ SPU ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ
์€ ์ผ์น˜๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค
Mapping SPR to SPU
SPR์—์„œ SPU๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋ฒ„์ „ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ
EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
SPR
โ€ข SP ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ Top10๊ฐœ
์ถ”์ถœ๋œ 5,527์˜ SPR์ค‘์— 2,898๊ฐœ๋Š” ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€
๋Šฅ
SPR
โ€ข Runtime permissions vs. install-time permissions
Result
๋Ÿฐํƒ€์ž„ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ฑ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ SPR์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
T-Test๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐํž˜
* T-test๋ž€ ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
SPR
โ€ข ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„  ์šฐํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์š”๊ตฌ(350์ž์ œํ•œ)
โ€ข ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 96๊ฐœ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ์—์„  ์ด๋ฏธ ํ•ด๋‹น ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ˆ˜์ • ์ค‘์ด๋ผ ๋‹ตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ 
โ€ข ์งํ›„์— ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋œ ๋ฒ„์ „์—์„œ78/96 ์˜ SPU๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ
โ€ข Developer responses
SPU
โ€ข ์•ฑ์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋ฉด SPU๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ
โ€ข ์š”์ฒญ๋œ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์•ฑ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ: 1,608
โ€ข ๊ถŒํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ API ํ˜ธ์ถœ์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ 1,085
โ€ข ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋œ API๋ฅผ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” Lib ํ˜ธ์ถœ์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ: 940
SPU
*WAKE LOCK ? ์ž์›์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”
๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ
SPR To SPU Mapping
X์ถ•์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก SPR๊ณผ SPU์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ
๋‹ค์‹œ๋งํ•ด SPU๊ฐ€ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ
๋‹ต๋ณ€
์ •์  ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„
์•ฑ์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์œ ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌX
๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ ์ž์ฒด์— ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ
๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ฝ”๋“œ ์ˆ˜์ •
SPUSPR
Summary of Findings
โ€ข ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž ์‘๋‹ต๋ฅ (Response Rate)
โ€ข SPR Ratio: ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ SPR ๋น„์œจ
โ€ข Ageage score: ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์•ฑ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ์ดํ›„ ํ•ด๋‹น ์•ฑ ๋ฒ„์ „์ด ๋ฐ›์€ ํ‰๊ท  ์ ์ˆ˜
โ€ข Permission mechanism: ์•ฑ ๋ฒ„์ „์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ถŒํ•œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜(์‹คํ–‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ค์น˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„)
โ€ข App category : Google Play์—์„œ ์ •์˜ํ•œ ์•ฑ ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ
โ€ข Reply Ratio: ์ด์ „ ์•ฑ versio ์ดํ›„ ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž ์‘๋‹ต ๋น„์œจ
MODELING
SECURITY AND PRIVACY UPDATES
1. Data set
2. ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„(Correlation Analysis)
3. Building the Models
Discussion
์ €์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œ
1. ๊ธ€์ž์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ
2. ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ ์ž‘์„ฑ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”
3. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ ํ™•์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ณ ๋ ค
Conclusion
SPR,
Review
None SPR
Security&Priavcy ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ
๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •์  ์ฝ”๋“œ ๋ถ„์„
์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋œ ์š”์ธ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ชจ๋ธ
Result
์•ฑ์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ SPR์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌ
๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋” ์ข‹์€ ํˆด์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌ
๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์•ฑ ๋””์ž์ธ์—๋„ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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short text large effect measuring the impact of user reviews on android app security & privacy

  • 1. Short Text, Large Effect: Measuring the Impact of User Reviews on Android App Security & Privacy Duc Cuong Nguyenโˆ—, Erik Derrโˆ—, Michael Backesโ€ , Sven Bugielโ€  โˆ—CISPA, Saarland University โ€ CISPA Helmholtz Center i.G. ์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ๊น€๋ฏผํ•˜
  • 2. Short Text? Leivews Large Effect? Update
  • 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์†Œํ†ต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ But ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ
  • 4. ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ •์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ&๊ฐœ์ธ ์ •๋ณด&์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ Reivew์™€ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์˜ Update ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ โ€ข ๋‹ค์‹œ๋งํ•ด ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ โ€ข SPR์ด ์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์—์„œ Update์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ณ€ ์ˆ˜์ž„์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•จ
  • 5. RELATED WORK โ€ข ์ž์—ฐ์–ด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ โ€ข ์•ฑ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ โ€ข ์•ฑ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์ง„ํ™”
