this tell about reality of SEZ

1. {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ
bmoH$V§Ì na KmVH$ h_bm !
Z¡eZb g{ÝQ>a $m°a ES>dm{H$gr ñQS>rO
μ
1

2. {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ - bmoH$V§Ì na KmVH$ h_bm!
boIZ Ed§ g§nmXZ :
_mZer Amea, [a$V _w_VmμO$
g§nmXZ gh`moJ$ :
g§O` g§JdB©, _{V`g ^|Jam
AZwdmX :
`moJe nmbrdmb
o
gh`moJ :
_Yw_§Vr, g§nV H$mbo
{gH§$Xa Hw$edmhm, í`m_bVm Mmha, _¡Ìo`r XogmB©
grarO E{S>Q>a :
A{_Vm^ ~ohma
H$ìha {S>μOmB©Z :
OwZwH$m Xoenm§S>o
_wÐH$ :
AemoH$ XmZdo, {H«$EQ>g©
759/97 gr, à^mV amoS>, nwUo 4
àH$meH$ :
Z¡eZb goÝQ>a $m°a ES>>dmoH$gr ñQ>S>rμO
goao{ZQ>r H$m°åßboŠg, am_ZJa H$mbmoZr, nmfmU,
nwUo 411 021. _hmamï´>
$moZ : 020-22952003/4
B-_ob : ncas@vsnl.com
Bg XñVmdoμO H$mo OZg§JR>Z, OZ{hV _o§ H$m_
do~gmBQ> : www.ncasindia.org
H$aZo dmbr g§ñWmAm| Ed§ ì`{º$`mo§ Ûmam
d{Hª$J nona grarμO 25 OZ{hV Ho$ H$m`m] Ho$ {bE Cn`moJ {H$`m Om
àH$meZ : $adar 2007 gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& H¥$n`m Cn`moJ H$aZo na àH$meH$
g§ñWm H$m Zm_ {ZX}e {H$`m OmE &
{ZOr {dVaU Ho$ {bE
2

3. AZwH«$_
1. àñVmdZm ----------------------------------- 5
2. Am{W©H$ Am¡a Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ- ZdCn{ZdoedmXr Xm¡a _| ---------- 9
Cn{ZdoedmXr {damgV
I Xw{Z`m _| Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$m B{Vhmg
II. ^maVr` g§X^© _| EgB©μOoS>
III. ^maV _| {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ : _m¡OyXm ñdê$n
3. ^maV _| {deof Am{W©H$ joÌm| na {N>‹S>r ~hg Am¡a {damoY --------- 22
I. EgB©μOoS> Ho$ Am{W©H$ VH©$ na CRo> gdmc
II. μO_rZr g§Kf©, {damoY Am¡a H$m`©H$Vm©Am| Ho$ Ûmam CR>mE JE _wÔo
III _μOXyam| Ho$ emofU Ho$ _wÔo
IV {deof Am{W©H$ joÌm| _| n`m©daU g§~§Yr _wÔo
V àemgZ Am¡a ñdemgZ Ho$ _wÔo
4. MrZ _| {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ - MH$mMm¢Y Ho$ nrNo> H$s Ag{c`V ----- 39
5. {d{^ÝZ amÁ`m| _| {deof Am{W©H$ joÌm§ H$moo coH$a Ja_m`m _mhm¡c ---- 45
6. {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ - {dZme H$s amOZr{V, {dH$mg H$m ^«_ ------ 64
n[a{eï> ------------------------------------- 69
I 13 {Xg§~a 06 VH$ A{Ygy{MV {deof Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$s gyMr
II {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ na dm{UÁ` _§Ìmc` Ûmam n«ñVwV OmZH$m[a`m§
III g§nH©$ gyMr
3

4. 4

5. àñVmdZm
{nN>co 50 gmcm| _| {díd ~mμOma Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ g~go Img cjUm| _| go EH$ h¡, "{dH$mgerc'
Xoem| _| Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$m {Z_m©U& BÝh| _wº$ ì`mnma joÌ («$s Q>´>oS μOmoZ>FTZ), {Z`m©V àg§ñH$aU joÌ
EŠñnmoQ>© àmogo{g§J μOmoZ (B©μnrOoS>) Am¡a AmOH$c {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ (Special Economic Zone
'EgB©μOoS>.' /goO ) H$hm OmVm h¡& A_o[aH$s l_ {d^mJ Ho$ EH$ AÜ``Z _| B©μnrOoS> Ho$ {cE 19
μ
eãX {XE JE h¢, {OZHo$ cjU nyar Xw{Z`m _| dmñVd _| EH$ O¡go hr h¢&1 `o joÌ Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZ
H$mo nyar Xw{Z`m Am¡a Kaocy ~mμOma _| InmZo Ho$ {cE ^m¡Jmo{cH$ `m ^m¡{VH$ ê$n go {MpÝhV {deof
Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ hmoVo h¢& BZH$s Im{g`V hmoVr h¡ BZ joÌm| _| ñWm{nV hmoZo dmcr BH$mB`m| H$mo {_cZo
dmcr H$am| H$s ^mar Ny>Q>& BgHo$ Acmdm l_ Am¡a n`m©daU g§~§Yr {Z`_m| H$s J¡a-_m¡OyXJr BZHo$
{cE gw{ZpíMV H$s OmVr h¡ & BZH$m A§{V_ cú` hmoVm h¡, ~hþamï´>r` Am¡a Kaocy {ZJ_m| H$mo Bg
Cå_rX _| {Zdoe Ho$ {cE AmH${f©V H$aZm {H$ do Cg Xoe Ho$ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg _| `moJXmZ X|Jo& {nN>co
H$B© gmcm| _| `o joÌ ImgH$a Jar~ Xoem| _| "Aën{dH$mg’ Am¡a ~oamoμOJmar H$s g_ñ`m Ho$ OmXwB©
g_mYmZ Ho$ ê$n _| C^a H$a AmE h¢&
Bgr g_mYmZ H$mo cmJy H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee _| ^maV gaH$ma Zo {nN>co 45 gmcm| _| 8 amÁ`m| _|
{Z`m©V àg§ñH$aU joÌ (B©μnrOoS>) ~ZmE& BZgo hþE {dH$mg Am¡a {Zdoe Ho$ Xa go Ag§Vwï> hmoZo Ho$
H$maU d 1990 Ho$ XeH$ _| Am{W©H$ Zr{V`m| Ho$ CXmarH$aU Ho$ gmW gaH$ma Zo n«Ë`j {dXoer
{Zdoe na μOmoa XoZm ewê$ {H$`m& gZ² 2000 _| {deof Am{W©H$ joÌm| Ho$ {cE ~ZmB© JB© ZB© Zr{V Bgr
{gc{gco H$s EH$ H$‹S>r h¡& 2005 _| EgB©μOoS> Zr{V H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo Ho$ {cE EH$ H|$Ðr` H$mZyZ
"{deof Am{W©H$ joÌ H$mZyZ 2005' cm`m J`m {OgHo$ AmZo Ho$ ~mX H|$Ð Ho$ ñVa na dm{UÁ`
_§Ìmc` Zo EH$ gmc go ^r H$_ g_` _| ({Xg§~a 2006 VH$) Xoe _| 237 EgB©μOoS> àñVmdm| H$mo
BOmμOV Xo Xr h¡&
XoIVo hr XoIVo EgB©μOoS> Ho$ _wÔo na EH$ μO~aXñV ~hg {N>>‹S> JB© – O~ amÁ` gaH$mam| Am¡a
5

6. {ZOr H$ånZr`m| Zo ñWmZr` g_wXm`m| Ho$ {damoY Ho$ ~mdOyX ~hþV gmar IoVr H$s Am¡a VQ>r` μO_rZ
A{YJ«{hV H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee| Omar aIr; O~ AW©em{ó`m| Am¡a {dícofH$m| Zo BZHo$ Am{W©H$ VH©$
na cJmVma gdmc CR>mE Am¡a BÝh| ar`c EñQo>Q> Ho$ KmoQ>mco H$ama {X`m; O~ dm_n§Wr Xcm| Zo
_μOXyam| Ho$ A{YH$mam| H$s ajm Ho$ {cE H$mZyZ _| g§emoYZ H$s _m±J H$s Am¡a O~ OZ A{YH$ma
H$m`©H$Vm©Am| Zo 2005 Ho$ {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ A{Y{Z`_ go Xoe H$s g§à^wVm Am¡a cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$
~ZmdQ> H$mo IVam hmoZo H$m _wÔm CR>m`m&
2006 Ho$ IË_ hmoVo-hmoVo Eg.B©.μOoS>. Ho$ {cE O~aZ ^y-A{YJ«hU Ho$ {Icmμ$ _hmamï´>,
h[a`mUm Am¡a CËVan«Xoe _| {H$gmZm| Ho$ {damoY go _mhm¡c J_m©© MwH$m Wm& OZdar 2007 _|
Z§XrJ«m_, npíM_ ~§Jmc _| hþE ^y-A{YJ«hU H$mo coH$a EgB©μOoS> Ho$ {Icm$ {damoY Am¡a qhgH$
P‹S>n Ho$ ~mdOyX amÁ` gaH$ma H$m ê$I ñWmZr` g_wXm`m| Ho$ à{V Ag§doXZerc ahm& EgB©μOoS> Ho$
{Icm$ CRo> gdmcm| Zo Z {g©$ npíM_ ~§Jmc H$s gaH$ma na X~md ~Zm`m, ~pëH$ H|$X« gaH$ma H$mo
^r EgB©μOoS> na nwZ©{dMma H$aZo H$mo _O~ya {H$`m&
gmW hr n§Om~, CÎmamI§S> Am¡a CÎma n«Xoe _| AmZo dmco _hrZm| _| hmoZo dmco MwZmdm| Zo ^r _w»`
amOZr{VH$ Xcm| H$mo EgB©μOoS> Am¡a Cggo Ow‹So> _wX²Xm| na AnZm nj aIZo _| gV©H$ H$a {X`m h¡&
BgHo$ A{V[aŠV Xoe Ho$ n«YmZ_§Ìr lr. _Z_mohZ qgh Zo ^r A§VV… _O~yar _| `h ~`mZ {X`m h¡ {H$
nwZdm©g Zr{V Ho$ AmZo go nhco Z`r n[a`moOZmAm| H$mo _§Oyar Zht Xo§Jo&
dmñVd _o§ EgB©μOoS> Zr{V go CRo> {ddmX H$s amOZr{V Š`m h¡ ? `h XñVmdoμO Bg gdmc Ho$
Odm~ Ho$ {d{^ÝZ njm| H$mo g_PZo H$m EH$ n«`mg h¡μ& BgH$m CÔoí` nyao Xoe _| EgB©μOoS> Ho$ Zm_ na
{ZaW©H$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ Zr{V`m| Am¡a H$mZyZm| H$mo MwZm¡Vr XoZo Ho$ {cE ~Z aho _mhm¡c H$m Ñ{ï>H$moU ~VmZm
h¡& Hw$N> cmoJm| Ho$ $m`Xo Ho$ {cE Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Ho$ Zm_ na h_mao g_mO Ho$ Jar~ V~H$m| Ho$
Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ Am¡a n`m©daU g§~§Yr A{YH$mam| H$mo ~oMZo na `h XñVmdoO gdmc CR>mVm h¡&
XñVmdoμO Ho$ nhco ^mJ _|, ~hþV g§jon _|, Xw{Z`m _| Am{W©H$ joÌm| Ho$ {dH$mg Am¡a `h Zr{V
AnZmZo dmco Xoem| _| H$m_ H$aZo dmco nhcyAm| na àH$me S>mcZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s JB© h¡& Xygao ^mJ
_|, ^maV Ûmam MrZ _| cmJy {H$`o JE EgB©μOoS> Ho$ _m°S>c H$mo AnZmZo Am¡a EgB©μOoS> H$mZyZ Ho$ g§X^©
_| A^r Ho$ hmcmV na MMm© H$s JB© h¡& Vrgao ^mJ _| gaH$ma Ho$ nj Am¡a VH$m] Ho$ gmW-gmW CZHo$
{dnj Ho$ VH$m] H$mo gm_Zo aIZo H$m n«`mg {H$`m h¡& nyao Xoe Ho$ OZ A{YH$ma g§JR>Zm| Am¡a g_wXm`m|
Ûmam EgB©μOoS> H$mZyZ Ho$ g§X^© _| μOm{ha H$s JB© qMVmAm| H$m {dñVma go {dícofU ^r {H$`m h¡&
{nN>co 20 gmcm| _| MrZ Ho$ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Ho$ dhm§ Ho$ cmoJm| Am¡a n`m©daU na hþE n«^mdm| na
6

7. amoeZr S>mcZo H$m n«`mg {H$`m J`m h¡& Mm¡Wo ^mJ _| AcJ-AcJ àXoem| _| ~Z aho EgB©μOoS> Ho$
{dH$mg Am¡a CZHo$ {damoY H$mo gm_Zo aIZo H$m n«`mg {H$`m h¡& XñVmdoμO H$mo {cIZo Ho$ Xm¡amZ
EgB©μOoS> Ho$ _wX²Xo na ~Zr h_mar g_P Am¡a {d{^ÝZ OZ Am§XmocZm| Ûmam CR>mE JE gdmcm| H$mo
Am{Iar ^mJ "EgB©μOoS> H$s amOZr{V - {dH$mg H$m ^«_' _| g_oQ>m J`m h¡&
h_| Cå_rX h¡ {H$ `h XñVmdoμO EgB©μOoS> Ho$ {damoY _| Mc aho Am§XmocZm| Am¡a Bg _wX²Xo na
{N>‹S>r ~hg H$mo _μO~yVr XoJm& Bg XñVmdoμO Ho$ _mÜ`_ go EgB©μOoS> Am¡a Cggo Ow‹S>r hþB© _hËdnyU©
OmZH$m[a`m| H$mo Á`mXm go Á`mXm cmoJm| Am¡a OZ g_whm| VH$ nhþ§MmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s J`r h¡&
_mZer Amea
[a$V _w_VmμO
1
Á`m§-nm°c _¡hm©oμO Am¡a _mg©ocm {Oμ_m§ñH$s H$s AmB©grE$Q>r`y [anmoQ©> -{~hmB§S> X dm`a-
E§Q>r `y{Z`Z [aàoeZ BZ X EŠgnmoQ©> àmogoqgJ μOmoÝg-Aà¡c 1996
7

8. 8

9. Am{W©H$ Am¡a Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ
ZdCn{ZdoedmXr Xm¡a _| Cn{ZdoedmXr
{damgV
I Xw{Z`m _| Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$m B{Vhmg
`{X h_ Bg {dMma H$mo Cn{ZdoedmXr `wJ Ho$ nwamZo Cn{Zdoem| Ho$
{cE n¡Xm hþAm Zht _mZ|, Vmo AcJ go Am{W©H$ joÌ ~ZmZo H$m {dMma 20
dt gXr Ho$ _Ü` _| Am`m Wm& A§Va {Z{üV ê$n go `hr h¡ {H$ n{hbm
Cn{ZdoerH$aU $m¡O H$s VmH$V go hþAm Wm Ohm± Am¡Úmo{JH$ ê$n go
{dH${gV `yamo{n`Z Xoem| Zo AnZo Am{W©H$ {hVm| Am¡a amOZr{VH$ X~X~o
Ho$ {cE N>moQo> Am¡a Jar~ Xoemo§ na hþHy$_V H$s Wr& ZE Cn{ZdoedmXr Xm¡a
_|, `o Am{W©H$ joÌ Xoe Ho$ ^rVa N>moQo> {dXoer n[ajoÌ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& d¡pídH$
Am{W©H$ T>m±Mo _| BÝh| T>mcZo Ho$ {cE "Zr{V`mo§' H$m dmVmdaU ~ZmZm,
CXmarH$aU Ho$ `wJ _|, $m¡Or VmH$V H$m EH$ {dH$ën h¡ Omo "Vrgar
"AZw^dhrZ {dXoer
Xw{Z`m' Ho$ Xoem| H$s gaH$ma| ñd§` AnZm ahr h¢& {ZdoeH$ Ho$ {cE `h
d¡gm hr h¡ O¡gm {H$
AmB©EcAmo H$s [anmoQ©> Ho$ AZwgma nhcm A{YH¥$V Am{W©H$ joÌ EH$ gVH©$ n`©Q>H$ Ho$
ñnoZ _| 1929 _| ~Zm& AmB©grE$Q>r`y (B§Q>aZ°ebZ H$Ýo$S>aoeZ Am°$ {cE n¡Ho$O hm°{cSo>
{«$ Q´>oS> `w{Z`Ýg) H$s EH$ [anmoQ©> Ho$ AZwgma, ImgVm¡a na {Z`m©V hmoVm h¡' Am{W©H$
CËnmXZ Ho$ {cE nhcm {Z`m©V (Xoe Ho$ ~mha ~oMm OmZo dmbm CËnmX) joÌm| na A§Va©mï´>r`
àg§ñH$aU joÌ (B©μnrOoS>)"1960 Ho$ XeH$ H$s ewéAmV _| Am`ac¢S> l_ g§JR>Z H$s
Ho$ e¡ZZ hdmB©AÈo> Ho$ Amgnmg Ho$ joÌ _| ewê$ hþAm& Bgo Zm¡H$[a`m| Ho$ [anmoQ©>Ÿ&
9

