The document outlines a proposed Shark Week production that would follow a team of researchers as they study the behavior of adult white sharks around the Channel Islands off the coast of Southern California. They hypothesize that the islands may be a new aggregation site for the growing white shark population as the islands support large rookeries of seals and sea lions. Over the course of the production, the researchers would tag white sharks with acoustic and satellite tags to track their movements and study their behavior, with the goal of understanding how the white shark population is adapting to population growth and determining if the Channel Islands white sharks represent a separate population from other known aggregation sites.
Introduction for NOAA lesson by Susan Kaiser, TAS 2012: One Fish, Two Fish skaiser4800
This Power Point introduces the work of marine scientists working for FWC and NOAA as they study fish migration patterns and population off the Florida Keys near the Dry Tortugas. The original presentation was written by Danielle Morley and edited by Susan Kaiser Teacher at Sea, 2012 for use with the lesson she developed called One Fish, Two Fish. All of the resources are available at the NOAA TAS website.
Background Sea otters are one of the few cute and cuddly creature.pdfshakeelkhan911
Background Sea otters are one of the few cute and cuddly creatures in the ocean. Visitors to the
coast of the Pacific Northwest love to watch their antics as they float effortlessly on their backs
among the floating fronds of kelp (large algae) or frolic with one another in play. They also have
some human-like skills. Sea otters place rocks on their chests and crack mussels and clams on
them, one of the few examples of tool use by animals other than primates. They also roll spiny
sea urchins between their paws to make them easier to eat. Part I. Around 1991, Dr. James Estes
and his colleagues at the University of Califomia, Santa Cruz, noticed that the otter populations
they had been studying for over 20 years were beginning to shrink. Sea otter populations
inhabiting several of the Aleutian Islands had declined as much as 90 percent in fewer than 10
years (Figure 1). What could cause such a sharp drop in sea otter numbers in this island chain of
Alaska? Alakla (Rtedrume fiom Euse ental, 190t)
A. How would you test a bypothesis? Dr. Fstes and his group hypothesired that increased
predation by killer whales was the cause of the sea otter decline. This was an unusual idea, since
killer whales and sea otters had been observed together in Alaska for decades with no obvious
interactions occurring between them. The first time a killer whale was observed attacking a sea
otter was in 1991. Nine more attacks were observed in the next seven years and it was these
attacks that finally led Dr. Estes and his colleagues to propose their hypothesis. To test this
hypothesis, the scientists needed to have infomation about the killer whale. 1. Make a list of the
types of information about killer whales: you believe the scientists might need to test their
hypothesis that increased predation by the whales was the cause of the sea otter decline. B. What
do the data tell you? Estes and his colleagues estimated the impact of killer whales on sea otter
populations by comparing trends in population size and survival rates of individually marked
otters between two adjacent locations on Adak Island--Clam Lagoon and Kuluk Bay, Kuluk Bay
is on an open coast, so sea otters there are exposed to killer whales. In Clam Lagoon, the
entrance from the open sea is too narrow and shallow for killer whales to get in.
2. Based on Figures 3 and 4 , what can you conclude about the effects of killer whales on sea
otter populations? 3. What level of ecology are the researchers studying? 4. Why do you think
the scientists both counted all the sea otters and did the tagging and radio tracking? Why didn't
they do just one or the other? 5. What are three abiotic factors in the environment that otters
interact with that may affect their survival? 6. What type of ecology experiment is this?
(observational, controlled, modeled)
Figure 2. Map of the North Pacific Ocean showing the Aleutian Islands and some specific sea
otter study sites. (From Estes, J.A., and D.O. Duggins. 1995. "Sea otters a.
Follow-up interview with Goldman Prize-winning marine conservationist Randall Arauz about the state of our oceans, sustainability, and PRETOMA's shark and seat turtle conservation efforts heading into 2013.
Shark introduction Morphology and its behaviour characteristicsArubSultan
Sharks are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head. Modern sharks are classified within the clade Selachimorpha (or Selachii) and are the sister group to the Batoidea (rays and kin). Some sources extend the term "shark" as an informal category including extinct members of Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) with a shark-like morphology, such as hybodonts. They generally do not live in freshwater, although there are a few known exceptions, such as the bull shark and the river shark, which can be found in both seawater and freshwater.Sharks have a covering of dermal denticles that protects their skin from damage and parasites in addition to improving their fluid dynamics. They have numerous sets of replaceable teeth.
Introduction for NOAA lesson by Susan Kaiser, TAS 2012: One Fish, Two Fish skaiser4800
This Power Point introduces the work of marine scientists working for FWC and NOAA as they study fish migration patterns and population off the Florida Keys near the Dry Tortugas. The original presentation was written by Danielle Morley and edited by Susan Kaiser Teacher at Sea, 2012 for use with the lesson she developed called One Fish, Two Fish. All of the resources are available at the NOAA TAS website.
