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upgrading China’s competativeness, Dr. Filie Beule & Prof. Danial Van Den Bulcke, Institute of development
policy and management, 2003
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55](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sezinhindi-090820102142-phpapp02/75/SEZ-Hit-on-Democracy-55-2048.jpg)
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SEZ Hit on Democracy
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- 6. {ZOr H$ånZr`m| ZoñWmZr` g_wXm`m| Ho$ {damoY Ho$ ~mdOyX ~hþV gmar IoVr H$s Am¡a VQ>r` μO_rZ A{YJ«{hV H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee| Omar aIr; O~ AW©em{ó`m| Am¡a {dícofH$m| Zo BZHo$ Am{W©H$ VH©$ na cJmVma gdmc CR>mE Am¡a BÝh| ar`c EñQo>Q> Ho$ KmoQ>mco H$ama {X`m; O~ dm_n§Wr Xcm| Zo _μOXyam| Ho$ A{YH$mam| H$s ajm Ho$ {cE H$mZyZ _| g§emoYZ H$s _m±J H$s Am¡a O~ OZ A{YH$ma H$m`©H$Vm©Am| Zo 2005 Ho$ {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ A{Y{Z`_ go Xoe H$s g§à^wVm Am¡a cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ ~ZmdQ> H$mo IVam hmoZo H$m _wÔm CR>m`m& 2006 Ho$ IË_ hmoVo-hmoVo Eg.B©.μOoS>. Ho$ {cE O~aZ ^y-A{YJ«hU Ho$ {Icmμ$ _hmamï´>, h[a`mUm Am¡a CËVan«Xoe _| {H$gmZm| Ho$ {damoY go _mhm¡c J_m©© MwH$m Wm& OZdar 2007 _| Z§XrJ«m_, npíM_ ~§Jmc _| hþE ^y-A{YJ«hU H$mo coH$a EgB©μOoS> Ho$ {Icm$ {damoY Am¡a qhgH$ P‹S>n Ho$ ~mdOyX amÁ` gaH$ma H$m ê$I ñWmZr` g_wXm`m| Ho$ à{V Ag§doXZerc ahm& EgB©μOoS> Ho$ {Icm$ CRo> gdmcm| Zo Z {g©$ npíM_ ~§Jmc H$s gaH$ma na X~md ~Zm`m, ~pëH$ H|$X« gaH$ma H$mo ^r EgB©μOoS> na nwZ©{dMma H$aZo H$mo _O~ya {H$`m& gmW hr n§Om~, CÎmamI§S> Am¡a CÎma n«Xoe _| AmZo dmco _hrZm| _| hmoZo dmco MwZmdm| Zo ^r _w»` amOZr{VH$ Xcm| H$mo EgB©μOoS> Am¡a Cggo Ow‹So> _wX²Xm| na AnZm nj aIZo _| gV©H$ H$a {X`m h¡& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV Xoe Ho$ n«YmZ_§Ìr lr. _Z_mohZ qgh Zo ^r A§VV… _O~yar _| `h ~`mZ {X`m h¡ {H$ nwZdm©g Zr{V Ho$ AmZo go nhco Z`r n[a`moOZmAm| H$mo _§Oyar Zht Xo§Jo& dmñVd _o§ EgB©μOoS> Zr{V go CRo> {ddmX H$s amOZr{V Š`m h¡ ? `h XñVmdoμO Bg gdmc Ho$ Odm~ Ho$ {d{^ÝZ njm| H$mo g_PZo H$m EH$ n«`mg h¡μ& BgH$m CÔoí` nyao Xoe _| EgB©μOoS> Ho$ Zm_ na {ZaW©H$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ Zr{V`m| Am¡a H$mZyZm| H$mo MwZm¡Vr XoZo Ho$ {cE ~Z aho _mhm¡c H$m Ñ{ï>H$moU ~VmZm h¡& Hw$N> cmoJm| Ho$ $m`Xo Ho$ {cE Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Ho$ Zm_ na h_mao g_mO Ho$ Jar~ V~H$m| Ho$ Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ Am¡a n`m©daU g§~§Yr A{YH$mam| H$mo ~oMZo na `h XñVmdoO gdmc CR>mVm h¡& XñVmdoμO Ho$ nhco ^mJ _|, ~hþV g§jon _|, Xw{Z`m _| Am{W©H$ joÌm| Ho$ {dH$mg Am¡a `h Zr{V AnZmZo dmco Xoem| _| H$m_ H$aZo dmco nhcyAm| na àH$me S>mcZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s JB© h¡& Xygao ^mJ _|, ^maV Ûmam MrZ _| cmJy {H$`o JE EgB©μOoS> Ho$ _m°S>c H$mo AnZmZo Am¡a EgB©μOoS> H$mZyZ Ho$ g§X^© _| A^r Ho$ hmcmV na MMm© H$s JB© h¡& Vrgao ^mJ _| gaH$ma Ho$ nj Am¡a VH$m] Ho$ gmW-gmW CZHo$ {dnj Ho$ VH$m] H$mo gm_Zo aIZo H$m n«`mg {H$`m h¡& nyao Xoe Ho$ OZ A{YH$ma g§JR>Zm| Am¡a g_wXm`m| Ûmam EgB©μOoS> H$mZyZ Ho$ g§X^© _| μOm{ha H$s JB© qMVmAm| H$m {dñVma go {dícofU ^r {H$`m h¡& {nN>co 20 gmcm| _| MrZ Ho$ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Ho$ dhm§ Ho$ cmoJm| Am¡a n`m©daU na hþE n«^mdm| na 6
- 7. amoeZr S>mcZo H$mn«`mg {H$`m J`m h¡& Mm¡Wo ^mJ _| AcJ-AcJ àXoem| _| ~Z aho EgB©μOoS> Ho$ {dH$mg Am¡a CZHo$ {damoY H$mo gm_Zo aIZo H$m n«`mg {H$`m h¡& XñVmdoμO H$mo {cIZo Ho$ Xm¡amZ EgB©μOoS> Ho$ _wX²Xo na ~Zr h_mar g_P Am¡a {d{^ÝZ OZ Am§XmocZm| Ûmam CR>mE JE gdmcm| H$mo Am{Iar ^mJ "EgB©μOoS> H$s amOZr{V - {dH$mg H$m ^«_' _| g_oQ>m J`m h¡& h_| Cå_rX h¡ {H$ `h XñVmdoμO EgB©μOoS> Ho$ {damoY _| Mc aho Am§XmocZm| Am¡a Bg _wX²Xo na {N>‹S>r ~hg H$mo _μO~yVr XoJm& Bg XñVmdoμO Ho$ _mÜ`_ go EgB©μOoS> Am¡a Cggo Ow‹S>r hþB© _hËdnyU© OmZH$m[a`m| H$mo Á`mXm go Á`mXm cmoJm| Am¡a OZ g_whm| VH$ nhþ§MmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s J`r h¡& _mZer Amea [a$V _w_VmμO 1 Á`m§-nm°c _¡hm©oμO Am¡a _mg©ocm {Oμ_m§ñH$s H$s AmB©grE$Q>r`y [anmoQ©> -{~hmB§S> X dm`a- E§Q>r `y{Z`Z [aàoeZ BZ X EŠgnmoQ©> àmogoqgJ μOmoÝg-Aà¡c 1996 7
- 8.
- 9. Am{W©H$ Am¡a Am¡Úmo{JH$joÌ ZdCn{ZdoedmXr Xm¡a _| Cn{ZdoedmXr {damgV I Xw{Z`m _| Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$m B{Vhmg `{X h_ Bg {dMma H$mo Cn{ZdoedmXr `wJ Ho$ nwamZo Cn{Zdoem| Ho$ {cE n¡Xm hþAm Zht _mZ|, Vmo AcJ go Am{W©H$ joÌ ~ZmZo H$m {dMma 20 dt gXr Ho$ _Ü` _| Am`m Wm& A§Va {Z{üV ê$n go `hr h¡ {H$ n{hbm Cn{ZdoerH$aU $m¡O H$s VmH$V go hþAm Wm Ohm± Am¡Úmo{JH$ ê$n go {dH${gV `yamo{n`Z Xoem| Zo AnZo Am{W©H$ {hVm| Am¡a amOZr{VH$ X~X~o Ho$ {cE N>moQo> Am¡a Jar~ Xoemo§ na hþHy$_V H$s Wr& ZE Cn{ZdoedmXr Xm¡a _|, `o Am{W©H$ joÌ Xoe Ho$ ^rVa N>moQo> {dXoer n[ajoÌ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& d¡pídH$ Am{W©H$ T>m±Mo _| BÝh| T>mcZo Ho$ {cE "Zr{V`mo§' H$m dmVmdaU ~ZmZm, CXmarH$aU Ho$ `wJ _|, $m¡Or VmH$V H$m EH$ {dH$ën h¡ Omo "Vrgar "AZw^dhrZ {dXoer Xw{Z`m' Ho$ Xoem| H$s gaH$ma| ñd§` AnZm ahr h¢& {ZdoeH$ Ho$ {cE `h d¡gm hr h¡ O¡gm {H$ AmB©EcAmo H$s [anmoQ©> Ho$ AZwgma nhcm A{YH¥$V Am{W©H$ joÌ EH$ gVH©$ n`©Q>H$ Ho$ ñnoZ _| 1929 _| ~Zm& AmB©grE$Q>r`y (B§Q>aZ°ebZ H$Ýo$S>aoeZ Am°$ {cE n¡Ho$O hm°{cSo> {«$ Q´>oS> `w{Z`Ýg) H$s EH$ [anmoQ©> Ho$ AZwgma, ImgVm¡a na {Z`m©V hmoVm h¡' Am{W©H$ CËnmXZ Ho$ {cE nhcm {Z`m©V (Xoe Ho$ ~mha ~oMm OmZo dmbm CËnmX) joÌm| na A§Va©mï´>r` àg§ñH$aU joÌ (B©μnrOoS>)"1960 Ho$ XeH$ H$s ewéAmV _| Am`ac¢S> l_ g§JR>Z H$s Ho$ e¡ZZ hdmB©AÈo> Ho$ Amgnmg Ho$ joÌ _| ewê$ hþAm& Bgo Zm¡H$[a`m| Ho$ [anmoQ©>Ÿ& 9
- 10. e¡ZZ : {dídH$m nhcm EgB©μOoS> AQ>cm§{Q>H$ gmJa H$mo nma H$aHo$ OmZo dmco OhmμO B§YZ ny{V© Ho$ {cE e¡ZZ E`anmoQ>© na ê$H$Vo Wo & naVw§ ~mX _| A{YH$ j_Vm dmco OhmμOm| Ho$ AmZo na A{YH$V_ OhmμOm| H$m e¡ZZ E`anmoQ>© na ê$H$Zm H$_ hmo J`m& Bg dOh go E`anmoQ©> Ho$ H$_©Mm[a`m| Ho$ ~oamoOJma hmoZo H$s g§^mdZm ~‹T> JB©& Bg pñW{V go ~MZo Ho$ {cE E`anmoQ>© na {Z`m©V Ho$ {cE H$a _wŠV dñVwAm| H$m CËnmXZ joÌ ~Zm`m J`m& _m¡Ho$ ~‹T>mZo H$m Am¡a {Z`m©V H$s MrμOm| na H$a MwH$mZo H$s Zm¡H$aemhr àUmcr go ~MZo H$m EH$ gñVm VarH$m _mZm J`m Wm& ~hahmc Bg AmH$f©H$ {dMma _| ewê$ go hr EH$ ~‹S>r Im_r Wr& BgHo$ {cE joÌ H$mo `m {MpÝhV H$maImZm| H$mo grc H$aZm hmoVm Wm Vm{H$ {~Zm H$a dmcr MrμO| VñH$ar go Xoe H$s AW©ì`dñWm _| em{_c Z hmo OmE±&'1 `h EH$ Vah go Eogo Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌm| H$s ewê$AmV Wr {Ogo gm_mÝ` joÌm| go n¥WH$ H$a AcJ ~Zm`m OmZo cJm& O~ `o joÌ ~‹T>Zo cJo, Vmo ZE-ZE _m°S>cm| Ho$ VOw~©o gm_Zo AmZoo cJo {OZ_| H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ {cE Am¡a μÁ`mXm AmH$f©U Am¡a $m`Xo Wo& 1995 _|, H$ar~ 70 Xoem| _| 230 go μÁ`mXm Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ Wo, {OZ_| go 100 go μÁ`mXm c¡{Q>Z A_o[aH$m Am¡a H¡$[a{~`Z _|, Am¡a 64 E{e`m Am¡a 31 A«$sH$m _| Wo& AmB©grE$Q>r`y Ho$ AZwgma 2002 _| `h Am±H$‹S>m 116 Xoem| _| 3000 joÌm| VH$ nhþ±M J`m h¡&2 {nN>cr gXr Ho$ A§V _| Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V, Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$s d¥{Õ H$s _w»` YmamE§ CgHo$ ~mX {nN>cr gXr Ho$ A§V _|, Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V Ho$ H$maU Am¡a CgHo$ Cn{ZdoedmX Ho$ ~mX Cn{ZdoedmX Ho$ {dñVma Am¡a {$a CXma AW©ì`dñWmAm| Ho$ {dñVma Am¡a {$a {dœ ~¢H$ Am¡a A§Vamï´>r` _wÐm H$mof O¡gr A§Vamï´>r` {dVr` ghm`Vm © © CXma AW©ì`dñWmAm| Ed§ F$U XoZo dmcr ~‹S>r g§ñWmE§ {OZH$m Vrgar Xy{Z`m Ho$ Xoem| _| Ho$ d¡œrH$aU Ho$ CXmadmX H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo _| ~hþV ~‹S>m hmW h¡, BZ g§ñWmAm| Zo ^r H$maU _wº$ ì`mnma AnZr `moOZmAm| _| "Am{W©H$ joÌm|' H$mo {dH$mgerc Xoem| Ho$ joÌ ~ZZo cJo& CXmarH$aU H$m Oê$ar {hñgm _mZm h¡& μ 10
- 11. d¡œrH$aU Ho$ H$maU_wº$ ì`mnma joÌ ~ZZo cJo& e¡ZZ (Am`ac¢S>) Ho$ VOw~©o Ho$ ~mX g§`wº$ amï´> g§K Zo ^r {díd {Z`m© V n« g § ñ H$aU jo Ì g§ K (dëS>© EŠnmo Q >© àmo g o q gJ μ O mo Z Agmo{gEeZ) H$m JR>Z H$aHo$ {dH$mgerc Xoem| _| B©μnrOoS> Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo ~‹T>mdm {X`m& {dH$mgerc Xoem| Ho$ {Z`m©V na My§{H$ [a`m`Vr H$a cJVm Wm Bg{cE ^r {dH${gV (CÎma Ho$) Am¡Úmo{JH$ Xoem| Zo BZ Xoem| _| Am{W©H$ E§d ì`dgm{`H$ joÌm| H$mo ~‹T>mdm {X`m& gmW hr `h cmJV KQ>mZo H$s EH$ ì`mnH$ `moOZm H$m ^r {hñgm ahm {Og_| {dH${gV Xoem| Zo AnZo `h§m go hQ>mH$a {dH$mgerc Xoem| Ho$ Eogo joÌm| _| AnZm {Z`m©V CËnmXZ joÌ {dH${gV {H$`m& Bg n«H$ma Ohm§ EH$ Amoa {dH${gV Xoem| Zo CËnmX cmJV H$_ H$s dht CZ CËnmXm| na AnZm ~«m§S> Zm_ gwa{jV aIm h¡ Am¡a ~mOma na AnZo {Z`̧U aIZo Ho$ gmW _wZm$m ^r ~‹T>m`m& Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dXoer {Zdoe Am¡a {dH$mgerc Xoem| H$mo {dÎmr` ghm`Vm XoZm "n«W_ Xw{Z`m' Ho$ A_ra Xoem| _| Jar~ Xoem| go amoμOJma H$s Vcme _| AmZodmco _μOXyam| Ho$ àdmg H$mo amoH$Zo H$m g~go AÀN>m VarH$m ^r _mZm OmVm h¡& Vrgar Xw{Z`m _| H$maImZo cJmZm Am¡Úmo{JH$ Xoem| Ho$ ~mμOmam| _| "A{V[aº$' _μOXyam| H$mo KwgZo go amoH$Zo H$s aUZr{V ^r Wr& ~hahmc, Bg VH©$ _| H$moB© X_ Zht h¡ BZ joÌm| H$mo H$mZyZr Š`m|{H$ {H$gr CÚ_ H$m CÔoí` Zm¡H$[a`m± n¡Xm H$aZm Z hmoH$a Vm¡a na "n[ajoÌ' BgHo$ eo`aYmaH$m| Ho$ {cE $m`Xm H$_mZm hmoVm h¡, Am¡a Bg{cE Kmo{fV H$aHo$ ~mH$s ^r {H$ {dXoer CÚ_m| _| {_cZo dmcr Zm¡H$[a`m± _μOXyam| H$s g§»`m Xoe go ^m¡{VH$, H$s VwcZm _| ~hþV H$_ hmoVr h¢& Am{W©H$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ ê$n go Xygar Va$, Jar~ Xoem| H$s gaH$mam| Zo ^r {dXoer {Zdoe H$mo n¥WH$ H$a {X`m AmH${f©V H$aZo Ho$ {cE B©μnrOoS> Am¡a EgB©μOoS> H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZm ewê$ OmVm h¡& 11
- 12. {H$`m& gaH$mar àñVmdm|_| μO_rZ Am¡a nmZr na H$am|, Am`mV (~mha Xoem| go IarXm J`m CËnmX) Am¡a {Z`m©V ewëH$m| _| Ny>Q> XoZo go coH$a, l_ H$mZyZm| Am¡a n`m©daU g§~§Yr {Z`_Zm| _| Ny>Q> XoZm ^r em{_c hmo J`m& 1990 Ho$ XeH$ _| H$B© gaH$mam| Zo, CXmhaU Ho$ Vm¡a na {${cntg Zo, Am{W©H$ joÌm| go Ow‹So> H$mZyZ noe {H$E& `h nyar Xw{Z`m Ho$ McZ H$m {hñgm Wm, Ohm± {nN>co 20 gmcm| _| VmH$Vda H$m°nm©oaoQ> BH$mB`m| Ho$ H$mZyZr A{YH$ma ZmQ>H$s` ê$n go ~‹To> & Bg_| {dœ ì`mnma g§JR>Z Am¡a joÌr` Ed§ {Ûnjr` ì`mnma g_Pm¡Vm| H$m hmW n«_wI ê$n go ahm h¡& Xygar Va$, Jar~m|, _μOXyam| Ed§ H$m°nm©oaoQ> {hVm| Ho$ {cE {dñWm{nV hmoZo dmco cmoJm| Ho$ A{YH$mam| H$s ajm go Ow‹So> hþE H$mZyZm| H$mo H$_μOmoa ~Zm`m J`m&3 BZ joÌm| Ho$ {cE Omo H$mZyZ ~ZmE JE CZ_| {ZdoeH$m| H$mo AmH${f©V H$aZo dmcr Am¡a ^r H$B© njm| _| (H$a cm^ Ho$ Acmdm) go EH$ `h ^r h¡ {H$ BZ joÌm| H$mo H$mZyZr Vm¡a na "n[ajoÌ' Kmo{fV H$aHo$ ~mH$s Xoe go ^m¡{VH$, Am{W©H$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ ê$n go n¥WH$ H$a {X`m OmVm h¡& à{V`mo{JVm ~‹T>Zo Ho$ gmW H§$n{Z`m± Eogr OJh| XoIVr h¢ Ohm± H$m_ BZ joÌm| _| Cn`moJ H$aZm μÁ`mXm go μÁ`mXm $m`Xo_§X hmo& {deof g§Hw$cm| H$s CncãYVm _| cmB© OmZo dmcr na AmYm[aV Eogm CÚ_r dmVmdaU Omo à{V`mo{JVm H$mo ~‹T>mdm Xo& VH$ZrH$ H$m `h dh gyÌ h¡ {Og na AmO μÁ`mXmVa ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m± E§d hñVm§VaU dmñVd _| {ZdoeH$ Ü`mZ Xo aho h¢& CXmhaU Ho$ {cE, gyMZm Ed§ n«m¡Úmo{JH$ Zht hmoVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ nmH©$ (IT) godmAm| Ho$ {cE g_W©Z godmE± Am¡a $_m] _| gh`moJ ñWmZr` CËnmXH$m| go godmAm| H$m EH$ ñWmZ na hmoZm& BZH$m H$moB© coZmXoZm Zht hmoVm, Bg{cE `o g^r H$maU {dH$mgerc Xoem| _| EgB©μOoS> Ho$ {dH$mg H$m AmYma ñWmZr` VH$ZrH$s aho h¡§& Xw{Z`m Ho$ gm_Zo {XImZo Ho$ {cE Am¡a ^maV O¡go Xoe _| AnZmZo j_VmE± ~‹T>Vr Zht Ho$ {cE E{e`mB© _hmaWr Xoem| X{jU H$mo[a`m, B§S>moZo{e`m, _co{e`m h¢& Am¡a qgJmnwa H$m CXmhaU noe {H$`m OmVm h¡& ~hþV nhco 1990 _| 12