10. e¡ZZ : {díd H$m nhcm EgB©μOoS>
AQ>cm§{Q>H$ gmJa H$mo nma H$aHo$ OmZo dmco OhmμO B§YZ ny{V© Ho$ {cE
e¡ZZ E`anmoQ>© na ê$H$Vo Wo & naVw§ ~mX _| A{YH$ j_Vm dmco OhmμOm|
Ho$ AmZo na A{YH$V_ OhmμOm| H$m e¡ZZ E`anmoQ>© na ê$H$Zm H$_
hmo J`m& Bg dOh go E`anmoQ©> Ho$ H$_©Mm[a`m| Ho$ ~oamoOJma hmoZo H$s
g§^mdZm ~‹T> JB©& Bg pñW{V go ~MZo Ho$ {cE E`anmoQ>© na {Z`m©V Ho$
{cE H$a _wŠV dñVwAm| H$m CËnmXZ joÌ ~Zm`m J`m&
_m¡Ho$ ~‹T>mZo H$m Am¡a {Z`m©V H$s MrμOm| na H$a MwH$mZo H$s Zm¡H$aemhr
àUmcr go ~MZo H$m EH$ gñVm VarH$m _mZm J`m Wm& ~hahmc Bg
AmH$f©H$ {dMma _| ewê$ go hr EH$ ~‹S>r Im_r Wr& BgHo$ {cE joÌ H$mo `m
{MpÝhV H$maImZm| H$mo grc H$aZm hmoVm Wm Vm{H$ {~Zm H$a dmcr MrμO|
VñH$ar go Xoe H$s AW©ì`dñWm _| em{_c Z hmo OmE±&'1 `h EH$ Vah go
Eogo Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌm| H$s ewê$AmV Wr {Ogo gm_mÝ` joÌm| go n¥WH$ H$a
AcJ ~Zm`m OmZo cJm&
O~ `o joÌ ~‹T>Zo cJo, Vmo ZE-ZE _m°S>cm| Ho$ VOw~©o gm_Zo AmZoo
cJo {OZ_| H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ {cE Am¡a μÁ`mXm AmH$f©U Am¡a $m`Xo Wo&
1995 _|, H$ar~ 70 Xoem| _| 230 go μÁ`mXm Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ Wo, {OZ_|
go 100 go μÁ`mXm c¡{Q>Z A_o[aH$m Am¡a H¡$[a{~`Z _|, Am¡a 64 E{e`m
Am¡a 31 A«$sH$m _| Wo& AmB©grE$Q>r`y Ho$ AZwgma 2002 _| `h
Am±H$‹S>m 116 Xoem| _| 3000 joÌm| VH$ nhþ±M J`m h¡&2
{nN>cr gXr Ho$ A§V
_| Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V,
Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$s d¥{Õ H$s _w»` YmamE§
CgHo$ ~mX {nN>cr gXr Ho$ A§V _|, Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V Ho$ H$maU Am¡a CgHo$
Cn{ZdoedmX Ho$ ~mX Cn{ZdoedmX Ho$ {dñVma Am¡a {$a CXma AW©ì`dñWmAm| Ho$
{dñVma Am¡a {$a {dœ ~¢H$ Am¡a A§Vamï´>r` _wÐm H$mof O¡gr A§Vamï´>r` {dVr` ghm`Vm
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CXma AW©ì`dñWmAm| Ed§ F$U XoZo dmcr ~‹S>r g§ñWmE§ {OZH$m Vrgar Xy{Z`m Ho$ Xoem| _|
Ho$ d¡œrH$aU Ho$ CXmadmX H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo _| ~hþV ~‹S>m hmW h¡, BZ g§ñWmAm| Zo ^r
H$maU _wº$ ì`mnma AnZr `moOZmAm| _| "Am{W©H$ joÌm|' H$mo {dH$mgerc Xoem| Ho$
joÌ ~ZZo cJo& CXmarH$aU H$m Oê$ar {hñgm _mZm h¡&
μ
10

11. d¡œrH$aU Ho$ H$maU _wº$ ì`mnma joÌ ~ZZo cJo&
e¡ZZ (Am`ac¢S>) Ho$ VOw~©o Ho$ ~mX g§`wº$ amï´> g§K Zo ^r {díd
{Z`m© V n« g § ñ H$aU jo Ì g§ K (dëS>© EŠnmo Q >© àmo g o q gJ μ O mo Z
Agmo{gEeZ) H$m JR>Z H$aHo$ {dH$mgerc Xoem| _| B©μnrOoS> Ho$
{dH$mg H$mo ~‹T>mdm {X`m&
{dH$mgerc Xoem| Ho$ {Z`m©V na My§{H$ [a`m`Vr H$a cJVm Wm Bg{cE
^r {dH${gV (CÎma Ho$) Am¡Úmo{JH$ Xoem| Zo BZ Xoem| _| Am{W©H$ E§d
ì`dgm{`H$ joÌm| H$mo ~‹T>mdm {X`m& gmW hr `h cmJV KQ>mZo H$s
EH$ ì`mnH$ `moOZm H$m ^r {hñgm ahm {Og_| {dH${gV Xoem| Zo
AnZo `h§m go hQ>mH$a {dH$mgerc Xoem| Ho$ Eogo joÌm| _| AnZm
{Z`m©V CËnmXZ joÌ {dH${gV {H$`m& Bg n«H$ma Ohm§ EH$ Amoa
{dH${gV Xoem| Zo CËnmX cmJV H$_ H$s dht CZ CËnmXm| na AnZm
~«m§S> Zm_ gwa{jV aIm h¡ Am¡a ~mOma na AnZo {Z`̧U aIZo Ho$
gmW _wZm$m ^r ~‹T>m`m&
Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dXoer {Zdoe Am¡a {dH$mgerc Xoem| H$mo {dÎmr` ghm`Vm
XoZm "n«W_ Xw{Z`m' Ho$ A_ra Xoem| _| Jar~ Xoem| go amoμOJma H$s
Vcme _| AmZodmco _μOXyam| Ho$ àdmg H$mo amoH$Zo H$m g~go AÀN>m
VarH$m ^r _mZm OmVm h¡& Vrgar Xw{Z`m _| H$maImZo cJmZm
Am¡Úmo{JH$ Xoem| Ho$ ~mμOmam| _| "A{V[aº$' _μOXyam| H$mo KwgZo go
amoH$Zo H$s aUZr{V ^r Wr& ~hahmc, Bg VH©$ _| H$moB© X_ Zht h¡ BZ joÌm| H$mo H$mZyZr
Š`m|{H$ {H$gr CÚ_ H$m CÔoí` Zm¡H$[a`m± n¡Xm H$aZm Z hmoH$a Vm¡a na "n[ajoÌ'
BgHo$ eo`aYmaH$m| Ho$ {cE $m`Xm H$_mZm hmoVm h¡, Am¡a Bg{cE Kmo{fV H$aHo$ ~mH$s
^r {H$ {dXoer CÚ_m| _| {_cZo dmcr Zm¡H$[a`m± _μOXyam| H$s g§»`m Xoe go ^m¡{VH$,
H$s VwcZm _| ~hþV H$_ hmoVr h¢& Am{W©H$ Am¡a
gm_m{OH$ ê$n go
Xygar Va$, Jar~ Xoem| H$s gaH$mam| Zo ^r {dXoer {Zdoe H$mo n¥WH$ H$a {X`m
AmH${f©V H$aZo Ho$ {cE B©μnrOoS> Am¡a EgB©μOoS> H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZm ewê$ OmVm h¡&
11

12. {H$`m& gaH$mar àñVmdm| _| μO_rZ Am¡a nmZr na H$am|, Am`mV
(~mha Xoem| go IarXm J`m CËnmX) Am¡a {Z`m©V ewëH$m| _| Ny>Q> XoZo
go coH$a, l_ H$mZyZm| Am¡a n`m©daU g§~§Yr {Z`_Zm| _| Ny>Q> XoZm
^r em{_c hmo J`m& 1990 Ho$ XeH$ _| H$B© gaH$mam| Zo, CXmhaU
Ho$ Vm¡a na {${cntg Zo, Am{W©H$ joÌm| go Ow‹So> H$mZyZ noe {H$E&
`h nyar Xw{Z`m Ho$ McZ H$m {hñgm Wm, Ohm± {nN>co 20 gmcm| _|
VmH$Vda H$m°nm©oaoQ> BH$mB`m| Ho$ H$mZyZr A{YH$ma ZmQ>H$s` ê$n go
~‹To> & Bg_| {dœ ì`mnma g§JR>Z Am¡a joÌr` Ed§ {Ûnjr` ì`mnma
g_Pm¡Vm| H$m hmW n«_wI ê$n go ahm h¡& Xygar Va$, Jar~m|,
_μOXyam| Ed§ H$m°nm©oaoQ> {hVm| Ho$ {cE {dñWm{nV hmoZo dmco cmoJm| Ho$
A{YH$mam| H$s ajm go Ow‹So> hþE H$mZyZm| H$mo H$_μOmoa ~Zm`m J`m&3
BZ joÌm| Ho$ {cE Omo H$mZyZ ~ZmE JE CZ_| {ZdoeH$m| H$mo AmH${f©V
H$aZo dmcr Am¡a ^r H$B© njm| _| (H$a cm^ Ho$ Acmdm) go EH$ `h
^r h¡ {H$ BZ joÌm| H$mo H$mZyZr Vm¡a na "n[ajoÌ' Kmo{fV H$aHo$
~mH$s Xoe go ^m¡{VH$, Am{W©H$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ ê$n go n¥WH$ H$a
{X`m OmVm h¡&
à{V`mo{JVm ~‹T>Zo Ho$ gmW H§$n{Z`m± Eogr OJh| XoIVr h¢ Ohm± H$m_
BZ joÌm| _| Cn`moJ H$aZm μÁ`mXm go μÁ`mXm $m`Xo_§X hmo& {deof g§Hw$cm| H$s CncãYVm
_| cmB© OmZo dmcr na AmYm[aV Eogm CÚ_r dmVmdaU Omo à{V`mo{JVm H$mo ~‹T>mdm Xo&
VH$ZrH$ H$m `h dh gyÌ h¡ {Og na AmO μÁ`mXmVa ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m± E§d
hñVm§VaU dmñVd _| {ZdoeH$ Ü`mZ Xo aho h¢& CXmhaU Ho$ {cE, gyMZm Ed§ n«m¡Úmo{JH$
Zht hmoVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ nmH©$ (IT) godmAm| Ho$ {cE g_W©Z godmE± Am¡a $_m] _| gh`moJ
ñWmZr` CËnmXH$m| go godmAm| H$m EH$ ñWmZ na hmoZm&
BZH$m H$moB© coZmXoZm
Zht hmoVm, Bg{cE `o g^r H$maU {dH$mgerc Xoem| _| EgB©μOoS> Ho$ {dH$mg H$m AmYma
ñWmZr` VH$ZrH$s aho h¡§& Xw{Z`m Ho$ gm_Zo {XImZo Ho$ {cE Am¡a ^maV O¡go Xoe _| AnZmZo
j_VmE± ~‹T>Vr Zht Ho$ {cE E{e`mB© _hmaWr Xoem| X{jU H$mo[a`m, B§S>moZo{e`m, _co{e`m
h¢& Am¡a qgJmnwa H$m CXmhaU noe {H$`m OmVm h¡& ~hþV nhco 1990 _|
12

13. Vrgar Xw{Z`m Ho$ {Z`m©V CËnmXZ _| 61 à{VeV `moJXmZ BZ Xoem| H$m Wm O~{H$ AHo$co B§S>moZo{e`m,
_co{e`m Am¡a WmB©c¢S> H$s {VH$‹S>r H$m 12 à{VeV Wm& Ohm§ EH$ Amoa Eogo {Z`m©V n[ajoÌm| _|
{dXoer {Zdoe Am¡a ~‹S>r H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ {Zdoe go {Z`m©V, gH$c Kaocy CËnmX E§d Am` ~‹T>r, dht Xygar
Va$ BZ joÌm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hþE Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Ho$ Am¡a Xmo _hËdnyU© nhcy ahoŸ& Am`.gr.E$.Q>r.`y.
H$s EH$ [anmoQ©>, "{~hmB§S> X dm`g© - E§Q>r `y{Z`Z [aàoeZ BZ B©nrμOoS>' Ho$ AZwgma :
Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$s Am` XaAgc ~hþV μÁ`mXm Zht h¡&
AmB©grE$Q>r`y Zo 1995 _| 6 E{e`mB© Xoem| Ho$ EH$ AÜ``Z _| nm`m {H$ "Am{YH$m[aH$
Am±H$‹S>m| _| {Z`m©V H$s Am_XZr H$mo AŠga ~‹T>m-M‹T>m H$a ~Vm`m OmVm h¡&' CXmhaU Ho$
{cE, lrc§H$m Zo B©μnrOoS> go 250 {_{c`Z S>m°ca H$s Am` XO© H$s O~{H$ BgH$m Am`mV
174 {_{c`Z S>m°ca H$m Wm& Bg Vah BZ joÌm| go hþB© ewÜX Am` ~hþV μÁ`mXm Zht Wr&
BgH$m Xygam Am`m_ `h h¡ {H$ _oO~mZ Xoe Ho$ {bE H$am| _| àmoËgmhZ Am¡a gpãgS>r XoZm
~hyV _h±Jm hmoVm h¡Ÿ& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE, ~m§½bmXoe BZ joÌm| _| amoμOJma nmZodmbo ha ì`{º$ Ho$
{bE 6000 S>m°ca IM© H$a ahm h¡ Am¡a Bgo dmng nmZo _| Cgo Xg gmc cJ|Jo&
BgHo$ Abmdm BZ joÌm| _o Cn`moJ _| bmB© OmZo dmbr VH$ZrH$ H$m hñVm§VaU dmñVd _| Zht
hmoVm h¢, Š`m|{H$ ñWmZr` CËnmXH$m| go BZH$m H$moB© boZm XoZm Zhr§ hmoVm, Bg{bE ñWmZr`
VH$ZrH$s j_VmE§ ~T>Vr Zht h¢Ÿ& Bg Vah BZ joÌm| H$mo ~ZmZo na ^r _oO~mZ Xoe H$s
AW©ì`dñWm H$mo H$moB© Img _μO~yVr Zhr§ {_bVr h¢Ÿ&
gñVr _μOXyar, H$m_ H$s Iam~ XemE± Am¡a J¡a-`y{Z`ZdmXr VarHo$&
nyar Xw{Z`m _| BZ joÌm| _| 430 cmI go μÁ`mXm cmoJ H$m_ H$aVo h¢&hm§cm{H$, BZ joÌm| Ho$
amoμOJma n¡Xm H$aZo _| `moJXmZ na J§^raVm go gdmc CR>m H$a CZH$m {dûcofU em`X Zht
{H$`m J`m h¡& BZ joÌm| Ho$ ~mao _| g~go μÁ`mXm {Og {deoîmVm H$m àMma {H$`m OmVm h¢ dh
h¡ gñVr _μOXyar H$s CncãYVm& O~{H$, H$m_ H$s A_mZdr` XemE§, H$_ doVZ H$s
Zm¡H$[a`m§ Am¡a H$m_ na go {ZH$mcZo H$s KQ>ZmE± BZ joÌm| _| ~hþV Am_ h¢& ImgH$a
_opŠgH$mo, Ec-gmëdmS>moa, ~«mμOrc O¡go c¡{Q>Z A_o[aH$s Xoe, A«$sH$m Am¡a MrZ Ho$
EgB©μOoS> _| `h g_ñ`mE§ C^aH$a gm_Zo AmB© h¡& {OZ na AmJo {dñVma go MMm© H$s JB©
h¡&
13