  • 7. App and Review Crawler โ€ข ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ ์ˆ˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ. โ€ข ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์†Œ 50,000,000๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์ธ ์•ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ์ œ ํ•œ โ€ข ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๋งŒ ํƒ์ƒ‰ โ€ข ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž ์‘๋‹ต(๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ)์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ ๋งˆ์ด๋‹
  • 8. Google์˜ Crawler โ€ข ํฌ๋กค๋ง(Crawling) ์ž‘์—… : โ€ข ๋ฌด์ˆ˜ํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด ์ €์žฅ ๋ผ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•ด ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ‰์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  โ€ข ์ƒ์œ„ 2,583๊ฐœ ์•ฑ์—์„œ 4.5M ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ํ›„ โ€ข 5,527๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„
  • 9. ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์— ๋“ฑ๋ก๋œ ์˜ˆ์ „ ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ์•ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ โ€ข ์•ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์ €์žฅ โ€ข ๋ณด์•ˆ/์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ์™€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํฌ๋กค๋ง ์•ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ก
  • 10. โ€ข ์•ฑ ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌ : โ€ข ๊ฐ ์•ฑ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„. โ€ข ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์—†์Œ โ€ข ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์ผ๋ถ€ ์–ดํ”Œ์€ 0๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ ํ‚ค๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์–ดํ”Œ์€ YYYYMMMDDV์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚ ์งœ ํŒจ ํ„ด์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฝ”๋“œ๋“ค์ด ์ผ๊ด€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ โ€ข ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฒ„์ „๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ play API๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํฌ๋กค๋ง ์•ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ก
  • 11. โ€ข ์ถœ์‹œ ๋‚ ์งœ ์ถ”์ถœ : โ€ข ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ Play API์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฃผ์š” ๋‹จ์ ์€ ์ด์ „ ์•ฑ ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค/ ์—…๋กœ๋“œ ๋‚ ์งœ๋ฅผ ์ฟผ๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋กค๋ง ์•ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ก
  • 12. ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์ˆœ์„œ 1. SPR๊ณผ SPR์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋งž์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค 2. ํŠน์ง• ์ถ”์ถœ ์Šคํ†ฑ ์›Œ๋“œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ a, an the ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹จ์–ด ๋Œ€์‹  N-gram ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์ž ์ถ”์ถœ 3. ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ํ•™์Šต Bow(bag of words) ์ ์šฉ 4. ๊ฒ€์ฆ K-fold ํฌ๋กœ์Šค ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊ณผ AUC ์ ์šฉ
  • 13. ๊ฒ€์ฆ โ€ข k-Fold ํฌ๋กœ์Šค ๊ฒ€์ฆ โ€ข AUC (Area Under the Curve)
  • 14. Static App Analysis โ€ข ์•ฑ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋‚˜ ํƒ€์‚ฌ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ ์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ โ€ข 1. ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๋ถ„์„ โ€ข 2. LibScout โ€ข ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ
  • 15. Mapping SPR to SPU SPU๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋ฉด SPR๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ SPU ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์€ ์ผ์น˜๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค
  • 16. Mapping SPR to SPU SPR์—์„œ SPU๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋ฒ„์ „ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ
  • 18. SPR โ€ข SP ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ Top10๊ฐœ ์ถ”์ถœ๋œ 5,527์˜ SPR์ค‘์— 2,898๊ฐœ๋Š” ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ ๋Šฅ
  • 19. SPR โ€ข Runtime permissions vs. install-time permissions Result ๋Ÿฐํƒ€์ž„ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ฑ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ SPR์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ T-Test๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐํž˜ * T-test๋ž€ ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
  • 20. SPR โ€ข ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„  ์šฐํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์š”๊ตฌ(350์ž์ œํ•œ) โ€ข ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 96๊ฐœ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ์—์„  ์ด๋ฏธ ํ•ด๋‹น ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ˆ˜์ • ์ค‘์ด๋ผ ๋‹ตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  โ€ข ์งํ›„์— ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋œ ๋ฒ„์ „์—์„œ78/96 ์˜ SPU๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ โ€ข Developer responses
  • 21. SPU โ€ข ์•ฑ์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋ฉด SPU๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ โ€ข ์š”์ฒญ๋œ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์•ฑ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ: 1,608 โ€ข ๊ถŒํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ API ํ˜ธ์ถœ์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ 1,085 โ€ข ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋œ API๋ฅผ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” Lib ํ˜ธ์ถœ์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ: 940
  • 22. SPU *WAKE LOCK ? ์ž์›์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ
  • 23. SPR To SPU Mapping X์ถ•์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก SPR๊ณผ SPU์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ ๋‹ค์‹œ๋งํ•ด SPU๊ฐ€ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋‹ต๋ณ€ ์ •์  ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ์•ฑ์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์œ ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌX ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ ์ž์ฒด์— ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ฝ”๋“œ ์ˆ˜์ • SPUSPR
  • 24. Summary of Findings โ€ข ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž ์‘๋‹ต๋ฅ (Response Rate)