- 13. Vrgar Xw{Z`m Ho${Z`m©V CËnmXZ _| 61 à{VeV `moJXmZ BZ Xoem| H$m Wm O~{H$ AHo$co B§S>moZo{e`m, _co{e`m Am¡a WmB©c¢S> H$s {VH$‹S>r H$m 12 à{VeV Wm& Ohm§ EH$ Amoa Eogo {Z`m©V n[ajoÌm| _| {dXoer {Zdoe Am¡a ~‹S>r H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ {Zdoe go {Z`m©V, gH$c Kaocy CËnmX E§d Am` ~‹T>r, dht Xygar Va$ BZ joÌm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hþE Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Ho$ Am¡a Xmo _hËdnyU© nhcy ahoŸ& Am`.gr.E$.Q>r.`y. H$s EH$ [anmoQ©>, "{~hmB§S> X dm`g© - E§Q>r `y{Z`Z [aàoeZ BZ B©nrμOoS>' Ho$ AZwgma : Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$s Am` XaAgc ~hþV μÁ`mXm Zht h¡& AmB©grE$Q>r`y Zo 1995 _| 6 E{e`mB© Xoem| Ho$ EH$ AÜ``Z _| nm`m {H$ "Am{YH$m[aH$ Am±H$‹S>m| _| {Z`m©V H$s Am_XZr H$mo AŠga ~‹T>m-M‹T>m H$a ~Vm`m OmVm h¡&' CXmhaU Ho$ {cE, lrc§H$m Zo B©μnrOoS> go 250 {_{c`Z S>m°ca H$s Am` XO© H$s O~{H$ BgH$m Am`mV 174 {_{c`Z S>m°ca H$m Wm& Bg Vah BZ joÌm| go hþB© ewÜX Am` ~hþV μÁ`mXm Zht Wr& BgH$m Xygam Am`m_ `h h¡ {H$ _oO~mZ Xoe Ho$ {bE H$am| _| àmoËgmhZ Am¡a gpãgS>r XoZm ~hyV _h±Jm hmoVm h¡Ÿ& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE, ~m§½bmXoe BZ joÌm| _| amoμOJma nmZodmbo ha ì`{º$ Ho$ {bE 6000 S>m°ca IM© H$a ahm h¡ Am¡a Bgo dmng nmZo _| Cgo Xg gmc cJ|Jo& BgHo$ Abmdm BZ joÌm| _o Cn`moJ _| bmB© OmZo dmbr VH$ZrH$ H$m hñVm§VaU dmñVd _| Zht hmoVm h¢, Š`m|{H$ ñWmZr` CËnmXH$m| go BZH$m H$moB© boZm XoZm Zhr§ hmoVm, Bg{bE ñWmZr` VH$ZrH$s j_VmE§ ~T>Vr Zht h¢Ÿ& Bg Vah BZ joÌm| H$mo ~ZmZo na ^r _oO~mZ Xoe H$s AW©ì`dñWm H$mo H$moB© Img _μO~yVr Zhr§ {_bVr h¢Ÿ& gñVr _μOXyar, H$m_ H$s Iam~ XemE± Am¡a J¡a-`y{Z`ZdmXr VarHo$& nyar Xw{Z`m _| BZ joÌm| _| 430 cmI go μÁ`mXm cmoJ H$m_ H$aVo h¢&hm§cm{H$, BZ joÌm| Ho$ amoμOJma n¡Xm H$aZo _| `moJXmZ na J§^raVm go gdmc CR>m H$a CZH$m {dûcofU em`X Zht {H$`m J`m h¡& BZ joÌm| Ho$ ~mao _| g~go μÁ`mXm {Og {deoîmVm H$m àMma {H$`m OmVm h¢ dh h¡ gñVr _μOXyar H$s CncãYVm& O~{H$, H$m_ H$s A_mZdr` XemE§, H$_ doVZ H$s Zm¡H$[a`m§ Am¡a H$m_ na go {ZH$mcZo H$s KQ>ZmE± BZ joÌm| _| ~hþV Am_ h¢& ImgH$a _opŠgH$mo, Ec-gmëdmS>moa, ~«mμOrc O¡go c¡{Q>Z A_o[aH$s Xoe, A«$sH$m Am¡a MrZ Ho$ EgB©μOoS> _| `h g_ñ`mE§ C^aH$a gm_Zo AmB© h¡& {OZ na AmJo {dñVma go MMm© H$s JB© h¡& 13
- 14. BZ joÌm| _|`y{Z`Z| ~ZZo H$s Xa ^r ~hþV Yr_r h¡Ÿ& _opŠgH$mo Ho$ _{H$cmS>moamμO H$ho OmZo dmco ì`mnma joÌm| _| VOw~m© `h ahm h¡ {H$ l_ {ZarjH$m| H$mo BZ joÌm| _| KwgZo hr Zht {X`m OmVm h¡& _m{cH$m| Zo `y{Z`Z {damoYr à^mdr VarHo$ AnZmE hþE h¢& Bg n«H$ma {díd ~mμOma H$m Omc {~N>mZo H$s n«{H«$`m "d¡ídrH$aU' H$s amOZr{V Ho$ VhV {dH$mgerc Xoem| _| {dXoer {Zdoe Ho$ Zm_ na gñVm _μOXya E§d g§gmYZm| Ho$ cyQ>-_ma Ho$ {cE ZE Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$m {dñVma VoμOr go hþAm& II. ^maVr` g§X^© _| EgB©μOoS> ^maV gaH$ma Zo EgB©μOoS> na nhcm H$mZyZ 2005 _| ~Zm`m J`m, na ^maV Zo Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌm| H$s ewéAmV XaAgc 1960 Ho$ XeH$ _| hr H$a Xr Wr& `h B©μnrOoS> Ho$ ê$n _| ewê$ hþAm {OZH$m _w»` CÔoí` Xoe _| {Z`m©V CËnmXZ H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZm Wm& nhcm {Z`m©V àg§ñH$aU joÌ H$m§S>cm (JwOamV) _| 1965 _| ~Zm, CgHo$ ~mX _wå~B© H$m grßμO 1972 _| ~Zm& BgHo$ ~mX 1984 _| ZmoES>m (C. à.), $mëQ>m (n{ü_ ~§Jmc), H$mo{MZ (Ho$ac), MoÞB© (V{_cZmSw>) Mma joÌ ~Zo Am¡a {demImnÅ>Z_ (Am§Y« àXoe) _| 1989 _| Am¡a 1997 _| gyaV B©μnrOoS> ~Zm& ^maV gaH$ma Zo EgB©OS> na nhcm μ o ^maV go B©nrμOoS> H$m {Z`m©V 1966 Ho$ 10 cmI é. go ~‹T> H$a H$mZyZ 2005 _| 2002 _| 97.727 cmI é. go μÁ`mXm hmo J`m& Bgr Xm¡amZ, BZ_| ~Zm`m J`mŸ& na Hw$c amoμOJma 70 go ~‹T> H$a H$ar~ 89,000 Hw$c {dXoer _wÐm H$s Am` ^maV Zo Am¡Úmo{JH$ 0.16 cmI é. go ~‹T> H$a 43. 195 H$amo‹S> é. Am¡a _yë` g§dY©Z joÌm| H$s ewéAmV (d¡ë`y E{S>eZ) 21% go ~‹T> H$a 44% hmo J`m&4 XaAgc 1960 Ho$ XeH$ _| hr H$a Xr Ohm± `o ~‹So> Am±H$‹So> à^mdemcr cJVo h¢, dht H$ar~ go XoIZo na H$B© Wr& J§^ra g_ñ`mE± {XImB© XoVr h¢… 14
- 15. B©nrμOoS> _| _yë`g§dY©Z H$s Am¡gV dm{f©H$ {dH$mg Xa Ho$dc 2.9% Wr& BgH$m _Vc~ `h h¡ {H$ BZ joÌm| _| H$m_ H$aZo dmcr H§$n{Z`m± _yc ê$n go Omo Hw$N> ^r Am`mV H$a ahr Wt CgHo$ CËnmX Ho$ H$s_V _| {~Zm H$moB© Img ~‹T>moVar {H$E Cgo cJ^J CVZo hr Xm_ na {Z`m©V ^r H$a ahr Wt& Bg Vah B©nrμOoS> Zo Kaocy ~mμOma H$s Hw$ecVmAm| H$mo ~‹T>mZo `m VH$ZrH$s OmZH$mar Ho$ hñVm§VaU _| _m_wcr `moJXmZ {H$`m h¡& B©nrμOoS> go {Z`m©V Ho$ Hw$c ~‹T>V Ho$ ~mdOyX, XaAgc Hw$c amï´>r` {Z`m©V Am¡a {Z{_©V {Z`m©V _| CZH$m {hñgm 1973 Ho$ H«$_e… .07% Am¡a .14% go 2001 _| 4.3% Am¡a 5.6% hþAm& amoμOJma Ho$ _m_bo _o§, ewéAmV _| B©nrμOoS> _| cmoJm| H$mo AÀN>r g§»`m _| Zm¡H$[a`m± {_cZo Ho$ ~mX Am_Vm¡a na `h g§»`m KQ>r h¡ Am¡a Bg_| R>hamd ^r Am`m h¡& CXmhaU Ho$ {cE 1966 Am¡a 1970 Ho$ ~rM B©nrμOoS> _| amoμOJma 50.2% go μÁ`mXm H$s Xa na ~‹T>m co{H$Z 2000 Am¡a 2002 Ho$ ~rM `h KQ> H$a Ho$dc 5.2 % ah J`m&5 1990 Ho$ XeH$ Ho$ Am{Ia _| ^maV gaH$ma Zo EgB©μOoS na {dMma H$aZm ewê$ H$a {X`m Wm& ^mOnm àUrV amï´>r` n«OmVm§{ÌH$ JR>~§YZ-am. n«. J. (NDA) gaH$ma Zo Am{IaH$ma Aà¡c 2000 _| {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ Zr{V noe H$s& 1997-2002 H$s Am`mV-{Z`m©V Zr{V, {Z`m©VH$m| Ho$ {cE ~mYH$ {Z`m©V-Am`mV {Z`_Zm| H$mo Xya H$aZo Am¡a Bgo ^maV H$s {dœ ì`mnma g§JR>Z H$s eVm§} Ho$ _wVm{~H$ ~ZmZo na H|${ÐV Wr& `h em`X ^maV _| nhco go H$m_ H$a aho B©nrμOoS> Ho$ Acmdm amï´>r` n«OmVm§{ÌH$ EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE amñVm ImocZo H$s nhcr H$mo{ee Wr& am. n«. J. gaH$ma JR>~YZ (NDA) § Ho$ dm{UÁ` _§Ìr lr _wamgmocr _maZ Zo, Omo nyar Vah MrZr EgB©μOoS na gaH$ma Zo Aàoc _w½Y Wo, Bgo ghr R>hamVo hþE H$hm Wm {H$ `h Zr{V ""h_| {Z`m©V Ho$ 2000 _| {deof ZH$mamË_H$ AZw^d Am¡a CXmgrZVm go {ZH$mcVr h¡' Am¡a "{Z`m©V Am{W©H$ joÌ Zr{V {dH$mg H$m B§OZ" h¡&'' noe H$s& 15
- 16. EgB©μOoS> _| Zr{V Ho bmJy hmoVo hr 2000 _| Mma {Z`m©V àg§ñH$aU joÌ/ {XbMñnr aIZo dmbo E$Q>rμOoS> H$m§S>cm, Eg.B©.B©.nr.μOoS> _wå~B©, H$mo{MZ Am¡a gyaV EgB©μOoS H$ar~ H$ar~ g^r _| ~Xc {XE JE&6 hmcm±{H$, MrZ Zo Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌm| H$m `h amñVm amÁ`m| Zo gmb 1970 Ho$ XeH$ Ho$ Am{Ia _| MwZm, 1999 VH$ MrZ H$m {Z`m©V 2003 VH$ 190 {~{c`Z S>m°ca go μÁ`mXm Wm Omo ^maV Ho$ 34.5 {~{c`Z S>m°ca EgB©OS Ho$ {bE μ o go ~hþV μÁ`mXm Wm& MrZ H$s `h CN>mc BgHo$ nm±M ~Soμ> EgB©μOoS Ho$ A{YgyMZmE±, AmXoe H$maU _mZr OmVr h¡ - e|μOoZ, μOwhmB©, g¢Q>mo, {Oμ`m{_Z Am¡a h¡ZZ - Omo `m Zr{V`m± ~Zm br MrZ Ho$ Hw$c {Z`m©V Ho$ 40 à{VeV H$m CËnmXZ H$aVo h¢& WrŸ& III. ^maV _| {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ : _m¡OyXm ñdê$n ^maV _| EgB©μOoS ~ZmZo Ho$ {cE gm$ {Xem-{ZX©oe SEZ Zr{V, 2000, _| {XE JE Wo& amÁ`m| H$mo BgHo$ {cE ZmoS>c EO|{g`m± {Z`wº$ H$aZo Ho$ {ZX©oe {XE JE Wo& EgB©μOoS _| {XcMñnr aIZo dmco H$ar~- H$ar~ g^r amÁ`m| Zo gmc 2003 VH$ EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE A{YgyMZmE±, AmXoe `m Zr{V`m± ~Zm cr Wt& `h XoIZm _hËdnyU© h¡ {H$ _m¡OXm SEZ {Z`_m| Am¡a A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ y VhV {XE Om aho àcmo^Z amÁ`m| H$s Zr{V`m|/A{YgyMZmAm| _| nhco go _m¡OyX Wo& BZ_| go Hw$N> h¢… • EgB©OS "{dXoer n[ajoÌ' Ho$ ê$n _| μ o • EgB©OS "OZ Cn`moJr godm' Ho$ ê$n _| μ o • EgB©OS Ho$ {cE EH$c {I‹S>H$s {ZnQ>mao μ o • EgB©OS H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo Am¡a BZHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ {cE EH$ "{dH$mg μ o Am`wº$' H$s {Z`wŠV • EgB©OS H$mo nmZr, {~Ocr Am¡a H$am| _| [a`m`V| μ o EgB©μOoS H$mZyZ H$mo g§`wº$ àJ{Verc JR>~§YZ gaH$ma (`ynrE) Zo _B© 2005 H$mo g§gX _| noe H$aHo$ nm[aV H$adm`m Am¡a 29 OyZ 2005 H$mo Bgo amï´>n{V H$s _§Oyar {_c JB©& BgHo$ ~mX 10 $adar 2006 go {dñV¥V {Z`_ cmJy {H$E JE& 2006 H$s ewéAmV VH$ 15 amÁ`m| Am¡a 2 H|$Ð em{gV àXoem| _| 117 EgB©μOoS H$mo ({OZ_| 3 «$s Q´o>S> do`ahmCqgJ μOmoZ em{_c Wo) _§Oyar Xo Xr JB©, {OZ_| go 7 EgB©μOoS 16
- 17. nhco go hrH$m_ H$a aho Wo& A~ gdmc CR>Vm h¡ {H$ O~ g^r amÁ`m| _| Zr{V`m± h¢ Am¡a do CÝh| AnZm ^r aho h¢ Vmo EH$ "H|$Ðr` {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ H$mZyZ, 2005, H$s μOê$aV Š`m h¡& Am¡a H$mZyZ Ho$ AmZo Ho$ ~mX AMmZH$ EgB©μOoS> n[a`moOZm Ho$ n«ñVmdm| H$s ~m‹T> Š`m| AmB©?' {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ H$mZyZ H$s Img ~mVm| _| go EH$ h¡, Omo {H$ EgB©μOoS Zr{V _| Zht Wr, dh h¡ EgB©μOoS> H$s AcJ-AcJ lo{U`m| Ho$ {cE Ý`yZV_ ^y{_ ApYJ«hU H$aZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm - ~hþ-CËnmX EgB©μOoS> Ho$ {cE 1000 hoŠQo>`a `m Bggo μÁ`mXm μO_rZ& godm joÌ EgB©μOoS> Ho$ {cE 100 hoŠQo>`a `m Bggo μÁ`mXm μO_rZ& Eogo joÌm| H$mo _XX> {OZ_| ^maV Xygam| go AmJo h¡, O¡go OdmhamV Am¡a JhZo, gyMZm àm¡Úmo{JH$s, O¡d àm¡Úmo{JH$s _|, BZHo$ {cE 10 hoŠQo>`a `m Bggo μÁ`mXm μO_rZ na goŠQ>a AmYm[aV _XX Ho$ {cE EgB©μOoS ~ZmE Om gH$Vo h¢& AÝ` g^r joÌm| Ho$ {cE, μO_rZ H$_ go H$_ 100 hoŠQo>`a hmoZr Mm{hE& {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ Hw$N> amÁ`m| (Ag_, _oKmc`, ZmJmc¢S>, AéUmMc àXoe, H$mZyZ H$s {_μOmoa_, _{Unwa, {Ìnwam, {h_mMc àXoe, CÎmamI§S>, {g{¸$_, "{deofVm' Omo {H$ Oå_y-H$í_ra, JmoAm) Am¡a H|$Ð em{gV joÌm| _| μO_rZ Ho$ ~‹So> Zr{V _| Zht Wr, dh Qw>H$‹So> {_cZo _| H${R>ZmB© H$mo XoIVo hþE ~hþ-CËnmX EgB©μOoS Ho$ h¡ EgB©OS H$s μ o {cE Ý`yZV_ μO_rZ KQ>m H$a 200 hoŠQo>`a go coH$a 50 AcJ-AcJ lo{U`m| hoŠQo>`a VH$ H$a Xr JB© h¡& Ho$ {cE Ý`yZV_ ^y{_ ApYJ«hU H$aZo H$s H$mZyZ H$s EH$ Am¡a Img ~mV `h h¡ {H$ Bg_| EgB©μOoS> H$s Amdí`H$VmŸ& 17
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- 23. g~go nhco VmoSEZ Am¡a EPZ _| VwcZm H$s JB© h¡& {Og_| `h gdmc CR>mE JE - · B©nrμOoS> Ho$ H$m_H$mO Am¡a {Z`m©V ~‹T>mZo _| CZH$s ^JrXmar H$mo Am±H$Zo H$s Oμê$aV · SEZ Am¡a B©nrμOoS> _| $H©$ `m g_mZVmE± ñnï> H$aZmŸ& · Š`m SEZ dmH$B© {Z`m©V H$mo ~‹T>m nmE±Jo? AmBE h_ Hw$N> Am±H$‹So> XoIVo h¢ Omo B©nrμOoS> Ho$ H$m_H$mO na amoeZr S>mc|Jo… • 1996-97 _| IË_ hþE nm±M gmcm| _| B©nrμOoS> BH$mB`m| Ho$ Am`mV na IM© Am¡a _m$ {H$`m J`m Am`mV ewëH$ Hw$c 16461.58 H$amo‹S> é. Wm O~{H$ {Z`m©V go Am` Ho$dc 13563.87 H$amo‹S> é. H$s Wr& • gmV EgB©μOoS Ho$ AJñV 1996 go OwcmB© 1997 Ho$ ~rM Ho$ H$m_H$mO H$m Am§H$cZ {H$`m J`m Wm& BZ joÌm| Ho$ A§VJ©V _§Oya H$s JB© 2333 BH$mB`m| _| go _mM© 1997 VH$ Ho$dc 513 BH$mB`m± H$m_ H$a ahr Wt& • dm{UÁ` _§Ìmc` H$m H$hZm Wm {H$ 1351 BH$mB`m| Ho$ ñdrH¥$V nÌ `m Vmo aÔ H$a {XE JE Wo `m H$m_ Zht hmoZo H$s dOh go IË_ hmo JB©& _§Oya H$s JB© BH$mB`m| _| Ho$dc 58% hr H$m_`m~ aht&1 • B©nrμOoS> na 1998 H$s EH$ Am{YH$m[aH$ [anmoQ©> Ho$ AZwgma “{dXoer _wÐm _| 4,700 H$amo‹S> én`o H$s Hw$c Am` àmá H$aZo Ho$ {cE Am`mV ewëH$ na 7,500 H$amo‹S> én`o H$s Ny>Q> Xr JB© Am¡a Eogm cJVm h¡ {H$ gaH$ma Zo H$moB© cmJV Am¡a cm^ H$m {dûcofU Zht {H$`m&” 2 • 2002 _| Xoe Ho$ {Z`m©V _| B©nrμOoS> H$m {hñgm Ho$dc 4% Wm H|$Ðr` {dÎm _§Ìmb` Ho$ 2005 Ho$ Am§H$bZ Ho$ AZwgma, (B©nrOoS> gpå_{bV) H$mo gaH$ma Ûmam ‹ àË`j Am¡a AàË`j H$am| _| Mma gmbm| _| (01-05) H$ar~ 90,000 H$amo‹S> én`o H$s Ny>Q> XoZr n‹S>rŸ& Ohm± VH$ Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$m gdmc h¡ B©nrμOoS> Am¡a EgB©μOoS H$m {dMma EH$ O¡gm hr, na BZ_| Hw$N> $H©$ ^r h¢ - • {Z`m©V àg§ñH$aU joÌ Zr{V _| BH$mB`m| Ho$ §{cE 100% {Z`m©V CËnmX H$aZm μOê$ar Wm Am¡a [a`m`V| coZo H$s eV] H$ht μÁ`mXm H${R>Z Wt& `h A{Zdm`©Vm EgB©μOoS H$s BH$mB©`m| Ho$ {cE Zht h¡& 23
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- 25. {dXoer {Zdoe {Z`m©VH$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo Ho$ ~Om` Kaocy ~mOμma Ho$ {cE hþAm h¡&5 ^maV _| BZ joÌm| H$s Oê$aV na cJmVma e§H$m OVmB© JB© h¡& O~ MrZ ñd§` Z`o EgB©μOoS> ~ZmZo na amoH$ cJm MwH$m h¡ Am¡a A~ d¡H$pënH$ _m°S>c Ty>±T> ahm h¡, Vmo Š`m `h AmíM`© Zht {H$ h_ Xoa go OmJo h¡? A_o[aH$m Ho$ EH$ AÜ``Z H|$X« (_m°J©Z ñQ¡>Zcr argM©) H$s OyZ 2006 H$s [anmoQ©> ~VmVr h¡, ""h_ `h _mZVo h¢ {H$ ZE H$mZyZ go AmH${f©V Eogo {ZdoeH$m| Ho$ àñVmd Am aho h¢ Omo Ho$dc H$a H$m $m`Xm CR>mZm MmhVo h¢& ZE EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE μÁ`mXmVa àñVmd N>moQo> Am¡a _Ü`_ ñVa Ho$ CËnmXZ H$mo μOê$ar ~‹T>mdm Zht Xo gH$Vo&'' A§Vam©ï´>r` _wÐm H$mof Am¡a _m°J©Z ñQ¡>Zcr [anmoQ©> Zo “dmñV{dH$” EgB©μOoS gwPmVo hþE H$hm “H|$Ð gaH$ma H$mo amÁ` gaH$mam| go {_c H$a 5-6 ~‹So> EgB©μOoS ~ZmZo H$s H$mopee H$aZr Mm{hE&” ^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ (RBI) Ho$ {cE ^r `h qMVm H$s ~mV h¡ {H$, hmcm±{H$ EgB©μOoS H$mo {dH$mg Ho$ dmhH$ (J«moW H¡$Q>{cñQ>) H$s Vah H$m_ H$aZm Mm{hE na _w_{H$Z h¡ {H$ `o joÌ H$_ {dH${gV joÌm| go g§gmYZ co OmH$a Ag§Vw{cV {dH$mg H$mo ~‹T>mdm X|& Š`m|{H$ A~ VH$ Ho$ _§Oya EgB©μOoS n«ñVmdm| _| go A{YH$V_ Xoe Ho$ {g©$ 5 amÁ`m| _| hr AmZo dmco [aμOd© ~¢H$ H$m h¢& AZw_mZ h¡ {H$ EgB©μOoS A~ {dÎm _§Ìmc` Am¡a [aμOd© ~¢H$ Zo Xmo _wÔo CR>mE h¢ - nhcm, H$am| n[a`moOZmAm| _| _| Ny>Q> H$s dOh go hmoZo dmco amOñd H$m ZwH$gmZ& [aμOd© ~¢H$ H$m Xr OmZo dmcr H$a AZw_mZ h¡ {H$ SEZ n[a`moOZmAm| _| Xr OmZo dmcr H$a gpãgS>r Ho$ gpãgS>r Ho$ H$maU H$maU 2010 VH$ Xoe H$mo 1,60,000 H$amo‹S> ê$n`o H$m ZwH$gmZ hmo MwH$m 2010 VH$ Xoe hmoJm& Xygam _wÔm h¡ {H$ O~ {H$gr ^r Eogo úmoÌ H$m 65% {hñgm J¡a H$mo 1,60,000 Am¡Úmo{JH$ Cn`moJ, O¡go {H$ _Zmoa§OZ Ed§ ^y-g§n{V {Z_m©U, Ho$ {cE hmo H$amo‹S> ê$n`o H$m ZwH$gmZ hmo MwH$m gH$Vm h¡ Vmo Eogo _| EgB©μOoS "ar`c EñQo>Q'> {~μOZog _| ~Xc gH$Vo h¢& hmoJm& {dÎm _§Ìmc` Zo `h Zht hmo Eogm gw{ZpíMV H$aZo Ho$ {cE gm$-gm$ 25