14. BZ joÌm| _| `y{Z`Z| ~ZZo H$s Xa ^r ~hþV Yr_r h¡Ÿ&
_opŠgH$mo Ho$ _{H$cmS>moamμO H$ho OmZo dmco ì`mnma joÌm| _| VOw~m© `h
ahm h¡ {H$ l_ {ZarjH$m| H$mo BZ joÌm| _| KwgZo hr Zht {X`m OmVm h¡&
_m{cH$m| Zo `y{Z`Z {damoYr à^mdr VarHo$ AnZmE hþE h¢&
Bg n«H$ma {díd ~mμOma H$m Omc {~N>mZo H$s n«{H«$`m "d¡ídrH$aU'
H$s amOZr{V Ho$ VhV {dH$mgerc Xoem| _| {dXoer {Zdoe Ho$ Zm_ na
gñVm _μOXya E§d g§gmYZm| Ho$ cyQ>-_ma Ho$ {cE ZE Am{W©H$ joÌm|
H$m {dñVma VoμOr go hþAm&
II. ^maVr` g§X^© _| EgB©μOoS>
^maV gaH$ma Zo EgB©μOoS> na nhcm H$mZyZ 2005 _| ~Zm`m
J`m, na ^maV Zo Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌm| H$s ewéAmV XaAgc 1960 Ho$
XeH$ _| hr H$a Xr Wr& `h B©μnrOoS> Ho$ ê$n _| ewê$ hþAm {OZH$m _w»`
CÔoí` Xoe _| {Z`m©V CËnmXZ H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZm Wm& nhcm {Z`m©V àg§ñH$aU
joÌ H$m§S>cm (JwOamV) _| 1965 _| ~Zm, CgHo$ ~mX _wå~B© H$m grßμO
1972 _| ~Zm& BgHo$ ~mX 1984 _| ZmoES>m (C. à.), $mëQ>m (n{ü_
~§Jmc), H$mo{MZ (Ho$ac), MoÞB© (V{_cZmSw>) Mma joÌ ~Zo Am¡a
{demImnÅ>Z_ (Am§Y« àXoe) _| 1989 _| Am¡a 1997 _| gyaV B©μnrOoS>
~Zm&
^maV gaH$ma Zo
EgB©OS> na nhcm
μ o ^maV go B©nrμOoS> H$m {Z`m©V 1966 Ho$ 10 cmI é. go ~‹T> H$a
H$mZyZ 2005 _| 2002 _| 97.727 cmI é. go μÁ`mXm hmo J`m& Bgr Xm¡amZ, BZ_|
~Zm`m J`mŸ& na Hw$c amoμOJma 70 go ~‹T> H$a H$ar~ 89,000 Hw$c {dXoer _wÐm H$s Am`
^maV Zo Am¡Úmo{JH$ 0.16 cmI é. go ~‹T> H$a 43. 195 H$amo‹S> é. Am¡a _yë` g§dY©Z
joÌm| H$s ewéAmV (d¡ë`y E{S>eZ) 21% go ~‹T> H$a 44% hmo J`m&4
XaAgc 1960 Ho$
XeH$ _| hr H$a Xr Ohm± `o ~‹So> Am±H$‹So> à^mdemcr cJVo h¢, dht H$ar~ go XoIZo na H$B©
Wr& J§^ra g_ñ`mE± {XImB© XoVr h¢…
14

15. B©nrμOoS> _| _yë` g§dY©Z H$s Am¡gV dm{f©H$ {dH$mg Xa Ho$dc 2.9%
Wr& BgH$m _Vc~ `h h¡ {H$ BZ joÌm| _| H$m_ H$aZo dmcr H§$n{Z`m±
_yc ê$n go Omo Hw$N> ^r Am`mV H$a ahr Wt CgHo$ CËnmX Ho$ H$s_V
_| {~Zm H$moB© Img ~‹T>moVar {H$E Cgo cJ^J CVZo hr Xm_ na {Z`m©V
^r H$a ahr Wt& Bg Vah B©nrμOoS> Zo Kaocy ~mμOma H$s Hw$ecVmAm|
H$mo ~‹T>mZo `m VH$ZrH$s OmZH$mar Ho$ hñVm§VaU _| _m_wcr `moJXmZ
{H$`m h¡&
B©nrμOoS> go {Z`m©V Ho$ Hw$c ~‹T>V Ho$ ~mdOyX, XaAgc Hw$c amï´>r`
{Z`m©V Am¡a {Z{_©V {Z`m©V _| CZH$m {hñgm 1973 Ho$ H«$_e…
.07% Am¡a .14% go 2001 _| 4.3% Am¡a 5.6% hþAm&
amoμOJma Ho$ _m_bo _o§, ewéAmV _| B©nrμOoS> _| cmoJm| H$mo AÀN>r g§»`m
_| Zm¡H$[a`m± {_cZo Ho$ ~mX Am_Vm¡a na `h g§»`m KQ>r h¡ Am¡a Bg_|
R>hamd ^r Am`m h¡& CXmhaU Ho$ {cE 1966 Am¡a 1970 Ho$ ~rM
B©nrμOoS> _| amoμOJma 50.2% go μÁ`mXm H$s Xa na ~‹T>m co{H$Z
2000 Am¡a 2002 Ho$ ~rM `h KQ> H$a Ho$dc 5.2 % ah J`m&5
1990 Ho$ XeH$ Ho$ Am{Ia _| ^maV gaH$ma Zo EgB©μOoS na
{dMma H$aZm ewê$ H$a {X`m Wm& ^mOnm àUrV amï´>r` n«OmVm§{ÌH$
JR>~§YZ-am. n«. J. (NDA) gaH$ma Zo Am{IaH$ma Aà¡c 2000 _|
{deof Am{W©H$ joÌ Zr{V noe H$s& 1997-2002 H$s Am`mV-{Z`m©V
Zr{V, {Z`m©VH$m| Ho$ {cE ~mYH$ {Z`m©V-Am`mV {Z`_Zm| H$mo Xya H$aZo
Am¡a Bgo ^maV H$s {dœ ì`mnma g§JR>Z H$s eVm§} Ho$ _wVm{~H$ ~ZmZo na
H|${ÐV Wr& `h em`X ^maV _| nhco go H$m_ H$a aho B©nrμOoS> Ho$ Acmdm amï´>r` n«OmVm§{ÌH$
EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE amñVm ImocZo H$s nhcr H$mo{ee Wr& am. n«. J. gaH$ma JR>~YZ (NDA)
§
Ho$ dm{UÁ` _§Ìr lr _wamgmocr _maZ Zo, Omo nyar Vah MrZr EgB©μOoS na gaH$ma Zo Aàoc
_w½Y Wo, Bgo ghr R>hamVo hþE H$hm Wm {H$ `h Zr{V ""h_| {Z`m©V Ho$ 2000 _| {deof
ZH$mamË_H$ AZw^d Am¡a CXmgrZVm go {ZH$mcVr h¡' Am¡a "{Z`m©V Am{W©H$ joÌ Zr{V
{dH$mg H$m B§OZ" h¡&'' noe H$s&
15

16. EgB©μOoS> _|
Zr{V Ho bmJy hmoVo hr 2000 _| Mma {Z`m©V àg§ñH$aU joÌ/
{XbMñnr aIZo dmbo E$Q>rμOoS> H$m§S>cm, Eg.B©.B©.nr.μOoS> _wå~B©, H$mo{MZ Am¡a gyaV EgB©μOoS
H$ar~ H$ar~ g^r _| ~Xc {XE JE&6 hmcm±{H$, MrZ Zo Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌm| H$m `h amñVm
amÁ`m| Zo gmb 1970 Ho$ XeH$ Ho$ Am{Ia _| MwZm, 1999 VH$ MrZ H$m {Z`m©V
2003 VH$ 190 {~{c`Z S>m°ca go μÁ`mXm Wm Omo ^maV Ho$ 34.5 {~{c`Z S>m°ca
EgB©OS Ho$ {bE
μ o go ~hþV μÁ`mXm Wm& MrZ H$s `h CN>mc BgHo$ nm±M ~Soμ> EgB©μOoS Ho$
A{YgyMZmE±, AmXoe H$maU _mZr OmVr h¡ - e|μOoZ, μOwhmB©, g¢Q>mo, {Oμ`m{_Z Am¡a h¡ZZ - Omo
`m Zr{V`m± ~Zm br MrZ Ho$ Hw$c {Z`m©V Ho$ 40 à{VeV H$m CËnmXZ H$aVo h¢&
WrŸ&
III. ^maV _| {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ : _m¡OyXm ñdê$n
^maV _| EgB©μOoS ~ZmZo Ho$ {cE gm$ {Xem-{ZX©oe SEZ Zr{V,
2000, _| {XE JE Wo& amÁ`m| H$mo BgHo$ {cE ZmoS>c EO|{g`m± {Z`wº$
H$aZo Ho$ {ZX©oe {XE JE Wo& EgB©μOoS _| {XcMñnr aIZo dmco H$ar~-
H$ar~ g^r amÁ`m| Zo gmc 2003 VH$ EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE A{YgyMZmE±,
AmXoe `m Zr{V`m± ~Zm cr Wt&
`h XoIZm _hËdnyU© h¡ {H$ _m¡OXm SEZ {Z`_m| Am¡a A{Y{Z`_ Ho$
y
VhV {XE Om aho àcmo^Z amÁ`m| H$s Zr{V`m|/A{YgyMZmAm| _| nhco
go _m¡OyX Wo& BZ_| go Hw$N> h¢…
• EgB©OS "{dXoer n[ajoÌ' Ho$ ê$n _|
μ o
• EgB©OS "OZ Cn`moJr godm' Ho$ ê$n _|
μ o
• EgB©OS Ho$ {cE EH$c {I‹S>H$s {ZnQ>mao
μ o
• EgB©OS H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo Am¡a BZHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ {cE EH$ "{dH$mg
μ o
Am`wº$' H$s {Z`wŠV
• EgB©OS H$mo nmZr, {~Ocr Am¡a H$am| _| [a`m`V|
μ o
EgB©μOoS H$mZyZ H$mo g§`wº$ àJ{Verc JR>~§YZ gaH$ma (`ynrE)
Zo _B© 2005 H$mo g§gX _| noe H$aHo$ nm[aV H$adm`m Am¡a 29 OyZ
2005 H$mo Bgo amï´>n{V H$s _§Oyar {_c JB©& BgHo$ ~mX 10 $adar
2006 go {dñV¥V {Z`_ cmJy {H$E JE& 2006 H$s ewéAmV VH$ 15
amÁ`m| Am¡a 2 H|$Ð em{gV àXoem| _| 117 EgB©μOoS H$mo ({OZ_| 3 «$s
Q´o>S> do`ahmCqgJ μOmoZ em{_c Wo) _§Oyar Xo Xr JB©, {OZ_| go 7 EgB©μOoS
16

17. nhco go hr H$m_ H$a aho Wo&
A~ gdmc CR>Vm h¡ {H$ O~ g^r amÁ`m| _| Zr{V`m± h¢ Am¡a do CÝh|
AnZm ^r aho h¢ Vmo EH$ "H|$Ðr` {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ H$mZyZ, 2005, H$s
μOê$aV Š`m h¡& Am¡a H$mZyZ Ho$ AmZo Ho$ ~mX AMmZH$ EgB©μOoS> n[a`moOZm
Ho$ n«ñVmdm| H$s ~m‹T> Š`m| AmB©?'
{deof Am{W©H$ joÌ H$mZyZ H$s Img ~mVm| _| go EH$ h¡, Omo {H$
EgB©μOoS Zr{V _| Zht Wr, dh h¡ EgB©μOoS> H$s AcJ-AcJ lo{U`m| Ho$
{cE Ý`yZV_ ^y{_ ApYJ«hU H$aZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm -
~hþ-CËnmX EgB©μOoS> Ho$ {cE 1000 hoŠQo>`a `m Bggo μÁ`mXm
μO_rZ&
godm joÌ EgB©μOoS> Ho$ {cE 100 hoŠQo>`a `m Bggo μÁ`mXm
μO_rZ&
Eogo joÌm| H$mo _XX> {OZ_| ^maV Xygam| go AmJo h¡, O¡go OdmhamV
Am¡a JhZo, gyMZm àm¡Úmo{JH$s, O¡d àm¡Úmo{JH$s _|, BZHo$ {cE
10 hoŠQo>`a `m Bggo μÁ`mXm μO_rZ na goŠQ>a AmYm[aV _XX
Ho$ {cE EgB©μOoS ~ZmE Om gH$Vo h¢&
AÝ` g^r joÌm| Ho$ {cE, μO_rZ H$_ go H$_ 100 hoŠQo>`a
hmoZr Mm{hE&
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Oå_y-H$í_ra, JmoAm) Am¡a H|$Ð em{gV joÌm| _| μO_rZ Ho$ ~‹So> Zr{V _| Zht Wr, dh
Qw>H$‹So> {_cZo _| H${R>ZmB© H$mo XoIVo hþE ~hþ-CËnmX EgB©μOoS Ho$ h¡ EgB©OS H$s
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hoŠQo>`a VH$ H$a Xr JB© h¡& Ho$ {cE Ý`yZV_ ^y{_
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17

18. _§Oyar, H|$Ð _| dm{UÁ` _§Ìmc` _| ~moS©> Am°°$ Aàydëg XoJm d amÁ` _|
{dH$mg Am`wº$ H$s AJwdmB© _| EH$ Aàydëg H${_Q>r XoJr, {OgH$m
AÜ`j {dH$mg Am`wº$ hmoJm (`h Cn g{Md go ZrMo Ho$ ñVa H$m Zht
hmoJm) `o amÁ` ñVar` g_r{V _§Oyar Am¡a {ZarjU H$s EO|gr ^r hm|Jr
Am¡a XoI|Jr {H$…
EgB©μOoS> Ho$ {dH$mg, g§MmcZ, Am¡a aIaImd H$s à{H«$`mE±
AmgmZ hm| Am¡a BZ_| H$mamo~ma Mco&
EgB©μOoS> Am¡a BZ_| H$moB© BH$mB© ewê$ H$aZo Ho$ {cE EH$c
{I‹S>H$s {ZnQ>mam hmo&
OyZ 2006 VH$ dm{UÁ` _§Ìmc` Zo 150 EgB©μOoS> àñVmdm| H$mo
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Ho$dc 150 n[a`moOZmAm| H$mo _§Oyar Xr OmE, Ho$ ~mdOyX dV©_mZ gaH$ma
Zo n[a`moOZmAm| H$mo _§Oyar XoZo H$m {gc{gcm Omar aIm& `h Am±H$‹S>m
{gV§~a 2006 VH$ 181 Am¡a AŠQy>~a VH$ 237 na nhþ±M J`m&
gaH$ma Ho$ Ûmam gaH$mar VH©$ Ho$ AZwgma n[a`moOZmAm| H$s _§Oyar na amoH$, {ZdoeH$m|
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μ o Ho$ μO~aXñV CËgmh Ho$ H$maU hQ>m Xr JB© Wr &
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18

19. μO~aXñV ~‹T>moVar XO© H$s JB© h¡& Bg VOw~©o H$m BñVo_mc `h VH©$ XoZo
Ho$ {cE ^r {H$`m J`m h¡ {H$ gyMZm àm¡Úmo{JH$s H«$m§{V _| {dH$mgerc Xoem|
Ho$ {cE godm AmYm[aV (g{d©g-~oñS>) {Z`m©V-H|${ÐV {dH$mg H$aZo Ho$
{cE ZE Adga h¢& OyZ 2006 VH$ _§Oya H$s JB© 150 n[a`moOZmAm|
_| go H$ar~ 120 AmB©Q>r Am¡a AmB©Q>r EZo~ëS> g{d©g n[a`moOZmE± Wt&
`h éPmZ ~VmVm h¡ {H$ gaH$ma H$m g~go μÁ`mXm Ü`mZ EgB©μOoS> _|
{H$g joÌ na h¡& hmcm±{H$, `{X h_ OyZ Ho$ ~mX H$s _§Oy[a`m| H$mo ^r
em{_c H$a|, Vmo CZ_| H$B© Vah H$s n[a`moOZmE± h¢ & A~ C‹S>rgm O¡go
amÁ`m| _| IZZ AmYm[aV CÚmoJm| Ho$ gmW ~hþ-CËnmX> EgB©μOoS> VoμOr go
~‹T>Vo {XImB© XoVo h¢&
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n{a`moOZmE§ {ZOr H§$nZr`m| Ûmam H$s Om ahr h¡Ÿ& BZ_o go [abm`Ýg,
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^maV _o ñWm{nV Ed§ AmJo AmZodmbr EgB©μOoS> n[a`moOZmAm| go
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19

