Introduction
Nowadays, the cultivation of plants adapted to adverse conditions, such as drought and salinity, in the country has been considered. Meanwhile, Kochia scoparia, one of the forgotten plants, due to its classification in the group of halophytes, has specific characteristics suitable for cultivation in low-water and saline areas (Salehi, Kafi, & Kiani, 2012). This plant is known as an important annual forage crop, and its grains also have high nutritional value and oil, which can be considered for future industrial applications (Salehi et al., 2012). Studies on the salinity tolerance of the Kochia plant have shown that it is suitable for cultivation in saline areas, and in terms of quantity and quality, can compete with conventional forage plants. The use of natural organic materials, such as humic acid, has received more attention. These materials, as part of soil organic matter, are influenced by physical, chemical, and microbiological changes in biological molecules (Sabzevari & Khazaei, 2009; Dong, Córdova-Kreylos, Yang, Yuan, & Scow, 2009). Additionally, nitrogen is the most important element needed for plant growth and development. It is also a key component in many biological compounds, including proteins, nucleic acids, some hormones, and chlorophyll. Nitrogen plays an essential role in photosynthetic processes and the final function of plants (Kaur, Gupta, & Kaur, 2002; Taiz, Zeiger, Møller, & Murphy, 2015). As a result of this research, a combination of nitrogen and humic acid can be used as nutritional resources in salt stress conditions.
Materials and Methods
This experiment was conducted in the form of split plots based on the randomized complete block design with three replications in the Saline Research Farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in the 2015 growth season. The main plot included drought stress with a four-week interruption of irrigation at three levels of control (irrigation until the end of the growing season), after establishment (50 days after planting), the beginning of flowering (71 days after planting) and late flowering (82 days after planting) The subplot was included nitrogen application at three levels of zero, 100 and 200 kg.ha-1 from urea fertilizer source. The optimum level of humic acid (2 per thousand) was done as seed at the time of planting for all treatments.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the drought stress during vegetative and reproductive growth stages had a negative effect on the Kochia plant. However, its effect in the early stages of vegetative growth (after establishment) was greater than the stress at the end of the season (late flowering). Drought stress has a negative effect on Kochia grain yield by reducing the concentration of chlorophyll a, altering the chlorophyll a to b ratio, decreasing carotenoid concentration, and affecting relative leaf water content. However, seed treatments of humic acid and its combination with 100 kg.ha-1 nitrogen level by increasing th
Symbiotic bacteria are bacteria living in symbiosis with another organism or each other. For example, Zoamastogopera, found in the stomach of termites, enable them to digest cellulose.
Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is one of the most important forage crops in the world. It contains 12 to 20% protein. Silicon (Si) existing in the Earth’s crust is classified as the most abundant element after oxygen. Although silicon is not considered an essential element for plant growth, but a number of studies have reported that it as an important factor in plants that plays an important role in the resistance mechanisms of plants against environmental stress. Also, it plays a crucial physiological role in photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content. One of the most effective factors in increasing the Grasspea biomass is seed inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Some of the benefits provided by PGPR are the ability to produce gibberellic acid, cytokinins and ethylene, N2 fixation, solubilization of mineral phosphates and other nutrients. Numerous studies have shown a substantial increase in dry matter accumulation via inoculation with PGPR. Some researchers reported that seed inoculation with PGPR enhanced relative water content and photochemical efficiency of PSII lathyrus under water limitations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of nano silicon and seed inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on biomass, nodulation and some physiological traits of Grasspea.
Potentials of biotechnology in producing and developing environment-friendly biobased materials and processes
Documented
ظرفیتهای زیست فناوری در تولید ترکیبات و توسعه فرآیندهای سازگار با محیط زیست
با تکیه بر مستندات
Introduction
Nowadays, the cultivation of plants adapted to adverse conditions, such as drought and salinity, in the country has been considered. Meanwhile, Kochia scoparia, one of the forgotten plants, due to its classification in the group of halophytes, has specific characteristics suitable for cultivation in low-water and saline areas (Salehi, Kafi, & Kiani, 2012). This plant is known as an important annual forage crop, and its grains also have high nutritional value and oil, which can be considered for future industrial applications (Salehi et al., 2012). Studies on the salinity tolerance of the Kochia plant have shown that it is suitable for cultivation in saline areas, and in terms of quantity and quality, can compete with conventional forage plants. The use of natural organic materials, such as humic acid, has received more attention. These materials, as part of soil organic matter, are influenced by physical, chemical, and microbiological changes in biological molecules (Sabzevari & Khazaei, 2009; Dong, Córdova-Kreylos, Yang, Yuan, & Scow, 2009). Additionally, nitrogen is the most important element needed for plant growth and development. It is also a key component in many biological compounds, including proteins, nucleic acids, some hormones, and chlorophyll. Nitrogen plays an essential role in photosynthetic processes and the final function of plants (Kaur, Gupta, & Kaur, 2002; Taiz, Zeiger, Møller, & Murphy, 2015). As a result of this research, a combination of nitrogen and humic acid can be used as nutritional resources in salt stress conditions.