- 26. {dH$mgerc Xoem| _|, {Xem-{ZX©oe XoZo na μOmoa {X`m Wm&6 AmB©Q>r godmAm| _| AmE CN>mc go Bgr Vah H$s Ame§H$mE± AÝ` ~¢H$m| H$s ^r h¢, Omo EgB©μOoS gaH$ma Bg hH$sH$V n[a`moOZmAm| H$mo V~ VH$ CYma Zht XoZm MmhVo O~ VH$ {H$ “g~Hw$N> H$mo ^yc ahr h¡ {H$ gm$” (BZ {Zdoem| H$s Am{W©H$ pñWaVm) Zht hmo OmVm& ^maV _| ar`c Bgr Xm¡a _| _mc EñQo>Q> _| ~‹S>m {Zdoe H$aZo dmco ~¢H$m| _| go EH$, Am`.gr.Am`.gr Am`. CËnmXH$ joÌm| _| ~¢H$ Zo H$hm h¡ {H$ dh ""EgB©μOoS _| {Zdoe H$aZo _| gmdYZr ~aVZm amoμOJma _| ^mar MmhVr h¡&'' {JamdQ> AmB© h¡ hr, gmW hr Bg joÌ _| EgB©μOoS _| gyMZm àmoÚmo{JH$aU Ho$pÝX«V {dH$mg CËnmX ~‹T>mZo Ho$ à{V EgB©μOoS _| gyMZm àmoÚmo{JH$s g§~§{YV n[a`moOZmAm| H$s ~hþVm`V CXmgrZVm ~‹T> hmoZo go ^r ~hþV gr qMVmE± n¡Xm hþB© h¢& {dH$mgerc Xoem| _|, AmB©Q>r ahr h¡& godmAm| _| AmE CN>mc go gaH$ma Bg hH$sH$V H$mo ^yc ahr h¡ {H$ Bgr Xm¡a _| _mc CËnmXH$ joÌm| (Manufacturing sector) _| amoμOJma _| ^mar {JamdQ> Vmo AmB© hr, gmW hr Bg joÌ _| CËnmX ~‹T>mZo Ho$ à{V CXmgrZVm ~‹T> ahr h¡& Bg Vah Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo Om°~cog J«moW qgS´>mo_ (amoOJmahrZ d¥Õr) H$hVo h¢& AmB©Q>r godmE± Ho$dc Bg{cE gH$mamË_H$ _mhm¡c ~ZmVr h¡ Š`m|{H$ `hr AHo$cm joÌ h¡ Ohm± amoOμJma VoμOr go ~‹T> ahm h¡& na `h d¥{Õ, N>moQo> go _Ü`_ dJ© H$mo N>mo‹S> μÁ`mXmVa Am~mXr Ho$ {cE H$moB© _m`Zo Zhr aIVr h¡&7 ~¢Jcmoa Am¡a nwUo O¡go eham| _| {nN>co nm±M gmcm| _| IT joÌ H$m {dH$mg hþAm h¡, na eha Ho$ ^rVa AcJ-AcJ dJmoª _| {df_Vm H$s dOh go ~hþV-gr gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mE± C^a H$a AmB© h¢& OwcmB© 2005 Am¡a 06 Ho$ ~rM nwUo _| _§hJmB© (J«mhH$ _yë` gyMH$m§H$) _| 8% H$s Am¡a ~¢Jcmoa _| 7% H$s ~‹T>moVar hþB©& Bggo nwUo O¡go eham| _| O_rZ H$s H$s_Vm| Am¡a ZE {Z_m©U _| ^r Oμ~aXñV CN>mc {XImB© {X`m h¡& Am{IaH$ma BgH$m ^ma eha Ho$ _yc^yV gw{dYmAm| na nS>Vm h¡ Ÿ& BZ gw{dYmAm| {H$ H$_r go C^ar g_ñ`mAm| go _hmZJa μ ~ZZo na Vwco `o XmoZm| eha nr{‹S>V h¢& {OZ amÁ`m| _| `o eha h¢, do g~go Á`mXm EgB©μOoS> _§Oya H$aZo dmco amÁ`m| _| go h¢& μ (òmoV - A^` d¡Ú, Q>mBåg Am°°$ B§{S>`m, - grEgAmo) 26
- 27. II. O_rZ H$mgdmc ^maV Am¡a MrZ O¡go Xoem| _| Am¡Úmo{JH$ n[a`moOZmAm| Ho$ {cE J«m_rU BcmH$m| _| ~‹So> n¡_mZo na IoVr H$s μO_rZ Ho$ A{YJ«hU go hþB© {H$gmZm| H$s ~oXIcr H$m _wÔm J§^ra ahm h¡& A~ VH$ _§Oya cJ^J 400 EgB©μOoS> n[a`moOZmAm| Ho$ {cE (Am¡nMm[aH$ ê$n go Am¡a {gÕm§V ê$n _| _§Oa XmoZm| Vah Ho$) H$ar~ y 1,25,000 hoŠQo>`a μO_rZ coZo H$m AZw_mZ h¡& _hmamï´>, n§Om~, h[a`mUm, CÎma n«Xe, Am§Y« n«Xe, npíM_ ~§Jmc BZ g^r amÁ`m| _| o o EgB©OS> Ho$ {cE A{YJ«{hV H$s OmZo dmcr Á`mXmVa O_rZ CnOmD$ μ o μ H¥${f H$s O_rZ| h¡& BZ O_rZm| Ho$ OmZo go cmIm| H$s g§»`m _| {H$gmZm| μ μ H$s AmOr{dH$m na Jham n«^md n‹S>Zo dmcm h¡& AmO μO_rZ Ho$ Aì`dpñWV Am¡a _Z_mZo VarHo$ go A{YJ«hU Ho$ {damoY _| O~aXñV OZ AmH««$moe CR> I‹S>m hþAm h¡& {OgHo$ nrNo> Ho$ _w»` gdmc h¡§– • O~aZ {H$`m Om ahm ^y-A{YJ«hU… Z§XrJ«m_ (n. ~§Jmc) Am¡a H$mH$sZm‹S>m (Am§Y« n«Xoe) H$m CXmhaU VmμOm h¡& • gñVo Xm_ _| {H$gmZm| H$mo ~oXIc Am¡a {dñWm{nV H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee Am¡a Am{O{dH$m H$mo IË_ H$aZm _hmamï´>, n§Om~, h[a`mUm, CÎma • _wAmdμOo Ed§ nwZdm©g H$m {ZVm§V A^md Am¡a n«Xoe, Am§Y« • ~‹So> {ZOr Am¡Úmo{JH$ KamZm| H$mo ~‹S>r _mÌm _| μO_rZ XoZm n«Xoe, npíM_ ~§Jmc BZ g^r {damoYm| H$mo XoIVo hþE, {gV§~a 2006 _|, H$m±J«og AÜ`j gmo{Z`m amÁ`m| _| Jm§Yr Zo {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ (EgB©μOoS>) n[a`moOZmAm| Ho$ {cE IoVr H$s EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE μO_rZ A{YJ«{hV H$aZo na qMVm μOm{ha H$s& BgHo$ Vwa§V ~mX H|$Ðr` A{YJ«{hV H$s dm{UÁ` _§Ìr Zo h‹S>~‹S>mhQ> _| H$B© ~`mZ Am¡a {ZX©oe Omar {H$E, ImgVm¡a OmZo dmcr na amÁ` gaH$mam| H$mo “EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE IoVr H$s μO_rZ A{YJ«{hV Á`mXmVa μO_rZ CnOmD$ H¥${f H$aZo _| gmdYmZr ~aVZo Am¡a BZ joÌm| H$mo naVr μO_rZ (waste land) H$s μO_rZ| h¡& na ~ZmZ'' H$s ~mV H$hr& 27
- 28. Xygam ~`mZ Omodm{UÁ` _§Ìr AŠga XmohamVo aho h¢, dh h¡ amÁ` gaH$mam| H$mo A{YJ«hU H$s à{H«$`m go Xya ahZo H$s μOê$aV Am¡a Bg_| em{_c njm|, ImgH$a {H$gmZm| Am¡a EgB©μOoS Ho$ “{dH$mgH$Îmm©” H$mo Amng _| gm¡Xm H$aZo XoZm& EH$ Q>rdr M¡Zc na Hw$N> g_` nhco hþE B§Q>aì`y _| lr H$_cZmW go O~ ~‹So> n¡_mZo na μO_rZ Ho$ A{YJ«hU H$s ~mV H$s JB© Vmo CÝhm|Zo `h VH©$ XoH$a Bgo Im[aO H$a {X`m {H$ “`{X CÚmoJ H$mo I‹S>m hmoZm h¡ Vmo dh nmZr `m hdm _| I‹S>m Zht hmo gH$Vm, dh Vmo μO_rZ na hr hmoJm”& `h ~X{H$ñ_Vr h¡ {H$ BZ D±$Mo nXm| na ~¡Ro> OZ à{V{Z{Y AmO ^maV O¡go Xoe _| μO_rZr dmñV{dH$VmAm| Am¡a _m¡OyXm H$mZyZm| H$mo g_Po {~Zm “O_rZ” Am¡a BgHo$ “A{YJ«hU” O¡go _wÔm| na ~mV H$a aho h¢& μ H$mZyZ Am¡a μO_rZr hH$sH$V H$m A§V{d©amoμY {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ na ~Zm H|$Ðr` H$mZyZ μO_rZ Ho$ A{YJ«hU Ho$ _wÔo na Im_moe h¡& VmÁOw~ hmoVm h¡ {H$ O~ `h ~hþV hr gm$ h¡ {H$ n[a`moOZm μO_rZ na hr I‹S>r hmoJr Vmo EgB©μOoS H$mZyZ Ho$ nyao XñVmdoμO _| `μO_rZ Ho$ A{YJ«hU' {H$ à{H«$`m H$m C„oI EH$ ~ma ^r Š`m| Zht Am`m h¡ ? amÁ` gaH$ma H$s ^y{_H$m …- My§{H$ g§{dYmZ Ho$ AZwgma μ"O_rZ' amÁ` H$m {df` h¡ Bg{cE Ho$ÝX« H$s amÁ` gaH$mam| go `h Anojm h¡ {H$ EgB©μOoS ~ZmZo _| do AmJo ah|& H$B© amÁ`m| _| gaH$mamo§ Zo ^y-A{YJ«hU H$mZyZ 1894 {H$ _XX go μO_rZ boZo H$s à{H«$`m AnZmB© h¡Ÿ& O~ Bg na ZH$mamË_ à{V{H«$`m`| Am`r§ Vmo dm{UÁ` _§Ìr H$m `h ~`mZ Am¡a ^r Xw^m©½`nyU© ahm {H$ amÁ` gaH$mam| H$mo μO_rZ Ho$ A{YJ«hU H$s à{H«$`m go Xya ahZm Mm{hE Am¡a H§$nZr grYo hr {H$gmZm| go μO_rZ H$m gm¡Xm H$ao& μOm{ha h¡ Bg ~`mZ Ho$ gmW H$B© {X¸$V| h¢ Š`mo§{H$ ~mhþ~cr H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ gm_Zo {H$gmZ AnZo {hV H$m gm¡Xm H$a nmE§, `o _wpíH$c h¡& Bg n«H$ma h_oem H$s Vah EH$ ~ma {$a μO_rZ H$m A{YJ«hU Am¡a Bggo hmoZo dmco {dñWmnZ Ho$ _wÔo na H$moB© H$mZyZr n«{H««$`m E§d g_mYmZ Zht {X`m J`m h¡& Ho$ÝX« gaH$ma Ho$ A{YH$ma …- g~go _hËdnyU© Vmo `h h¡ {H$ H|$Ðr` H$mZyZ Ho$ AÜ`m` 2 ^mJ 4 _| H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ {H$gr ^r EgB©μOoS H$mo A{Yg{yMV H$aZo Ho$ ~mX, `{X H|$Ð gaH$ma H$mo R>rH$ cJo, Vmo ~mX _| A{V[aº$ joÌ H$mo Cg EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE A{Ygy{MV H$a gH$Vr h¡& BgH$m _Vb~ {H$ AZw_Vr XoZo Am¡a EgB©μOoS Ho$ {bE {OVZr _μOu μO_rZ A{Ygy{MV H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma H|$Ð gaH$ma Zo AnZr _wÇ>r _o aIm h¡Ÿ& naVr ^y{_ H$m BñVo_mc …- _§Ìmc` Zo EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE A{YJ«{hV H$s Om ahr μO_rZm| Ho$ 28
- 29. àH$ma H$m H$moB©AZw_mZ hr Zht {H$`m h¡ na `h Oê$a H$hm h¡ {H$ EgB©μOoS IoVr _| BñVo_mc Z hmoZo dmcr μO_rZ na cJ gH$Vo h¡& ^maV _| Eogr ^y{_ Ho$ J«m_rU BcmH$m| _| Xmo _w»` n«H$ma h¡ O§Jc-dZ^y{_ Am¡a naVr ^y{_& BZ μO_rZm| _| Á`mXmVa {H$gr Z {H$gr Vah H$s dZñn{V dmco O§Jc hmoVo h¡ `m {$a Mmao dmcr Kmg CJVr h¡& XmoZm| hr Jm§d-Ka H$s BªYZ, cH$‹S>r, Mmam O¡gr Oê$aV| nyar H$aVr h¡& dZm| Ho$ XmohZ Ho$ ZμO[a`o go XoI| Vmo AHo$co _hmamï´> _| 3 ~‹So> EgB©μOoS H$m|H$U joÌ _| ~Z aho h¢ Ohm± nm[apñW{VH$s H$s Ñ{ï> go g§doXZerc "n{ü_r KmQ>' Ho$ O§Jb h¢& H$ht ^r O§Jc H$s μO_rZ ImoZo go Xoe Ho$ n`m©daU H$mo hmoZo dmco AÀNo>-Imgo ZwH$gmZ H$m H$moB© AmH$cZ n«ñVwV Zht {H$`m J`m h¡& naVr ^y{_ - gm_y{hH$ g§gmYZ BªYZ, Mmam, cH$‹S>r Ho$ Acmdm O§Jc H$s Xygar n¡Xmdmam| H$s μOê$aV| {OZ μO_rZm| go nyar hmoVr h¢ CÝh| `gmPm g§nXm g§gmYZ’ loUr _| aIm Om gH$Vm h¡& {OÝh| ñWmZr` ~mo{c`m| _| MamJmh, Jm¡Ma, n{‹S>V ^y{_ H$hm OmVm h¡, na gaH$ma {OÝh| “naVr O_rZ” H$s loUr _| aIVr h¡& `h Xoe μ Ho$ Hw$c ^m¡Jmo{cH$ joÌ H$m H$ar~ 20% h¡& H$B© amÁ`m| _| BZ O_rZm| _| IoVr Ho$ cm`H$ Imcr μ O_rZ|, Jm`amZ O_rZ, MmamJmh `m H$_ KZo O§Jc h¢ Omo ñWmZr` J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWm H$m μ μ A{^Þ A§J h¢& EH$ AÜ``Z Ho$ AZwgma Jar~ n[admam| H$s Am_XZr _| BZ O_rZm| H$m `moJXmZ μ H$ar~ 12% hmoVm h¡& XaAgc _hmamï´>, _Ü` àXoe Am¡a amOñWmZ O¡go amÁ`m| _| newnmcH$ g_wXm`m| H$m EH$ ~‹S>m dJ© AnZo OmZda nmcZo Ho$ {cE nyar Vah go BZ O_rZm| na {Z^©a h¡& μ (òmoV : _mZer Aea "S>moÝQ> H$m©b BQ²> doñQ> b°ÊS>' Q>mB©åg Am°$ B§{S>`m, 12, Aºy$~a 2006) EH$ Am¡a _hËdnyU© _wÔm `h h¡ {H$ H$B© amÁ`m| _| `o naVr μO_rZ| nhco go hr OmoVr Om ahr h¢ {OZ na {H$gmZm| H$mo H$mZyZr hH$ {_cZm ~mH$s h¡& Hw$N> _m_cm| _| `o μO_rZ| "^y-gwYma' H$s à{H«$`m _| "grqcJ' H$s μO_rZ| h¢, {OZna cmoJm| H$mo H$mZyZr H$ãOm A^r VH$ Zht {X`m J`m h¡& _hmamï´> Ho$ am`J‹T> {Oμco _|, Ohm± [acm`§g EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m EgB©μOoS ~Zm ahm h¡, H$ar~ 12,000 hoŠQo>`a `Xbr' μO_rZ h¡ {Og na Am{Xdmgr XeH$m| go IoVr H$aVo AmE h¢& μÁ`mXmVa n[admam| H$mo hmcm±{H$ A^r VH$ BZHo$ {Z`{_V hmoZo H$m B§VOμma h¡ My§{H$ `h μO_rZ O§Jc H$s loUr _| AmVr h¢& Bgr go {_cVm-OwcVm _m_cm C‹S>rgm H$m h¡, {OgHo$ OJVqghnwa {Oμco _| Ohm± ~hþamï´>r` nmohm§J ñQ>rc H§$nZr Ho$ EgB©μOoS H$s `moOZm h¡, VH$ar~Z 300 n[admam| H$mo H$mZyZr _m{cH$mZo H$m B§VμOma h¡& 29
- 30. nÅ>m `m _m{cH$mZmZ hmoZo H$s dOh go, Jm±d dmcm| Ho$ nmg gm¡X~mμOr o `h gm$ h¡ {H$ H$aZo H$s H$moB© JwOmBe Zht h¡ Am¡a `o An`m©á `m {~Zm _wAmdμOo Ho$ § “O_rZ” Ho$ _wÔo na μ {dñWm{nV hmoVo aho h¢& Eogo _m_cm| _| gaH$ma nwZdm©g na {dMma ^r dm{UÁ` _§Ìmc` Zo Zht H$aVr h¡& Xya§Xoer go H$m_ Zht {c`m h¡& Bg _m_co Am{Ia _|, H$B© EgB©μOoS Ho$ AmH$ma H$mo XoIVo hþE cJVm h¡ {H$ `o H$s CZ O{Q>cVmAm| H$B©-gm¡ hoŠQo>`a _| ¡$c|Jo& BZHo$ {cE BH$Æo> c§~o-Mm¡‹So> “~oH$ma” O_rZ μ Am¡a J{VercVmAm| Ho$ Qw>H$‹So> {_cZm _wpíH$c hr hmoJm, ImgH$a V{_cZmSw>, h[a`mUm, C.à. H$mo nyar Vah go ZμOaA§XmO {H$`m h¡ Am¡a _hmamï´> O¡go amÁ`m| _| Ohm± `o joÌ Am aho h¢& Bg{cE BÝh| “~oH$ma” {OZHo$ J§^ra μO_rZ na ~ZmZo H$m gaH$ma H$m VH©$ cJ^J Ag§^d h¡& n[aUm_ Xoe Ho$ J«m_rU g_wXm` Am¡a `h gm$ h¡ {H$ EgB©μOoS _| “O_rZ” Ho$ _wÔo na dm{UÁ` _§Ìmc` μ Am{Iar ~Mo gmPo Zo Xya§Xoer go H$m_ Zht {c`m h¡& Bg _m_co H$s CZ O{Q>cVmAm| Am¡a g§gmYZm| na n‹S>Zo J{VercVmAm| H$mo nyar Vah go ZμOaA§XmO {H$`m h¡ {OZHo$ J§^ra n[aUm_ dmco h¢& Xoe Ho$ J«m_rU g_wXm` Am¡a Am{Iar ~Mo gmPm g§nXm g§gmYZm| na n‹S>Zo dmco h¢& ZB© nwZd©mg Zr{V H$s KmofUm …- AŠVy~a 4, 2006 H$mo J«m_rU {dH$mg _§Ìmc` Zo g_mMma nÌ _| Zmo{Q>g Omar H$s, {Og_| amï´>r` nwZdm©g Zr{V 2006 Ho$ _gm¡Xo na OZVm H$s {Q>ßn{U`m§/n«{V{H««$`m _m§Jr J`r& n«{V{H««$`m ^oOZo Ho$ {c`o Ho$dc 7 {XZ H$m g_` {X`m J`m& _§Ìmc` Ûmam Kmo{fV nwZdm©g Zr{V H$m _gm¡Xm Z {g©$ {deof Am{W©H$ joÌm| Ho$ {cE {H$`o OmZo dmco ^y-A{YJ«hU H$mo AmgmZ ~ZmZo Ho$ {cE gaH$ma H$s H$mo{ee h¡, ~pëH$, OZ g§JR>Zm| Am¡a ~w{ÕOr{d`m| H$mo ^r _gm¡Xm V¡`ma H$aZo H$s n«{H««$`m go ~mha aIZo H$s g{Oe ^r & OZdar 2007 _| Z§XrJ«m_ _| hþE ^y-A{YJ«hU H$mo coH$a EgB©μOoS Ho$ {Icm$ {damoY Am¡a qhgH$ P‹S>n Ho$ McVo amÁ` gaH$mam| Ho$ ad¡æ`o na CRo> gdmcm| Zo Z {g©$ npíM_ ~§Jmc H$s _m.H$.nm. gaH$ma na X~md ~Zm`m, ~pëH$ H|$X« gaH$ma H$mo ^r EgB©μOoS na nwZ©{dMma H$aZo H$mo 30
- 31. 8 {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ Ho$ {cE amï´>r` nwZdm©g Zr{V 2006 {nN>co 20 gmcm|§ _| nwZdm©g Zr{V Ho$ H$B© _gm¡Xo AcJ - AcJ _§Ìmc`m| Edo CZH$s ~ZmB© g_r{V`m| Ho$ Ûmam n«ñVwV {H$`o J`o& Am¡a ha ~ma OZ g§JR>Zm| Am¡a ~w{ÕOr{d`m| Zo Z {g©$ BZ _gm¡Xm| na {Q>ßnUr`m§ H$s ~pëH$ d¡H$pënH$ Zr{V H$mo ^r gaH$ma Ho$ gm_Zo Omoa-emoa go aIm & A^r hmc hr _|, _mM©, 2006 _| OZ g§JR>Zm| Ho$ nam_f© go gaH$ma (UPA) Ûmam J{R>V "amï´>r` gcmhH$ma g{_{V' (NAC) Ho$ V¡`ma {H$`o JE amï´>r` nwZdm©g Zr{V Ho$ _gm¡Xo H$mo ^r n«YmZ_§Ìr H$m`m©c` Zo Zm_§Oa H$a {X`m Wm& _§Ìmc` Ûmam Omar dV©_mZ Zr{V 2003 _| Kmo{fV Zr{V hr h¡ y {OgH$s Cg g_` H$‹S>r AmcmoMZm H$s JB© Wr& dV©_mZ 2006 H$s Zr{V _| 2003 H$s Zr{V go Hw$N> n[adV©Z Ho$ A{V[aŠV H$moB© Img gwYma Zht h¡& BgH$s _w»` H${_`m§- § 1 Zr{V A^r ^r {dñWmnZ H$mo AñdrH$ma Zht H$aVr h¡, ~pëH$ 1894 Ho$ ^y-A{YJ«hU A{Y{Z`_ _| amÁ` H$mo ^y{_ na {X`o J`o "loð> A{YH$ma' H$mo `h ~aH$ama aIVr h¡& 2 gmW hr `h Zr{V A^r ^r "gmd©O{ZH$ Cn`moJ' Ho$ Zm_ na ^y-A{YJ«hU H$mo _mÝ`Vm XoVr h¡& Bg g§X^© _| OZ g§JR>Zm| Am¡a NAC Ûmam 1894 Ho$ ^y-A{YJ«hU H$mZyZ _| _m§Jo J`o g§emoYZ H$mo ZH$mam J`m h¡& 3 {dñWmnZ H$s pñW{V _| "nyd© gy{MV gå_{V' O¡go gwPmdm| H$mo ^r dV©_mZ Zr{V _| em{_c Zht {H$`m J`m h¡& dV©_mZ Zr{V Ho$ _gm¡Xo _| H$ht ^r `h gw{ZpíMV Zht {H$`m J`m h¡ {H$ {dñWmnZ E§d nwZdm©g H$s n«{H«$`m nmaXeu, gh^m{JVmnyU© Am¡a gaH$ma H$mo CËVaXm`r R>hamZo dmcr hmo& `h AÝ`m`nyU© h¡ {H$ {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ H$mo ~ZmZo E§d ~‹T>mdm XoZo Ho$ {cE gaH$mar H$mZyZ Vmo ~Zm`m J`m h¡ na§Vw BZgo hmoZo dmco {dñWmnZ Am¡a {dZme na amoH$ cJmZo Am¡a nwZdm©g O¡go _hËdnyU© A{YH$ma H$mo gwa{jV H$aZo H$s {Oå_oXmar H$mo {Z^mZo _| gaH$ma Zo nyar Vah go cmnadmhr ~aVr h¡& _O~ya {H$`m& gmW hr n§Om~, CÎmamI§S> Am¡a CÎma n«Xoe _| AmZo dmco _hrZm| _| hmoZo dmco MwZmdm| Zo ^r _w»` amOZr{VH$ Xcm| H$mo EgB©μOoS Am¡a Cggo Ow‹So> _wX²Xm| na AnZm nj aIZo _| gV©H$ H$a {X`m h¡& Bgr Ho$ McVo H$m±J«og ^r ({OgH$s BZ_| go VrZ amÁ`m| _| ~hþ_V dmcr gaH$ma h¡) {OgZo EgB©μOoS H$mo AnZr `ñdßZ n[a`moOZm’ _mZ {c`m Wm AmO AnZm ê$I Za_ {XIm ahr h¡& 22 OZdar H$mo UPA gaH$ma Ho$ {deofm{YH$ma _§Ìr g_yh Zo AnZr ~¡R>H$ _| SEZ go Ow‹So> ^y-A{YJ«hU, nwZdm©g, Q¡>Šg [a`mAVm| Ho$ Xwén`moJ Ho$ gdmbm| na MMm© H$s Am¡a V` {H$`m {H$ {$chmc EgB©μOoS H$mo Xr OmZo dmcr AZw_{V`m| na amoH$ cJm Xr OmE& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV Xoe Ho$ n«YmZ_§Ìr lr _Z_mohZ qgh Zo ^r A§VV… _O~yar _| `h ~`mZ {X`m h¡ {H$ nwZdm©g Zr{V Ho$ AmZo 31