20. ^maV _| {deof Am{W©H$ joÌm| Ho$ {cE AmH$f©U
{deof Am{W©H$ joÌ Ho$ {Z_m©U (construction) goŠQ>a H$s BH$mB`m| _| Am°°Q>mo_¡{Q>H$ ê$Q> go 100
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nm§M YmamAm| _| ~m§Q>m Om gH$Vm h¢Ÿ:
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go _μOXyam| Ho$ emofU Ho$ ~‹T>Vr g§^dZm&
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24

25. {dXoer {Zdoe {Z`m©V H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo Ho$ ~Om` Kaocy ~mOμma Ho$ {cE hþAm
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d¡H$pënH$ _m°S>c Ty>±T> ahm h¡, Vmo Š`m `h AmíM`© Zht {H$ h_ Xoa go
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Ho$ CËnmXZ H$mo μOê$ar ~‹T>mdm Zht Xo gH$Vo&'' A§Vam©ï´>r` _wÐm H$mof Am¡a
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gaH$ma H$mo amÁ` gaH$mam| go {_c H$a 5-6 ~‹So> EgB©μOoS ~ZmZo H$s
H$mopee H$aZr Mm{hE&”
^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ (RBI) Ho$ {cE ^r `h qMVm H$s ~mV h¡ {H$,
hmcm±{H$ EgB©μOoS H$mo {dH$mg Ho$ dmhH$ (J«moW H¡$Q>{cñQ>) H$s Vah H$m_
H$aZm Mm{hE na _w_{H$Z h¡ {H$ `o joÌ H$_ {dH${gV joÌm| go g§gmYZ co
OmH$a Ag§Vw{cV {dH$mg H$mo ~‹T>mdm X|& Š`m|{H$ A~ VH$ Ho$ _§Oya
EgB©μOoS n«ñVmdm| _| go A{YH$V_ Xoe Ho$ {g©$ 5 amÁ`m| _| hr AmZo dmco [aμOd© ~¢H$ H$m
h¢& AZw_mZ h¡ {H$
EgB©μOoS
A~ {dÎm _§Ìmc` Am¡a [aμOd© ~¢H$ Zo Xmo _wÔo CR>mE h¢ - nhcm, H$am| n[a`moOZmAm| _|
_| Ny>Q> H$s dOh go hmoZo dmco amOñd H$m ZwH$gmZ& [aμOd© ~¢H$ H$m Xr OmZo dmcr H$a
AZw_mZ h¡ {H$ SEZ n[a`moOZmAm| _| Xr OmZo dmcr H$a gpãgS>r Ho$ gpãgS>r Ho$ H$maU
H$maU 2010 VH$ Xoe H$mo 1,60,000 H$amo‹S> ê$n`o H$m ZwH$gmZ hmo MwH$m 2010 VH$ Xoe
hmoJm& Xygam _wÔm h¡ {H$ O~ {H$gr ^r Eogo úmoÌ H$m 65% {hñgm J¡a H$mo 1,60,000
Am¡Úmo{JH$ Cn`moJ, O¡go {H$ _Zmoa§OZ Ed§ ^y-g§n{V {Z_m©U, Ho$ {cE hmo H$amo‹S> ê$n`o H$m
ZwH$gmZ hmo MwH$m
gH$Vm h¡ Vmo Eogo _| EgB©μOoS "ar`c EñQo>Q'> {~μOZog _| ~Xc gH$Vo h¢&
hmoJm&
{dÎm _§Ìmc` Zo `h Zht hmo Eogm gw{ZpíMV H$aZo Ho$ {cE gm$-gm$
25

26. {dH$mgerc Xoem| _|,
{Xem-{ZX©oe XoZo na μOmoa {X`m Wm&6
AmB©Q>r godmAm| _|
AmE CN>mc go
Bgr Vah H$s Ame§H$mE± AÝ` ~¢H$m| H$s ^r h¢, Omo EgB©μOoS
gaH$ma Bg hH$sH$V n[a`moOZmAm| H$mo V~ VH$ CYma Zht XoZm MmhVo O~ VH$ {H$ “g~Hw$N>
H$mo ^yc ahr h¡ {H$ gm$” (BZ {Zdoem| H$s Am{W©H$ pñWaVm) Zht hmo OmVm& ^maV _| ar`c
Bgr Xm¡a _| _mc EñQo>Q> _| ~‹S>m {Zdoe H$aZo dmco ~¢H$m| _| go EH$, Am`.gr.Am`.gr Am`.
CËnmXH$ joÌm| _| ~¢H$ Zo H$hm h¡ {H$ dh ""EgB©μOoS _| {Zdoe H$aZo _| gmdYZr ~aVZm
amoμOJma _| ^mar MmhVr h¡&''
{JamdQ> AmB© h¡ hr,
gmW hr Bg joÌ _| EgB©μOoS _| gyMZm àmoÚmo{JH$aU Ho$pÝX«V {dH$mg
CËnmX ~‹T>mZo Ho$ à{V EgB©μOoS _| gyMZm àmoÚmo{JH$s g§~§{YV n[a`moOZmAm| H$s ~hþVm`V
CXmgrZVm ~‹T> hmoZo go ^r ~hþV gr qMVmE± n¡Xm hþB© h¢& {dH$mgerc Xoem| _|, AmB©Q>r
ahr h¡& godmAm| _| AmE CN>mc go gaH$ma Bg hH$sH$V H$mo ^yc ahr h¡ {H$ Bgr
Xm¡a _| _mc CËnmXH$ joÌm| (Manufacturing sector) _| amoμOJma _| ^mar
{JamdQ> Vmo AmB© hr, gmW hr Bg joÌ _| CËnmX ~‹T>mZo Ho$ à{V CXmgrZVm
~‹T> ahr h¡& Bg Vah Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo Om°~cog J«moW qgS´>mo_ (amoOJmahrZ
d¥Õr) H$hVo h¢& AmB©Q>r godmE± Ho$dc Bg{cE gH$mamË_H$ _mhm¡c ~ZmVr
h¡ Š`m|{H$ `hr AHo$cm joÌ h¡ Ohm± amoOμJma VoμOr go ~‹T> ahm h¡& na `h
d¥{Õ, N>moQo> go _Ü`_ dJ© H$mo N>mo‹S> μÁ`mXmVa Am~mXr Ho$ {cE H$moB© _m`Zo
Zhr aIVr h¡&7
~¢Jcmoa Am¡a nwUo O¡go eham| _| {nN>co nm±M gmcm| _| IT joÌ H$m
{dH$mg hþAm h¡, na eha Ho$ ^rVa AcJ-AcJ dJmoª _| {df_Vm H$s
dOh go ~hþV-gr gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mE± C^a H$a AmB© h¢& OwcmB© 2005
Am¡a 06 Ho$ ~rM nwUo _| _§hJmB© (J«mhH$ _yë` gyMH$m§H$) _| 8% H$s
Am¡a ~¢Jcmoa _| 7% H$s ~‹T>moVar hþB©& Bggo nwUo O¡go eham| _|
O_rZ H$s H$s_Vm| Am¡a ZE {Z_m©U _| ^r Oμ~aXñV CN>mc {XImB©
{X`m h¡& Am{IaH$ma BgH$m ^ma eha Ho$ _yc^yV gw{dYmAm| na
nS>Vm h¡ Ÿ& BZ gw{dYmAm| {H$ H$_r go C^ar g_ñ`mAm| go _hmZJa
μ
~ZZo na Vwco `o XmoZm| eha nr{‹S>V h¢& {OZ amÁ`m| _| `o eha h¢, do
g~go Á`mXm EgB©μOoS> _§Oya H$aZo dmco amÁ`m| _| go h¢&
μ
(òmoV - A^` d¡Ú, Q>mBåg Am°°$ B§{S>`m, - grEgAmo)
26

27. II. O_rZ H$m gdmc
^maV Am¡a MrZ O¡go Xoem| _| Am¡Úmo{JH$ n[a`moOZmAm| Ho$ {cE
J«m_rU BcmH$m| _| ~‹So> n¡_mZo na IoVr H$s μO_rZ Ho$ A{YJ«hU go hþB©
{H$gmZm| H$s ~oXIcr H$m _wÔm J§^ra ahm h¡&
A~ VH$ _§Oya cJ^J 400 EgB©μOoS> n[a`moOZmAm| Ho$ {cE
(Am¡nMm[aH$ ê$n go Am¡a {gÕm§V ê$n _| _§Oa XmoZm| Vah Ho$) H$ar~
y
1,25,000 hoŠQo>`a μO_rZ coZo H$m AZw_mZ h¡& _hmamï´>, n§Om~,
h[a`mUm, CÎma n«Xe, Am§Y« n«Xe, npíM_ ~§Jmc BZ g^r amÁ`m| _|
o o
EgB©OS> Ho$ {cE A{YJ«{hV H$s OmZo dmcr Á`mXmVa O_rZ CnOmD$
μ o μ
H¥${f H$s O_rZ| h¡& BZ O_rZm| Ho$ OmZo go cmIm| H$s g§»`m _| {H$gmZm|
μ μ
H$s AmOr{dH$m na Jham n«^md n‹S>Zo dmcm h¡&
AmO μO_rZ Ho$ Aì`dpñWV Am¡a _Z_mZo VarHo$ go A{YJ«hU Ho$
{damoY _| O~aXñV OZ AmH««$moe CR> I‹S>m hþAm h¡& {OgHo$ nrNo> Ho$
_w»` gdmc h¡§–
• O~aZ {H$`m Om ahm ^y-A{YJ«hU… Z§XrJ«m_ (n. ~§Jmc) Am¡a
H$mH$sZm‹S>m (Am§Y« n«Xoe) H$m CXmhaU VmμOm h¡&
• gñVo Xm_ _| {H$gmZm| H$mo ~oXIc Am¡a {dñWm{nV H$aZo H$s
H$mo{ee Am¡a Am{O{dH$m H$mo IË_ H$aZm _hmamï´>, n§Om~,
h[a`mUm, CÎma
• _wAmdμOo Ed§ nwZdm©g H$m {ZVm§V A^md Am¡a n«Xoe, Am§Y«
• ~‹So> {ZOr Am¡Úmo{JH$ KamZm| H$mo ~‹S>r _mÌm _| μO_rZ XoZm n«Xoe, npíM_
~§Jmc BZ g^r
{damoYm| H$mo XoIVo hþE, {gV§~a 2006 _|, H$m±J«og AÜ`j gmo{Z`m amÁ`m| _|
Jm§Yr Zo {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ (EgB©μOoS>) n[a`moOZmAm| Ho$ {cE IoVr H$s EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE
μO_rZ A{YJ«{hV H$aZo na qMVm μOm{ha H$s& BgHo$ Vwa§V ~mX H|$Ðr` A{YJ«{hV H$s
dm{UÁ` _§Ìr Zo h‹S>~‹S>mhQ> _| H$B© ~`mZ Am¡a {ZX©oe Omar {H$E, ImgVm¡a OmZo dmcr
na amÁ` gaH$mam| H$mo “EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE IoVr H$s μO_rZ A{YJ«{hV Á`mXmVa μO_rZ
CnOmD$ H¥${f
H$aZo _| gmdYmZr ~aVZo Am¡a BZ joÌm| H$mo naVr μO_rZ (waste land)
H$s μO_rZ| h¡&
na ~ZmZ'' H$s ~mV H$hr&
27

28. Xygam ~`mZ Omo dm{UÁ` _§Ìr AŠga XmohamVo aho h¢, dh h¡ amÁ` gaH$mam| H$mo A{YJ«hU H$s
à{H«$`m go Xya ahZo H$s μOê$aV Am¡a Bg_| em{_c njm|, ImgH$a {H$gmZm| Am¡a EgB©μOoS Ho$
“{dH$mgH$Îmm©” H$mo Amng _| gm¡Xm H$aZo XoZm&
EH$ Q>rdr M¡Zc na Hw$N> g_` nhco hþE B§Q>aì`y _| lr H$_cZmW go O~ ~‹So> n¡_mZo na μO_rZ
Ho$ A{YJ«hU H$s ~mV H$s JB© Vmo CÝhm|Zo `h VH©$ XoH$a Bgo Im[aO H$a {X`m {H$ “`{X CÚmoJ H$mo
I‹S>m hmoZm h¡ Vmo dh nmZr `m hdm _| I‹S>m Zht hmo gH$Vm, dh Vmo μO_rZ na hr hmoJm”& `h
~X{H$ñ_Vr h¡ {H$ BZ D±$Mo nXm| na ~¡Ro> OZ à{V{Z{Y AmO ^maV O¡go Xoe _| μO_rZr dmñV{dH$VmAm|
Am¡a _m¡OyXm H$mZyZm| H$mo g_Po {~Zm “O_rZ” Am¡a BgHo$ “A{YJ«hU” O¡go _wÔm| na ~mV H$a aho h¢&
μ
H$mZyZ Am¡a μO_rZr hH$sH$V H$m A§V{d©amoμY
{deof Am{W©H$ joÌ na ~Zm H|$Ðr` H$mZyZ μO_rZ Ho$ A{YJ«hU Ho$ _wÔo na Im_moe h¡&
VmÁOw~ hmoVm h¡ {H$ O~ `h ~hþV hr gm$ h¡ {H$ n[a`moOZm μO_rZ na hr I‹S>r hmoJr Vmo EgB©μOoS
H$mZyZ Ho$ nyao XñVmdoμO _| `μO_rZ Ho$ A{YJ«hU' {H$ à{H«$`m H$m C„oI EH$ ~ma ^r Š`m| Zht Am`m
h¡ ?
amÁ` gaH$ma H$s ^y{_H$m …- My§{H$ g§{dYmZ Ho$ AZwgma μ"O_rZ' amÁ` H$m {df` h¡ Bg{cE
Ho$ÝX« H$s amÁ` gaH$mam| go `h Anojm h¡ {H$ EgB©μOoS ~ZmZo _| do AmJo ah|& H$B© amÁ`m| _| gaH$mamo§
Zo ^y-A{YJ«hU H$mZyZ 1894 {H$ _XX go μO_rZ boZo H$s à{H«$`m AnZmB© h¡Ÿ& O~ Bg na
ZH$mamË_ à{V{H«$`m`| Am`r§ Vmo dm{UÁ` _§Ìr H$m `h ~`mZ Am¡a ^r Xw^m©½`nyU© ahm {H$ amÁ`
gaH$mam| H$mo μO_rZ Ho$ A{YJ«hU H$s à{H«$`m go Xya ahZm Mm{hE Am¡a H§$nZr grYo hr {H$gmZm| go
μO_rZ H$m gm¡Xm H$ao& μOm{ha h¡ Bg ~`mZ Ho$ gmW H$B© {X¸$V| h¢ Š`mo§{H$ ~mhþ~cr H§$n{Z`m| Ho$
gm_Zo {H$gmZ AnZo {hV H$m gm¡Xm H$a nmE§, `o _wpíH$c h¡&
Bg n«H$ma h_oem H$s Vah EH$ ~ma {$a μO_rZ H$m A{YJ«hU Am¡a Bggo hmoZo dmco {dñWmnZ
Ho$ _wÔo na H$moB© H$mZyZr n«{H««$`m E§d g_mYmZ Zht {X`m J`m h¡&
Ho$ÝX« gaH$ma Ho$ A{YH$ma …- g~go _hËdnyU© Vmo `h h¡ {H$ H|$Ðr` H$mZyZ Ho$ AÜ`m` 2 ^mJ
4 _| H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ {H$gr ^r EgB©μOoS H$mo A{Yg{yMV H$aZo Ho$ ~mX, `{X H|$Ð gaH$ma H$mo R>rH$
cJo, Vmo ~mX _| A{V[aº$ joÌ H$mo Cg EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE A{Ygy{MV H$a gH$Vr h¡& BgH$m _Vb~
{H$ AZw_Vr XoZo Am¡a EgB©μOoS Ho$ {bE {OVZr _μOu μO_rZ A{Ygy{MV H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma H|$Ð
gaH$ma Zo AnZr _wÇ>r _o aIm h¡Ÿ&
naVr ^y{_ H$m BñVo_mc …- _§Ìmc` Zo EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE A{YJ«{hV H$s Om ahr μO_rZm| Ho$
28