Background Sea otters are one of the few cute and cuddly creature.pdfshakeelkhan911
Background Sea otters are one of the few cute and cuddly creatures in the ocean. Visitors to the
coast of the Pacific Northwest love to watch their antics as they float effortlessly on their backs
among the floating fronds of kelp (large algae) or frolic with one another in play. They also have
some human-like skills. Sea otters place rocks on their chests and crack mussels and clams on
them, one of the few examples of tool use by animals other than primates. They also roll spiny
sea urchins between their paws to make them easier to eat. Part I. Around 1991, Dr. James Estes
and his colleagues at the University of Califomia, Santa Cruz, noticed that the otter populations
they had been studying for over 20 years were beginning to shrink. Sea otter populations
inhabiting several of the Aleutian Islands had declined as much as 90 percent in fewer than 10
years (Figure 1). What could cause such a sharp drop in sea otter numbers in this island chain of
Alaska? Alakla (Rtedrume fiom Euse ental, 190t)
A. How would you test a bypothesis? Dr. Fstes and his group hypothesired that increased
predation by killer whales was the cause of the sea otter decline. This was an unusual idea, since
killer whales and sea otters had been observed together in Alaska for decades with no obvious
interactions occurring between them. The first time a killer whale was observed attacking a sea
otter was in 1991. Nine more attacks were observed in the next seven years and it was these
attacks that finally led Dr. Estes and his colleagues to propose their hypothesis. To test this
hypothesis, the scientists needed to have infomation about the killer whale. 1. Make a list of the
types of information about killer whales: you believe the scientists might need to test their
hypothesis that increased predation by the whales was the cause of the sea otter decline. B. What
do the data tell you? Estes and his colleagues estimated the impact of killer whales on sea otter
populations by comparing trends in population size and survival rates of individually marked
otters between two adjacent locations on Adak Island--Clam Lagoon and Kuluk Bay, Kuluk Bay
is on an open coast, so sea otters there are exposed to killer whales. In Clam Lagoon, the
entrance from the open sea is too narrow and shallow for killer whales to get in.
2. Based on Figures 3 and 4 , what can you conclude about the effects of killer whales on sea
otter populations? 3. What level of ecology are the researchers studying? 4. Why do you think
the scientists both counted all the sea otters and did the tagging and radio tracking? Why didn't
they do just one or the other? 5. What are three abiotic factors in the environment that otters
interact with that may affect their survival? 6. What type of ecology experiment is this?
(observational, controlled, modeled)
Figure 2. Map of the North Pacific Ocean showing the Aleutian Islands and some specific sea
otter study sites. (From Estes, J.A., and D.O. Duggins. 1995. "Sea otters a.
Follow-up interview with Goldman Prize-winning marine conservationist Randall Arauz about the state of our oceans, sustainability, and PRETOMA's shark and seat turtle conservation efforts heading into 2013.
Shark introduction Morphology and its behaviour characteristicsArubSultan
Sharks are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head. Modern sharks are classified within the clade Selachimorpha (or Selachii) and are the sister group to the Batoidea (rays and kin). Some sources extend the term "shark" as an informal category including extinct members of Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) with a shark-like morphology, such as hybodonts. They generally do not live in freshwater, although there are a few known exceptions, such as the bull shark and the river shark, which can be found in both seawater and freshwater.Sharks have a covering of dermal denticles that protects their skin from damage and parasites in addition to improving their fluid dynamics. They have numerous sets of replaceable teeth.
1. Shark Week 2017 Production Storyline Pitch for Arrow Media
Channel Islands White Shark Expedition
ACT I
● Footage of adult white sharks aggregating near and around the Farallon and Gaudalupe
Islands. Map showing known adult white shark aggregation sites and scene includes
voiceover of the question(s) we want to answer:
○ If white shark population is increasing, these islands are too small to support the
growing populations
○ How is the rising white shark population affecting shark behavior?
○ Are the Channel Islands the new hunting grounds for adult white sharks?
○ How are the Channels Islands affecting well-known and established aggregation
sites (Guadalupe and Farallon Islands)?
● Dr. Lowe and CSULB Shark Lab students meet with Ryan Freedman and Chris Caldow
of the NOAA Channel Island Sanctuary to discuss their hypothesis on the relationship of
white sharks and the Channels Islands, and what that means to the sanctuary and
general public.
● Jeff Harris (marine mammal biologist for NOAA Fisheries) goes behind the scenes with
Dr. Lowe and his team to explore the Channel Islands’ mainland. Scene includes
footage of the Channel Islands as a major rookery for California sea lions, Northern
elephant seals and now Guadalupe fur seals. Shots of 20,000 sea lions on the beach at
San Miguel Island – some with healed and fresh shark bites. Team discusses how the
pinniped population has grown since the Marine Mammal Protection Act (1973) and
reduction in marine mammal bycatch in U.S. commercial fisheries.
ACT II
● Dr. Lowe and team talk with commercial urchin divers and fishermen out of Santa
Barbara talk about their encounters with white sharks around the Channel Islands to
figure out the best time and locations to seek out adult white sharks to tag and study.