- 32. go nhco Z`rn[a`moOZmAm| (63 A{Ygy{MV n[a`moOZmAm| Ho$ Acmdm {OZH$mo CZH$s gaH$ma Zo nhco hr _§Oyar Xo Xr h¡) H$mo _§Oyar Zht XoJ|& hm±cm§{H$, dV©_mZ nwZdm©g Zr{V H$m n«mê$n nyar Vah go nwZdm©g Am¡a {dñWmnZ go Ow‹So> hþE gdmcm| H$mo hc H$aVm Zht {XIVm h¡& III _μOXyam| Ho$ emofU Ho$ _wÔo nyar Xw{Z`m _| ì`mnma Am¡a {Z`m©V joÌm| _| _μOXyam| Ho$ emofU H$s ~mV| Am_ h¢& ^maV H$moB© ~hþV AcJ Zht h¡& {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ H$mZyZ 2005 Am¡a EgB©μOoS Zr{V AmZo go nhco, H$_ go H$_ g¡Õm§{VH$ ê$n go, gmao l_ Am¡a ¡$ŠQ´>r H$mZyZ B©nrμOoS> _| nyar Vah cmJy Wo& na§Vw {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ H$mZyZ 2005 _| BZ joÌm| H$mo "gmd©O{ZH$ godm joÌ' Kmo{fV {H$`m h¡ {OgH$m grYm Aga BZ joÌm| _| H$m_ H$aZo dmco _OXyam| na n‹S> ahm h¡& 1. `y{Z`Z ~ZmZo na amoH$ – nwamZo B©nrμOoS> (Omo A~ EgB©μOoS H$hcmVo h¢) _| Q´o>S> `y{Z`Z| ~ZmZo H$s H$mo{eem| Ho$ ~mdOyX `o ì`mdhm[aH$ ê$n go _m¡OyX Zht Wt `m H$_ Wt& BgH$s Img dOh `h Wr {H$ B©nrμOoS> _| ^r Ho$dc H$_©Mm[a`m| H$mo hr grYo ¡$ŠQ´>r Ho$ XadmμOo go AmZo-OmZo H$s BOmμOV hmoVr h¡& B©nrμOoS> H$_©Mm[a`m| Zo `h ^r ~Vm`m h¡ {H$ `{X do `y{Z`Z _| em{_c hmoVo h¢ Vmo _¡ZoO_|Q> Ho$ A{YH$mar CÝh| naoemZ H$aV h¡& ZmoES>m {Z`m©V àg§ñH$aU joÌ _| l_ H$mZyZ cmJy H$aZo H$s _m±J H$aZo na H$_©Mm[a`m| H$mo Zm¡H$ar go {ZH$mc {X`m J`m Wm&9 2. h‹S>Vmc H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma Zht – gaH$ma Zo "Am¡Úmo{JH$ {ddmX A{Y{Z`_' Ho$ VhV ""gmd©O{ZH$ godm'' H$m XOm© XoH$a ^maV Ho$ B©nrμOoS> _| go Xmo – _wå~B© Ho$ nmg gm§VmH«y$μO BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ EŠgnmoQ©> àmogoqgJ μOmoZ (grßμO>) Am¡a H$m§S>cm _| h‹S>Vmc na amoH$ cJm Xr Wr& Bggo `{X h‹S>Vmc H$aZo go nhco l_ Am`wº$ H$mo em{_c H$aHo$ g_Pm¡Vo H$s H$mo{ee| Z H$s OmE± Vmo h‹S>Vmc J¡aH$mZyZr _mZm OmVr h¡& 3. {deof Am{W©H$ joÌm| gmd©O{ZH$ Cn`moJr godmE± – dV©_mZ EgB©μOoS ì`dñWm _|, l_ H$mZyZm| H$mo AÀN>m-Imgm Z_© ~Zm {X`m J`m h¡& EgB©μOoS Ho$ {Z`_m| Ho$ AÜ`m` 2 I§S> 5(g) _| EgB©μOoS H$mo “cmoH$ Cn`moJr godm” Kmo{fV H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma EgB©μOoS Ho$ {dH$mg Am`wº$ H$mo Xo {X`m J`m h¡& I§S> 5(f) _| H$_©Mmar-_m{cH$ g§~§Ym| H$mo XoIZo H$m A{YH$ma ^r "{dH$mg Am`wº$' H$mo Xo {X`m J`m h¡& l_ Am`wº$ H$s {μOå_oXmar`m§ ^r {dH$mg Am`wº$ H$mo Xo {X JB© h¢& 4. H$m_ H$s Iam~ XemE± Am¡a _{hcm H$_©Mm[a`m| H$m emofU – MrZ Am¡a Xw{Z`m Ho$ Xygao gmao {hñgm| H$s Vah ^maV _| ^r Am{W©H$ joÌm| _| _{hcm H$_©Mm[a`m| H$s g§»`m g~go μÁ`mXm h¡& _{hcmE± ao{S>_oS> H$n‹S>m|, BcoŠQ´>m°{ZŠg AmYm[aV H$m_ Am¡a gm°âQ>do`a CÚmoJm| _| cJr hþB© h¢& 32
- 33. g|Q>a $m°a Q´>oS>`y{Z`Ýg (grQy>) Ûmam 2002 _| Am`mo{OV B©nrμOoS>/EgB©μOoS> H$_©Mm[a`m| Ho$ EH$ A{Ic ^maVr` gå_ocZ _| Bg ~mV na MMm© hþB© Wr {H$ BZ joÌm| _| _{hcm H$_©Mm[a`m| H$m emofU hmoVm h¡& amV H$mo Ka OmZo H$m nyam B§VμOm_ {H$E {~Zm _{hcmAm| go amV H$s nm{c`m| _| H$m_ H$adm`m OmVm h¡& CÝh| _mV¥Ëd AdH$me Zht {X`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a J^©dVr hmoZo na _{hcmAm| H$mo H$m_ go {ZH$mc {X`m OmVm h¡& PycmKam| H$m B§VμOm_ Zht hmoVm h¡& Ho$dc `wdm A{ddm{hV _{hcmAm| H$mo H$m_ na aIZm ng§X {H$`m OmVm h¡& Q>m°`coQ> H$m BñVo_mc Q>moH$Z XoH$a H§$Q´>moc {H$`m OmVm h¡& `m¡Z CËnr‹S>Z ~hþV Am_ h¡&10 5. BZ joÌm| _| H$m°ÝQ´¡>ŠQ> l{_H$ – H$m°ÝQ´¡>ŠQ> co~a (aoJwcoeZ E§S> A~m°{ceZ) A{Y{Z`_ 1970 _| _wå~B© Ho$ nmg gm§VmH«y$μO BcoŠQ´>m°{ZŠg EŠgnmoQ©> àmogoqgJ μOmoZ (grßμO>) _|, 90% H$_©Mmar _{hcmE± h¢& `o Am_Vm¡a na `wdm h¢ Am¡a `y{Z`Z ~ZmZo go ~hþV S>aVr h¢& H$m_ H$s XemE± Iam~ h¢ Am¡a AmodaQ>mB_ H$aZm Oê$ar h¡& Eogm hr H$mo{MZ EgB©OS> _| ^r hmoVm h¡& μ μ o ImgVm¡a na Eogo H$m_m| _| H$m°ÝQ´¡>ŠQ> l{_H$ cJmZo na amoH$ cJmB© JB© h¡ Omo “ñWm`r Am¡a h_oem” McZo dmco h¢& h_mao gm_Zo H$B© EgB©μOoS>/B©nrμOoS> Ho$ CXmhaU h¢ Ohm± VH$ar~Z gmar BH$mB`m± Eogo hr ñWm`r H$m_ H$aVt h¢ na _μOXya H$m°ÝQ´¡>ŠQ> na hr aIVt h¢& Xw{Z`m ^a _| dm_n§Wr Xc, Q´>oS> `y{Z`Z Am¡a _μOXya H$ë`mU g§JR>Z, gaH$mam| H$mo EgB©μOoS/ B©nrμOoS> Ho$ _wÔo na MwZm¡Vr XoVo aho h¢, Š`m|{H$ `o joÌ Jar~ Xoem| _| amoμOJma n¡Xm H$aZo dmcr BH$mB`m| Ho$ ê$n _| ~ZmE OmVo h¢& ^maV _|, dm_ Xcm| Am¡a Q´>oS> `y{Z`Zm| Zo ^r {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ H$mZyZ H$m {damoY {H$`m h¡& 10 _B© 2005 H$mo O~ cmoH$ g^m _| `h H$mZyZ aIm J`m, Vmo hmcm±{H$ Bg na H$moB© ~hþV c§~r ~hg Zht hþB©, na dm_ Xcm| Ho$ gm§gXm| Zo _μOXyam| Ho$ emofU Am¡a H$mZyZ Ho$ Hw$N> ^mJm| go Xoe H$s g§Kr` g§aMZm H$mo IVam hmoZo Ho$ _wÔo CR>mE& CXmhaU Ho$ {cE, H$mZyZ Ho$ AZwÀNo>X 50 _| `h àmdYmZ Wm {H$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ {ddmX, _μOXya H$ë`mU, H$m_ H$s pñW{V`m±, d¥ÕmdñWm n|eZ, _mV¥Ëd Ho$ cm^ Am{X gaH$mar cm^ BZ EgB©μOoS na cmJy Zht hm|Jo& grnrAmB© (E_) Am¡a grnrAmB© Ho$ XIc go `h àmdYmZ {ZH$mcm J`m&11 {$a ^r EgB©μOoS A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ _m¡OyXm ñdê$n _| cmJy hmoZo go AmZo dmco g_` _| _μOXyam| H$m _wÔm BZ joÌm| _| EH$ ~‹S>r g_ñ`m ~ZZo dmcm h¡& 33
- 34. IV {deof Am{W©H$ joÌm| _| n`m©daU g§~§Yr _wÔo A^r Ohm± ~S>μr g§»`m _| AmZo dmco EgB©μOoS n[a`moOZmAm| Ho$ n`m©daU na n‹S>Zo dmco Aga Ho$ ~mao _| ~mV H$aZm ~hþV OëX~mμOr hmoJr, dht MrZ Ho$ CXmhaU go n`m©daU H$mo hmoZo dmco ZwH$gmZ H$m A§XmOm cJm`m Om gH$Vm h¡& ^maV nhco go hr nmZr H$s H$_r Am¡a O§Jcm| Am¡a O¡d- {d{dYVm Ho$ ZwH$gmZ H$s g_ñ`m go OyP ahm h¡& _wÔm `h h¡ {H$ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Ho$ _m¡OyXm T>m±Mo _| - O§Jcm| Am¡a gm_w{hH$ μO_rZm| na ~‹T>Vm X~md, Oc g§gmYZm| H$m AË`{YH$ XmohZ; VQ>r` ^y{_ Am¡a VQ> aoImAm|; hdm Am¡a nmZr Ho$ àXyfU; BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ H$Mao Ho$ ~ZZo Am{X go hmoZo dmco ZwH$gmZ H$m Am§H$cZ ^r Zht {H$`m Om ahm h¡& {nN>co nm±M gmcm| _| n`m©daUr` g§ajU H$s gaH$mar ì`dñWm H$_μOmoa hr hmoVr {XImB© Xr h¡& Bg g§X^© _| {ZåZ q~XwAm| na Ü`mZ XoZm n‹So>Jm - 2001 _|, 1994 H$s B©.AmB©.E (n`m©daU n«^md Am§H$cZ - EÝdm`aZ_|Q>c Bån¡ŠQ> Agog_|Q>) A{YgyMZm12 _| g§emoYZ {H$`m J`m, {OgHo$ VhV Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$mo OZ gwZdmB©, Omo {H$ n`m©daU g§~§Yr _§Oyar H$s à{H«$`m H$m _hËdnyU© A§J Wr, go Ny>Q> Xr JB©& 1994 H$s B©.AmB©.E A{YgyMZm _| H$m$s ~Xcmd {H$E JE Am¡a g^r n[a`moOZmAm| H$s OëXr _§Oyar Ho$ {cE 2006 _| EH$ ZB© A{YgyMZm Omar H$s JB©& n`m©daU Ed§ dZ _§Ìmc` H$s ZB© B©AmB©E A{YgyMZm 2006 H$s AZwgyMr 1 Ho$ AmBQ>_ 7c _| Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ/nmH©$/H$m°åßboŠg/joÌ, {Z`m©V àg§ñH$aU joÌ (B©nrOμoS>), EgB©μOoS, ~m`moQo>ŠZm°cm°Or nmH©$, M_m©oÚmoJ H$m°åßboŠg AmXr H$m C„oI h¢& ZB© A{YgyMZm _| ^r D$na ~VmB© JB© lo{U`m| H$mo OZ gmd©O{ZH$ gwZdmB© go _wº$ aIm J`m h¡& {OgH$m _Vc~ h¡ {H$ ñWmZr` cmoJ Z hr Bg n[a`moOZmAm| no gdmc CR>m gH$Vo h¡ Am¡a Z hr H$mZyZr ê$n go AnZr Amn{Îm`m§ XO© H$a gH$Vo h¡& B©.AmB©.E A{YgyMZm 2006 Ho$ AZwgma, hmcm±{H$ ApYH¥$V Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ Ho$ ^rVa AmZo dmco g^r n[a`moOZmAm| `m J{V{d{Y`m| H$mo OZ gwZdmB© H$s à{H«$`m go Ny>Q> {_cr hþB© h¡, na BZH$mo {$a ^r n[a`moOZm Ho$ {cE "n`m©daU n«^md Am§H$cZ [anmoQ>'© àñVwV H$aZr hmoJr& B©.AmB©.E A{YgyMZm 2006 n[a`moOZmAm| H$mo Xmo lo{U`m| _| ~m±Q>Vr h¡ - loUr A Am¡a loUr ~& loUr A _| AmZo dmco n[a`moOZmAm| H$mo H|$Ð gaH$ma Am¡a loUr ~ Ho$ n[a`moOZmAm| H$mo amÁ` gaH$ma| n`m©daUr` _§Oyar XoJr& 34
- 35. H|$Ð Ûmam _§OyaH$s OmZo dmcr loUr A Ho$ A§VJ©V “Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ (EgB©μOoS>) H$m `{X EH$ CÚmoJ ^r loUr A _| AmVm h¡ Vmo Cg nyao joÌ H$mo loUr A H$m hr joÌ _mZm OmEJm,” Am¡a “500 hoŠQo>`a go μÁ`mXm joÌ$c dmco Eogo Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ {OZ_| H$_ go H$_ EH$ CÚmoJ loUr ~ H$m hmo” CÝh| ^r loUr A _| _mZm OmEJm Am¡a H|$Ð go n`m©daUr` _§Oyar coZr hmoJr& loUr ~ Ho$ A§VJ©V, “do Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ {OZ_| H$_ go H$_ EH$ CÚmoJ loUr ~ H$m Am¡a joÌ$c 500 hoŠQo>`a go H$_ hmo”; Am¡a “do Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ {OZH$m joÌ$c 500 hoŠQo>`a go μÁ`mXm hmo Am¡a {OZ_| H$moB© A `m ~ loUr H$m CÚmoJ Z hmo,” CÝh| amÁ` ñVa na _§Oyar H$s μOê$aV hmoJr& H$moB© Eogm Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ Omo {H$ 500 hoŠQo>`a go H$_ hmo Am¡a {Og_| A `m ~ loUr H$m H$moB© CÚmoJ Z hmo Cgo n`m©daU H$s _§Oyar go _wº$ aIm J`m h¡& EgB©OS> Ho$ ^rVa McZo dmcr BH$mB`m| H$mo Am_ Vm¡a na H|$Ð `m amÁ` Ho$ ñVa na, B©.AmB©.E Ho$ μ o AmYma na n`m©daU g§~Yr _§Oar coZm Amdí`H$ h¡, co{H$Z ~hþV Oê$ar hmoZo na “{deof § y μ pñW{V” _|, Bg eV© H$mo nyam {H$E {~Zm _§Oar {_c gH$Vr h¡& eV© `h h¡ {H$ `{X H$moB© Eogm joÌ y {Og_| EH$ O¡go CÚmoJ hm| `m do Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ {OZ_| Hw$N> {ZpüV J{V{dpY`m± hmoVr h¢, Am¡a do nhco go hr n`m©daU g§~§Yr _§Oyar co coVo h¢ Vmo Eogo Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌm|/H$m°åßboŠg _| IwcZo dmcr g^r Am¡Úmo{JH$ BH$mB`m| H$mo n`m©daU g§~Yr _§Oar coZm Amdí`H$ Zht hmoJm& § y EgB©μOoS H$mZyZ Am¡a {Z`_m| _|o n`m©daU Ho$ _wX²X²>mo§ na MwßnrŸ- {deof Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$s H$mZyZ Ho$ {Xem-{ZX©oem| _| ^r n`m©daU Am¡a nm[apñW{VH$s Ho$ {df`m| na Hw$N> Zht H$hm J`m h¡& ~hÿ-CËnmZ>, EH$-CËnmX> joÌm|, n`©Q>Z joÌm| Ho$ gmW-gmW nyao EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE _§Oyar ~Zm_ BH$mB`m| Ho$ {Z`_Z H$s H$ht H$moB© ~mV Zht H$s JB© h¡& A{Y{Z`_ Am¡a {Z`_ XmoZm| _| hr `h ~mV gm$ Zht hmoVr {H$ {H$g ñVa na Am¡a {H$Z hmcmV _| {H$gr ^r EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE "n`m©daU g§~§Yr _§Oyar' μOê$ar hmoJrŸ& {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ {Z`_m| _| Ho$dc BVZm H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ ha BH$mB© H$mo n`m©daU g§~§Yr {Z`_m| H$m nmcZ H$aZm hmoJm, Am¡a Ohm± H$ht Oμê$ar hmo dhm± Cgo {dH$mg Am`wº$ H$mo _§Oyar Ho$ {cE AmdoXZ _| àXyfU {Z`§ÌU g§~§Yr _§Oyar H$s AOu ^r XoZr hmoJr & 35
- 36. "EH$c-{I‹S>H$s _§Oyar' (singlewindow clearance) H$s ì`dñWm Ho$ H$maU amÁ` Ho$ ñVa na g^r EgB©μOoS BH$mB`m| H$mo _§Oyar XoZm {dH$mg Am`wº$ Ho$ AYrZ _§Oyar g{_{V H$s {Oμå_oXmar h¡ Am¡a `{X _§Oyar H$s H$moB© eVoª hm| Vmo CZH$m nmcZ hmo ahm h¡ `m Zht `h ^r {dH$mg Am`wº$ hr XoIoJm& {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ {Z`_m| Am¡a A{Y{Z`_ _| H$moñQ>c aoJwcoeZ (VQ>r` joÌm| Ho$ g§ajU) g§~Yr àmdYmZm| H$m {OμH$« Zht {H$`m J`m h¡& grAmaμOS> (coastal regulation zone) A{YgyMZm § o 1991 Ho$ g§emoYZ 2002 _| cJ^J {~Zm {H$Ýht eVmoª Am£a {Z`_m| Ho$ EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE OJh ~ZmB© JB© {OgHo$ AZwgma VQ>r` joÌm| _| AmZo dmco EgB©μOoS H$mo {g©$ EH$ ~ma hr AZw_{V coZr hmoJr Ed§ CgHo$ A§VJ©V AmZo dmcr BH$mB`m| na AZw_{V n«mdYmZ cmJy Zht hmoJm& CgHo$ Acmdm “n«XyfU a{hV” CÚmoJ, AmB© Q>r (gyMZm E§d n«m¡Úmo{JH$) CÚmoJ Am¡a AÝ` _Zmoa§OZ g§~§Yr gw{dYmAm| Ho$ {cE CRZ A{Y{Z`_ cmJy Zht hmoJm& Bg_| gaH$ma H$s `h Zm g_Pr h¡ {H$ n`©Q>Z Am¡a AmB©.Q>r go Ow‹So> CÚmoJ n«XyfU a{hV hmoVo h¡ Am¡a BZgo n«mH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| na X~md Zht n‹S>Vm& ~§XaJmhm| Am¡a n`©Q>Z CÚmoJm| H$mo ~‹T>mdm {_cZo go, Omo Am{W©H$ joÌ H$s Zr{V`m| H$m ^r {hñgm h¢, VQ>r` BcmH$m| _| cmIm| _Nw>Amam| H$s amoOramoQ>r {N>ZVr Am`r h¡ & n`m©daU g§ajU Ho$ {cE nhco go hr amÁ` E§d {Oμcm ñVa na pñWV àXyfU {Z`§ÌU ~moS>© H$s ^y{_H$m EgB©μOoS> Ho$ g§X^© _| Añnï> h¡& Ho$dc A{YH¥$V ì`pº$`m| H$mo hr EgB©OS> _| OmZo H$s BOmOμV O¡go àmdYmZm| go n`m©daU g§ajU μ o Ho$ `o _wÔo Am¡a J§^ra hmo OmVo h¢& Bggo {Z{üV ê$n go ñdV§Ì emoYH$Vm©Am| H$mo Cg joÌ _| OmH$a n`m©daU na n‹S>Zo dmco {H$gr ^r Vah Ho$ Aga H$m Am§H$cZ H$aZo `m AÜ``Z H$aZo _| naoemZr hmoJr& gdmc `h ^r CR>m`m J`m h¡ {H$ Š`m| gaH$ma ñWmZr` Am¡a c§~o g_` VH$ {Q>H$ nmZo dmcr gV²V (gñQo>Zo~c) AW©ì`dñWm H$mo IË_ H$aHo$ EH$ E¡go d¡{œH$ ny±OrdmXr AW©ì`dñWm H$mo ~‹T>mdm Xo ahr h¡ {Oggo n`m©daU H$mo A{YH$ IVam h¡? 36