29. àH$ma H$m H$moB© AZw_mZ hr Zht {H$`m h¡ na `h Oê$a H$hm h¡ {H$ EgB©μOoS IoVr _| BñVo_mc Z
hmoZo dmcr μO_rZ na cJ gH$Vo h¡&
^maV _| Eogr ^y{_ Ho$ J«m_rU BcmH$m| _| Xmo _w»` n«H$ma h¡ O§Jc-dZ^y{_ Am¡a naVr ^y{_&
BZ μO_rZm| _| Á`mXmVa {H$gr Z {H$gr Vah H$s dZñn{V dmco O§Jc hmoVo h¡ `m {$a Mmao dmcr
Kmg CJVr h¡& XmoZm| hr Jm§d-Ka H$s BªYZ, cH$‹S>r, Mmam O¡gr Oê$aV| nyar H$aVr h¡&
dZm| Ho$ XmohZ Ho$ ZμO[a`o go XoI| Vmo AHo$co _hmamï´> _| 3 ~‹So> EgB©μOoS H$m|H$U joÌ _| ~Z aho
h¢ Ohm± nm[apñW{VH$s H$s Ñ{ï> go g§doXZerc "n{ü_r KmQ>' Ho$ O§Jb h¢& H$ht ^r O§Jc H$s μO_rZ
ImoZo go Xoe Ho$ n`m©daU H$mo hmoZo dmco AÀNo>-Imgo ZwH$gmZ H$m H$moB© AmH$cZ n«ñVwV Zht {H$`m
J`m h¡&
naVr ^y{_ - gm_y{hH$ g§gmYZ
BªYZ, Mmam, cH$‹S>r Ho$ Acmdm O§Jc H$s Xygar n¡Xmdmam| H$s μOê$aV| {OZ μO_rZm| go nyar hmoVr
h¢ CÝh| `gmPm g§nXm g§gmYZ’ loUr _| aIm Om gH$Vm h¡& {OÝh| ñWmZr` ~mo{c`m| _| MamJmh,
Jm¡Ma, n{‹S>V ^y{_ H$hm OmVm h¡, na gaH$ma {OÝh| “naVr O_rZ” H$s loUr _| aIVr h¡& `h Xoe
μ
Ho$ Hw$c ^m¡Jmo{cH$ joÌ H$m H$ar~ 20% h¡& H$B© amÁ`m| _| BZ O_rZm| _| IoVr Ho$ cm`H$ Imcr
μ
O_rZ|, Jm`amZ O_rZ, MmamJmh `m H$_ KZo O§Jc h¢ Omo ñWmZr` J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWm H$m
μ μ
A{^Þ A§J h¢& EH$ AÜ``Z Ho$ AZwgma Jar~ n[admam| H$s Am_XZr _| BZ O_rZm| H$m `moJXmZ
μ
H$ar~ 12% hmoVm h¡& XaAgc _hmamï´>, _Ü` àXoe Am¡a amOñWmZ O¡go amÁ`m| _| newnmcH$
g_wXm`m| H$m EH$ ~‹S>m dJ© AnZo OmZda nmcZo Ho$ {cE nyar Vah go BZ O_rZm| na {Z^©a h¡&
μ
(òmoV : _mZer Aea "S>moÝQ> H$m©b BQ²> doñQ> b°ÊS>' Q>mB©åg Am°$ B§{S>`m, 12, Aºy$~a 2006)
EH$ Am¡a _hËdnyU© _wÔm `h h¡ {H$ H$B© amÁ`m| _| `o naVr μO_rZ| nhco go hr OmoVr Om ahr h¢
{OZ na {H$gmZm| H$mo H$mZyZr hH$ {_cZm ~mH$s h¡& Hw$N> _m_cm| _| `o μO_rZ| "^y-gwYma' H$s à{H«$`m
_| "grqcJ' H$s μO_rZ| h¢, {OZna cmoJm| H$mo H$mZyZr H$ãOm A^r VH$ Zht {X`m J`m h¡& _hmamï´> Ho$
am`J‹T> {Oμco _|, Ohm± [acm`§g EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m EgB©μOoS ~Zm ahm h¡, H$ar~ 12,000 hoŠQo>`a `Xbr'
μO_rZ h¡ {Og na Am{Xdmgr XeH$m| go IoVr H$aVo AmE h¢& μÁ`mXmVa n[admam| H$mo hmcm±{H$ A^r
VH$ BZHo$ {Z`{_V hmoZo H$m B§VOμma h¡ My§{H$ `h μO_rZ O§Jc H$s loUr _| AmVr h¢& Bgr go
{_cVm-OwcVm _m_cm C‹S>rgm H$m h¡, {OgHo$ OJVqghnwa {Oμco _| Ohm± ~hþamï´>r` nmohm§J ñQ>rc
H§$nZr Ho$ EgB©μOoS H$s `moOZm h¡, VH$ar~Z 300 n[admam| H$mo H$mZyZr _m{cH$mZo H$m B§VμOma h¡&
29

30. nÅ>m `m _m{cH$mZm Z hmoZo H$s dOh go, Jm±d dmcm| Ho$ nmg gm¡X~mμOr
o
`h gm$ h¡ {H$
H$aZo H$s H$moB© JwOmBe Zht h¡ Am¡a `o An`m©á `m {~Zm _wAmdμOo Ho$
§
“O_rZ” Ho$ _wÔo na
μ
{dñWm{nV hmoVo aho h¢& Eogo _m_cm| _| gaH$ma nwZdm©g na {dMma ^r
dm{UÁ` _§Ìmc` Zo Zht H$aVr h¡&
Xya§Xoer go H$m_ Zht
{c`m h¡& Bg _m_co Am{Ia _|, H$B© EgB©μOoS Ho$ AmH$ma H$mo XoIVo hþE cJVm h¡ {H$ `o
H$s CZ O{Q>cVmAm|
H$B©-gm¡ hoŠQo>`a _| ¡$c|Jo& BZHo$ {cE BH$Æo> c§~o-Mm¡‹So> “~oH$ma” O_rZ
μ
Am¡a J{VercVmAm|
Ho$ Qw>H$‹So> {_cZm _wpíH$c hr hmoJm, ImgH$a V{_cZmSw>, h[a`mUm, C.à.
H$mo nyar Vah go
ZμOaA§XmO {H$`m h¡ Am¡a _hmamï´> O¡go amÁ`m| _| Ohm± `o joÌ Am aho h¢& Bg{cE BÝh| “~oH$ma”
{OZHo$ J§^ra μO_rZ na ~ZmZo H$m gaH$ma H$m VH©$ cJ^J Ag§^d h¡&
n[aUm_ Xoe Ho$
J«m_rU g_wXm` Am¡a `h gm$ h¡ {H$ EgB©μOoS _| “O_rZ” Ho$ _wÔo na dm{UÁ` _§Ìmc`
μ
Am{Iar ~Mo gmPo Zo Xya§Xoer go H$m_ Zht {c`m h¡& Bg _m_co H$s CZ O{Q>cVmAm| Am¡a
g§gmYZm| na n‹S>Zo J{VercVmAm| H$mo nyar Vah go ZμOaA§XmO {H$`m h¡ {OZHo$ J§^ra n[aUm_
dmco h¢& Xoe Ho$ J«m_rU g_wXm` Am¡a Am{Iar ~Mo gmPm g§nXm g§gmYZm| na
n‹S>Zo dmco h¢&
ZB© nwZd©mg Zr{V H$s KmofUm …- AŠVy~a 4, 2006 H$mo J«m_rU
{dH$mg _§Ìmc` Zo g_mMma nÌ _| Zmo{Q>g Omar H$s, {Og_| amï´>r`
nwZdm©g Zr{V 2006 Ho$ _gm¡Xo na OZVm H$s {Q>ßn{U`m§/n«{V{H««$`m
_m§Jr J`r& n«{V{H««$`m ^oOZo Ho$ {c`o Ho$dc 7 {XZ H$m g_` {X`m J`m&
_§Ìmc` Ûmam Kmo{fV nwZdm©g Zr{V H$m _gm¡Xm Z {g©$ {deof Am{W©H$
joÌm| Ho$ {cE {H$`o OmZo dmco ^y-A{YJ«hU H$mo AmgmZ ~ZmZo Ho$ {cE
gaH$ma H$s H$mo{ee h¡, ~pëH$, OZ g§JR>Zm| Am¡a ~w{ÕOr{d`m| H$mo ^r
_gm¡Xm V¡`ma H$aZo H$s n«{H««$`m go ~mha aIZo H$s g{Oe ^r &
OZdar 2007 _| Z§XrJ«m_ _| hþE ^y-A{YJ«hU H$mo coH$a EgB©μOoS
Ho$ {Icm$ {damoY Am¡a qhgH$ P‹S>n Ho$ McVo amÁ` gaH$mam| Ho$ ad¡æ`o
na CRo> gdmcm| Zo Z {g©$ npíM_ ~§Jmc H$s _m.H$.nm. gaH$ma na X~md
~Zm`m, ~pëH$ H|$X« gaH$ma H$mo ^r EgB©μOoS na nwZ©{dMma H$aZo H$mo
30

31. 8
{deof Am{W©H$ joÌ Ho$ {cE amï´>r` nwZdm©g Zr{V 2006
{nN>co 20 gmcm|§ _| nwZdm©g Zr{V Ho$ H$B© _gm¡Xo AcJ - AcJ _§Ìmc`m| Edo CZH$s ~ZmB©
g_r{V`m| Ho$ Ûmam n«ñVwV {H$`o J`o& Am¡a ha ~ma OZ g§JR>Zm| Am¡a ~w{ÕOr{d`m| Zo Z {g©$ BZ
_gm¡Xm| na {Q>ßnUr`m§ H$s ~pëH$ d¡H$pënH$ Zr{V H$mo ^r gaH$ma Ho$ gm_Zo Omoa-emoa go aIm &
A^r hmc hr _|, _mM©, 2006 _| OZ g§JR>Zm| Ho$ nam_f© go gaH$ma (UPA) Ûmam J{R>V "amï´>r`
gcmhH$ma g{_{V' (NAC) Ho$ V¡`ma {H$`o JE amï´>r` nwZdm©g Zr{V Ho$ _gm¡Xo H$mo ^r n«YmZ_§Ìr
H$m`m©c` Zo Zm_§Oa H$a {X`m Wm& _§Ìmc` Ûmam Omar dV©_mZ Zr{V 2003 _| Kmo{fV Zr{V hr h¡
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{OgH$s Cg g_` H$‹S>r AmcmoMZm H$s JB© Wr& dV©_mZ 2006 H$s Zr{V _| 2003 H$s Zr{V go
Hw$N> n[adV©Z Ho$ A{V[aŠV H$moB© Img gwYma Zht h¡& BgH$s _w»` H${_`m§-
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1 Zr{V A^r ^r {dñWmnZ H$mo AñdrH$ma Zht H$aVr h¡, ~pëH$ 1894 Ho$ ^y-A{YJ«hU A{Y{Z`_
_| amÁ` H$mo ^y{_ na {X`o J`o "loð> A{YH$ma' H$mo `h ~aH$ama aIVr h¡&
2 gmW hr `h Zr{V A^r ^r "gmd©O{ZH$ Cn`moJ' Ho$ Zm_ na ^y-A{YJ«hU H$mo _mÝ`Vm XoVr
h¡& Bg g§X^© _| OZ g§JR>Zm| Am¡a NAC Ûmam 1894 Ho$ ^y-A{YJ«hU H$mZyZ _| _m§Jo J`o
g§emoYZ H$mo ZH$mam J`m h¡&
3 {dñWmnZ H$s pñW{V _| "nyd© gy{MV gå_{V' O¡go gwPmdm| H$mo ^r dV©_mZ Zr{V _| em{_c Zht
{H$`m J`m h¡& dV©_mZ Zr{V Ho$ _gm¡Xo _| H$ht ^r `h gw{ZpíMV Zht {H$`m J`m h¡ {H$
{dñWmnZ E§d nwZdm©g H$s n«{H«$`m nmaXeu, gh^m{JVmnyU© Am¡a gaH$ma H$mo CËVaXm`r
R>hamZo dmcr hmo&
`h AÝ`m`nyU© h¡ {H$ {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ H$mo ~ZmZo E§d ~‹T>mdm XoZo Ho$ {cE gaH$mar H$mZyZ Vmo
~Zm`m J`m h¡ na§Vw BZgo hmoZo dmco {dñWmnZ Am¡a {dZme na amoH$ cJmZo Am¡a nwZdm©g O¡go
_hËdnyU© A{YH$ma H$mo gwa{jV H$aZo H$s {Oå_oXmar H$mo {Z^mZo _| gaH$ma Zo nyar Vah go
cmnadmhr ~aVr h¡&
_O~ya {H$`m& gmW hr n§Om~, CÎmamI§S> Am¡a CÎma n«Xoe _| AmZo dmco _hrZm| _| hmoZo dmco MwZmdm| Zo
^r _w»` amOZr{VH$ Xcm| H$mo EgB©μOoS Am¡a Cggo Ow‹So> _wX²Xm| na AnZm nj aIZo _| gV©H$ H$a
{X`m h¡& Bgr Ho$ McVo H$m±J«og ^r ({OgH$s BZ_| go VrZ amÁ`m| _| ~hþ_V dmcr gaH$ma h¡) {OgZo
EgB©μOoS H$mo AnZr `ñdßZ n[a`moOZm’ _mZ {c`m Wm AmO AnZm ê$I Za_ {XIm ahr h¡&
22 OZdar H$mo UPA gaH$ma Ho$ {deofm{YH$ma _§Ìr g_yh Zo AnZr ~¡R>H$ _| SEZ go Ow‹So>
^y-A{YJ«hU, nwZdm©g, Q¡>Šg [a`mAVm| Ho$ Xwén`moJ Ho$ gdmbm| na MMm© H$s Am¡a V` {H$`m {H$
{$chmc EgB©μOoS H$mo Xr OmZo dmcr AZw_{V`m| na amoH$ cJm Xr OmE& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV Xoe Ho$
n«YmZ_§Ìr lr _Z_mohZ qgh Zo ^r A§VV… _O~yar _| `h ~`mZ {X`m h¡ {H$ nwZdm©g Zr{V Ho$ AmZo
31

