Airbnb's End-to-End Machine Learning Infrastructure
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Bighead: Airbnb's end-to-end machine learning platform Airbnb has a wide variety of ML problems ranging from models on traditional structured data to models built on unstructured data such as user reviews, messages and listing images. The ability to build, iterate on, and maintain healthy machine learning models is critical to Airbnb’s success. Bighead aims to tie together various open source and in-house projects to remove incidental complexity from ML workflows. Bighead is built on Python, Spark, and Kubernetes. The components include a lifecycle management service, an offline training and inference engine, an online inference service, a prototyping environment, and a Docker image customization tool. Each component can be used individually. In addition, Bighead includes a unified model building API that smoothly integrates popular libraries including TensorFlow, XGBoost, and PyTorch. Each model is reproducible and iterable through standardization of data collection and transformation, model training environments, and production deployment. This talk covers the architecture, the problems that each individual component and the overall system aims to solve, and a vision for the future of machine learning infrastructure. It’s widely adopted in Airbnb and we have variety of models running in production. We plan to open source Bighead to allow the wider community to benefit from our work. Speaker: Andrew Hoh Andrew Hoh is the Product Manager for the ML Infrastructure and Applied ML teams at Airbnb. Previously, he has spent time building and growing Microsoft Azure's NoSQL distributed database. He holds a degree in computer science from Dartmouth College.
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Airbnb's End-to-End Machine Learning Infrastructure
- 1. Bighead Airbnb’s End-to-End Machine Learning Infrastructure Andrew Hoh ML Infra @ Airbnb
- 2. Background Design Goals Architecture Deep Dive Open Source
- 3. Background
- 4. Airbnb’s Product A global travel community that offers magical end-to-end trips, including where you stay, what you do and the people you meet.
- 5. Airbnb is already driven by Machine Learning Search Ranking Smart Pricing Fraud Detection
- 6. But there are *many* more opportunities for ML ● Paid Growth - Hosts ● Classifying / Categorizing Listings ● Experience Ranking + Personalization ● Room Type Categorizations ● Customer Service Ticket Routing ● Airbnb Plus ● Listing Photo Quality ● Object Detection - Amenities ● ....
- 7. Intrinsic Complexities with Machine Learning ● Understanding the business domain ● Selecting the appropriate Model ● Selecting the appropriate Features ● Fine tuning
- 8. Incidental Complexities with Machine Learning ● Integrating with Airbnb’s Data Warehouse ● Scaling model training & serving ● Keeping consistency between: Prototyping vs Production, Training vs Inference ● Keeping track of multiple models, versions, experiments ● Supporting iteration on ML models → ML models take on average 8 to 12 weeks to build → ML workflows tended to be slow, fragmented, and brittle
- 9. The ML Infrastructure Team addresses these challenges Vision Airbnb routinely ships ML-powered features throughout the product. Mission Equip Airbnb with shared technology to build production-ready ML applications with no incidental complexity.
- 10. Supporting the Full ML Lifecycle
- 13. Seamless ● Easy to prototype, easy to productionize ● Same workflow across different frameworks
- 14. Versatile ● Supports all major ML frameworks ● Meets various requirements ○ Online and Offline ○ Data size ○ SLA ○ GPU training ○ Scheduled and Ad hoc
- 15. Consistent ● Consistent environment across the stack ● Consistent data transformation ○ Prototyping and Production ○ Online and Offline
- 17. Bighead: Architecture Deep Dive
- 18. Execution Management: Bighead Library Environment Management: Docker Image Service Feature Data Management: Zipline Bighead Service / UI Prototyping Lifecycle Management Production Real Time Inference Batch Training + Inference Redspot ML Automator Airflow Deep Thought
- 19. Execution Management: Bighead Library Environment Management: Docker Image Service Redspot Feature Data Management: Zipline Bighead Service / UI Deep Thought ML Automator Prototyping Lifecycle Management Production Airflow Real Time Inference Batch Training + Inference
- 20. Redspot Prototyping with Jupyter Notebooks
- 21. Jupyter Notebooks? What are those? “Creators need an immediate connection to what they are creating.” - Bret Victor
- 22. ● Interactivity and Feedback ● Access to Powerful Hardware ● Access to Data The ideal Machine Learning development environment?
- 23. ● A fork of the JupyterHub project ● Integrated with our Data Warehouse ● Access to specialized hardware (e.g. GPUs) ● File sharing between users via AWS EFS ● Packaged in a familiar Jupyterhub UI Redspot a Supercharged Jupyter Notebook Service
- 24. Redspot
- 25. Versatile ● Customized Hardware: AWS EC2 Instance Types e.g. P3, X1 ● Customized Dependencies: Docker Images e.g. Py2.7, Py3.6+Tensorflow Redspot a Supercharged Jupyter Notebook Service Consistent ● Promotes prototyping in the exact environment that your model will use in production Seamless ● Integrated with Bighead Service & Docker Image Service via APIs & UI widgets
- 26. Execution Management: Bighead Library Environment Management: Docker Image Service Redspot Feature Data Management: Zipline Bighead Service / UI Deep Thought ML Automator Prototyping Lifecycle Management Production Airflow Real Time Inference Batch Training + Inference
- 27. Docker Image Service Environment Customization
- 28. ● ML Users have a diverse, heterogeneous set of dependencies ● Need an easy way to bootstrap their own runtime environments ● Need to be consistent with the rest of Airbnb’s infrastructure Docker Image Service - Why +
- 29. ● Our configuration management solution ● A composition layer on top of Docker ● Includes a customization service that faces our users ● Promotes Consistency and Versatility Docker Image Service - Dependency Customization
- 30. Execution Management: Bighead Library Environment Management: Docker Image Service Redspot Feature Data Management: Zipline Bighead Service / UI Deep Thought ML Automator Prototyping Lifecycle Management Production Airflow Real Time Inference Batch Training + Inference
- 31. Bighead Service Model Lifecycle Management
- 32. ● Tracking ML model changes is just as important as tracking code changes ● ML model work needs to be reproducible to be sustainable ● Comparing experiments before you launch models into production is critical Model Lifecycle Management - why?