Materials and Methods
This experiment was conducted in the form of split plots based on the randomized complete block design with three replications in the Saline Research Farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in the 2015 growth season. The main plot included drought stress with a four-week interruption of irrigation at three levels of control (irrigation until the end of the growing season), after establishment (50 days after planting), the beginning of flowering (71 days after planting) and late flowering (82 days after planting) The subplot was included nitrogen application at three levels of zero, 100 and 200 kg.ha-1 from urea fertilizer source. The optimum level of humic acid (2 per thousand) was done as seed at the time of planting for all treatments.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the drought stress during vegetative and reproductive growth stages had a negative effect on the Kochia plant. However, its effect in the early stages of vegetative growth (after establishment) was greater than the stress at the end of the season (late flowering). Drought stress has a negative effect on Kochia grain yield by reducing the concentration of chlorophyll a, altering the chlorophyll a to b ratio, decreasing carotenoid concentration, and affecting relative leaf water content. However, seed treatments of humic acid and its combination with 100 kg.ha-1 nitrogen level by increasing th
Symbiotic bacteria are bacteria living in symbiosis with another organism or each other. For example, Zoamastogopera, found in the stomach of termites, enable them to digest cellulose.
Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is one of the most important forage crops in the world. It contains 12 to 20% protein. Silicon (Si) existing in the Earth’s crust is classified as the most abundant element after oxygen. Although silicon is not considered an essential element for plant growth, but a number of studies have reported that it as an important factor in plants that plays an important role in the resistance mechanisms of plants against environmental stress. Also, it plays a crucial physiological role in photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content. One of the most effective factors in increasing the Grasspea biomass is seed inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Some of the benefits provided by PGPR are the ability to produce gibberellic acid, cytokinins and ethylene, N2 fixation, solubilization of mineral phosphates and other nutrients. Numerous studies have shown a substantial increase in dry matter accumulation via inoculation with PGPR. Some researchers reported that seed inoculation with PGPR enhanced relative water content and photochemical efficiency of PSII lathyrus under water limitations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of nano silicon and seed inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on biomass, nodulation and some physiological traits of Grasspea.
Potentials of biotechnology in producing and developing environment-friendly biobased materials and processes
Documented
ظرفیتهای زیست فناوری در تولید ترکیبات و توسعه فرآیندهای سازگار با محیط زیست
با تکیه بر مستندات
KimiaSabzavar Co .“Environmentally Friendly Pesticides" : In developihng countries alone , organo-chlorine, and organo – phosphate pesticides , account for nearly 3 million cases of poisoning , about 20000 of which result in death and many other cases lead to diseases , such as cancer , liver , kidney and lung damages and nervous disorders ( WHO ,1992 ) . High levels of toxic residues from synthetic pesticides , on agricultural crops , has become a global concern and is threatening the health of consumers , all over the world . Application of long-lasting and broad-spectrum synthetic pesticides over the years , has led to considerable environmental damages , soil and water pollution , poisoning food resources , eradication of beneficial organisms and growing resistance of target pests . Pesticides derived from nature are the best alternatives to synthetic chemicals , since they are considered practically harmless to people and the environment . Kimia Sabzavar Co. has developed a number of “Environmentally Friendly Pesticides “ which contain natural ingredients such as plant extracts (garlic , pepper , cinnamon ) , minerals ( inorganic salts of potassium , calcium, iron ,…) , edible oils and soaps of vegetable oils . This group of pesticides , in experiments performed by Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), over the past few years , have proved their efficacy in controlling a wide range of agricultural pests ( aphids , mites, whiteflies, snails ,slugs ,rats ) and some common plant diseases ( powdery mildew , Botrytis , Damping-off , ….) , without any toxic residue . The plant for mass production of these products is located in Firooz Kooh industrial estate , located 120 km north-east of Tehran . Kimia Sabzavar Co. is presently providing farmers , interested in growing pesticide-free and organic crops across the country , with a wide range of “Environmentally Friendly Pesticides “. For detailed information, you are invited to visit our products in this website : www.kimiasabzavar.com For questions or inquiries , please contact us : info@kimiasabzavar.com
Drought stress and consequent lack of available water for plants is one of the main causes of accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various organs of plants, which is effective in reducing the yield of cereals such as wheat. The antioxidant system, which contains various enzymes and genes, is responsible for removing and detoxifying plants from ROS. Unfortunately, genes responding to drought stress and their enzymatic activities associated with spike and flag leaf of wheat have received less attention. Therefore, in the present study, photosynthetic parameters, key enzymes of the antioxidant system, and expression analysis of some genes involved in this system under field capacity (FC) and drought stress (DS) conditions in spike and flag leaves of wheat were investigated.