32. go nhco Z`r n[a`moOZmAm| (63 A{Ygy{MV n[a`moOZmAm| Ho$ Acmdm {OZH$mo CZH$s gaH$ma Zo
nhco hr _§Oyar Xo Xr h¡) H$mo _§Oyar Zht XoJ|& hm±cm§{H$, dV©_mZ nwZdm©g Zr{V H$m n«mê$n nyar Vah go
nwZdm©g Am¡a {dñWmnZ go Ow‹So> hþE gdmcm| H$mo hc H$aVm Zht {XIVm h¡&
III _μOXyam| Ho$ emofU Ho$ _wÔo
nyar Xw{Z`m _| ì`mnma Am¡a {Z`m©V joÌm| _| _μOXyam| Ho$ emofU H$s ~mV| Am_ h¢& ^maV H$moB© ~hþV
AcJ Zht h¡& {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ H$mZyZ 2005 Am¡a EgB©μOoS Zr{V AmZo go nhco, H$_ go H$_
g¡Õm§{VH$ ê$n go, gmao l_ Am¡a ¡$ŠQ´>r H$mZyZ B©nrμOoS> _| nyar Vah cmJy Wo& na§Vw {deof Am{W©H$
joÌ H$mZyZ 2005 _| BZ joÌm| H$mo "gmd©O{ZH$ godm joÌ' Kmo{fV {H$`m h¡ {OgH$m grYm Aga BZ
joÌm| _| H$m_ H$aZo dmco _OXyam| na n‹S> ahm h¡&
1. `y{Z`Z ~ZmZo na amoH$ – nwamZo B©nrμOoS> (Omo A~ EgB©μOoS H$hcmVo h¢) _| Q´o>S> `y{Z`Z| ~ZmZo
H$s H$mo{eem| Ho$ ~mdOyX `o ì`mdhm[aH$ ê$n go _m¡OyX Zht Wt `m H$_ Wt& BgH$s Img dOh
`h Wr {H$ B©nrμOoS> _| ^r Ho$dc H$_©Mm[a`m| H$mo hr grYo ¡$ŠQ´>r Ho$ XadmμOo go AmZo-OmZo H$s
BOmμOV hmoVr h¡& B©nrμOoS> H$_©Mm[a`m| Zo `h ^r ~Vm`m h¡ {H$ `{X do `y{Z`Z _| em{_c hmoVo
h¢ Vmo _¡ZoO_|Q> Ho$ A{YH$mar CÝh| naoemZ H$aV h¡& ZmoES>m {Z`m©V àg§ñH$aU joÌ _| l_
H$mZyZ cmJy H$aZo H$s _m±J H$aZo na H$_©Mm[a`m| H$mo Zm¡H$ar go {ZH$mc {X`m J`m Wm&9
2. h‹S>Vmc H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma Zht – gaH$ma Zo "Am¡Úmo{JH$ {ddmX A{Y{Z`_' Ho$ VhV
""gmd©O{ZH$ godm'' H$m XOm© XoH$a ^maV Ho$ B©nrμOoS> _| go Xmo – _wå~B© Ho$ nmg gm§VmH«y$μO
BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ EŠgnmoQ©> àmogoqgJ μOmoZ (grßμO>) Am¡a H$m§S>cm _| h‹S>Vmc na amoH$ cJm Xr Wr&
Bggo `{X h‹S>Vmc H$aZo go nhco l_ Am`wº$ H$mo em{_c H$aHo$ g_Pm¡Vo H$s H$mo{ee| Z H$s
OmE± Vmo h‹S>Vmc J¡aH$mZyZr _mZm OmVr h¡&
3. {deof Am{W©H$ joÌm| gmd©O{ZH$ Cn`moJr godmE± – dV©_mZ EgB©μOoS ì`dñWm _|, l_ H$mZyZm|
H$mo AÀN>m-Imgm Z_© ~Zm {X`m J`m h¡& EgB©μOoS Ho$ {Z`_m| Ho$ AÜ`m` 2 I§S> 5(g) _|
EgB©μOoS H$mo “cmoH$ Cn`moJr godm” Kmo{fV H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma EgB©μOoS Ho$ {dH$mg Am`wº$ H$mo
Xo {X`m J`m h¡& I§S> 5(f) _| H$_©Mmar-_m{cH$ g§~§Ym| H$mo XoIZo H$m A{YH$ma ^r "{dH$mg
Am`wº$' H$mo Xo {X`m J`m h¡& l_ Am`wº$ H$s {μOå_oXmar`m§ ^r {dH$mg Am`wº$ H$mo Xo {X JB© h¢&
4. H$m_ H$s Iam~ XemE± Am¡a _{hcm H$_©Mm[a`m| H$m emofU – MrZ Am¡a Xw{Z`m Ho$ Xygao gmao
{hñgm| H$s Vah ^maV _| ^r Am{W©H$ joÌm| _| _{hcm H$_©Mm[a`m| H$s g§»`m g~go μÁ`mXm h¡&
_{hcmE± ao{S>_oS> H$n‹S>m|, BcoŠQ´>m°{ZŠg AmYm[aV H$m_ Am¡a gm°âQ>do`a CÚmoJm| _| cJr hþB© h¢&
32

33. g|Q>a $m°a Q´>oS> `y{Z`Ýg (grQy>) Ûmam 2002 _| Am`mo{OV B©nrμOoS>/EgB©μOoS> H$_©Mm[a`m| Ho$
EH$ A{Ic ^maVr` gå_ocZ _| Bg ~mV na MMm© hþB© Wr {H$ BZ joÌm| _| _{hcm H$_©Mm[a`m|
H$m emofU hmoVm h¡& amV H$mo Ka OmZo H$m nyam B§VμOm_ {H$E {~Zm _{hcmAm| go amV H$s nm{c`m|
_| H$m_ H$adm`m OmVm h¡& CÝh| _mV¥Ëd AdH$me Zht {X`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a J^©dVr hmoZo na
_{hcmAm| H$mo H$m_ go {ZH$mc {X`m OmVm h¡& PycmKam| H$m B§VμOm_ Zht hmoVm h¡& Ho$dc `wdm
A{ddm{hV _{hcmAm| H$mo H$m_ na aIZm ng§X {H$`m OmVm h¡& Q>m°`coQ> H$m BñVo_mc Q>moH$Z
XoH$a H§$Q´>moc {H$`m OmVm h¡& `m¡Z CËnr‹S>Z ~hþV Am_ h¡&10
5. BZ joÌm| _| H$m°ÝQ´¡>ŠQ> l{_H$ – H$m°ÝQ´¡>ŠQ> co~a (aoJwcoeZ E§S> A~m°{ceZ) A{Y{Z`_ 1970 _|
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_{hcmE± h¢& `o Am_Vm¡a na `wdm h¢ Am¡a `y{Z`Z ~ZmZo go ~hþV S>aVr h¢& H$m_ H$s XemE± Iam~
h¢ Am¡a AmodaQ>mB_ H$aZm Oê$ar h¡& Eogm hr H$mo{MZ EgB©OS> _| ^r hmoVm h¡&
μ μ o
ImgVm¡a na Eogo H$m_m| _| H$m°ÝQ´¡>ŠQ> l{_H$ cJmZo na amoH$ cJmB© JB© h¡ Omo “ñWm`r Am¡a
h_oem” McZo dmco h¢& h_mao gm_Zo H$B© EgB©μOoS>/B©nrμOoS> Ho$ CXmhaU h¢ Ohm± VH$ar~Z
gmar BH$mB`m± Eogo hr ñWm`r H$m_ H$aVt h¢ na _μOXya H$m°ÝQ´¡>ŠQ> na hr aIVt h¢&
Xw{Z`m ^a _| dm_n§Wr Xc, Q´>oS> `y{Z`Z Am¡a _μOXya H$ë`mU g§JR>Z, gaH$mam| H$mo EgB©μOoS/
B©nrμOoS> Ho$ _wÔo na MwZm¡Vr XoVo aho h¢, Š`m|{H$ `o joÌ Jar~ Xoem| _| amoμOJma n¡Xm H$aZo dmcr BH$mB`m|
Ho$ ê$n _| ~ZmE OmVo h¢& ^maV _|, dm_ Xcm| Am¡a Q´>oS> `y{Z`Zm| Zo ^r {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ H$mZyZ H$m
{damoY {H$`m h¡&
10 _B© 2005 H$mo O~ cmoH$ g^m _| `h H$mZyZ aIm J`m, Vmo hmcm±{H$ Bg na H$moB© ~hþV c§~r
~hg Zht hþB©, na dm_ Xcm| Ho$ gm§gXm| Zo _μOXyam| Ho$ emofU Am¡a H$mZyZ Ho$ Hw$N> ^mJm| go Xoe H$s
g§Kr` g§aMZm H$mo IVam hmoZo Ho$ _wÔo CR>mE& CXmhaU Ho$ {cE, H$mZyZ Ho$ AZwÀNo>X 50 _| `h
àmdYmZ Wm {H$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ {ddmX, _μOXya H$ë`mU, H$m_ H$s pñW{V`m±, d¥ÕmdñWm n|eZ, _mV¥Ëd
Ho$ cm^ Am{X gaH$mar cm^ BZ EgB©μOoS na cmJy Zht hm|Jo& grnrAmB© (E_) Am¡a grnrAmB© Ho$
XIc go `h àmdYmZ {ZH$mcm J`m&11 {$a ^r EgB©μOoS A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ _m¡OyXm ñdê$n _| cmJy hmoZo
go AmZo dmco g_` _| _μOXyam| H$m _wÔm BZ joÌm| _| EH$ ~‹S>r g_ñ`m ~ZZo dmcm h¡&
33

34. IV {deof Am{W©H$ joÌm| _| n`m©daU g§~§Yr _wÔo
A^r Ohm± ~S>μr g§»`m _| AmZo dmco EgB©μOoS n[a`moOZmAm| Ho$ n`m©daU na n‹S>Zo dmco Aga
Ho$ ~mao _| ~mV H$aZm ~hþV OëX~mμOr hmoJr, dht MrZ Ho$ CXmhaU go n`m©daU H$mo hmoZo dmco
ZwH$gmZ H$m A§XmOm cJm`m Om gH$Vm h¡& ^maV nhco go hr nmZr H$s H$_r Am¡a O§Jcm| Am¡a O¡d-
{d{dYVm Ho$ ZwH$gmZ H$s g_ñ`m go OyP ahm h¡& _wÔm `h h¡ {H$ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Ho$ _m¡OyXm T>m±Mo _|
- O§Jcm| Am¡a gm_w{hH$ μO_rZm| na ~‹T>Vm X~md, Oc g§gmYZm| H$m AË`{YH$ XmohZ; VQ>r` ^y{_
Am¡a VQ> aoImAm|; hdm Am¡a nmZr Ho$ àXyfU; BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ H$Mao Ho$ ~ZZo Am{X go hmoZo dmco
ZwH$gmZ H$m Am§H$cZ ^r Zht {H$`m Om ahm h¡&
{nN>co nm±M gmcm| _| n`m©daUr` g§ajU H$s gaH$mar ì`dñWm H$_μOmoa hr hmoVr {XImB© Xr h¡&
Bg g§X^© _| {ZåZ q~XwAm| na Ü`mZ XoZm n‹So>Jm -
2001 _|, 1994 H$s B©.AmB©.E (n`m©daU n«^md Am§H$cZ - EÝdm`aZ_|Q>c Bån¡ŠQ> Agog_|Q>)
A{YgyMZm12 _| g§emoYZ {H$`m J`m, {OgHo$ VhV Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$mo OZ gwZdmB©, Omo {H$
n`m©daU g§~§Yr _§Oyar H$s à{H«$`m H$m _hËdnyU© A§J Wr, go Ny>Q> Xr JB©&
1994 H$s B©.AmB©.E A{YgyMZm _| H$m$s ~Xcmd {H$E JE Am¡a g^r n[a`moOZmAm| H$s OëXr
_§Oyar Ho$ {cE 2006 _| EH$ ZB© A{YgyMZm Omar H$s JB©&
n`m©daU Ed§ dZ _§Ìmc` H$s ZB© B©AmB©E A{YgyMZm 2006 H$s AZwgyMr 1 Ho$ AmBQ>_ 7c _|
Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ/nmH©$/H$m°åßboŠg/joÌ, {Z`m©V àg§ñH$aU joÌ (B©nrOμoS>), EgB©μOoS,
~m`moQo>ŠZm°cm°Or nmH©$, M_m©oÚmoJ H$m°åßboŠg AmXr H$m C„oI h¢&
ZB© A{YgyMZm _| ^r D$na ~VmB© JB© lo{U`m| H$mo OZ gmd©O{ZH$ gwZdmB© go _wº$ aIm J`m
h¡& {OgH$m _Vc~ h¡ {H$ ñWmZr` cmoJ Z hr Bg n[a`moOZmAm| no gdmc CR>m gH$Vo h¡ Am¡a
Z hr H$mZyZr ê$n go AnZr Amn{Îm`m§ XO© H$a gH$Vo h¡&
B©.AmB©.E A{YgyMZm 2006 Ho$ AZwgma, hmcm±{H$ ApYH¥$V Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ Ho$ ^rVa AmZo
dmco g^r n[a`moOZmAm| `m J{V{d{Y`m| H$mo OZ gwZdmB© H$s à{H«$`m go Ny>Q> {_cr hþB© h¡, na
BZH$mo {$a ^r n[a`moOZm Ho$ {cE "n`m©daU n«^md Am§H$cZ [anmoQ>'© àñVwV H$aZr hmoJr&
B©.AmB©.E A{YgyMZm 2006 n[a`moOZmAm| H$mo Xmo lo{U`m| _| ~m±Q>Vr h¡ - loUr A Am¡a loUr
~& loUr A _| AmZo dmco n[a`moOZmAm| H$mo H|$Ð gaH$ma Am¡a loUr ~ Ho$ n[a`moOZmAm| H$mo
amÁ` gaH$ma| n`m©daUr` _§Oyar XoJr&
34

35. H|$Ð Ûmam _§Oya H$s OmZo dmcr loUr A Ho$ A§VJ©V “Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ (EgB©μOoS>) H$m `{X EH$
CÚmoJ ^r loUr A _| AmVm h¡ Vmo Cg nyao joÌ H$mo loUr A H$m hr joÌ _mZm OmEJm,” Am¡a
“500 hoŠQo>`a go μÁ`mXm joÌ$c dmco Eogo Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ {OZ_| H$_ go H$_ EH$ CÚmoJ loUr
~ H$m hmo” CÝh| ^r loUr A _| _mZm OmEJm Am¡a H|$Ð go n`m©daUr` _§Oyar coZr hmoJr&
loUr ~ Ho$ A§VJ©V, “do Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ {OZ_| H$_ go H$_ EH$ CÚmoJ loUr ~ H$m Am¡a joÌ$c
500 hoŠQo>`a go H$_ hmo”; Am¡a “do Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ {OZH$m joÌ$c 500 hoŠQo>`a go μÁ`mXm hmo
Am¡a {OZ_| H$moB© A `m ~ loUr H$m CÚmoJ Z hmo,” CÝh| amÁ` ñVa na _§Oyar H$s μOê$aV
hmoJr&
H$moB© Eogm Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ Omo {H$ 500 hoŠQo>`a go H$_ hmo Am¡a {Og_| A `m ~ loUr H$m H$moB©
CÚmoJ Z hmo Cgo n`m©daU H$s _§Oyar go _wº$ aIm J`m h¡&
EgB©OS> Ho$ ^rVa McZo dmcr BH$mB`m| H$mo Am_ Vm¡a na H|$Ð `m amÁ` Ho$ ñVa na, B©.AmB©.E Ho$
μ o
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y
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nhco go hr n`m©daU g§~§Yr _§Oyar co coVo h¢ Vmo Eogo Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌm|/H$m°åßboŠg _| IwcZo dmcr
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EgB©μOoS H$mZyZ Am¡a {Z`_m| _|o n`m©daU Ho$ _wX²X²>mo§ na MwßnrŸ-
{deof Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$s H$mZyZ Ho$ {Xem-{ZX©oem| _| ^r n`m©daU Am¡a nm[apñW{VH$s Ho$ {df`m|
na Hw$N> Zht H$hm J`m h¡&
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BH$mB`m| Ho$ {Z`_Z H$s H$ht H$moB© ~mV Zht H$s JB© h¡&
A{Y{Z`_ Am¡a {Z`_ XmoZm| _| hr `h ~mV gm$ Zht hmoVr {H$ {H$g ñVa na Am¡a {H$Z
hmcmV _| {H$gr ^r EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE "n`m©daU g§~§Yr _§Oyar' μOê$ar hmoJrŸ&
{deof Am{W©H$ joÌ {Z`_m| _| Ho$dc BVZm H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ ha BH$mB© H$mo n`m©daU g§~§Yr
{Z`_m| H$m nmcZ H$aZm hmoJm, Am¡a Ohm± H$ht Oμê$ar hmo dhm± Cgo {dH$mg Am`wº$ H$mo _§Oyar
Ho$ {cE AmdoXZ _| àXyfU {Z`§ÌU g§~§Yr _§Oyar H$s AOu ^r XoZr hmoJr &
35