● Background information is presented on the other two main white shark aggregation
sites (Guadalupe and Farallon Islands) and how the sharks behave at those locations
and the results of previous tagging and tracking studies.
● Dr. Lowe and team take an in-depth look at the Channel Islands as adult white shark
habitat and hypothesize how white sharks might be behaving differently and how
previous anecdotal accounts suggest that there may be another population of adult white
sharks that use the Channel Islands year around that may not go to the other feeding
aggregation sites (Guadalupe and Farallon Islands)
ACT III
● Dr. Lowe and his team discuss the next step in searching for their answers – an
expedition to the Channel Islands to tag adult white sharks in the area.
● Dr. Lowe and team provide explanation of shark tracking technology and how it works.
Talk about how this technology is shared by other researchers and will enable them to
determine if this is a new population of adult white sharks or if sharks are shuffling
2. between these aggregation sites in search of better feeding opportunities. Scene
includes footage of the team gearing up to tag sharks (shots of the boat, tracking
technology and team).
● Scene where Dr. Lowe gets on the radio with Jeff Harris (who is stationed on San Miguel
Island) indicating where he is seeing shark activity – seal/sea lion predation around the
rookery locations. Scene includes Dr. Lowe and his team on the boat and driving
toward the location where the predation event was witnessed.
ACT IV
● Dr. Lowe and team try to use the dead/dying seal as lure to get close to the shark from a
small boat so they can harpoon an acoustic tag, pop-off archival tag and obtain a muscle
biopsy sample for genetic and stable isotope analysis. Scene includes Dr. Lowe
explaining how they will tag the shark.
● If the opportunity allows, Dr. Lowe will clamp a “smart tag” on the passing shark’s dorsal
fin as the shark swims by the boat. He explains that the Smart Tag has an acoustic
transmitter on it so the shark can be continuously tracked from the boat or from the
autonomous underwater tracking robot. The smart tag also has a 3D accelerometer, 3D
gyroscope, videologger (Shark POV 8 hrs of SD video), depth and temperature sensor
and a radio transmitter. The clamped on smart tag will be programmed to stay on the
sharks for 24 hours and will then pop-off and be relocated and downloaded by the team.
This will enable the team to evaluate what the sharks are doing around the rookery,
whether they are hunting during the day or at night.
● Scene includes excitement and lots of commotion as the white shark takes the bait, and
is successfully tagged before it’s seen swimming away.
ACT V
Dr. Lowe and the NOAA Sanctuary team go out to one of the acoustic receiver locations
to dive and retrieve an acoustic receiver.
They download the receiver on the boat to see if any tagged sharks have been by the
location (show a map of acoustic receiver locations around the Channel Islands and
other aggregation sites).
ACT VI
Dr. Lowe and team are back on the mainland in a research lab, and were able to successfully
tag white sharks. Dr. Lowe explains how they are tracking the sharks (explain how tags and
receivers work). Scene includes the team looking at computer’s tracking signals of where the
sharks are located and their movement patterns.
● The team talks about what they expect to see over the coming years as juvenile white
sharks tagged off Southern California beaches mature – will they be joining the Channel
Islands population, or one of the other aggregation sites?
● Scene includes teaser of the team compares behavior patterns of white sharks from the
Channel Islands with those from the other aggregation sites.
ACT VII
3. ● The findings suggest that white sharks are aggregating around the Channel Islands
because it is one of the world’s largest rookeries for sea lions. This suggests the rising
seal/sea lion and white shark population may be forcing white sharks to find new hunting
grounds/aggregation sites.
● These changes in behavior as the white shark population grows might be very similar to
that of orca where some populations are resident and specialize in feeding on salmon
and other populations are transient and specialize in feeding on more wily marine
mammals.
● An explanation is brought forth as to how this affect the sea and human life around the
Channel Islands.
● Scene includes shots of white sharks swimming around the Channel Islands, with a
voiceover of the questions Dr. Lowe and team answered in the show.
Rough equipment budget
item unit cost total cost
acoustic transmitters (10) $ 400.00 $ 4,000.00
Wildlife Computers miniPAT tags (4) $ 3,000.00 $ 12,000.00
titanium darts for tags (15) $ 215.00 $ 3,225.00
Argos satellite service (1 year) $ 3,000.00
Smart tags (open tag, Little Leonardo videologger,
acoustic transmitter, radio transmitter) (2 systems)
$6,000 $ 12,000.00
Smart tag clamps $ 800.00 $ 1,600.00
biopsy dart/tag harpoon $ 300.00 $ 600.00
acoustic receivers - Vemco VR2W - 5 units $ 1,900.00 $ 9,500.00
Iver3 AUV with DVL, wifi controller, Vemco VR2C $ 245,000.00 $ 245,000.00
The AUV is a definite wishlist item that we could get a LOT of future Discovery Channel
show footage from, but would mainly be an invaluable research tool.
The budget does not include any boat or personnel time. Equipment and research tools
would be accepted in lieu of personnel payment for time.
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