جلبکها موجودات سادهای هستند که دارای کلروفیل میباشند و از خصوصیات مهم آنها نداشتن ریشه ، ساقه و برگ است. به چنین ساختار سادهای تال میگویند. سه تفاوت عمده بین جلبکها و گیاهان عالی وجود دارد. اولا جلبکها فاقد ریشه ، ساقه و برگ هستند. ثانیا در اطراف اندامها یا ساختارهای زایشی جلبکهای یاختههای محافظ وجود ندارد و ثالثا جنین در جلبکها دیده نمیشود. به منظور رده بندی جلبکها ، ویژگیهایی از قبیل ساختار تال ، شکل کلروپلاست ، انواع مواد ذخیرهای یاخته را در نظر میگیرند و آنها را به هشت شاخه تقسیم میکنند.
Long-term use of chemical fertilizers can cause many adverse effects. In addition, excessive consumption of chemical fertilizers can lead to decreased food safety and low quality of vegetables, such as the accumulation of nitrates in plants. Today, using organic fertilizers is an efficient way to achieve sustainable agricultural development. The release rate of nutrients from organic fertilizers is slow and hardly exceeds the absorption capacity of plants compared to chemical fertilizers.
Salinity stands as a significant environmental stressor that profoundly curtails the growth and yield of crop plants. This adversity also extends to the impairment of pigments and plastids, leading to diminished chlorophyll indices, rates, and grain-filling durations. To counteract the deleterious impact of such stressors on plant growth, a spectrum of strategies has been devised. Prominent among these strategies are plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, exemplified by azospirillum, and the utilization of nanoparticles like zinc and silicon. These factors play a pivotal role in elevating yield outcomes. Zinc's pivotal involvement spans protein metabolism, photosynthetic activities, and diverse physiological traits within plants. Particularly noteworthy is its contribution to rectifying zinc deficiency, a particularly critical concern in plants cultivated in high-pH soils. Notably, recent research has illuminated the potential of applying minute quantities of micronutrients, notably zinc via foliar spraying, in bolstering plant resilience against salt stress. Likewise, silicon emerges as a supplemental micronutrient that imparts heightened resistance to environmental stresses, fostering increased resilience within biological systems. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and nanoparticles (zinc and silicon) on the yield, photosynthetic pigments, and filling components of triticale grain under salt stress.
The most important problem that threatens food security of any country and the world is the lack of adequate water resources, so one of the ways to deal with this crisis is to use plants with low water requirements and high water use efficiency. Among the plants, we can name Quinoa, which is one of the plants that has been less studied and exploited in Iran. Since the planting date has the greatest impact on the physiological characteristics of the crop compared to other cropping treatments, so choosing the appropriate planting date can also create the greatest correlation between plant growth trends and climatic conditions. Undoubtedly, the use of biological fertilizers, in addition to the positive effects it has on all soil properties, is also economically, environmentally and socially fruitful and can be a suitable and desirable alternative to chemical fertilizers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the response to deficit irrigation, planting date and application of different biofertilizers in quinoa.