36. "EH$c-{I‹S>H$s _§Oyar' (single window clearance) H$s ì`dñWm Ho$ H$maU amÁ` Ho$ ñVa
na g^r EgB©μOoS BH$mB`m| H$mo _§Oyar XoZm {dH$mg Am`wº$ Ho$ AYrZ _§Oyar g{_{V H$s
{Oμå_oXmar h¡ Am¡a `{X _§Oyar H$s H$moB© eVoª hm| Vmo CZH$m nmcZ hmo ahm h¡ `m Zht `h ^r
{dH$mg Am`wº$ hr XoIoJm&
{deof Am{W©H$ joÌ {Z`_m| Am¡a A{Y{Z`_ _| H$moñQ>c aoJwcoeZ (VQ>r` joÌm| Ho$ g§ajU)
g§~Yr àmdYmZm| H$m {OμH$« Zht {H$`m J`m h¡& grAmaμOS> (coastal regulation zone) A{YgyMZm
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1991 Ho$ g§emoYZ 2002 _| cJ^J {~Zm {H$Ýht eVmoª Am£a {Z`_m| Ho$ EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE
OJh ~ZmB© JB© {OgHo$ AZwgma VQ>r` joÌm| _| AmZo dmco EgB©μOoS H$mo {g©$ EH$ ~ma hr
AZw_{V coZr hmoJr Ed§ CgHo$ A§VJ©V AmZo dmcr BH$mB`m| na AZw_{V n«mdYmZ cmJy Zht
hmoJm& CgHo$ Acmdm “n«XyfU a{hV” CÚmoJ, AmB© Q>r (gyMZm E§d n«m¡Úmo{JH$) CÚmoJ Am¡a AÝ`
_Zmoa§OZ g§~§Yr gw{dYmAm| Ho$ {cE CRZ A{Y{Z`_ cmJy Zht hmoJm& Bg_| gaH$ma H$s `h
Zm g_Pr h¡ {H$ n`©Q>Z Am¡a AmB©.Q>r go Ow‹So> CÚmoJ n«XyfU a{hV hmoVo h¡ Am¡a BZgo n«mH¥${VH$
g§gmYZm| na X~md Zht n‹S>Vm&
~§XaJmhm| Am¡a n`©Q>Z CÚmoJm| H$mo ~‹T>mdm {_cZo go, Omo Am{W©H$ joÌ H$s Zr{V`m| H$m ^r {hñgm
h¢, VQ>r` BcmH$m| _| cmIm| _Nw>Amam| H$s amoOramoQ>r {N>ZVr Am`r h¡ &
n`m©daU g§ajU Ho$ {cE nhco go hr amÁ` E§d {Oμcm ñVa na pñWV àXyfU {Z`§ÌU ~moS>© H$s
^y{_H$m EgB©μOoS> Ho$ g§X^© _| Añnï> h¡&
Ho$dc A{YH¥$V ì`pº$`m| H$mo hr EgB©OS> _| OmZo H$s BOmOμV O¡go àmdYmZm| go n`m©daU g§ajU
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Ho$ `o _wÔo Am¡a J§^ra hmo OmVo h¢& Bggo {Z{üV ê$n go ñdV§Ì emoYH$Vm©Am| H$mo Cg joÌ _| OmH$a
n`m©daU na n‹S>Zo dmco {H$gr ^r Vah Ho$ Aga H$m Am§H$cZ H$aZo `m AÜ``Z H$aZo _|
naoemZr hmoJr&
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gV²V (gñQo>Zo~c) AW©ì`dñWm H$mo IË_ H$aHo$ EH$ E¡go d¡{œH$ ny±OrdmXr AW©ì`dñWm H$mo ~‹T>mdm Xo
ahr h¡ {Oggo n`m©daU H$mo A{YH$ IVam h¡?
36

37. V àemgZ Am¡a ñdemgZ Ho$ _wÔo
^maVr` g§{dYmZ Ho$ AZwÀNo>X 243Q Ho$ I§S> 1 Am¡a >EgB©μOoS
H$mZyZ 2005 Ho$ ^mJ 3.2 _| Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$mo `Am¡Úmo{JH$ Q>mCZ{en’
H$m XOm© {X`m J`m h¡& amÁ` gaH$ma| EgB©μOoS H$mo "Am¡Úmo{JH$ Q>mCZ{en'
joÌ Kmo{fV H$a|Jr Omo ñdemgr, ñdm`Îm ZJar` BH$mB`m± hm|Jr&
EH$ ~ma {H$gr EgB©μOoS> H$mo "Am¡Úmo{JH$ Q>mCZ{en' joÌ Kmo{fV {H$E
OmZo Ho$ ~mX, `h {H$gr ^r ZJa nm{cH$m `m J«m_ n§Mm`V H$m ^mJ
Zht ah OmEJm& BgHo$ Acmdm, EgB©μOoS> H$mo "ñdm`V g§ñWm' H$m
XOm© hmoZo H$s dOh go EgB©μOoS> BH$mB`m± Am¡a {dH$mgH$Vm© ñWmZr`
H$am| go ^r _wº$ ah|Jr& `h gm$ Vm¡a na 73d| Am¡a 74d| g§emoYZm|
Ûmam ehar ñWmZr` {ZH$m`m| Am¡a n§Mm`Vm| H$mo {XE g§d¡Ym{ZH$ XO©o
H$mo H$_μOmoa H$aVm h¡&
O~H$s A^r μOê$aV n§Mm`Vm| H$mo {dÎmr` ê$n go _μO~yV H$aZo H$s
h¡ Vm{H$ do {dH$mg Am¡a g_mZVm ~‹T>mZo Ho$ {cE gm_m{OH$ AmYma^yV
g§aMZm _| {Zdoe H$a gH|$& BgHo$ ~Om` `{X EgB©μOoS na H$a cmJy
H$aZo Am¡a {Z`§ÌU H$m ^r A{YH$ma n§Mm`Vm| H$mo Zht hmoJm Vmo μO_rZ,
nmZr Am¡a Xygao àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| H$m A{Z`{_V XmohZ J«m_rU Jar~m|
Ho$ OrdZ na Am¡a ^r ~wam Aga S>mcoJm&
{deof Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$mo “S>råS> $m°aoZ Qo>[aQ>ar” (AZw_m{ZV {dXoer
n[ajoÌ) H$m XOm© XoZo go ñWmZr` cmoJm| H$s AnZr μO_rZm| Am¡a àmH¥${VH$
g§gmYZm| na go ñdm`ÎmVm {N>Z OmEJr& `o g§gmYZ ñWmZr` AW©ì`dñWm dmñVd _| amÁ` _|
Am¡a AmOr{dH$m H$s ar‹T> h¢& gmW hr EgB©μOoS _| ñWmZr` ZmJ[aH$mo§ H$mo `{dH$mg Am`wº$’
{~Zm AZw_{V n«doe H$s _Zmhr go ^maV Ho$ ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$ H$ht ^r AmZo- Am¡a H|$Ð _| `~moS©>
OmZo Ho$ _m¡{cH$ A{YH$ma H$m ^r C„§KZ hmoJm& Am°$ Aàydëg’ Ho$
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Aàydëg’ Ho$ nmg gmao A{YH$mam| H$m hmoZm ñWmZr` emgZ ì`dñWm Ho$ emgZ ì`dñWm Ho$
{cE g~go ~‹S>r MwZm¡Vr h¡& {cE g~go ~‹S>r
MwZm¡Vr h¡&
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37

38. BZgo g§~§{YV gmar {eH$m`V| Ho$dc amÁ` gaH$ma Ûmam {ZYm©[aV H$moQ©> _| hr Xm`a H$s Om gH$Vr
h¢& `o Ho$dc {g{dc Am¡a EgB©μOoS go g§~§Yr _m_cm| Ho$ {cE hm|Jr& EgB©μOoS$ Ho$ {cE {ZYm©[aV H$moQ©>
Ho$ Acmdm H$moB© AÝ` H$moQ©> EgB©μOoS go Ow‹So> _m_cm| H$mo Zht XoI gH|$Jt&
{deof Am{W©H$ joÌ Ho$ Amgnmg g§ajH$ gr_m ~ZmZo Am¡a AZm{YH¥$V ì`{º$`m| H$mo KwgZo go
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{cE {dH$mg Am`wº$ H$s BOmμOV Ho$ {~Zm n«doe H$s _ZmB© Ed§ {H$gr hmXgo H$s pñW{V _| H$moB© Om±M
H$aZm _wpíH$c hmoJm& EgB©μOoS A{Y{Z`_ {dH$mg Am`wŠV, AÝ` A{YH$m[a`m| Am¡a gaH$ma H$s
Xoe Ho$ cmoJm| Ho$ à{V Odm~Xohr na nyar Vah Im_moe h¡&
Eg.B©.μOoS>. Ho$ g§~§Y _| Xr J`r BZ Xbrbm| H$mo gaH$ma Am¡a Eg.B©.μOoS>. Ho$ Zw_mBÝXm| Zo `h
H$hH$a Im[aμO {H$`m {H$ `o Ho$db g_` go nhbo bJmB© Om ahr AQ>H$b| h¢Ÿ {OZ_|$ gÀMmB© Zhr
h¡Ÿ&
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CZHo$ à^mdm| na MMm© H$s J`r h¡Ÿ& Cggo nhbo MrZ, {OgH$m CXmhaU ha g_` {X`m OmVm h¡,
Cgna JhamB© go ZμOa S>mbr J`r h¡Ÿ& BZHo$ {díbofU go `h Vñdra Am¡a gm$ hmoJr {H$ AmZodmbo
g_` _o dmH$B© _o EgB©μOoS go {H$VZm $m`Xm h_mao Xoe Am¡a `hm§ Ho$ bmoJm| Img H$a Jar~m| Am¡a
_μOXyam| H$mo hmoZodmbm h¡Ÿ&
1
cag.nic.in/reports/indir_taxes/1998_book1/overview.htm dm{UÁ` _§Ìmc` H$s àog [acrμO 9 $a 2006
2
{~`m°ÝS> X Am°°pãd`g, {~XdB© àw$„, «§$Q>cmBZ, {gV§~a 22, 2006
3
M§ÐeoIa, grnr, {à{_Q>rd EŠ`w_wcoeZ ~m` AZmXa Zo_, www.macroscan.com
4
B©nrS>ãcy g§nmXH$s`, Aàoc 2006 ñnoec BH$m°Zm°{_H$ μOmoÝg… AZZogogar {JdAdoO
5
http://www.macroscan.org/pol/apr00/pol040400Exim_Policy_3.htm
6
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2015488.cms
7
AmB©Q>r {S´>dZ Am°°$emo[a¨J… X EŠμOoJaoQo>S> So>dcn_|Q> Am°°nmoÀ`©w{ZQ>r gr.nr. M§ÐeoIa Am¡a O`{V Kmof
8
_mZer Amea Am¡a [a$V _w_VmO, {S>ñßbog_oÝQ> BZ X Q>mB_ Am°$ S>oìhbn_oÝQ>, BÝ$moM|O B§{S>`m
9
http://www.icftu.org/www/pdf/corelabourstandardsindia.pdf
10
http://citu.org.in/wclass_aug02_a6.htm
11
dr d|H$Qo>e, coâQ> Bån¡ŠQ>, «§$Q>cmBZ
12
"dh H$mZyZr n«mdYmZ h¡ {Ogo n`m©daU Ed§ dZ _§Ìmc` Zo 1994 _| cmJy {H$`m Wm {OgHo$ A§VJ©V cJ^J 30 go
μÁ`mXm lo{U`m| _| AmZo dmco Am¡Úmo{JH$ Am¡a ~‹S>r n[a`moOZmAm|§ H$mo n`m©daU g§~§Yr _§Oyar XoZo H$s n«{H«$`m go g§~§{YV {Xem-
{ZX©oe h¢ &
38

39. ^maV _| O~ H$^r
MrZr Am{W©H$ VOw~©}
H$s MMm© H$s OmVr h¡,
Vmo Bg_| MrZr cmoJm|
MrZ _| {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ na AW©ì`dñWm Ho$
Bg _m°S>c go hþE
MH$mMm¢Y Ho$ nrNo> H$s Ag{c`V dmñV{dH$ Aga H$s
MMm© Zht hmoVr h¡&
O~ H$^r MrZr Am{W©H$ VOw~©o H$s MMm© H$s OmVr h¡, ImgH$a
^maV _|, Vmo Bg_| MrZr cmoJm| na AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ Bg _m°S>c go hþE
dmñV{dH$ Aga H$s MMm© Zht hmoVr h¡& n`m©daU Am¡a àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm|
Ho$ ZwH$gmZ H$m Om`μOm ^r Zht {c`m OmVm h¡&
gZ² 1978 VH$ MrZ H$s AW©ì`dñWm EH$ ~§X AW©ì`dñWm Wr
{Og_| {dXoer VH$ZrH$ Am¡a {dXoer ny§Or {Zdoe H$m H$moB© ñWmZ Zht Wm&
e|μOoZ {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ go MrZ H$s _mŠg©dmXr gaH$ma Zo EH$ d¡H$pënH$
(ny±OrdmXr) Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm H$s ewéAmV H$aZo Ho$ {cE à`moJ Ho$ Vm¡a
na `o joÌ ewê$ {H$E Wo& {Xem{ZX©oem| Am¡a Zr{V`m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go BZ joÌm|
_| {dXoer {Zdoe H$mo AmH${f©V {H$`m J`m Wm& na§Vw EgB©μOoS {dH${gV
H$aZo Am¡a CZna {Z`§ÌU H$m A{YH$ma amÁ` Ho$ hmW _| Wm& MrZ _|
μÁ`mXmVa {dXoer {Zdoe hm±JH$m±J, VmBdmZ, OmnmZ, _H$mD$, X{jU
H$mo[a`m, A_o[aH$m Am¡a O_©Zr go AmVm ahm h¡&
{dH$mg Ho$ nhco XeH$ _|, H$n‹So>, OyVo, {~Ocr Ho$ N>moQo> gm_mZ
Am¡a AÝ` l_ AmYm[aV CÚmoJm| H$m AW©ì`dñWm _| _w»` `moJXmZ ahm
Wm& A^r ^r H$n‹S>m, ImÚ Am¡a no` VWm {Z_m©U gm_J«r BZ joÌm| Ho$
VrZ na§namJV Am¡Úmo{JH$ ñV§^ h¢& `o gm_mZ N>moQo> AñWm`r H$maImZm|
_| ñWmZr` àm{YH$m[a`m| `m {ZOr ñdm{_`m| Ûmam g~-H$m°ÝQ´¡>pŠQ§>J Ho$
VhV {Z`m©V Ho$ ~mμOma Ho$ {cE ~Zm`m OmVm h¢& J¡n, E{S>S>mg Am¡a
39

40. ZmBH$s O¡gr ~‹S>r H§$n{Z`m§ g^r MrZr l_ H$m BñVo_mc H$aVr h¢&
CXmhaU Ho$ Vm¡a na {g©$ ZmBH$s Ho$ 70,000 go μÁ`mXm g~-H$m°ÝQ´¡>ŠQ>
MrZ _| h¢&
BZHo$ A{V[aŠV gyMZm Ed§ n«m¡Úmo{JH$s Am¡a BcoŠQ´>m°{ZŠg,
BcopŠQ´>H$ Am¡a {deof Am¡Oma, VWm Voc Am¡a noQ´>moHo${_H$c CÚmoJ VrZ
ZE C^aVo CÚmoJ h¢& H$mJμO {Z_m©U, Am¡îmYr Am¡a dmhZ CÚmoJ ^r
C^aVo joÌ _mZo Om aho h¡&
^maVr` g§X^© _| MrZ H$s EgB©μOoS Zr{V Ho$ à^md H$mo g_PZm
_hËdnyU© h¡& amOZoVmAm| Am¡a Zm¡H$aemhm| go coH$a _r{S>`m VH$ 1980
Ho$ XeH$ Ho$ ~mX go MrZ Ho$ Am{W©H$ AZw^d go MH$mMm¢Y Am¡a _w½Y aho
h¢& A~ ^maV H$m _Ü`_ dJ© MrZ H$s 1000 S>m°ca H$s à{V ì`{º$ Am`
Ho$ Am§H$‹So> Ho$ nrNo> ^mJ ahm h¡&
^maV `{X dV©_mZ MrZr AW©ì`dñWm H$s ZH$c H$aZo Ho$ {cE
V¡`ma h¢ Vmo h_| CgHo$ AZw^d H$s nyar gƒmB© OmZ coZr Mm{hE&
Am§H$‹S>m| H$m YmoIm - Eogm A§XmμOm cJm`m J`m h¡ {H$ 2003 VH$ MrZ
_| cJ^J 7000 ~‹So> – N>moQo> Am{W©H$ {dH$mg joÌ Wo& BZ_| Am{W©H$
Am¡a VH$ZrH$s {dH$mg joÌ, hmB©-Qo>H$ nmH©$, _wº$ ì`mnma joÌ,
MrZr gaH$ma Ho$ B©nrμOoS Am¡a EgB©μOoS em{_c h¢& MrZr gaH$ma Ho$ òmoVm| go AZw_mZ
òmoVm| go AZw_mZ Ho$ Ho$ _wVm{~H$ nyao Xoe Ho$ 6866 {dH$mg joÌm| _| go 70 à{VeV μO_rZ|
_wVm{~H$ nyao Xoe Ho$ J¡aH$mZyZr VarH$m| go h{W`mB© JB© Wt Am¡a BZH$m BñVo_mc ^r Zht
{dH$mg joÌm| _| go {H$`m J`m& ~mX _| MrZ Zo CZ VWmH${WV joÌm|, Ohm§ go Ho$dc
70% _| μO_rZ| ~‹S>r g§»`m _| {H$gmZm| H$mo ~oXIc {H$`m Wm Am¡a {OZ_| n`m©á
J¡aH$mZyZr VarH$m| go AmYma g§aMZm Zht Wr, Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo {ddoH$nyU© T§>J go AmJo
h{W`mB© JB© Wt Am¡a ~‹T>mZo H$m ¡$gcm {H$`m& cJ^J 4800 go μÁ`mXm Eogo VWmH${WV
BZH$m BñVo_mc ^r joÌm| H$mo aÔ H$a {X`m J`m Am¡a ZE Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$s ñWmnZm
Zht {H$`m J`m& {Zc§{~V H$a Xr JB©&1
40