  • 25. โ€ข SPR Ratio: ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ SPR ๋น„์œจ โ€ข Ageage score: ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์•ฑ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ์ดํ›„ ํ•ด๋‹น ์•ฑ ๋ฒ„์ „์ด ๋ฐ›์€ ํ‰๊ท  ์ ์ˆ˜ โ€ข Permission mechanism: ์•ฑ ๋ฒ„์ „์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ถŒํ•œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜(์‹คํ–‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ค์น˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„) โ€ข App category : Google Play์—์„œ ์ •์˜ํ•œ ์•ฑ ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ โ€ข Reply Ratio: ์ด์ „ ์•ฑ versio ์ดํ›„ ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž ์‘๋‹ต ๋น„์œจ MODELING SECURITY AND PRIVACY UPDATES 1. Data set 2. ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„(Correlation Analysis) 3. Building the Models
  • 26. Discussion ์ €์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œ 1. ๊ธ€์ž์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ 2. ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ ์ž‘์„ฑ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™” 3. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ ํ™•์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ณ ๋ ค
  • 27. Conclusion SPR, Review None SPR Security&Priavcy ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •์  ์ฝ”๋“œ ๋ถ„์„ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋œ ์š”์ธ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ชจ๋ธ Result ์•ฑ์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ SPR์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋” ์ข‹์€ ํˆด์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์•ฑ ๋””์ž์ธ์—๋„ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ

Editor's Notes

  1. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํฌ๋กค๋Ÿฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋กค๋Ÿฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ฉธ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋กค๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ Security&privacy์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์•ฑ๋“ค์„ ํฌ๋กค๋งํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Security& Privacy์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ Update ํ•ญ๋ชฉ๋“ค์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ์™€ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋“ค์„ ๋งคํ•‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ์™€ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  2. ํฌ๋กค๋ง์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์ „์— ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด stop word removal ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋กค๋ง ์‹œ์— ํ•ด๋‹น ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•œ ์•ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ํฌ๋กค๋ง์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ๊ธฐ
  3. ํฌ๋กค๋ง์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„  ํฌ๋กค๋ง ์‹œ google์˜ ํฌ๋กค๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  4. ์•ฑ๋งˆ๋‹ค์˜ ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„
  5. Review Classifier๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ๋จผ์ € SPR๊ณผ SPR์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์…‹ํŒ…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ์ธก ํ‘œ์— ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๋“ค์€ SPR๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ , ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด None SPR๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„์— SPR์˜ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ๋จผ์ € Stop Word Removal์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ a, an the๋“ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ ํ›„์— n-gram ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์–ด ๋‹จ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ n-gram์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์•ž์„œ ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆฐ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ์—๋Š” ์˜คํƒ€๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ํ•™์Šต ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์•„๋Š” Bag of words ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •๋“ค์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ k-fold ํฌ๋กœ์Šค ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊ณผ AUC๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ํƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.0
  6. ๊ฒ€์ฆ์— ์ด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” k fold ํฌ๋กœ์Šค ๊ฒ€์ฆ์€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋งŒํผ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Auc๋Š” ROC ์ปค๋ธŒ ํ•˜๋‹จ์˜ ์˜์—ญ ๋„“์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•œ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋‹จ์˜์—ญ์ด 1์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šธ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  7. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ฑ ๋ฒ„์ „ ์ถœ์‹œ ๋‚ ์งœ์™€ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ ๋‚ ์งœ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ฑ ๋ฒ„์ „์— SPR์„ ๋งคํ•‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. SPR์ด ์•ฑ ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ณผ ํ”„๋ผ์ด๋ฒ„์‹œ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด SPR ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•ž์˜ ๋ฒ„์ „๊ณผ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋œ ๋ฒ„์ „ ์ฆ‰ SPU์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ• ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. LibScout์€ ์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ/์ž๋ฐ” ์•ฑ์—์„œ ํƒ€์‚ฌ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํƒ์ง€ํ•  ์ •์  ๋ถ„์„ ํˆด์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  8. ์ตœ์ข… ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ์•ฑ์˜ SPR๊ณผ ์•ฑ์˜ SPU๋ฅผ ๋งตํ•‘์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Review๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์— Update๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋งตํ•‘์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ Review์™€ ์ง ํ›„์˜ Update ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๊ด€๋ จ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค.