- 37. V àemgZ Am¡a ñdemgZ Ho$ _wÔo ^maVr` g§{dYmZ Ho$ AZwÀNo>X 243Q Ho$ I§S> 1 Am¡a >EgB©μOoS H$mZyZ 2005 Ho$ ^mJ 3.2 _| Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$mo `Am¡Úmo{JH$ Q>mCZ{en’ H$m XOm© {X`m J`m h¡& amÁ` gaH$ma| EgB©μOoS H$mo "Am¡Úmo{JH$ Q>mCZ{en' joÌ Kmo{fV H$a|Jr Omo ñdemgr, ñdm`Îm ZJar` BH$mB`m± hm|Jr& EH$ ~ma {H$gr EgB©μOoS> H$mo "Am¡Úmo{JH$ Q>mCZ{en' joÌ Kmo{fV {H$E OmZo Ho$ ~mX, `h {H$gr ^r ZJa nm{cH$m `m J«m_ n§Mm`V H$m ^mJ Zht ah OmEJm& BgHo$ Acmdm, EgB©μOoS> H$mo "ñdm`V g§ñWm' H$m XOm© hmoZo H$s dOh go EgB©μOoS> BH$mB`m± Am¡a {dH$mgH$Vm© ñWmZr` H$am| go ^r _wº$ ah|Jr& `h gm$ Vm¡a na 73d| Am¡a 74d| g§emoYZm| Ûmam ehar ñWmZr` {ZH$m`m| Am¡a n§Mm`Vm| H$mo {XE g§d¡Ym{ZH$ XO©o H$mo H$_μOmoa H$aVm h¡& O~H$s A^r μOê$aV n§Mm`Vm| H$mo {dÎmr` ê$n go _μO~yV H$aZo H$s h¡ Vm{H$ do {dH$mg Am¡a g_mZVm ~‹T>mZo Ho$ {cE gm_m{OH$ AmYma^yV g§aMZm _| {Zdoe H$a gH|$& BgHo$ ~Om` `{X EgB©μOoS na H$a cmJy H$aZo Am¡a {Z`§ÌU H$m ^r A{YH$ma n§Mm`Vm| H$mo Zht hmoJm Vmo μO_rZ, nmZr Am¡a Xygao àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| H$m A{Z`{_V XmohZ J«m_rU Jar~m| Ho$ OrdZ na Am¡a ^r ~wam Aga S>mcoJm& {deof Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$mo “S>råS> $m°aoZ Qo>[aQ>ar” (AZw_m{ZV {dXoer n[ajoÌ) H$m XOm© XoZo go ñWmZr` cmoJm| H$s AnZr μO_rZm| Am¡a àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| na go ñdm`ÎmVm {N>Z OmEJr& `o g§gmYZ ñWmZr` AW©ì`dñWm dmñVd _| amÁ` _| Am¡a AmOr{dH$m H$s ar‹T> h¢& gmW hr EgB©μOoS _| ñWmZr` ZmJ[aH$mo§ H$mo `{dH$mg Am`wº$’ {~Zm AZw_{V n«doe H$s _Zmhr go ^maV Ho$ ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$ H$ht ^r AmZo- Am¡a H|$Ð _| `~moS©> OmZo Ho$ _m¡{cH$ A{YH$ma H$m ^r C„§KZ hmoJm& Am°$ Aàydëg’ Ho$ ° nmg gmao A{YH$mam| dmñVd _| amÁ` _| `{dH$mg Am`wº$’ Am¡a H|$Ð _| `~moS©> Am°°$ H$m hmoZm ñWmZr` Aàydëg’ Ho$ nmg gmao A{YH$mam| H$m hmoZm ñWmZr` emgZ ì`dñWm Ho$ emgZ ì`dñWm Ho$ {cE g~go ~‹S>r MwZm¡Vr h¡& {cE g~go ~‹S>r MwZm¡Vr h¡& BgHo$ Acmdm, EgB©μOoS> A{Y{Z`_ _| `h ^r n«mdYmZ h¡ {H$ 37
- 38. BZgo g§~§{YV gmar{eH$m`V| Ho$dc amÁ` gaH$ma Ûmam {ZYm©[aV H$moQ©> _| hr Xm`a H$s Om gH$Vr h¢& `o Ho$dc {g{dc Am¡a EgB©μOoS go g§~§Yr _m_cm| Ho$ {cE hm|Jr& EgB©μOoS$ Ho$ {cE {ZYm©[aV H$moQ©> Ho$ Acmdm H$moB© AÝ` H$moQ©> EgB©μOoS go Ow‹So> _m_cm| H$mo Zht XoI gH|$Jt& {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ Ho$ Amgnmg g§ajH$ gr_m ~ZmZo Am¡a AZm{YH¥$V ì`{º$`m| H$mo KwgZo go amoH$Zo H$m _Vc~ h¡ {H$ {H$gr ^r gm_m{OH$ g_yh ({g{dc gmogmBQ>r g_yh) Am¡a ñdV§Ì EO|gr Ho$ {cE {dH$mg Am`wº$ H$s BOmμOV Ho$ {~Zm n«doe H$s _ZmB© Ed§ {H$gr hmXgo H$s pñW{V _| H$moB© Om±M H$aZm _wpíH$c hmoJm& EgB©μOoS A{Y{Z`_ {dH$mg Am`wŠV, AÝ` A{YH$m[a`m| Am¡a gaH$ma H$s Xoe Ho$ cmoJm| Ho$ à{V Odm~Xohr na nyar Vah Im_moe h¡& Eg.B©.μOoS>. Ho$ g§~§Y _| Xr J`r BZ Xbrbm| H$mo gaH$ma Am¡a Eg.B©.μOoS>. Ho$ Zw_mBÝXm| Zo `h H$hH$a Im[aμO {H$`m {H$ `o Ho$db g_` go nhbo bJmB© Om ahr AQ>H$b| h¢Ÿ {OZ_|$ gÀMmB© Zhr h¡Ÿ& AJbo AÜ`m`m| _| A{YH$ {dñVma go {d{^Þ amÁ`m| _| AmZodmbr EgB©μOoS n[a`moOZmAm| Am¡a CZHo$ à^mdm| na MMm© H$s J`r h¡Ÿ& Cggo nhbo MrZ, {OgH$m CXmhaU ha g_` {X`m OmVm h¡, Cgna JhamB© go ZμOa S>mbr J`r h¡Ÿ& BZHo$ {díbofU go `h Vñdra Am¡a gm$ hmoJr {H$ AmZodmbo g_` _o dmH$B© _o EgB©μOoS go {H$VZm $m`Xm h_mao Xoe Am¡a `hm§ Ho$ bmoJm| Img H$a Jar~m| Am¡a _μOXyam| H$mo hmoZodmbm h¡Ÿ& 1 cag.nic.in/reports/indir_taxes/1998_book1/overview.htm dm{UÁ` _§Ìmc` H$s àog [acrμO 9 $a 2006 2 {~`m°ÝS> X Am°°pãd`g, {~XdB© àw$„, «§$Q>cmBZ, {gV§~a 22, 2006 3 M§ÐeoIa, grnr, {à{_Q>rd EŠ`w_wcoeZ ~m` AZmXa Zo_, www.macroscan.com 4 B©nrS>ãcy g§nmXH$s`, Aàoc 2006 ñnoec BH$m°Zm°{_H$ μOmoÝg… AZZogogar {JdAdoO 5 http://www.macroscan.org/pol/apr00/pol040400Exim_Policy_3.htm 6 http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2015488.cms 7 AmB©Q>r {S´>dZ Am°°$emo[a¨J… X EŠμOoJaoQo>S> So>dcn_|Q> Am°°nmoÀ`©w{ZQ>r gr.nr. M§ÐeoIa Am¡a O`{V Kmof 8 _mZer Amea Am¡a [a$V _w_VmO, {S>ñßbog_oÝQ> BZ X Q>mB_ Am°$ S>oìhbn_oÝQ>, BÝ$moM|O B§{S>`m 9 http://www.icftu.org/www/pdf/corelabourstandardsindia.pdf 10 http://citu.org.in/wclass_aug02_a6.htm 11 dr d|H$Qo>e, coâQ> Bån¡ŠQ>, «§$Q>cmBZ 12 "dh H$mZyZr n«mdYmZ h¡ {Ogo n`m©daU Ed§ dZ _§Ìmc` Zo 1994 _| cmJy {H$`m Wm {OgHo$ A§VJ©V cJ^J 30 go μÁ`mXm lo{U`m| _| AmZo dmco Am¡Úmo{JH$ Am¡a ~‹S>r n[a`moOZmAm|§ H$mo n`m©daU g§~§Yr _§Oyar XoZo H$s n«{H«$`m go g§~§{YV {Xem- {ZX©oe h¢ & 38
- 39. ^maV _| O~H$^r MrZr Am{W©H$ VOw~©} H$s MMm© H$s OmVr h¡, Vmo Bg_| MrZr cmoJm| MrZ _| {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ na AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ Bg _m°S>c go hþE MH$mMm¢Y Ho$ nrNo> H$s Ag{c`V dmñV{dH$ Aga H$s MMm© Zht hmoVr h¡& O~ H$^r MrZr Am{W©H$ VOw~©o H$s MMm© H$s OmVr h¡, ImgH$a ^maV _|, Vmo Bg_| MrZr cmoJm| na AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ Bg _m°S>c go hþE dmñV{dH$ Aga H$s MMm© Zht hmoVr h¡& n`m©daU Am¡a àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| Ho$ ZwH$gmZ H$m Om`μOm ^r Zht {c`m OmVm h¡& gZ² 1978 VH$ MrZ H$s AW©ì`dñWm EH$ ~§X AW©ì`dñWm Wr {Og_| {dXoer VH$ZrH$ Am¡a {dXoer ny§Or {Zdoe H$m H$moB© ñWmZ Zht Wm& e|μOoZ {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ go MrZ H$s _mŠg©dmXr gaH$ma Zo EH$ d¡H$pënH$ (ny±OrdmXr) Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm H$s ewéAmV H$aZo Ho$ {cE à`moJ Ho$ Vm¡a na `o joÌ ewê$ {H$E Wo& {Xem{ZX©oem| Am¡a Zr{V`m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go BZ joÌm| _| {dXoer {Zdoe H$mo AmH${f©V {H$`m J`m Wm& na§Vw EgB©μOoS {dH${gV H$aZo Am¡a CZna {Z`§ÌU H$m A{YH$ma amÁ` Ho$ hmW _| Wm& MrZ _| μÁ`mXmVa {dXoer {Zdoe hm±JH$m±J, VmBdmZ, OmnmZ, _H$mD$, X{jU H$mo[a`m, A_o[aH$m Am¡a O_©Zr go AmVm ahm h¡& {dH$mg Ho$ nhco XeH$ _|, H$n‹So>, OyVo, {~Ocr Ho$ N>moQo> gm_mZ Am¡a AÝ` l_ AmYm[aV CÚmoJm| H$m AW©ì`dñWm _| _w»` `moJXmZ ahm Wm& A^r ^r H$n‹S>m, ImÚ Am¡a no` VWm {Z_m©U gm_J«r BZ joÌm| Ho$ VrZ na§namJV Am¡Úmo{JH$ ñV§^ h¢& `o gm_mZ N>moQo> AñWm`r H$maImZm| _| ñWmZr` àm{YH$m[a`m| `m {ZOr ñdm{_`m| Ûmam g~-H$m°ÝQ´¡>pŠQ§>J Ho$ VhV {Z`m©V Ho$ ~mμOma Ho$ {cE ~Zm`m OmVm h¢& J¡n, E{S>S>mg Am¡a 39
- 40. ZmBH$s O¡gr ~‹S>rH§$n{Z`m§ g^r MrZr l_ H$m BñVo_mc H$aVr h¢& CXmhaU Ho$ Vm¡a na {g©$ ZmBH$s Ho$ 70,000 go μÁ`mXm g~-H$m°ÝQ´¡>ŠQ> MrZ _| h¢& BZHo$ A{V[aŠV gyMZm Ed§ n«m¡Úmo{JH$s Am¡a BcoŠQ´>m°{ZŠg, BcopŠQ´>H$ Am¡a {deof Am¡Oma, VWm Voc Am¡a noQ´>moHo${_H$c CÚmoJ VrZ ZE C^aVo CÚmoJ h¢& H$mJμO {Z_m©U, Am¡îmYr Am¡a dmhZ CÚmoJ ^r C^aVo joÌ _mZo Om aho h¡& ^maVr` g§X^© _| MrZ H$s EgB©μOoS Zr{V Ho$ à^md H$mo g_PZm _hËdnyU© h¡& amOZoVmAm| Am¡a Zm¡H$aemhm| go coH$a _r{S>`m VH$ 1980 Ho$ XeH$ Ho$ ~mX go MrZ Ho$ Am{W©H$ AZw^d go MH$mMm¢Y Am¡a _w½Y aho h¢& A~ ^maV H$m _Ü`_ dJ© MrZ H$s 1000 S>m°ca H$s à{V ì`{º$ Am` Ho$ Am§H$‹So> Ho$ nrNo> ^mJ ahm h¡& ^maV `{X dV©_mZ MrZr AW©ì`dñWm H$s ZH$c H$aZo Ho$ {cE V¡`ma h¢ Vmo h_| CgHo$ AZw^d H$s nyar gƒmB© OmZ coZr Mm{hE& Am§H$‹S>m| H$m YmoIm - Eogm A§XmμOm cJm`m J`m h¡ {H$ 2003 VH$ MrZ _| cJ^J 7000 ~‹So> – N>moQo> Am{W©H$ {dH$mg joÌ Wo& BZ_| Am{W©H$ Am¡a VH$ZrH$s {dH$mg joÌ, hmB©-Qo>H$ nmH©$, _wº$ ì`mnma joÌ, MrZr gaH$ma Ho$ B©nrμOoS Am¡a EgB©μOoS em{_c h¢& MrZr gaH$ma Ho$ òmoVm| go AZw_mZ òmoVm| go AZw_mZ Ho$ Ho$ _wVm{~H$ nyao Xoe Ho$ 6866 {dH$mg joÌm| _| go 70 à{VeV μO_rZ| _wVm{~H$ nyao Xoe Ho$ J¡aH$mZyZr VarH$m| go h{W`mB© JB© Wt Am¡a BZH$m BñVo_mc ^r Zht {dH$mg joÌm| _| go {H$`m J`m& ~mX _| MrZ Zo CZ VWmH${WV joÌm|, Ohm§ go Ho$dc 70% _| μO_rZ| ~‹S>r g§»`m _| {H$gmZm| H$mo ~oXIc {H$`m Wm Am¡a {OZ_| n`m©á J¡aH$mZyZr VarH$m| go AmYma g§aMZm Zht Wr, Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo {ddoH$nyU© T§>J go AmJo h{W`mB© JB© Wt Am¡a ~‹T>mZo H$m ¡$gcm {H$`m& cJ^J 4800 go μÁ`mXm Eogo VWmH${WV BZH$m BñVo_mc ^r joÌm| H$mo aÔ H$a {X`m J`m Am¡a ZE Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$s ñWmnZm Zht {H$`m J`m& {Zc§{~V H$a Xr JB©&1 40
- 41. eharH$aU go C^arg_ñ`mE§ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ {damoY - {dœ ~¢H$ Ho$ EH$ AÜ``Z _| nm`m J`m h¡ {H$ EH$ {dH$mgerc Xoe _| à{V ì`{º$ gH$c Kaocy CËnmX 1000 S>m°ca Am¡a eharH$aU H$s Xa 30% hmoZo na BgH$m VoμOr go eharH$aU hmoJm& A^r MrZ H$m à{V ì`{º$ gH$c Kaocy CËnmX Am¡a eharH$aU H$s Xa Bgr AZwnmV _| h¢& MrZ H$s eharH$aU H$s Xa (Hw$c Am~mXr _| ehar Am~mXr H$m AZwnmV) 1990 go coH$a 2000 VH$ 1.1% VH$ ~‹T>r h¡& Ohm§ EH$ Amoa eharH$aU ~‹T>m h¡ dht Xygar Amoa, EH$ Am{YH$m[aH$ [anmoQ©> Ho$ AZwgma hmc Ho$ gmcm| _|, “Am_ ì`dñWm H$s g_ñ`mE±” ^r ~‹T>r h¢& 2003 _| 58,000 gm_m{OH$ {damoY E§d n«{VÛ§X go Ow‹S>r KQ>ZmE± hþB© Wt Omo 2005 _| ~‹T>H$a 87,000 hmo JB©& JwAm§JS>m|J àm§V H$s amOYmZr JwAm§½μOmo Ho$ Amgnmg H$m nc© [ada So>ëQ>m Am{W©H$ ê$n go MrZ Ho$ g~go {dH${gV joÌm| _| go EH$ h¡& `h àdmgr _μOXyam| H$s g~go μÁ`mXm g§»`m dmco BcmH$m| _| go EH$ h¡, A§XmμOZ 2 H$amo‹S> 50 cmI cmoJ& [anmoQ>m] Ho$ AZwgma `hm± OZdar-AŠQy>~a 2004 Ho$ ~rM 867 {damoY àXe©Z hþE {OZ_| 50,000 _μOXya em{_c Wo&2 àXe©ZH$m[a`m| Am¡a nw{cg Ho$ ~rM qhgH$ P‹S>n| Z Ho$dc MrZ Ho$ ^rVar BcmH$m| _|, ~pëH$ YZr VQ>r` BcmH$m| _| ^r hþB© h¢, Ohm± H$B© EgB©μOoS h¢& e|μOoZ Jm§d : MrZ H$m nhcm {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ e|OZ, {Ogo E{e`m H$m g~go VoOr go ~‹T>Vm eha H$hm OmVm h¡, MrZ H$m nhcm (Hw$c nm±M _| go) μ o μ {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ Wm& EH$ g_` H$m _Nw>Amam| H$m Jm±d e|OZ, 1980 _| hm±JH$m±J Ho$ nmg hmoZo μ o Ho$ H$maU {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ ~Zm`m J`m Wm& {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ ~ZZo Ho$ ~mX e|OZ H$s Am~mXr 1980 go 2000 VH$ ha gmc 16.5% H$s μ o Xa go ~‹T>r h¡& `hm§ H$s g~go ~‹S>r Im{g`V h¡ {H$ AñWm`r {Zdmgr `hm± H$s Hw$c Am~mXr na N>mE hþE h¢& MrZ H$s nm±Mdt amï´>r` OZJUZm Ho$ n[aUm_ ~VmVo h¢ {H$ e|OZ H$s Am~mXr _| go μ o ~hþg»`H$ 83 % “AñWm`r Am~mXr” h¡& § CnZJam| _| VoOr go ~‹T>Vr hþB© Am~mXr go BZ BcmH$m| H$s pñW{V Iam~ hmo JB© h¡& e|OZ _| ehar μ μ o Jar~r, n`m©daU àXyfU, AnamY Am¡a A{Zdm`© {ejm H$s An`m©á ì`dñWmE§ O¡gr g_ñ`mE± n¡Xm hmoH$a {dH$amc hmo JB© h¢& $adar 2004 go e|μOoZ å`w{Z{gnc H$m°nm©oaoeZ Zo 350 {_{c`Z dJ© _rQ>a go “J¡aH$mZyZr” {Z_m©U Am¡a ~gmhQ> hQ>mZo Ho$ {cE EH$ ~‹S>m “A{^`mZ” ewê$ {H$`m h¡ {OgZo cJ^J Xg cmI cmoJm| H$mo à^m{dV {H$`m& 41
- 42. J«m_rU Ed§ ehar~oamoOJmar- 1978 go 2000 Ho$ ~rM J«m_rU Am_XZr N>h JwZm ~‹T>r, co{H$Z `h ehar Am_XZr Ho$ ~am~a Zht ah gH$s, Am¡a 1990 Ho$ XeH$ Ho$ Am{Ia _| {H$gmZm| H$s Am_XZr _| R>hamd AmZo cJm Am¡a J«m_rU ~oamoμOJmar ~‹T> H$a H$ar~ 20% hmo JB©& J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ {~Iamd Am¡a ~‹T>Vo H$am| Am¡a ewëH$m| Zo H$B© {eH$m`Vm| H$mo OÝ_ {X`m& gm_y{hH$ {damoY H$s J{V{d{Y`m| _|, Omo Bg Xm¡amZ Hw$N> àm§Vm| _| amoμO hmoVr Wt, gaH$mar A{YH$m[a`m| H$mo AmdoXZ XoZo go coH$a qhgH$ àXe©Z VH$ em{_c Wo& ehar BcmH$m| _|, ~oamoμOJmar A§XmμOZ 15% Am¡a MrZ Ho$ CÎma-nyd© Ho$ “añQ> ~oëQ>” eham| _| 25% _mZr JB© Wr& 2000 go, O~{H$ μO~aXñV Am{W©H$ {dH$mg hþAm h¡, gaH$ma Ûmam McmB© OmZo dmcr gaH$mar Am¡a gm_y{hH$ CÚ_m| go cmoJm| H$mo Zm¡H$[a`m| go {ZH$mcm Om ahm h¡& nyao Xoe _|, 1999-2004 _| A§XmμOZ 2 H$amo‹S> 70 cmI 80 hμOma H$maImZm| _| H$m_ H$aZo dmco l{_H$m| H$s H§$n{Z`m± Á`mXmVa Zm¡H$[a`m± JBª& MrZr JUamÁ` Ho$ gaH$mar òmoVm| Ho$ AZwgma 2005- J«m_rU BcmH$m| Ho$ 06 _| 60 cmI cmoJm| H$s Zm¡H$[a`m± OmZo H$m A§Xoem Wm& àdmgr `wdmAm| H$mo H$m_ na aIVr h¢ _OXyam| H$m emofU - ~Vm`m OmVm h¡ {H$ EgB©μOoS _| H$m_ H$aZo Š`m|{H$ `o H$s OJh ì`mdgm{`H$ n[aga Ho$ ~Om` `mVZm {e{da O¡gr μÁ`mXm AcJ-WcJ ahVo cJVr h¡& ~mha OmVo g_` H$_©Mm[a`m| H$s Vcmer cr OmVr h¡, h¢, H$_ n‹To>-{cIo àmBdoQ> JmS©> ~mha Ho$ amñVm| H$s {ZJamZr H$aVo h¢, CËnmXZ H$s hmoVo h¢ Am¡a BÝh| J{V na {ZJmh aIVo h¢ Am¡a XoIVo h¢ {H$ H$_©Mmar {H$VZr Xoa _μOXya `y{Z`Zm| H$s ~mWê$_ _| {~VmVo h¢& g¡Õm§{VH$ ê$n go J¡aH$mZyZr hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX H$moB© OmZH$mar Zht `W«r BZ dZ’ ¡$pŠQ´>`m± Am_ h¢ {OZ_| àmoS>ŠeZ âbmoa, ^§S>maU hmoVr& BZ H$maUm| go H$s OJh Am¡a H$_©Mm[a`m| Ho$ Amam_ H$aZo H$s OJh EH$ hr BZH$m emofU B_maV Ho$ VrZ ñVam| na h¢& AmJ go ~M {ZH$cZo Ho$ amñVm| na H$aZm AmgmZ hmoVm AŠga Vmco hmoVo h¢ Am¡a {I‹S>{H$`m| na Om{c`m± hmoVr h¢&3 h¡& 42