41. eharH$aU go C^ar g_ñ`mE§ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ {damoY - {dœ ~¢H$ Ho$ EH$ AÜ``Z _| nm`m J`m
h¡ {H$ EH$ {dH$mgerc Xoe _| à{V ì`{º$ gH$c Kaocy CËnmX 1000 S>m°ca Am¡a eharH$aU
H$s Xa 30% hmoZo na BgH$m VoμOr go eharH$aU hmoJm& A^r MrZ H$m à{V ì`{º$ gH$c
Kaocy CËnmX Am¡a eharH$aU H$s Xa Bgr AZwnmV _| h¢& MrZ H$s eharH$aU H$s Xa (Hw$c
Am~mXr _| ehar Am~mXr H$m AZwnmV) 1990 go coH$a 2000 VH$ 1.1% VH$ ~‹T>r h¡& Ohm§
EH$ Amoa eharH$aU ~‹T>m h¡ dht Xygar Amoa, EH$ Am{YH$m[aH$ [anmoQ©> Ho$ AZwgma hmc Ho$
gmcm| _|, “Am_ ì`dñWm H$s g_ñ`mE±” ^r ~‹T>r h¢& 2003 _| 58,000 gm_m{OH$ {damoY E§d
n«{VÛ§X go Ow‹S>r KQ>ZmE± hþB© Wt Omo 2005 _| ~‹T>H$a 87,000 hmo JB©& JwAm§JS>m|J àm§V H$s
amOYmZr JwAm§½μOmo Ho$ Amgnmg H$m nc© [ada So>ëQ>m Am{W©H$ ê$n go MrZ Ho$ g~go {dH${gV
joÌm| _| go EH$ h¡& `h àdmgr _μOXyam| H$s g~go μÁ`mXm g§»`m dmco BcmH$m| _| go EH$ h¡,
A§XmμOZ 2 H$amo‹S> 50 cmI cmoJ& [anmoQ>m] Ho$ AZwgma `hm± OZdar-AŠQy>~a 2004 Ho$ ~rM
867 {damoY àXe©Z hþE {OZ_| 50,000 _μOXya em{_c Wo&2
àXe©ZH$m[a`m| Am¡a nw{cg Ho$ ~rM qhgH$ P‹S>n| Z Ho$dc MrZ Ho$ ^rVar BcmH$m| _|, ~pëH$
YZr VQ>r` BcmH$m| _| ^r hþB© h¢, Ohm± H$B© EgB©μOoS h¢&
e|μOoZ Jm§d : MrZ H$m nhcm {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ
e|OZ, {Ogo E{e`m H$m g~go VoOr go ~‹T>Vm eha H$hm OmVm h¡, MrZ H$m nhcm (Hw$c nm±M _| go)
μ o μ
{deof Am{W©H$ joÌ Wm& EH$ g_` H$m _Nw>Amam| H$m Jm±d e|OZ, 1980 _| hm±JH$m±J Ho$ nmg hmoZo
μ o
Ho$ H$maU {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ ~Zm`m J`m Wm&
{deof Am{W©H$ joÌ ~ZZo Ho$ ~mX e|OZ H$s Am~mXr 1980 go 2000 VH$ ha gmc 16.5% H$s
μ o
Xa go ~‹T>r h¡& `hm§ H$s g~go ~‹S>r Im{g`V h¡ {H$ AñWm`r {Zdmgr `hm± H$s Hw$c Am~mXr na
N>mE hþE h¢& MrZ H$s nm±Mdt amï´>r` OZJUZm Ho$ n[aUm_ ~VmVo h¢ {H$ e|OZ H$s Am~mXr _| go
μ o
~hþg»`H$ 83 % “AñWm`r Am~mXr” h¡&
§
CnZJam| _| VoOr go ~‹T>Vr hþB© Am~mXr go BZ BcmH$m| H$s pñW{V Iam~ hmo JB© h¡& e|OZ _| ehar
μ μ o
Jar~r, n`m©daU àXyfU, AnamY Am¡a A{Zdm`© {ejm H$s An`m©á ì`dñWmE§ O¡gr g_ñ`mE±
n¡Xm hmoH$a {dH$amc hmo JB© h¢& $adar 2004 go e|μOoZ å`w{Z{gnc H$m°nm©oaoeZ Zo 350 {_{c`Z
dJ© _rQ>a go “J¡aH$mZyZr” {Z_m©U Am¡a ~gmhQ> hQ>mZo Ho$ {cE EH$ ~‹S>m “A{^`mZ” ewê$ {H$`m
h¡ {OgZo cJ^J Xg cmI cmoJm| H$mo à^m{dV {H$`m&
41

42. J«m_rU Ed§ ehar ~oamoOJmar- 1978 go 2000 Ho$ ~rM J«m_rU
Am_XZr N>h JwZm ~‹T>r, co{H$Z `h ehar Am_XZr Ho$ ~am~a Zht
ah gH$s, Am¡a 1990 Ho$ XeH$ Ho$ Am{Ia _| {H$gmZm| H$s Am_XZr
_| R>hamd AmZo cJm Am¡a J«m_rU ~oamoμOJmar ~‹T> H$a H$ar~ 20%
hmo JB©& J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ {~Iamd Am¡a ~‹T>Vo H$am| Am¡a
ewëH$m| Zo H$B© {eH$m`Vm| H$mo OÝ_ {X`m& gm_y{hH$ {damoY H$s
J{V{d{Y`m| _|, Omo Bg Xm¡amZ Hw$N> àm§Vm| _| amoμO hmoVr Wt, gaH$mar
A{YH$m[a`m| H$mo AmdoXZ XoZo go coH$a qhgH$ àXe©Z VH$ em{_c
Wo&
ehar BcmH$m| _|, ~oamoμOJmar A§XmμOZ 15% Am¡a MrZ Ho$ CÎma-nyd©
Ho$ “añQ> ~oëQ>” eham| _| 25% _mZr JB© Wr& 2000 go, O~{H$
μO~aXñV Am{W©H$ {dH$mg hþAm h¡, gaH$ma Ûmam McmB© OmZo
dmcr gaH$mar Am¡a gm_y{hH$ CÚ_m| go cmoJm| H$mo Zm¡H$[a`m| go
{ZH$mcm Om ahm h¡& nyao Xoe _|, 1999-2004 _| A§XmμOZ 2 H$amo‹S>
70 cmI 80 hμOma H$maImZm| _| H$m_ H$aZo dmco l{_H$m| H$s
H§$n{Z`m± Á`mXmVa Zm¡H$[a`m± JBª& MrZr JUamÁ` Ho$ gaH$mar òmoVm| Ho$ AZwgma 2005-
J«m_rU BcmH$m| Ho$ 06 _| 60 cmI cmoJm| H$s Zm¡H$[a`m± OmZo H$m A§Xoem Wm&
àdmgr `wdmAm| H$mo
H$m_ na aIVr h¢ _OXyam| H$m emofU - ~Vm`m OmVm h¡ {H$ EgB©μOoS _| H$m_ H$aZo
Š`m|{H$ `o H$s OJh ì`mdgm{`H$ n[aga Ho$ ~Om` `mVZm {e{da O¡gr μÁ`mXm
AcJ-WcJ ahVo cJVr h¡& ~mha OmVo g_` H$_©Mm[a`m| H$s Vcmer cr OmVr h¡,
h¢, H$_ n‹To>-{cIo àmBdoQ> JmS©> ~mha Ho$ amñVm| H$s {ZJamZr H$aVo h¢, CËnmXZ H$s
hmoVo h¢ Am¡a BÝh| J{V na {ZJmh aIVo h¢ Am¡a XoIVo h¢ {H$ H$_©Mmar {H$VZr Xoa
_μOXya `y{Z`Zm| H$s ~mWê$_ _| {~VmVo h¢& g¡Õm§{VH$ ê$n go J¡aH$mZyZr hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX
H$moB© OmZH$mar Zht `W«r BZ dZ’ ¡$pŠQ´>`m± Am_ h¢ {OZ_| àmoS>ŠeZ âbmoa, ^§S>maU
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H$aZm AmgmZ hmoVm AŠga Vmco hmoVo h¢ Am¡a {I‹S>{H$`m| na Om{c`m± hmoVr h¢&3
h¡&
42

43. H§$n{Z`m± Á`mXmVa J«m_rU BcmH$m| Ho$ àdmgr `wdmAm| H$mo H$m_ na
aIVr h¢& Š`m|{H$ `o AcJ-WcJ ahVo h¢, VwcZmË_H$ ê$n go H$_ n‹To>-
{cIo hmoVo h¢ Am¡a BÝh| _μOXya `y{Z`Zm| H$s H$moB© OmZH$mar Zht hmoVr&
BZ H$maUm| go BZH$m emofU H$aZm AmgmZ hmoVm h¡& BZ_| go μÁ`mXmVa
16 go 24 Ho$ ~rM H$s `wdm _{hcmE± hmoVr h¢, {OÝh| Xygao H$_©Mm[a`m| H$s
~{Zñ~V μÁ`mXm _ohZVr Am¡a H$_ {dÐmohr _mZm OmVm h¡& BZH$m H$ama
`m Vmo N>moQ>r Ad{Y H$m hmoVm h¡ `m hmoVm hr Zht h¡& BZ H$_©Mm[a`m| _| 16
gmc go H$_ C_« Ho$ ~ƒo ^r hmoVo h¢, hmcm±{H$ ~mc l{_H$m| Ho$ BñVo_mc
H$mo gm{~V H$aZm _wpíH$c hmoVm h¡&
nmZr H$s g_ñ`m - AmO Xw{Z`m _| nmZr H$s H$_r dmco Xoem| _| MrZ
H$m ñWmZ 13 dm± h¡ {OgH$m à{V ì`{º$ Oc g§gmYZ (CncãYVVm)
2,250 Š`y{~H$ _rQ>a h¡& `h Xw{Z`m Ho$ Am¡gV H$m Ho$dc EH$
Mm¡WmB© h¡& MrZ _| nmZr H$s g_ñ`m μO~aXñV Am¡Úmo{JH$ àXyfU
Ho$ H$maU Am¡a J§^ra hmo JB© h¡& {dœ ñdmñÏ` g§JR>Z (1998) Ho$
AZwgma `hm§ Ho$ eha Xw{Z`m Ho$ g~go μÁ`mXm àXy{fV eham| H$s
gyMr _| h¢&
D$Om© H$s H$_r - dV©_mZ _| MrZ _| D$Om© H$s ~hþV H$_r h¡, 25 go
30% VH$, Omo MrZ Ho$ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$mo amoH$ gH$Vr h¡& Ohm§
MrZ _| nmZr H$s
EH$ Amoa MrZ H$s AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ VoμO {dH$mg Zo D$Om© H$s _m±J g_ñ`m O~aXñV
μ
~‹T>m Xr h¡, dht Xygar Va$ `h D$Om© Am¡a H$ƒo _mc H$s _m±J hr h¡ Am¡Úmo{JH$ àXyfU
Omo ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m| H$mo na_mUw D$Om© g§`§Ì Am¡a ~‹So> nZ{~Ocr Ho$ H$maU Am¡a J§^ra
~m±Y ~ZmZo Ho$ {cE MrZ H$s Amoa ItM ahr h¡& Bg n«H$ma {dH$mg hmo JB© h¡& {dœ
Am¡a Cggo hmoZo dmco {dZme H$m XwîMH«$ Mcm Am ahm h¡& ñdmñÏ` g§JR>Z
(1998) Ho$ AZwgma
AÝZ gwajm H$m gH§$Q> - MrZ Ho$ gm_Zo AmO AÝZ gwajm H$s ^r
`hm§ Ho$ eha Xw{Z`m
g§H$Q> h¡& gdmc CR>m`m Om ahm h¡ {H$ “MrZ 21dt gXr _| AnZr Ho$ g~go
Am~mXr (cJ^J 1 Aa~ 400 H$amo‹S>) H$m noQ> H¡$go ^aoJm?” Á`mXm àXy{fV eham|
μ
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43

44. Am¡a aoc _mJm] Ho$ {Z_m©U Ho$ {cE hñ§VmV[aV H$aZo Ho$ H$maU MrZ _| IoVr H$s μO_rZ H$_
(cJ^J 20% H$s H$_r) ah JB© h¡ & Xoe Ho$ AZmO H$s n¡Xmdma 1% H$s Xa go ha gmc {Ja
ahr h¡& Eogm A§XmμOm h¡ {H$ Bggo 2030 _| 20 H$amo‹S> 16 cmI Q>Z H$s H$_r hmoJr & IoVr _|
qgMmB© Ho$ Acmdm nmZr Ho$ AÝ` ~‹To> ~hþVoao Cn`moJm| (CÚmoJ) go hmcmV Am¡a ^r Iam~ hmo JE
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MrZ Ho$ A_ra VQ>r` joÌ Ed§ {nN>‹So> Am¡a Jar~ Am§V[aH$ joÌm| Ho$ ~rM C^aH$a AmZo dmcr
{df_Vm H$s ImB©, MrZ Ho$ gdm©{YH$ n«g§{eV EgB©μOoS H$s g~go ~‹S>r AmcmoMZm ahr h¡& `h
ñdrH$maVo hþE MrZ H$s gaH$ma Zo ^r AnZo 11d| n§Mdfu` `moOZm (2006), _| EH$ Eogr Zr{V H$s
Oê$aV na μOmoa {X`m {Og_| CÚmoJm| go H¥${f H$mo g_W©Z XoZo H$s ~mV H$hr JB©, {Oggo Xoe Ho$
{nN>‹So> hþE Am§V[aH$ joÌm| H$s AW©ì`dñWm H$m {dH$mg hmo& `Ú{n, MrZ Ho$ Ûmam 2003 _| {díd
ì`mnma g§K H$s gXñ`Vm coZo go `h gm{~V hmoVm h¡ {H$ MrZ H$s gaH$ma nyar Vah go ~mOma na
AmYm[aV AW©ì`dñWm Ûmam {dH$mg Ho$ amñVo na h¡& gmW hr Eogm ^r AZw_mZ cJm`m Om ahm h¡ {H$
ZB© CXmadmXr ì`dgm{`H$ Zr{V`m§, {dXoer H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ {cE ñWmZr` ~mOma H$mo ImocZo Ed§
gaH$mar CÚmoJm| H$mo Yrao - Yrao ~§X H$aZo H$s dOh go A~ {H$gmZm| Am¡a _OXyam| H$s pñW{V nhco
go μÁ`mXm Iam~ hmoZo dmcr h¡&
^maV, 1990 Ho$ XeH$ go Am{W©H$ gwYmam| H$s amh na h¡ Am¡a V~ go BgZo _wS> H$a Zht XoIm h¡&
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^maV _| ^r {nN>co XeH$ go VoOr go Omar h¡& `h _mZZo H$m H$moB© H$maU Zht h¡ {H$ {OZ _wpíH$cm|
μ
H$m gm_Zm AmO MrZ H$a ahm h¡ Am¡a AmZo dmco gmcm| _| H$aVm ahoJm, dmo ^maV Ho$ gm_Zo ^r
Zht AmE±Jt&
1
upgrading China’s competativeness, Dr. Filie Beule & Prof. Danial Van Den Bulcke, Institute of development
policy and management, 2003
2
{O`m{~Z {cZ, So>dcn_|Q> E§S> _¡ZoO_|Q> Am°°$ _oJm{gQ>rμO BZ MmBZm, {S>nmQ©>_|Q> Am°°$ gmoec So>dcn_|Q> argM© g|Q>a, X
ñQo>Q> H$mC§{gc Am°°$ nr.Ama.gr. MmBZm
3
H$m°n© dm°M AmcoI (www.corpwatch.com)
4
Wm°_g c_, gmoec AZaoñQ> BZ MmB©Zm, _B© 8 2006, H$m°J«|eZc [agM© g{d©g
44