- 36. Seamless ● Context-aware visualizations that carry over from the prototyping experience Bighead Service Consistent ● Central model management service ● Single source of truth about the state of a model, it’s dependencies, and what’s deployed
- 37. Execution Management: Bighead Library Environment Management: Docker Image Service Redspot Feature Data Management: Zipline Bighead Service / UI Deep Thought ML Automator Prototyping Lifecycle Management Production Airflow Real Time Inference Batch Training + Inference
- 38. Bighead Library
- 39. ML Models are highly heterogeneous in Frameworks Training data ● Data quality ● Structured vs Unstructured (image, text) Environment ● GPU vs CPU ● Dependencies
- 40. ML Models are hard to keep consistent ● Data in production is different from data in training ● Offline pipeline is different from online pipeline ● Everyone does everything in a different way
- 41. Versatile ● Pipeline on steroids - compute graph for preprocessing / inference / training / evaluation / visualization ● Composable, Reusable, Shareable ● Support popular frameworks Bighead Library Consistent ● Uniform API ● Serializable - same pipeline used in training, offline inference, online inference ● Fast primitives for preprocessing ● Metadata for trained models
- 42. Bighead Library: ML Pipeline
- 45. Visualization - Training Data
- 47. Execution Management: Bighead Library Environment Management: Docker Image Service Redspot Feature Data Management: Zipline Bighead Service / UI Deep Thought ML Automator Prototyping Lifecycle Management Production Airflow Real Time Inference Batch Training + Inference
- 49. Easy to do ● Data scientists can’t launch models without engineer team ● Engineers often need to rebuild models Hard to make online model serving... Scalable ● Resource requirements varies across models ● Throughput fluctuates across time Consistent with training ● Different data ● Different pipeline ● Different dependencies
- 50. Seamless ● Integration with event logging, dashboard ● Integration with Zipline Deep Thought Consistent ● Docker + Bighead Library: Same data source, pipeline, environment from training Scalable ● Kubernetes: Model pods can easily scale ● Resource segregation across models
- 52. Execution Management: Bighead Library Environment Management: Docker Image Service Redspot Feature Data Management: Zipline Bighead Service / UI Deep Thought ML Automator Prototyping Lifecycle Management Production Airflow Real Time Inference Batch Training + Inference
- 53. ML Automator Offline Training and Batch Inference
- 54. Automated training, inference, and evaluation are necessary ● Scheduling ● Resource allocation ● Saving results ● Dashboards and alerts ● Orchestration ML Automator - Why
- 55. Seamless ● Automate tasks via Airflow: Generate DAGs for training, inference, etc. with appropriate resources ● Integration with Zipline for training and scoring data ML Automator Consistent ● Docker + Bighead Library: Same data source, pipeline, environment across the stack Scalable ● Spark: Distributed computing for large datasets
- 56. ML Automator
- 57. Execution Management: Bighead Library Environment Management: Docker Image Service Redspot Feature Data Management: Zipline Bighead Service / UI Deep Thought ML Automator Prototyping Lifecycle Management Production Airflow Real Time Inference Batch Training + Inference
- 58. Zipline ML Data Management Framework
- 59. Feature management is hard ● Inconsistent offline and online datasets ● Tricky to generate training sets that depend on time correctly ● Slow training sets backfill ● Inadequate data quality checks or monitoring ● Unclear feature ownership and sharing
- 60. Seamless ● Integration with Deep Thought and ML Automator Zipline Consistent ● Consistent data across training/scoring ● Consistent data across development/production ● Point-in-time correctness across features to prevent label leakage Scalable ● Leverages Spark and Flink to scale Batch and Streaming workloads
- 61. Production Data Stores Model Scoring Data Warehouse Zipline Model Training Features Scoring Training Features Zipline Addresses the Consistency Challenge Between Training and Scoring
- 62. Big Summary End-to-End platform to build and deploy ML models to production that is seamless, versatile, consistent, and scalable ● Model lifecycle management ● Feature generation & management ● Online & offline inference ● Pipeline library supporting major frameworks ● Docker image customization service ● Multi-tenant training environment Built on open source technology ● TensorFlow, PyTorch, Keras, MXNet, Scikit-learn, XGBoost ● Spark, Jupyter, Kubernetes, Docker, Airflow
- 63. To be Open Sourced We are selecting our first couple private collaborators. If you are interested, please email me at andrew.hoh@airbnb.com
- 64. Questions?
- 65. Appendix