- 43. H§$n{Z`m± Á`mXmVa J«m_rUBcmH$m| Ho$ àdmgr `wdmAm| H$mo H$m_ na aIVr h¢& Š`m|{H$ `o AcJ-WcJ ahVo h¢, VwcZmË_H$ ê$n go H$_ n‹To>- {cIo hmoVo h¢ Am¡a BÝh| _μOXya `y{Z`Zm| H$s H$moB© OmZH$mar Zht hmoVr& BZ H$maUm| go BZH$m emofU H$aZm AmgmZ hmoVm h¡& BZ_| go μÁ`mXmVa 16 go 24 Ho$ ~rM H$s `wdm _{hcmE± hmoVr h¢, {OÝh| Xygao H$_©Mm[a`m| H$s ~{Zñ~V μÁ`mXm _ohZVr Am¡a H$_ {dÐmohr _mZm OmVm h¡& BZH$m H$ama `m Vmo N>moQ>r Ad{Y H$m hmoVm h¡ `m hmoVm hr Zht h¡& BZ H$_©Mm[a`m| _| 16 gmc go H$_ C_« Ho$ ~ƒo ^r hmoVo h¢, hmcm±{H$ ~mc l{_H$m| Ho$ BñVo_mc H$mo gm{~V H$aZm _wpíH$c hmoVm h¡& nmZr H$s g_ñ`m - AmO Xw{Z`m _| nmZr H$s H$_r dmco Xoem| _| MrZ H$m ñWmZ 13 dm± h¡ {OgH$m à{V ì`{º$ Oc g§gmYZ (CncãYVVm) 2,250 Š`y{~H$ _rQ>a h¡& `h Xw{Z`m Ho$ Am¡gV H$m Ho$dc EH$ Mm¡WmB© h¡& MrZ _| nmZr H$s g_ñ`m μO~aXñV Am¡Úmo{JH$ àXyfU Ho$ H$maU Am¡a J§^ra hmo JB© h¡& {dœ ñdmñÏ` g§JR>Z (1998) Ho$ AZwgma `hm§ Ho$ eha Xw{Z`m Ho$ g~go μÁ`mXm àXy{fV eham| H$s gyMr _| h¢& D$Om© H$s H$_r - dV©_mZ _| MrZ _| D$Om© H$s ~hþV H$_r h¡, 25 go 30% VH$, Omo MrZ Ho$ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$mo amoH$ gH$Vr h¡& Ohm§ MrZ _| nmZr H$s EH$ Amoa MrZ H$s AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ VoμO {dH$mg Zo D$Om© H$s _m±J g_ñ`m O~aXñV μ ~‹T>m Xr h¡, dht Xygar Va$ `h D$Om© Am¡a H$ƒo _mc H$s _m±J hr h¡ Am¡Úmo{JH$ àXyfU Omo ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m| H$mo na_mUw D$Om© g§`§Ì Am¡a ~‹So> nZ{~Ocr Ho$ H$maU Am¡a J§^ra ~m±Y ~ZmZo Ho$ {cE MrZ H$s Amoa ItM ahr h¡& Bg n«H$ma {dH$mg hmo JB© h¡& {dœ Am¡a Cggo hmoZo dmco {dZme H$m XwîMH«$ Mcm Am ahm h¡& ñdmñÏ` g§JR>Z (1998) Ho$ AZwgma AÝZ gwajm H$m gH§$Q> - MrZ Ho$ gm_Zo AmO AÝZ gwajm H$s ^r `hm§ Ho$ eha Xw{Z`m g§H$Q> h¡& gdmc CR>m`m Om ahm h¡ {H$ “MrZ 21dt gXr _| AnZr Ho$ g~go Am~mXr (cJ^J 1 Aa~ 400 H$amo‹S>) H$m noQ> H¡$go ^aoJm?” Á`mXm àXy{fV eham| μ »moVr H$s μO_rZ H$mo VoμOr go hmo aho Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU, Amdmg, amO_mJm] H$s gyMr _| h¢& 43
- 44. Am¡a aoc _mJm]Ho$ {Z_m©U Ho$ {cE hñ§VmV[aV H$aZo Ho$ H$maU MrZ _| IoVr H$s μO_rZ H$_ (cJ^J 20% H$s H$_r) ah JB© h¡ & Xoe Ho$ AZmO H$s n¡Xmdma 1% H$s Xa go ha gmc {Ja ahr h¡& Eogm A§XmμOm h¡ {H$ Bggo 2030 _| 20 H$amo‹S> 16 cmI Q>Z H$s H$_r hmoJr & IoVr _| qgMmB© Ho$ Acmdm nmZr Ho$ AÝ` ~‹To> ~hþVoao Cn`moJm| (CÚmoJ) go hmcmV Am¡a ^r Iam~ hmo JE h¡&4 MrZ Ho$ A_ra VQ>r` joÌ Ed§ {nN>‹So> Am¡a Jar~ Am§V[aH$ joÌm| Ho$ ~rM C^aH$a AmZo dmcr {df_Vm H$s ImB©, MrZ Ho$ gdm©{YH$ n«g§{eV EgB©μOoS H$s g~go ~‹S>r AmcmoMZm ahr h¡& `h ñdrH$maVo hþE MrZ H$s gaH$ma Zo ^r AnZo 11d| n§Mdfu` `moOZm (2006), _| EH$ Eogr Zr{V H$s Oê$aV na μOmoa {X`m {Og_| CÚmoJm| go H¥${f H$mo g_W©Z XoZo H$s ~mV H$hr JB©, {Oggo Xoe Ho$ {nN>‹So> hþE Am§V[aH$ joÌm| H$s AW©ì`dñWm H$m {dH$mg hmo& `Ú{n, MrZ Ho$ Ûmam 2003 _| {díd ì`mnma g§K H$s gXñ`Vm coZo go `h gm{~V hmoVm h¡ {H$ MrZ H$s gaH$ma nyar Vah go ~mOma na AmYm[aV AW©ì`dñWm Ûmam {dH$mg Ho$ amñVo na h¡& gmW hr Eogm ^r AZw_mZ cJm`m Om ahm h¡ {H$ ZB© CXmadmXr ì`dgm{`H$ Zr{V`m§, {dXoer H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ {cE ñWmZr` ~mOma H$mo ImocZo Ed§ gaH$mar CÚmoJm| H$mo Yrao - Yrao ~§X H$aZo H$s dOh go A~ {H$gmZm| Am¡a _OXyam| H$s pñW{V nhco go μÁ`mXm Iam~ hmoZo dmcr h¡& ^maV, 1990 Ho$ XeH$ go Am{W©H$ gwYmam| H$s amh na h¡ Am¡a V~ go BgZo _wS> H$a Zht XoIm h¡& ‹ EgB©μOoS> hm| `m Z hm|, H$am| _| Ny>Q>, H$m°nm©oaoQ> KamZm| H$mo cw^mZm, àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| H$s {~H«$s ^maV _| ^r {nN>co XeH$ go VoOr go Omar h¡& `h _mZZo H$m H$moB© H$maU Zht h¡ {H$ {OZ _wpíH$cm| μ H$m gm_Zm AmO MrZ H$a ahm h¡ Am¡a AmZo dmco gmcm| _| H$aVm ahoJm, dmo ^maV Ho$ gm_Zo ^r Zht AmE±Jt& 1 upgrading China’s competativeness, Dr. Filie Beule & Prof. Danial Van Den Bulcke, Institute of development policy and management, 2003 2 {O`m{~Z {cZ, So>dcn_|Q> E§S> _¡ZoO_|Q> Am°°$ _oJm{gQ>rμO BZ MmBZm, {S>nmQ©>_|Q> Am°°$ gmoec So>dcn_|Q> argM© g|Q>a, X ñQo>Q> H$mC§{gc Am°°$ nr.Ama.gr. MmBZm 3 H$m°n© dm°M AmcoI (www.corpwatch.com) 4 Wm°_g c_, gmoec AZaoñQ> BZ MmB©Zm, _B© 8 2006, H$m°J«|eZc [agM© g{d©g 44
- 45. {d{^ÝZ amÁ`m| _| {deof Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$mo coH$a Ja_m`m _mhm¡c EgB©μOoS H$mo boH$a {damoY H$s H$‹S>r _hmamï´> Am¡a h[a`mUm _| [abm`Ýg Ho$ {Ibm$ {H$gmZm| Ho$ Am§XmobZ go ewê$ hwB©Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW JwOamV, C‹S>rgm, V{_bZmSw>, Am§Y« àXoe Am¡a _hmamï´> Ho$ VQ>r` joÌm| go _N>wdmam g_wXm` ^r EgB©μOoS n[a`moOZmAm| Ho$ {damoY _o§ g§J{R>V hþE h¢Ÿ& C‹S>rgm _| nmñH$mo Am¡a doXm§V O¡gr {demb H§$nZr`m§ Omo nhbo go amÁ` _| ñWm{nV hmo ahr§ Wr§ CÝh| ^r gaH$ma Zo OZ{damoY Ho$ ~mdOyX EgB©μOoS H$m XOm© Xo {X`m h¡Ÿ& {nN>bo VrZ-Mma dfm] _| amÁ`m| H$s Am¡Úmo[JH$ Zr{V na ZμOa S>mbZo go `h ñnîQ> hmoVm h¡ {H$ {H$g Vah BZ amÁ`m| Zo A{YH$ go A{YH$ EgB©μOoS n[a`moOZmAm| H$mo AmH$[f©V H$aZo Ho$ {bE à{VñnYm© Omar aIr h¡Ÿ& `hm§ VH$ {H$ 14 amÁ`m| _| Eg.B©.μOoS>. Zr{V`m| Ho$ Abmdm JwOamV, _Ü`àXoe Ed§ n§Om~ Zo Eg.B©.μOoS>. H$mZyZ ^r ~Zm {bE Wo,ŸO~{H$ H|${Ð` H$mZyZ 2005 _| Am`m h¡Ÿ& hmbm§{H$, Bg ^mJ _| CZ g^r amÁ`m| na MMm© H$s J`r h¡ Ohm§ Eg.B©.μOoS>. n[a`moOZmAm| H$s A{YH$Vm h¡ Am¡a OZ{damoY ^r C^aH$a gm_Zo Am`o h¢Ÿ& BZHo$ A{V[aº$ amOñWmZ, CÎma àXoe, n§Om~ O¡go ~‹S>o amÁ` {OZH$s `hm§ MMm© Zht H$s J`r h¡ _o§ ^r H$B© ~‹S>r Eg.B©.μOoS>. n[a`moOZmE§ àñVm{dV h¡§Ÿ& 45
- 46. JwOamV n[a`moOZmAm| Ho$ AmH$ma Am¡a g§»`m H$s Ñ{ï> go JwOamV, Xoe _| EgB©μOoS H$m g~go ~‹S>m H|$Ð ~Z H$a C^a ahm h¡& JwOamV gaH$ma Zo H|$Ð gaH$ma go ^r nhco, JwOamV _| EgB©μOoS> ~ZmZo Ho$ {cE _mM© 2004 _| JwOamV {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ A{Y{Z`_, 2004 nm[aV {H$`m& JwOamV _| H$m§S>cm Am¡a gyaV _| Xmo EgB©μOoS> ñWm{nV h¢& dm{UÁ` _§Ìmc` Zo JwOamV Ho$ {cE {nN>co df© _| Am¡a 20 EgB©μOoS> H$mo _§Oyar Xo Xr h¡& Xmo EgB©μOoS>, {OZgo JwOamV _| {damoY àXe©Zm| H$s ewéAmV hþB© do h¢, nmo{gÌm pñWV gr qH$J BÝ«$mñQ´>ŠMa {c{_Qo>S> (Eg.Ho$.AmB©.Ec.) n[a`moOZm Am¡a H$ÀN> pñWV _y±X«m EgB©μOoS> & _w§X«m EgB©μOoS> H$mo Xoe H$m {ZOr joÌ H$m nhcm Am¡a g~go ~‹S>m EgB©μOoS> _mZm J`m h¡ {OgH$m {dH$mg 30 gmcm| _| VrZ MaUm| _| 7400 H$amo‹S> énE H$s cmJV go {H$`m OmEJm& EH$ {ZOr H§$nZr, AS>mUr g_yh Ho$ Bg àñVm{dV n[a`moOZm H$mo H|$Ð gaH$ma Zo 12 $adar 2004 H$mo _§Oyar Xo Xr& `h EH$ _ëQ>r-àmoS>ŠQ> joÌ h¡& H$n‹S>m, hëHo$ agm`Zm|, ImÚ àg§ñH$aU, Xdm Am¡a ñdmñÏ` ajm, hëH$s YmVwAm| Am¡a gyMZm àm¡Úmo{JH$s AmYm[aV CÚmoJ Bg_| cJ|Jo& Bg n[a`moOZm Ho$ {cE AXmUr CÚmoJ H$mo nhco hr JwOamV gaH$ma Zo cJ^J 19,768 EH$‹S> ^y{_ Amd§{Q>V H$a Xr h¡ {Oggo `h JwOamV H$m g~go ~‹S>m {ZOr ^y-ñdm_r (μO_rZXma) ~Z J`m h¡& n[a`moOZm Ho$ {cE A{YJ«[hV A{YH$Va μO_rZ H$ÀN> Ho$ VQ> go gQo> hþE 15 Jm±dm| H$s MamJmh H$s Oμ_rZ h¡& gmW hr Bg n[a`moOZm Ho$ H$moñQ>c aoJwcoeZ OμmoZ _| hmoZo Ho$ H$maU cJ^J 9 H$amo‹S> énE go μÁ`mXm H$s _N>cr nmcZ CÚmoJ H$m {dñWmnZ hmoJm& `goVw’ Zm_H$ ñWmZr` g_yh Am¡a `n`m©daU {_Ì’ Zm_H$ n`m©daU g§~§Yr g_yh Zo Bg n[a`moOZm _| ~hþV go n`m©daU Am¡a AmOr{dH$m g§~§Yr _wÔo CR>mE h¢& 1 BgHo$ A{V[aŠV, nyd© _| AmoIm_§S>c (Vhgrc Om_ZJa), nmo{gÌm Ho$ gr qH$J BÝ«$mñQ´>ŠMa {c{_Qo>S> H$s n[a`moOZm H$mo ñWmZr` ñVa na `J«m_ {dH$mg Q´>ñQ>', `CÞ{V’ Am¡a `OZg§Kf© _moMm©' Ûmam McmE JE Xmo df© c§~o g§Kf© Ho$ ~mX g$cVmnyd©H$ amoH$ {X`m J`m& VQ>r` joÌ Ho$ 17 Jm±dm| Ho$ {Zdm{g`m| H$mo μO_rZ Ho$ A{YJ«hU Ho$ Zmo{Q>g {XE OmZo Ho$ ~mX Aà¡c 2001 _| g§Kf© H$s ewéAmV hþB©& "OZg§Kf© _§M' Zo ^r JwOamV CÀM Ý`m`mc` _| Bg à{H«$`m H$mo MwZm¡Vr Xr& `h OZ{hV `m{MH$m (nrAmB©Ec), g§{dYmZ H$s Ymam 226 (AmOr{dH$m H$m A{YH$ma) Ho$ AmÜmma na Xm`a H$s JB© Wr& gZ 2002 _| Cƒ Ý`m`mc` Zo n[a`moOZm na amoH$ cJm Xr Wr& 46
- 47. Bgr CÀM Ý`m`mb`Zo Om_ZJa _| [abm`Ýg Ho$ Ûmam ~ZmE OmZo dmbo 10,000 EH$‹S> Ho$ Eg.B©.μOoS>. Ho$ ^y-A{YJ«hU Ho$ {Ibm$ Xm{Ib EH$ OZ{hV `m{MH$m H$mo Im[aμO H$a {X`mŸ& O~ Bg _m_bo H$mo nr{‹S>V 56 n[admam| Zo CÀMV_² Ý`m`mb` _| Xm{Ib {H$`m V~ Ý`m`mb` Zo JwOamV CÀM Ý`m`mb` Ho$ ¡$gbo _| XIb XoZo go BÝH$ma H$a {X`mŸ& gmW hr `h ^r H$hm {H$ {g©$ _wAmdμOo H$s am{e na hr Xmdm {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡,Ÿ^y-A{YJ«hU na ZhtŸ& Zd§~a 2006 _| hr CÀMV_² Ý`m`mb` Ho$ ~|M {Og_| Ho$. Or. ~mbH¥$îUZ² Ed§ S>r. Ho$. O¡Z, {OÝhm|Zo JwOamV Ho$ _m_bo na ¡$gbm {X`m Wm, Zo AmewVmof lrdmñVd Ûmam Eg.B©.μOo‹S> Ho$ {Ibm$ Xm{Ib OZ{hV `m{MH$m H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aZo go _Zm H$a {X`mŸ& BgH$m AmYma CÝhm|Zo ~Vm`m {H$- 1. g§gX Ûmam nm[aV Zr{V`m| Am¡a H$mZyZm| H$mo OZ{hV `m{MH$m Ûmam H$mZyZr Vm¡a na MwZm¡Vr Zht Xr Om gH$Vr h¡Ÿ& 2. Ho$db nr{‹S>V {H$gmZm| Ûmam Xm{Ib {eH$m`V hr XO© H$s OmEJrŸ& òmoV : X qhXy, 14 Zd§~a, 2006 h[a`mUm {Xg§~a 2005 _|, Xoe Ho$ g~go ~‹So> {ZOr CÚmoJ g_yh [acm`§g B§S>ñQ>«rOμ {c{_Qo>S> Am¡a h[a`mUm amÁ` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg {ZJ_ Zo amÁ` _| 25,000 EH$‹S> Ho$ joÌ _| 25,000 H$amo‹S> én`o H$s cmJV go EH$ _ëQ>r-àmoS>ŠQ> EgB©μOoS ~ZmZo Ho$ {cE EH$ g_Pm¡Vo (E_Amo`y) na hñVmja {H$E& OZdar 2006 VH$ _w»`_§Ìr Zo `h KmofUm H$a Xr Wr {H$ h[a`mUm Ho$ {cE H$aZmc, Aå~mcm, amohVH$, PÁPa, aodm‹S>r, _h|ÐJ‹T> Am¡a `hm± VH$ {H$ _odmV _| ^r, AmR> Am¡a EgB©μOoS H|$Ð gaH$ma Ûmam ñdrH¥$V {H$E OmZo H$s g§^mdZm h¡, {Og_| go nm±M ~hþV ~S>μr n[a`moOZm`| hm|Jt& na dmñVd _| [acm`§g dmco gm¡Xo H$mo coH$a g§gX Am¡a CƒV_ Ý`m`mc` _| OmoaXma ~hg {N>‹S>r& Bg _wX²Xo H$mo dhm§ Ho$ H$m±J«og gm§gX Hw$cXrn qgh {~íZmoB© Zo CR>m`m Am¡a CƒV_ Ý`m`mc` _| BgHo$ {Icm$ OZ`m{MH$m Xm`a H$s& n«ñVm{dV n[a`moOZm _| gaH$ma H$s _XX go [acm`§g Hw$N> MaUm| _| 25,000 EH$‹S> ^y{_ H$m ApYJ«hU H$aoJr Am¡a ewê$ _| amÁ` gaH$ma cJ^J 1,500 EH$‹S> ~oMoJr& {deof Am{W©H$ joÌm| Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {cE amï´>r` amOYmZr joÌ _| 25% Am¡a {nN>‹So> joÌm| _| 50 à{VeV μO_rZ H$m A{YJ«hU H$aZo H$s `moOZm Wr& Am¡a BÝht H$maUm| H$mo coH$a gm§gX Zo ^maV Ho$ CÀMV_ Ý`m`mc` _| {Xg§~a 2006 Ho$ nhco gámh _| EH$ `m{MH$m Xm`a H$s& g§{dYmZ 47
- 48. H$s Ymam 32Ho$ A§VJ©V Xm{Ic H$s JB© `h `m{MH$m, {ZåZ ~mVm| H$s àmg§{JH$Vm Am¡a d¡YVm na {ZemZm cJmVr h¡ (A) H|$Ð H$m EgB©μOoS A{Y{Z`_, 2005 (EgB©μOoS> A{Y{Z`_), (~) amîQ´>r` amOÜmmZr úmoÌ ßbmqZJ ~moS©> (EZgrAmanr~r) A{Y{Z`_, 1985 (g§{dYmZ H$s Ymam 252 Ho$ A§VJ©V nm[aV) (H$) h[a`mUm H$m EgB©μOoS> A{Y{Z`_ 2005 Am¡a CgHo$ A§VJ©V A{YH$ma& h[a`mUm EgB©μOoS> _m_co _| Xm`a H$s JB© OZ{hV `m{MH$m (nrAmB©Ec) Ho$ _w»` q~Xw • h[a`mUm gaH$ma Am¡a [acm`g H$s EgB©μOoS> n[a`moOZm amï>«r` amOYmZr joÌ (EZ.gr.Ama) Ho$ g_ê$n h¡ Am¡a Bg{cE joÌr` {dH$mg go g§~{YV h¡& § • `h OZ{hV `m{MH$m Xmdm H$aVr h¡ {H$ ~J¡a {H$gr gm_§Oñ` Ho$ Am¡a ñd`§ AnZo _Z go {ZU©` coZo dmco A{YH$m[a`m| Ho$ hmW _| Mco OmZo go nyao amï´>r` amOYmZr joÌ (EZ.gr.Ama) Ho$ g§V{cV `moOZm~Õ {dH$mg H$m H$m_ AñV-ì`ñV hmo J`m h¡& w • Am_ OZVm Ho$ {hVm| H$mo VmH$ na aI H$a S>dbna, H$mo-S>dbna Am¡a CÚ{_`m| H$mo {X`o o o J`o A{YH$mam| na àíZ{MÝh cJmVr h¡& • `h H$hVr h¡ {H$ amOYmZr joÌ (EZ.gr.Ama), {Og_| {H$ Am~mXr H$s O~aXñV ~‹T>mVar μ o hþB© h¡, CgHo$ g§~Y _| `o g^r AÜ`mXoe {_cH$a, d¥{Õ Xa (Am¡a BgHo$ H$maU ~‹T>Zo dmcr § _m±Jm| Am¡a AmemAm|) Ho$ n[aUm_m| H$s nyar Vah AZXoIr H$a aho h¡& • H¥${f Am¡a n`m©daU H$s AZXoIr H$a, O_rZ Ho$ A{VH«$_U Ho$ _m¡H$ XoZo Am¡a {ZOr μ o EñQo>Q>m| H$mo ~‹S>r-~‹S>r H$s_Vr μO_rZm| na EH$m{YH$ma {XcdmZo Ho$ H$maU na gdmc CR>mE JE h¡& • OZVm Ho$ H$mof Am¡a amOñd H$mo ZwH$gmZ nhþMmH$a cJ^J H$m¡{S>`m| Ho$ Xm_ O_rZ, F$U, § μ μ cm^ Am¡a [a`m`V| XoZo H$mo MwZm¡Vr Xr JB© h¡& • g§{dYmZ H$s g§Kr` g§aMZm Am¡a CgHo$ AmYma na epº$`m| Am¡a emgZ Ho$ A{YH$mam| H$mo gwa{jV aIZm MmhVr h¡& _hmamï´> h[a`mUm hr EH$_mÌ Eogm amÁ` Zht h¡ Ohm± amÁ` gaH$ma go g_W©Z {_cZo Ho$ H$maU [acm`§g H$mo OZVm Ho$ {damoY H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>m hmo& [acm`§g, _hmamï>« Ho$ am`J‹T> {Oco _| ^maV H$m g~go ~S>μm EgB©μOoS n[a`moOZm ñWm{nV H$aZm MmhVm h¡ {OgHo$ {cE dh cJ^J 35,000 EH$‹S> μO_rZ hm{gc H$aoJm& OyZ 2006 Ho$ A§V _| BgH$m {damoY V~ μOmoa nH$‹S>Zo cJm O~ {Ocm àemgZ Zo ^y{_ Ho$ ApYJ«hU Ho$ {cE Hw$N> Jm±dm| _| Zmo{Q>g {X`m& 48