  9. SPR๊ณผ SPU๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋ฒ„์ „ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ N๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ์ดํ›„์— ์ˆ˜์ •์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” N์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  10. ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ถ”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ถ”์ถœ๋œ 5,527์˜ SPR์ค‘์— 2,898๊ฐœ๋Š” ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€,์—ฐ๋ฝ์ฒ˜,์œ„์น˜ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์—‘์„ธ์Šค ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  11. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋Ÿฐํƒ€์ž„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ถŒํ•œ๋Œ€ ์„ค์น˜์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์€ 2015๋…„ 10์›” ์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ 6.0์„ ๋จผ์ € ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ค์น˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๋Ÿฐํƒ€์ž„ ์‹œ ์•ฑ์ด ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ๋Ÿฐํƒ€์ž„ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ์š”์ฒญ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ ๋Ÿฐํƒ€์ž„ ๊ถŒํ•œ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ธ์‹์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์•ฑ์ด ๋Ÿฐํƒ€์ž„ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊ณผ ํ›„์˜ ์ด ์•ฑ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ SPR ๋น„์œจ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„์— T-TEST๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Ÿฐํƒ€์ž„ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ธ์Šคํ†จํƒ€์ž„ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ SPR ๋น„์œจ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋Ÿฐํƒ€์ž„ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ฑ์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ SPR์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•จ์„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  12. ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ๋จผ์ € โ€ข ์„ค๋ช… : ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ ๊ถŒํ•œ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ โ€ข ์ ‘์ด‰ : ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋„๋ก ์š”์ฒญํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. โ€ข ์ˆ˜์ •(96): ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฐœํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. โ€ข ์‚ฌ์ „ ์ •์˜๋œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋‹ต๋ณ€(50): ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ •์˜๋œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ฆฟ์œผ๋กœ ์‘๋‹ตํ•จ
  13. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” SPU๋ฅผ ์•ฑ์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜๋ฉด SPU๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8์€ SPR์ด Play์— ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋œ ํ›„ ์•ฑ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ์™€ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋œ ์ƒ์œ„ 10๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์ „ํ™” ์ƒํƒœ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ณ„์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ๋ฐ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž์ฃผ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด๋ฉฐ, SPR์—์„œ๋„ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ถŒํ•œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋œ ๊ถŒํ•œ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ์•ก์„ธ์Šคํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ •๋ณด ์ธ์‹์ด ๋†’์•„์กŒ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์˜ ์ฐจํŠธ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ๊ฒน์น˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ชฉ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ด์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋œป์€ SPR์ด SPU์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ ์ถ”ํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๊ทธ๋ฆผ10์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ• ๋•Œ ์›จ์ดํฌ๋ฝ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋œ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋จ•์„œ SPR์ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ด์ ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐ)
  14. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ SPU๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒ€์‚ฌ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ Security&privacy ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ถŒํ•œ ํ˜ธ์ถœ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ top10์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ wake-lock ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ณ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์›จ์ดํฌ๋ก์€ ์ž˜๋ชป ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ์น˜ ๋ฐฉ์ „, ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  15. ์ด์ œ SPR๊ณผ spu๊ฐ„์— ๋งตํ•‘์— ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ์ผ€์ด์Šค ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งตํ•‘์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งตํ•‘ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ SPU ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ SPR ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๋งตํ•‘ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ 4,898/5,527 SPR์„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์•ฑ๊ณผ ๋งคํ•‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹ต๋ณ€๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ •์  ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์•ฑ์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ SPU์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ ์ž์ฒด์— ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ •๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  16. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž ์‘๋‹ต๋ฅ ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ Security&privacy์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ์—์„œ 75.68%๊ฐ€ SPU ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  17. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ Android ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ(SPU ๋ฐ ๋น„ SPU)์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ฑ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์•ˆ/๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ์ธ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์…‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด spr ๋น„์œจ, ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ˆ˜, ๊ถŒํ•œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜, ์•ฑ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ, ์‘๋‹ต๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. SPR ๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ถŒํ•œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜, ์•ฑ ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ, ์‘๋‹ต ๋น„์œจ์€ ์•ฑ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์ค‘์ธ ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ์ตœ์ข… SPR ๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ์ตœ์ข… ํ‰๊ท  ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด์ „ SPR ๋น„์œจ์„ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฒ„์ „ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์ด์ „ ํ‰๊ท  ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฒ„์ „ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๊ฐ’์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์…‹์ด ์ด๋ค„์ง„ ๋‹ค์Œ์—” ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ณต์‹ ์ถ”์ •์น˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจํ˜•์— ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๊ณต์„  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€ ๋ถ„์„(์˜ˆ: ์ด ๊ฒ€ํ† ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ SPR ๋น„์œจ, ์‘๋‹ต ๋น„์œจ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ท  ์ ์ˆ˜)์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ SPR ๋น„์œจ, ์‘๋‹ต ๋น„์œจ, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ธํŠธ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ ์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๊ณต์„ ์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๊ณต์„ ์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ (Multicollinearity) ? ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค๊ฐ„์— ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋‹ค์Œ์—” ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์ข…์† ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” SPU ํ˜น์€ NONE SPU๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด์ง„์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  18. ์ €์ž๋Š” ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ SPR๊ณผ SPU๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  SPR๊ณผ SPU๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ SPR๊ณผ SPU๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์ž๋Š” ์•ฑ์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด SPR์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋” ์ข‹์€ ํˆด์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์•ฑ ๋””์ž์ธ์—๋„ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.