KimiaSabzavar Co .“Environmentally Friendly Pesticides" : In developihng countries alone , organo-chlorine, and organo – phosphate pesticides , account for nearly 3 million cases of poisoning , about 20000 of which result in death and many other cases lead to diseases , such as cancer , liver , kidney and lung damages and nervous disorders ( WHO ,1992 ) . High levels of toxic residues from synthetic pesticides , on agricultural crops , has become a global concern and is threatening the health of consumers , all over the world . Application of long-lasting and broad-spectrum synthetic pesticides over the years , has led to considerable environmental damages , soil and water pollution , poisoning food resources , eradication of beneficial organisms and growing resistance of target pests . Pesticides derived from nature are the best alternatives to synthetic chemicals , since they are considered practically harmless to people and the environment . Kimia Sabzavar Co. has developed a number of “Environmentally Friendly Pesticides “ which contain natural ingredients such as plant extracts (garlic , pepper , cinnamon ) , minerals ( inorganic salts of potassium , calcium, iron ,…) , edible oils and soaps of vegetable oils . This group of pesticides , in experiments performed by Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), over the past few years , have proved their efficacy in controlling a wide range of agricultural pests ( aphids , mites, whiteflies, snails ,slugs ,rats ) and some common plant diseases ( powdery mildew , Botrytis , Damping-off , ….) , without any toxic residue . The plant for mass production of these products is located in Firooz Kooh industrial estate , located 120 km north-east of Tehran . Kimia Sabzavar Co. is presently providing farmers , interested in growing pesticide-free and organic crops across the country , with a wide range of “Environmentally Friendly Pesticides “. For detailed information, you are invited to visit our products in this website : www.kimiasabzavar.com For questions or inquiries , please contact us : info@kimiasabzavar.com
Drought stress and consequent lack of available water for plants is one of the main causes of accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various organs of plants, which is effective in reducing the yield of cereals such as wheat. The antioxidant system, which contains various enzymes and genes, is responsible for removing and detoxifying plants from ROS. Unfortunately, genes responding to drought stress and their enzymatic activities associated with spike and flag leaf of wheat have received less attention. Therefore, in the present study, photosynthetic parameters, key enzymes of the antioxidant system, and expression analysis of some genes involved in this system under field capacity (FC) and drought stress (DS) conditions in spike and flag leaves of wheat were investigated.
جلبکها موجودات سادهای هستند که دارای کلروفیل میباشند و از خصوصیات مهم آنها نداشتن ریشه ، ساقه و برگ است. به چنین ساختار سادهای تال میگویند. سه تفاوت عمده بین جلبکها و گیاهان عالی وجود دارد. اولا جلبکها فاقد ریشه ، ساقه و برگ هستند. ثانیا در اطراف اندامها یا ساختارهای زایشی جلبکهای یاختههای محافظ وجود ندارد و ثالثا جنین در جلبکها دیده نمیشود. به منظور رده بندی جلبکها ، ویژگیهایی از قبیل ساختار تال ، شکل کلروپلاست ، انواع مواد ذخیرهای یاخته را در نظر میگیرند و آنها را به هشت شاخه تقسیم میکنند.
Long-term use of chemical fertilizers can cause many adverse effects. In addition, excessive consumption of chemical fertilizers can lead to decreased food safety and low quality of vegetables, such as the accumulation of nitrates in plants. Today, using organic fertilizers is an efficient way to achieve sustainable agricultural development. The release rate of nutrients from organic fertilizers is slow and hardly exceeds the absorption capacity of plants compared to chemical fertilizers.
Salinity stands as a significant environmental stressor that profoundly curtails the growth and yield of crop plants. This adversity also extends to the impairment of pigments and plastids, leading to diminished chlorophyll indices, rates, and grain-filling durations. To counteract the deleterious impact of such stressors on plant growth, a spectrum of strategies has been devised. Prominent among these strategies are plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, exemplified by azospirillum, and the utilization of nanoparticles like zinc and silicon. These factors play a pivotal role in elevating yield outcomes. Zinc's pivotal involvement spans protein metabolism, photosynthetic activities, and diverse physiological traits within plants. Particularly noteworthy is its contribution to rectifying zinc deficiency, a particularly critical concern in plants cultivated in high-pH soils. Notably, recent research has illuminated the potential of applying minute quantities of micronutrients, notably zinc via foliar spraying, in bolstering plant resilience against salt stress. Likewise, silicon emerges as a supplemental micronutrient that imparts heightened resistance to environmental stresses, fostering increased resilience within biological systems. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and nanoparticles (zinc and silicon) on the yield, photosynthetic pigments, and filling components of triticale grain under salt stress.
The most important problem that threatens food security of any country and the world is the lack of adequate water resources, so one of the ways to deal with this crisis is to use plants with low water requirements and high water use efficiency. Among the plants, we can name Quinoa, which is one of the plants that has been less studied and exploited in Iran. Since the planting date has the greatest impact on the physiological characteristics of the crop compared to other cropping treatments, so choosing the appropriate planting date can also create the greatest correlation between plant growth trends and climatic conditions. Undoubtedly, the use of biological fertilizers, in addition to the positive effects it has on all soil properties, is also economically, environmentally and socially fruitful and can be a suitable and desirable alternative to chemical fertilizers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the response to deficit irrigation, planting date and application of different biofertilizers in quinoa.
21. منابع
.1موذنی سادات شیما1،]دکتر[نژادیان خرم شهرزاد،چندحلقه آروماتیک های هیدروکربن نقشای
.2_ح.علیخانی،س.خاک در پاالیی زیست و ای،آالیندگی حلقه چند آروماتیک های اسکندری،هیدروکربن.دانشگاه انتشاراتتهران1395
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