- 49. Bg joÌ Ho$gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H$Vm©Am| Ho$ AZwgma “{H$gmZm| H$mo hOm©Zo Ho$ Vm¡a na 4 cmI én`o VH$ XoZo Ho$ àñVmd {gS>H$mo Ûmam ^oOo Om aho h¢, Omo IwX Bg μO_rZ H$mo IarXH$a 1 H$amo‹S> én`o à{V hoŠQo>`a Ho$ {hgm~ go [acm`§g H$mo ~oM ahr h¡&'' EgB©μOoS n[a`moOZmAm| Ho$ {cE CnOmD$ Oμ_rZ H$m A{YJ«hU Z H$aZo Ho$ dm{UÁ` _§Ìr Ho$ H$WZ H$m hdmcm XoVo hþE ñWmZr` cmoJm| H$m H$hZm h¢ {H$ am`J‹T> H$s ^y{_ ""nyar Vah CnOmD$ h¡ Am¡a $gcm| go {H$gmZ ha gmc cJ^J 3.5 cmI énE H$m H$mamo~ma H$aVo h¢&'' BgHo$ Acmdm, Bg n[a`moOZm Ho$ AmZo go _Nw>Amam| Am¡a Z_H$ Ho$ IoVm| (cdUHw$ÊS>) _| H$m_ H$aZo dmcm| H$s amoμOramoQ>r ^r {N>Z OmEJr, {OgH$m _Vc~ hmoJm ñWmZr` AW©ì`dñWm H$s ~a~mXr& {X„r Ho$ ^maVr` gm_m{OH$ _§M _| `EZ.gr.E.Eg’ Am¡a `EZ.E.nr.E_’ Ûmam EgB©μOoS> na Am`mo{OV EH$ amï´>r` gå_ocZ _| gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H$Îmm© Am¡a ñWmZr` cmoJm| Zo ~Vm`m {H$ “VQ>r` BcmH$m| Ho$ V~mh hmoZo H$m IVam n¡Xm hmo J`m h¡& [acm`§g Am¡a {gS>H$mo H$mo EgB©μOoS H$s AZw_{V XoH$a _hmamï>« gaH$ma _¢J«mod (ObdZñnVr) O¡go Am¡fYr` d¥jm| H$mo hmoZo dmco ZwH$gmZ Am¡a n`m©daU g§~§Yr AÝ` _wÔm| H$s Iwcr Cnojm H$a ahr h¡&” am`J‹T> _| EgB©μOoS Ho$ {damoY Ho$ VwaV ~mX hr, `H$mcm©’ Am¡a `amOJwéZJa’ (nyUo {Ocm) Ho$ § {H$gmZm| Ho$ g§Kf© gm_Zo AmE Ohm± _qhÐm E§S> _qhÐm Am¡a ^maV $moO, EgB©OS> H$s V¡`mar H$a aho © μ o h¢& {gV§~a 2006 _|, {d{^Þ ñWmZr` Am§XmocZm| Zo nwUo _| EH$OwQ> hmoH$a EgB©μOoS> {damoYr g§Kf© g{_{V- _hmamï´> H$m JR>Z {H$`m & AŠQy>~a 6, 2006 H$mo H$B© dm_ g§JR>Zm| Am¡a _μOXya g§Km| go JR>~§YZ H$aHo$ μO_rZ Ho$ gmao A{YJ«hUm| na amoH$ cJmZo Am¡a EgB©μOoS> H$mZyZ 2005 aÔ H$aZo H$s _m±J H$aVo hþE H$coŠQ>a H$m`m©c` Ho$ gm_Zo àXe©Z {H$`m& BZ {damoYm| Ho$ ~mdOyX AmO _hmamï>« gaH$ma Ho$ nmg H|$Ðr` dm{UÁ` _§Ìmc` go _§Oya 48 EgB©μOoS n[a`moOZm h¢& cJmVma Mc aho g§Kf© Ho$ VhV 12 {Xg§~a 2006 H$mo àJ{Verc amOZr{VH$ nm{Q©>`m| Am¡a OZ g§JR>Zm| Ho$ EH$ g§`wº$ à{V{ZpY_§S>c g§JR>Z Zo “E§Q>r ½cmo~cmBμOeZ Om°B§Q> EŠeZ H${_Q>r” Ho$ _§M go ZmJnwa _| {dYmZg^m Ho$ gm_Zo YaZm {X`m Am¡a _w»`_§Ìr {dcmgamd Xoe_wI go _wcmH$mV H$s& Bg_| d[að> amOZoVm O¡go àmoo$ga EZ.S>r. nm{Q>c, g_mOdmXr ^mB© d¡Ú, _oYm nmQ>H$a, EZEnrE_ H$s gwaoIm Xcdr Am¡a CëH$m _hmOZ, H$m°_aoS> ^mcM§Ð H$m§Jmo (grnrAmB©), Hw$_ma {eamcH$a (grnrE_), gw^mf dmao (amï´> godm Xc), gw^mf cmo_Qo>, g§Ord gmZo (EgOonr), àgmX ~mJdo (H$macm EgB©μOoS>-à^m{dV g§Kf© g{_{V) em{_c Wo& 49
- 50. _w»`_§Ìr Zo Bgà{V{Z{Y_§S>c H$mo ^amogm {Xcm`m {H$ _hmamï´> gaH$ma H$s {ZOr> EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE μO_rZ A{YJ«{hV H$aZo _| H$moB© é{M Zht h¡ Am¡a Eogm H$moB© ^r H$m_ Zht {H$`m OmEJm& gaH$mar EgB©μOoS Ho$ _wÔo na ^r, amÁ` gaH$ma Zo nwZdm©g _§Ìr lr nV§Jamd H$X_ H$s AÜ`jVm _| EH$ H¡${~ZoQ> g{_{V H$mo à^m{dV Jm±ddm{g`m|, {H$gmZm|, CZHo$ g§JR>Zm|, A{YH$m[a`H$m| Am¡a AÝ` g§~§{YV cmoJm| H$s am` OmZZo H$m H$m_ {X`m h¡; `{X `o cmoJ AnZr _§Oyar Zht XoVo h¢ Vmo Eogo _| EgB©μOoS> Ho$ {cE μO_rZ H$m H$moB© A{YJ«hU Zht hmoJm& _w»`_§Ìr Zo am`J‹T> _| μO_rZ H$m A{YJ«hU amoH$Zo Ho$ {cE dhm± Ho$ A{YH$m[a`m| H$mo {ZX©oe {XE& à{V{Z{Y_§S>c Zo CZH$m Ü`mZ gÎmmYm[a`m| H$s BZ ^«m_H$ KmofUmAm| H$s Amoa ^r {Xcm`m {H$ do EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE qg{MV μO_rZ Zht co aho h¢, O~{H$ _hmamï´> H$s 84% go ^r μÁ`mXm Am¡a ^maV H$s 65% go μÁ`mXm OmoVr Om ahr μO_rZ Aqg{MV hr h¡& CÝhm|Zo Aqg{MV Am¡a `hm± VH$ {H$ "naVr' H$hr OmZo dmcr μO_rZ Ho$ A{YJ«hU H$m ^r {damoY {H$`m Š`m|{H$ `h μO_rZ N>moQo>, gr_m§V Am¡a ^y_rhrZ {H$gmZm| H$s h¢Ÿ& EgB©μOoS go g§~§{YV OmZH$mar E§d _hmamï´> Ho$ AcJ-AcJ ^mJm| _| EgB©μOoS Ho$ {Icm$ g§Kf© H$aZo dmco g_yhm| H$mo Omo‹S>Zo E§d nyd© _| _w»`_§Ìr Ûmam H¥${f O_rZ Z coZo Ho$ dmXo Am{X _wXXmo²§ H$mo coH$a OmJ{VH$sH$aU {damoYr H¥${V g{_{V, _hmamï´> Zo OmJ¥{V `mÌm 3 go 12 OZdar 2007 H$mo {ZH$mcr JB©& `mÌm Ho$ Xm¡amZ am`J‹S>, noU, JmoamB©, H$mcm©, JwcmUr, Am¡a§Jm~mX, na^Ur, Zm§Xo‹S>, M§X«nya, A_amdVr Am¡a ZmJnya _| AmZo dmco EgB©μOoS joÌm| _| {H$gmZm|, H$m_Jma, Am_ cmoJm| Ho$ gmW MMm© Ed§ {demc a¡{c`m| H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m J`m& BZ g^r joÌm| _| EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE n«ñVm{dV ^y A{YJ«hU dmco Á`mXVa joÌ qg{MV OmoV H$s O_rZo h¡& Bg `mÌm _| _hmamï´> Ho$ cJ^J 70 g_yhm| Zo ^mJ {c`m& `mÌm go C^aH$a AmZo dmcr cmoJm| H$s _w»` _m§Jo - • EgB©μOoS> H$mo gaH$ma aXX² H$ao • 1894 H$m ^y AO©Z H$mZyZ H$mo aXX² {H$`m OmE VWm CgHo$ AV§JV gmd©O{ZH$ {hV © Ho$ Zm_ na {ZOr CÚmoJn{V`m| Ho$ {cE {H$gmZm| H$s O_rZm| H$m O~aXñVr A{YJ«hU Vwa§V amoH$m OmE & • amï´>r` {dH$mg H$mo ñWmZr` {dH$mg go Omo‹S>Zo Ho$ {cE Zr{V {ZYm©aU _| Am_ cmoJm| H$mo MMm© _| em{_c {H$`m OmE & 50
- 51. V{_cZmSw> V{_cZmSw> _|, Ohm± ~S>μr VmXmX _| EgB©μOoS> n[a`moOZm AmZo dmcr h¢, Bg _wÔo H$mo A~ amÁ` _| {dnjr Xc nÎmmcr _ŠH$c H$ÀMr (PMK) Zo CR>m`m h¡& hmc hr _| MoÞB© Ho$ nmg (d¢Sw>cya) _| EH$ `g¡Qo>cmBQ> Q>mCZ’ Ohm± {H$gmZm| go 30,000 EH$‹S> μO_rZ ApYJ«{hV H$s OmZr Wr dhm§ ^r {H$gmZm| H$m {damoY gm_Zo Am`m& 2 hmcm±{H$, V{_cZmSw> Zo gZ² 2003 _| hr EgB©μOoS> Zr{V ~Zm cr Wr& gZ 2005 _| H|$Ðr` A{Y{Z`_ nmg hmoZo go nhco hr `hm± _X«mg EgB©OoμS> ñWm{nV Wm& _m¡OyXm joÌm| _| _μOXyam| H$s pñW{V, n`m©daU Am¡a ñWmZr` cmoJm| H$s AmOr{dH$m na n‹S>Zo dmco Aga Ho$ H$moB© Am±H$S>μo CncãY Zht h¢& AmZo dmco g_` _| 25 _§Oya Am¡a 12 B§VμOma H$a ahr Z`r n[a`moOZmAm| dmbo Bg amÁ` _| H$m$s hbMb _MoJrŸ& EgB©μOoS> _| {$Zc¢S> Ho$ {Zdoe Am¡a V{_cZmSw> _| Zmo{H$`m (_mo~mBc $moZ H§$nZr) EgB©μOoS> H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ n¡{Q´>H$ Am°°ñH$agZ Ûmam {H$`o JE AÜ``Z Ho$ AZwgma … V{_cZmSw> gaH$ma Zo Zmo{H$`m Ho$ gmW 6 Aà¡c 2005 H$mo _mo~mBc CËnmXZ BH$mB© H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {cE EH$ g_Pm¡Vo na hñVmja {H$E& g_Pm¡Vo (MoU) H$s ApYH$Va ~mV| Jwá aIr JBª, {Og_| `h VÏ` ^r em{_c Wm {H$ Bg joÌ H$mo {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ H$m XOm© {X`m OmEJm& V{_cZmSw> Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg {ZJ_ (TNIDC) Zo H§$nZr H$mo 200 EH$‹S> O_rZ Xr Wr μ Ohm± `h nhco go hr nyam BÝ«$mñQ´>ŠMa, g§Mma H$s gw{dYmAm| Am¡a EH$ ñdV§Ì {~Ocr CËnmV (So>{S>Ho$Qo>S> nmda ßbm§Q>) dmcm B§S>pñQ>`c nmH©$ ~Zm MwH$m Wm& hmcm±{H$ `h {Zdoe « V{_cZmSw> Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg {ZJ_ Zo {H$`m Wm, na Z Vmo cmJV {ZH$mcZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s JB© Am¡a Z BgHo$ H$moB© Am±H$S>μo h¢ {H$ Zmo{H$`m H$mo dh μO_rZ {H$amE na XoZo `m ~oMZo go gaH$ma H$m cJm`m n¡gm dmng {_c gH$m `m Zht& Cg g_` ^r V{_cZmSw> H$s Zr{V _| Eogo àmdYmZ Wo Omo H$_©Mm[a`m| Ho$ {hVm| Ho$ {Icm$ cJVo Wo - O¡go h‹S>Vmc H$aZo Am¡a Á`mXm g_` VH$ H$m_ H$aZo go _Zm H$aZo H$m μ A{YH$ma Z hmoZm Am¡a VwaV à^md go H$m°ÝQ´>¡ŠQ> aÔ H$a {XE OmZo H$s AZw_{V& § 51
- 52. C‹S>rgm C‹S>rgm _| {nN>co 5 gmcm| _| {ZOr IXmZ AmYm[aV CÚmoJm| H$s ^a_ma ahr h¡& EgB©μOoS> H$mZyZ 2005 Ho$ AmZo Ho$ ~mX BZ_| go A{YH$Va ~‹S>r H§$n{Z`m| _| EgB©μOoS H$m XOm© nmZo H$s hmo‹S> cJ JB©& BZ_| go 12 n[a`moOZmAm| H$mo _§Oyar {_c JB© h¡ {OZ_| 7 H$mo g¢Õm{VH$ Am¡a 5 H$mo Am¡nMm[aH$ _§Oyar {_cr h¡& g~go μÁ`mXm MMm© hþB© h¡ cm§OrJ‹T> Ho$ `doXm§V Eë`w{_Zm [a$mBZar àmoOoŠQ>’ H$mo _§Oyar {_cZo H$s& ~‹S>r VmXmX _| {dñWmnZ H$aZo Am¡a n`m©daU Am¡a dZ g§~§Yr {Z`_m| Ho$ C„§KZ Ho$ H$maU `h n«moOoŠQ> nhco hr ~hþV {ddmXmñnX ahm h¡& XaAgc, 1980 Ho$ dZ g§ajU A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ _m_co XoI ahr gdm©oƒ Ý`m`mc` H$s "A{YH$ma àmá g{_{V' (CEC) Zo O§Jcm| H$s ~gmhQ> Ho$ _hËdnyU© _wÔo na Ü`mZ {XE {~Zm _§Oyar XoZo Ho$ {cE amÁ` gaH$ma Am¡a H§o§$X«r` dZ _§Ìmc` H$s qIMmB© H$s h¡& ñWmZr` {damoY Ho$ McVo μO_rZ H$m A{YJ«hU Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU nm°ñH$mo (nmohm§J ñQ>rc H§$nZr, X{jU H$mo[a`m) Ho$ 12 {_{c`Z Q>Z Ho$ BñnmV g§`§Ì na ~hþV μÁ`mXm H$m_ Zht hþAm h¡, na BgZo dm{UÁ` _§Ìmc` go {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ H$m XOm© nmZo H$s _§Oyar hm{gc H$a cr h¡& BgH$m _Vc~ h¡ {H$ n[a`moOZm H$mo H$am| _| [a`m`Vm| Am¡a gpãgS>r Ho$ ê$n _| H$B© Xygao $m`Xo {_c|Jo& Eogm AZw_mZ cJm`m J`m h¡ {H$ nm°ñH$mo H$mo EgB©μOoS Ho$ ê$n _| [a`m`V| XoZo go AJco 30 gmcm| _| amÁ` gaH$ma H$mo 22,500 H$amo‹S> é. Am¡a H|$Ð gaH$ma H$mo 89,000 H$amo‹S> é. Ho$ amOñd H$m ZwH$gmZ hmoJm& `hm± `h ~VmZm μOê$ar h¡ {H$ nhco hr amÁ` gaH$ma Zo OyZ 2005 Ho$ g_Pm¡Vo (MoU) _| nm°ñH$mo H$mo EgB©μOoS H$m XOm© XoZo H$m dmXm {H$`m Wm& `h ^maV H$m A~ VH$ H$s g~go ~S>μr àË`j {dXoer {Zdoe n[a`moOZm hmoJr {OgHo$ {cE C‹S>rgm gaH$ma H$s ~hþ amï´>r` H§$nZr H$mo Am¡Zo-nm¡Zo Xm_ _| ~‹S>r _mÌm _| cm¡h A`ñH$ ~oM XoZo Ho$ {cE A~ VH$ ~hþV qIMmB© hmo MwH$s h¡& BñnmV g§`§Ì Ho$ Acmdm E_Amo`y _| `o gw{dYmE Xr JB© h¢ 1. C‹S>rgm gaH$ma/^maV gaH$ma Ûmam Xr JB© IZZ gw{dYmE± (“IZZ n[a`moOZm”); 2. g‹S>H$, aoc Am¡a ~§XaJmh Ho$ BÝ«$ñQ´>ŠMa (“`mVm`mV n[a`moOZm”), {OZ_| IXmZ Ho$ joÌ go nmamXrn VH$ {deof aocdo cmBZ em{_c h¡ 3. B§{Q>J«oQo>S> Q>mCZ{en; Am¡a 4. nmZr H$s gw{dYm (“nmZr H$m n[a`moOZm”) 52
- 53. gdmc `h h¡{H$ `{X nm°ñH$mo H$mo EgB©μOoS H$m XOm© {X`m Om ahm h¡ Vmo Š`m Bg_| BgH$s g^r `moOZmE± em{_c hm|Jr `m Ho$dc BñnmV g§`§Ì em{_c hmoJm? amÁ` gaH$ma Bg{cE ^r eH$ Ho$ Koao _| h¡ Š`m|{H$ BgZo dm{UÁ` _§Ìmc` _| ßbm§Q> H$s OJh H$s μO_rZ H$s pñW{V Ho$ ~mao _| ghr ~mV Zht aIr& H§$nZr Omo 4000 EH$‹S> _m±J ahr h¡ Cg na nmZ H$s IoVr, Mmdc, H$mOy Am¡a H$B© Xygar $gc| hmoVr h¢ {Ogo amÁ` gaH$ma EH$ $gc dmcr μO_rZ ~Vm ahr h¡& 3 _m.H$.nm. Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| g§J{R>V "nm°ñH$mo n«{VamoY g§Kf© g_r{V' Bg n[a`moOZm H$m O_H$a {damoY H$a ahr h¡& BgHo$ gmW ñWmZr` ñVa na "amï´>r` godm Xc' Ho$ H$m`©H$Vm© §^r OZ {damoY _| em{_c h¡& Ho$ac OZVm H$m ^cm MmhZo dmcr Ho$ac amÁ` H$s gaH$ma ^r EgB©μOoS Ho$ “OmXy” go ANy>Vr Zht ahr h¡& hmc Ho$, Ho$ac Ho$ g^r _hËdnyU© {Zdoe àñVmd, EgB©μOoS AmYm[aV hr h¢& BZ_| Xw~B© B§Q>aZoQ> {gQ>r (DIC) Ho$ Ûmam ~‹T>m`m hþAm ñ_mQ©> {gQ>r àmoOoŠQ> ^r em{_c h¡& EgB©μOoS H$m XOm© Z Ho$dc ñ_mQ©> {gQ>r Ho$ {cE V` h¡, ~pëH$ àñVm{dV BÝ$monmH©$, Ho$ {cE ^r V` h¡ Omo DIC n[a`moOZm H$m {hñgm hmoJm& Bgr ~rM, BÝ$monmH©$ Ho$ gmW {VéAZ§Vnwa_ H$m Qo>ŠZmonmH©$ ^r `{dXoer n[ajoÌ’ H$m XOm© hm{gc H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee _| h¡& BgHo$ Acmdm, amÁ` gaH$ma H$s H$mo{MZ nmoQ©> Q´>ñQ> Am¡a Ho$ac amÁ` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg {ZJ_ Ho$ g§`wº$ CnH«$_ Ho$ ê$n _| «$s Q´o>S> E§S> do`ahmCqgJ μOmoZ (FTWZ) ~ZmZo H$s `moOZm h¡& A§XmμOZ Bg n[a`moOZm H$s cmJV 100 H$amo‹S> é. hmoJr Am¡a `h Xw~B© Ho$ Om~oc Acr «$s Q´o>S> μOmoZ O¡gm hmoJm& H$mo{MZ Ho$ ~m`moQo>ŠZm°cm°Or nmH©$ H$mo EgB©μOoS Ho$ XO©o H$m B§VμOma h¡& BgH$s H§$n{Z`m| H$mo ^r {dXoe ì`mnma Ho$ _hm{ZXoeH$ Zo EgB©μOoS H$s gw{dYmE± XoZo H$s g¡Õm§{VH$ gh_{V Xo Xr h¡& qgJmnwa H$s {J_ cr hmopëS§>½g, Omo H$mBQo>Šg J«wn Am¡a BQ>cr Ho$ EH$ g_yh Ho$ gmW {_c H$a Anoac nmH©$ ~ZmZo Ho$ H$mo{ee _| h¡, dh ^r AnZo CnH«$_ Ho$ {cE `h Img XμOm© nmZm MmhVr h¡& {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ H$m {gc{gcm _mM© 2005 _| ewê$ hþAm O~ Ho$ac Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg {ZJ_ Ho$ ~ZmE hþE H$mo{PH$moS> Ho$ H$¸$ZMoar y$S> nmH©$ Am¡a H$mo{MZ Ho$ BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ B§S>ñQ´>rμO nmH©$ 53
- 54. H$mo `h ImgXOm© {X`m J`m& 1000 EH$‹S> Ho$ ~§XaJmh na ~Zm H$mo{MZ EgB©μOoS A^r hmc hr VH$ Ho$ac H$m AHo$cm EgB©μOoS Wm& `hm§ ^r A~ Xw~B© nmoQ>g© B§Q>aZoeZc H$s ~‹S>r `moOZm AmZo dmcr h¡& CÚmoJ Ho$ OmZH$mam| Ho$ AZwgma, g~go ì`ñV B§Q>aZoeZc _¡[aQ>mB_ hmB©do Am¡a E{e`m H$s Am{W©H$ e{º$`m| Ho$ H$ar~ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU, H$mo{MZ EgB©μOoS> {ZdoeH$m| Ho$ {cE ~hþV AmH$f©H$ h¡& 4 BZ EgB©μOoS _| gaH$ma Zo AmYma^yV g§aMZm Ho$ {dH$mg na 96 H$amo‹S> é. IM© {H$E h¢ Am¡a gmc 2004-05 _| BZ joÌm| go Hw$c {Z`m©V 463 H$amoS> é. H$m hþAmŸ& na§Vw H$mo{MZ EgB©μOoS H$s BH$mB`m| Ho$ {Z`m©V _yë` H$m, `m H$am| _| [a`m`Vm| Am¡a Ny>Q> Ho$ H$maU hþE amOñd Ho$ ZwH$gmZ H$m H$moB© {hgm~ Zht h¡& H$mo{MZ EgB©μOoS> _| H$_©Mm[a`m| H$s Iam~ hmcmV gZ 2000 _| B©nrμOS> go {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ (EgB©μOoS>) _| ~Xco JE joÌm| _| Ho$ac H$m H$mo{MZ o EgB©OS> ^r Wm& Bg_| 79 ¡$pŠQ´>`m± h¢ Omo ao{S>_oS> H$n‹So>, a~a Ho$ XmñVmZo, BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ AmBQ>_, μ o gm°âQ>do`a, hmS©>do`a, ImZo-nrZo H$s MrμO| Am¡a JhZo ~ZmVr h¢& BZ ¡$pŠQ´>`m| _| 7000 go Á`mXm μ cmoJ H$m_ H$aVo h¢& B§{S>`m Qw>JoXa (17/08/06) _| nr.EZ. doUwJmonmc Zo EH$ coI _| H$mo{MZ EgB©μOoS> go Ow‹So> `o gdmc CR>m`o h¢ … • `hm± H$m_ H$aZo dmcm| _| H$ar~ 60% Am¡aV| h¢ `o n[adma _| AHo$cr H$_mZo dmcr h¢ Am¡a AŠga Xya go AmVr h¢& • gmao H$_©Mm[a`m| _| go H$ar~ 55% (H$m°ÝQ´¡>ŠQ>) AñWm`r H$_©Mmar h¢ {OÝh| H$moB© Img $m`Xo Zht {_cVo h¢& • H$_©Mm[a`m| H$mo EH$ {XZ Ho$ Ho$dc 35 go 75 é. {XE OmVo h¢, Am¡a BZgo AŠga V` AmR> K§Q>m| go μÁ`mXm H$m_ H$adm`m OmVm h¡ {~Zm AmodaQ>mB_ ^wJVmZ Ho$ CËnmXZ H$m CÔoe nyam H$aZo Ho$ {cE AŠga {eâQ> 10-12 K§Qo> McVr h¢ {OZHo$ {cE H$_©Mm[a`m| H$mo H$moB© AmodaQ>mB_ Zht {_cVm h¡& • BZ joÌm| H$mo `AmgmZr go H$m_ H$aZo XoZo’ Am¡a `~mhar XIc’ amoH$Zo Ho$ {cE Xmo gmc nhco l_ {d^mJ Ho$ ApYH$ma BZ joÌm| Ho$ {dH$mg Am`wº$m| H$mo Xo {XE JE Omo BZ joÌm| H$m àemgZ XoIVo h¢& Bggo A~ _μOXyam| H$s {eH$m`V| l_ {d^mJ _|§ XO© H$aZo H$s H$moB© OJh Zht ah JB© h¡& • EH$ ~ma n[aga _| OmZo Ho$ ~mX ~mha H$s Xw{Z`m go H$_©Mm[a`m| H$m H$moB© g§nH©$ Zht ah OmVm h¢Ÿ& H$m_ H$m _mhm¡b ~hwV H$R>moa hmoVm h¡Ÿ& • `hm± H$m_ H$aZo dmbo Hw$b 7000 H$_©Mm[a`m| _| go Ho$db H$ar~ 1500 {H$gr Q´>S> `y{Z`Zo Ho$ gXñ` h¡hŸ& H$mo{MZ OmoZ H$s 79 BH$mB`m| _| go Ho$db 21 _| Q´>oS> `y{Z`Z h¡Ÿ& BZ_| go Á`mXmVa g|Q>a $m°a B§{S>`Z Q´>oS> `y{Z`Ýg (grQy>) H$s AZwdmB© _| h¢Ÿ& 54
- 55. Jmodm Jmodm gaH$ma H$mo AJco Xmo gmc _| EgB©μOoS ewê$ H$aZo Ho$ {cE 300 H$amo‹S> é. H$m {Zdoe hmoZo H$s Cå_rX h¡& VQ>r` joÌm| _| CÚmoJm| Ho$ {cE ZmoS>c EO|gr Jmodm Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg {ZJ_ Zo nm±M EgB©μOoS ewê$ H$aZo Ho$ {cE μO_rZ XoZm ewê$ H$a {X`m h¡ (àmoOoŠQ> _m°{ZQ>a, OyZ 2006)& `hm± EgB©μOoS> _| _w»`V… gyMZm àm¡Úmo{JH$s, godmE±μ, OdmhamV Am¡a JhZo, ~m`moQo>ŠZm°cm°Or Am¡a XdmB© CÚmoJ Am aho h¢& _wå~B© Ho$ ahoOm, no{ZZgwcm Am¡a {gßbm g_yhm| H$mo gm_y{hH$ AmYma^yV g§aMZm {dH$mg H$aZo Ho$ {cE μO_rZ Xo Xr JB© h¡& A~ VH$ ar`c EñQo>Q> Ho$ {~μOZog _| H$m_ H$a ahr no{ZZgwcm c¢S> {c. (nrEcEc) H$mo Jmodm gaH$ma Zo Xmo ~m`moQo>H$ EgB©μOoS> Am¡a EH$ OdmhamV Am¡a JhZm| H$m EgB©μOoS> ~ZmZo Ho$ {cE 250 EH$‹S> μO_rZ Xo Xr h¡ ({g$s {~μOZog, AJñV, 2006)& ~m`moQo>H$ nmH$m] _| Bg g_yh H$m Hw$c {Zdoe, μO_rZ H$mo N>mo‹S> H$a, A§XmOZ 600 H$amo‹S> é. H$m hmoJm& Bg g_yh H$m Jmodm _| EH$ {dcm n[a`moOZm (1/2 {_{c`Z dJ© $sQ>) ^r h¡& H$mo{Q©>c_ _|, cmoJm| H$mo AnZr _ohZV H$s H$_mB© go IarXo O_rZm| na Ka ~ZmZo H$moo Mr$ Q>mCZ ßbmZa (TCP) Zo `h H$hVo hþE amoH$ {X`m {H$ "joÌr` `moOZm' _| `h joÌ EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE {MpÝhV {H$`m J`m h¡& `hm± gdmc CR>Vm h¡ {H$ (TCP) H¡$go CZ joÌm| H$mo ~Xc gH$Vm h¡ Omo nwamZr `joÌr` `moOZm’ _| ~gmhQ> Ho$ {cE ~VmE JE Wo (hoamëS>, Zd§~a, 2006)& `hm± X{jU Jmodm Ho$ gm§gX Zo Jmodm EgB©μOoS> Zr{V Ho$ VÏ` cmoJm| go Nw>nmZo Am¡a Eogr `moOZmE± ~ZmVo g_` CZH$s am` Z coZo na ZmamμOJr OVmB© h¡& ñWmZr` cmoJm| Ho$ cJmVma {damoY Am¡a g_Ýd{`V A{^`mZ Ho$ H$maU OZdar 2007 _| Q>mCZ ßbmqZJ _§Ìr ~~ye _m°ZgamQ> Zo BñVr$m Xo {X`m Am¡a joÌr` `moOZm H$mo aX²X {H$`m J`m& {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ Am¡a amÁ` _o ~§XaJmh («$s-nmoQ©>) ~ZmZo Ho$ {cE Jmodm {dœ{dÚmc` H$s μO_rZ {dàmo Zm_H$ H§$nZr H$mo {XE OmZo na Jmodm _| μO~aXñV ~hg {N>‹S>r& gaH$ma Zo Jmodm {díd {dÚmc` H$s 1 cmI dJ© {H$cmo_rQ>a go μÁ`mXm (25 EH$‹S>) μO_rZ AmB©Q>r Ho$ _hmaWr {dàmo H$mo EgB©μOoS ~ZmZo Ho$ {cE Xo Xr& co{H$Z Jmodm {díd{dÚmc` Zo AmJo AmH$a H$hm {H$ μO_rZ CgH$s h¡& "god Jmodm `w{Zd{g©Q>r _§M' Zo _r{S>`m _| Bg JcV$h_r Ho$ ~mao _| ~Vm`m {H$ `$m°_© 1 Am¡a 14’ _| _m{cH$ Ho$ ê$n _| JmoAm {díd{dÚmc` H$m Zm_ XO© h¡& CZH$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ PWD go Jmodm {díd- {dÚmc` H$mo μO_rZ H$m hñVm§VaU 1992 _| {H$`m J`m Wm Am¡a Bg_| H$B© Jc{V`m± Wt& Jmodm 55
- 56. {díddÚmc` amÁ` H$mAHo$cm {díd{dÚmc` h¡ Am¡a $moa_ H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ EgB©μOoS> àmoOoŠQ> H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ Omoe _| amÁ` gaH$ma CÀM {ejm Ho$ _hËd H$s AZXoIr H$a ahr h¡ (AmB©.~r.EZ. bmB©d, Aºy$~a, 2006)& 6 {Xg§~a 2006 H$mo Jmodm _| EgB©μOoS> n[a`moOZmAm| Am¡a μO_rZ Ho$ A{YJ«hU Ho$ _wÔo na MMm© H$aZo Ho$ {cE nUOr _| EH$ ~¡R>H$ hþB©& Bg ~¡R>H$ _| "god Jmodm $moa_' Ho$ Acmdm H$B© J¡a gaH$mar g§JR>Z, ñdV§Ì Am¡a Q´o>S> `y{Z`Z Ho$ H$m`©H$Vm© Am¡a _wÔo go Ow‹So> cmoJ em{_c hþE& _wÔo na {dñVma go MMm© hþB© Am¡a cmoJm| H$mo EgB©μOoS> H o$ n[a`moOZmAm| Ho$ {Ic$ c‹S>Zo Ho$ {cE g§J{R>V H$aZo Ho$ {cE EH$ EgB©μOoS> dm°M J«wn ~Zm`m J`m& Jmodm Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm {Xdg 18 {Xg§~a H$mo, gaH$ma Ho$ [aOZb ßbmZ Am¡a EgB©PoS> Ho$ {Ibm$ {damoY àH$Q> H$aZo Ho$ {bE EH$ _mZd l¥§Ibm ~ZmB© JB©Ÿ& Jmodm Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ AZwgma `o n[a`moOZmE§ Z Ho$db nm[apñW{VH$s H$mo Zï> H$a XoJr ~[ëH$ amÁ` H$mo Eogo bmoJm| Ho$ hmW _| N>mo‹S> X|Jr Omo ñWmZr` AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ {dH$mg na H$moB© Ü`mZ Zht X|J| ~[ëH$ Bgo IË_ H$aZo H$m H$m_ H$a|JoŸ& Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU Am¡a n`©Q>Z Ho$ nwamZo AZw^d `hr ~VmVo h¢Ÿ& n[íM_ ~§Jmb AŠQy>~a 2006 VH$ npíM_ ~§Jmc H$mo 14 EgB©μOoS n[a`moOZmE§ {_c JB© Wr, Am¡a gaH$ma Zo BZHo$ {cE 12,000 hoŠQo>`a μO_rZ XoZo H$m dmXm {H$`m h¡& n[íM_ ~§Jmc _| dm_ _moMm© Ho$ gh`mo{J`m| Am°°c B§{S>`m $m°adS©> ãcm°H$ Am¡a [admoë`yeZar gmoe{cñQ> nmQ>u Ûmam EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE CnOmD$ μO_rZ A{YJ«{hV H$aZo na qMVm μOm{ha H$aZo Ho$ ~mdOyX grnrAmB©-E_ H$s AJwdmB© dmcr gaH$ma nw{cg Ho$ X_ na μO_rZ A{YJ«{hV H$a ahr h¡& qgJwa ~§Jmc H$m g~go Ádc§V CXmhaU h¡& `h H$moB© EgB©μOoS n[a`moOZm Zht h¡ co{H$Z BgHo$ {cE 1235 EH$‹S> IoVr H$s μO_rZ coZo H$s μOê$aV h¡& `hm± cmoJm| Zo Z Ho$dc μO_rZ Ho$ A{YJ«hU Ho$ Zmo{Q>g {XE OmZo H$m μO~aXñV {damoY {H$`m h¡ ~[ëH$ n[íM_ ~§Jmc gaH$ma H$mo cmoH$V§Ì Ho$ _wÔo na ^r MwZm¡Vr Xr h¡& ZVrOVZ AÝ` H$B© Amoa go EgB©μOoS> H$m ^r ~‹So> n¡_mZo na {damoY ewê$ hþAm& amÁ` Ho$ ~‹So> {damoYr Xc amÁ` _| μO~aXñVr μO_rZ Ho$ A{YJ«hU {H$E OmZo H$m {damoY H$a aho h¢& CÝhm|Zo {gV§~a _| qgJwa _| A{YJ«hU H$m {damoY ewê$ hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ~wcmB© JB© VWmH${WV gd©Xcr` ~¡R>H$ H$m ^r ~{hîH$ma> {H$`m& n[íM_ ~§Jmc Ho$ dm{UÁ` Am¡a CÚmoJ _§Ìr {Zén_ goZ Zo Z Ho$dc qgJwa Ho$ Q>mQ>m àmoOoŠQ> H$mo Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU H$m Z`m Xm¡a ~Vm`m ~[ëH$ dh Bgo grnrAmB©E_ gaH$ma H$s à{Vð>m H$m _wÔm ^r _mZ aho h¢& AnZo hmc hr Ho$ ~`mZ _| CÝhm|Zo H$hm 56
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- 58. _Ü` àXoe _|BÝXm¡a Ho$ EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE 2003 _| ~Zm EH$ {deof H$mZyZ h¡& BgH$m Zm_ BÝXm¡a ñnoec BH$m°Zm°{_H$ μOmoZ (ñnoec àm°{dμOZ) A{Y{Z`_ 2003 h¡& BgH$m àdV©H$ amÁ` H$m Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg {ZJ_ (MPAKVN) h¡& BÝXm¡a H$m EgB©μOoS 1038 hoŠQo>`a _| ¡$cm h¡ {Ogo A^r ~‹T>m H$a 1059 hoŠQo>`a H$a {X`m J`m h¡ Am¡a `h EH$ _ëQ>r-àmoS>ŠQ> EgB©μOoS> h¡& BgH$m {dH$mg Xmo MaUm| _| {H$`m OmZm h¡ Am¡a nhcm MaU nyam hmoZo dmcm h¡& BgHo$ {cE nhco MaU _| 138.570 hoŠQo>`a μO_rZ H$s μOê$aV h¡ Omo {dH$mg {ZJ_ nhco hr {dH${gV H$a MwH$m h¡ O~{H$ EgB©μOoS H$m ~Mm {hñgm 678 EH$‹S> {ZOr Am¡a 222 EH$‹S> gaH$mar μO_rZ na So>dcn {H$`m OmEJm& MaU EH$ H$m {dH$mg MPAKVN Zo 40 H$amo‹S> é. H$s cmJV go {H$`m h¡& cmJV _| μO_rZ Ho$ A{YJ«hU H$s H$s_V, {~Ocr H$m g~ ñQo>eZ, g‹S>H|$ Am¡a cmBQ|>, nmZr, npån§J ñQo>eZ Am¡a nmZr {ZH$mg (Zmco) O¡go AmYma^yV g§aMZm H$m IM© em{_c h¡& A^r VH$ àmoOoŠQ> H$s AZw_m{ZV cmJV 1050 H$amo‹S> é. h¡ {Og_| go 86.60 H$amo‹S> μO_rZ H$s H$s_V Am¡a 451.24 H$amo‹S> AmYma^yV g§aMZm (BÝ«$mñQ´>ŠMa) H$s cmJV h¡& BgHo$ {cE A^r Am¡a {dH$mg Ho$ {cE {Zdoe H$a gH$Zo dmco ^mJrXma H$s Vcme Omar h¡& _m¡OyXm EgB©μOoS> _| nhco {Z`m©V n«moËgmhZ Ed§ Am¡Úmo{JH$ nmH©$ ^r Wo& Bgo amÁ` gaH$ma Zo H$B© gmc nhco ewê$ {H$`m Wm, co{H$Z `h Hw$N> Img Zht Mcm& Bg{cE Bgo BÝXm¡a Ho$ EgB©μOoS _| {_cm {X`m J`m h¡& BÝXm¡a Ho$ ZE EgB©μOoS _| 6 BH$mB`m| Zo H$m_ H$aZm ewê$ H$a {X`m h¡ Am¡a 21 BH$mB`m| H$m {Z_m©U Mc ahm h¡& EgB©μOoS BÝXm¡a eha Ho$ nmg nrW_nwa Am¡a Yma _| h¡& `h nrW_nwa _| nhco go _m¡OyX CÚmoJm| Ho$ nmg h¡& Bg joÌ _| {H$gmZm| Am¡a Am{Xdm{g`m| H$m {dñWmnZ AŠga hmoVm ahm h¡& 1970 Am¡a 1980 Ho$ XeH$ _| CÚmoJm| Ho$ AmZo go ~‹S>r VmXmX _| cmoJ {dñWm{nV hþE na XwI H$s ~mV `h h¡ {H$ 15 gmbm| go ^r μÁ`mXm g_` go `o g^r Im_moe h¢& ZE EgB©μOoS go {dñWm{nV hþE Jm±d h¢ H$mcr{~„moX, Io‹S>m, AH$mo{c`m, Om_moXr Am¡a ~aXmar& BZ _| go Io‹S>m, ~aXmar, AH$mo{c`m Am¡a Om_moXr Yma {Oco _| h¢ O~{H$ H$mcr {~„moX BÝXm¡a {Oco _| h¡& 58
- 59. H$mcr{~ëbmoX _| cmoJm|H$s pñW{V Jm±d H$mcr{~ëbmoX _| ~hþV go ^rc Am{Xdmgr Am¡a Jar~ {H$gmZ ahVo h¢& BZ_| go ~hþVm| Ho$ nmg 1 EH$‹S> go ^r H$_ Oμ_rZ h¡& cJ^J 17 ^rc Am{Xdm{g`m| H$mo BÝXm¡a EgB©OS> _| AnZo {hñgo μ o H$s EH$-EH$ EH$‹S> O_rZ go hmW YmoZm n‹S>m h¡& cJ^J 30 gmc nhco, ^y{_hrZ Am{Xdm{g`m| H$mo μ nwZ:ñWm{nV H$aZo Am¡a gj_ ~ZmZo Ho$ {cE ha n[adma H$mo gaH$ma Zo EH$ ~rKm Oμ_rZ H$m nÅ>m {X`m Wm& A~ BZ cmoJm| H$m dhr EH$_mÌ O_rZ H$m Qw>H$‹S>m {N>Z J`m h¡& A~ BZHo$ nmg μ IoVr Ho$ {cE H$moB© O_rZ Zht h¡ Š`m|{H$ ha EH$‹S> Ho$ 80,000 én`o Ho$ {hgm~ go {_cm _wAmdμOm μ H$moB© ^r Oμ_rZ IarXZo Ho$ {cE H$_ h¡& My±{H$ Oμ_rZ H$s H$s_V ~‹T> JB© h¡ Am¡a BgH$s VwcZm _| _wAmdμOo H$s aH$_ ~hþV H$_ hmoVr h¡, Bg{cE Bg joÌ go 100 {H$._r Xya OmZo Ho$ ~mX ^r `o cmoJ _wAmdμOo H$s aH$_ go O_rZ Zht IarX nm`o h¢& μ O_rZ Ho$ A{YJ«hU go g~go Á`mXm à^m{dV hþB© h¢ _{hcmE± Š`m|{H$ IoV _μOXyam| H$s _m±J ^r H$_ μ μ hmo JB© h¡ Am¡a ApYH$Va _{hcmE± IoV _μOXya hr hmoVr h¢& A~ Vmo Hw$N> Zo nmg hr Ho$ H$maImZm| _| X¡{ZH$ amoμO H$s _μOXyar na H$m_ H$aZm ewê$ H$a {X`m h¡& Am_ Vm¡a na, Bg_| _mc M‹T>mZo- CVmaZo, nmg H$s nËWa H$s IXmZm| Am¡a nËWa Vmo‹S>Zo H$s BH$mB`m| _| nËWa Vmo‹S>Zo H$m H$m_, `m AHw$ec {Z_m©U _OXya H$m H$m_ hmoVm h¡& g^r Vah Ho$ H$m_ Ro>Ho$ na hmoVo h¢ Ohm± _OXya H$mo Ro>Ho$Xma H$m hþŠ_ _mZZm hmoVm h¡ Am¡a {Z`_ Am¡a eVoª ~hþV H$R>moa hmoVo h¢& BÝh| amoOμ cJ^J 12- 14 K§Qo>, H$‹S>H$ Kyn _| {~Zm {H$gr Amam_ Ho$ cJmVma H$m_ H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡& BÝh| Ho$dc Xmonha H$m ImZm ImZo Ho$ {cE ~rM _| AmYo K§Qo> go 45 {_ZQ> H$s Nw>Å>r {_cVr h¡& Am§Y« àXoe AŠQy>~a 2006 VH$ Am§Y« àXoe _| 45 ñdrH¥$V n[a`moOZm`o Wr Am¡a 9 na g¡Õm§{VH$ gh_{V hmo MwH$s Wr& Bg Vah _hmamï´> Ho$ ~mX BgH$m Z§~a Xygam AmVm h¡& gyMZm àm¡Úmo{JH$s Ho$ {cE nhMmZo OmZo dmco Bg amÁ` _| AmB©Q>r Am¡a gm°âQ>do`a AmYm[aV n[a`moOZmAm| H$s ^a_ma h¡& co{H$Z {Og n[a`moOZm na Vy$mZ CR>m dh h¡ H$mH$sZmS>m H$s Voc [a$mBZar, {Ogo H$mH$sZmS>m grnmoQ²>g© {c{_Qo>S>, Am§Y« àXoe gaH$ma Am¡a E_AmanrEc-AmoEZOrgr Zo àñWm{dV {H$`m Wm& Voc Am¡a J¡g joÌ go ~‹S>m {Zdoe cmZo dmco Bg _ëQ>r-àmoS>ŠQ> EgB©μOoS> Ho$ {cE 12,000 EH$‹S> μO_rZ H$s μOê$aV n‹So>Jr& 5 Bggo CZ 6 Jm±dm| Ho$ cmoJ {dñWm{nV hmo aho Wo {OZH$s μO_rZ| nrR>mnwa_ ~«m§M Zha (JmoXmdar Zha) Ho$ nmg Wr& BZ Jm±dm| Ho$ gmao IoV _μOXya grnrAmB© (E_Ec) H$s AJwdmB© _| Bg n[a`moOZm Ho$ {Icm$ g§J{R>V hmo JE&2 {H$gmZm| Ho$ {damoY H$mo XoIVo hþE amÁ` gaH$ma Zo {Xg§~a 2005 _| 59
- 60. [a$mBZar Am¡a ~m`moS>rμOc ßbm§Q> Xygar OJh Vm|S>m§Jr _§S>c _| cJmZo Am¡a 12000 go KQ>mH$a 4000 EH$‹S> μO_rZ coZo H$m ¡$gcm {H$`m& A{YH$m[a`m| Ho$ AZwgma, 4300 EH$‹S> μO_rZ CßnS>m- H$moR>mn„r _§S>c Am¡a 1200 EH$‹S> H$mH$sZmS>m J«m_rU _§S>c _| cr OmEJr, {Og_| go 260 EH$‹S> {ZOr μO_rZ| hm|Jr& 6 Xygam {damoY Omo gm_Zo Am`m dh Wm 2006 _| {demImnÅ>Z_ Ho$ _Nw>Amam| H$m& _Nw>Amam| Zo AÀ`wVnwa_ _| ~ZmE OmZo dmco EgB©μOoS Ho$ {cE n`m©daU _§Oyar H$s OZ gwZdmB© _| {damoY {H$`m Wm& Bg n[a`moOZm _| 1000 EH$‹S> μO_rZ A{YJ«{hV H$aHo$ ~«¢{S>Šg B§{S>`m Anoac {gQ>r àmBdoQ> {c{_Qo>S> Ho$ 4,000 H$amo‹S> é. H$s cmJV go ~ZZo dmco ~¥hX² n[a`moOZm H$mo gm¢nr JB© Wr& gaH$mar Am¡a {ZOr ^mJrXmar (npãcH$ àmBdoQ> nmQ©>Za{en _moS>) _| ~ZZo dmcm `h EgB©μOoS>, amÁ` gaH$ma Ûmam nmg H$s JB© Zr{V 2002 Ho$ AmYma na ~ZoJm {Og_| Eogo joÌ ~ZmZo Ho$ {cE AÀN>m Imgm T>m±Mm ~Zm`m J`m h¡& Bg CÔoí` Ho$ {cE, {Ocm àemgZ Zo {demInÅ>Z_ Ho$ nmg AÀ`wVnwa_ Am¡a am_{~„r _§S>cm| _| H$ar~ 9000 EH$‹S> μO_rZ A{YJ«{hV H$aZo H$s à{H«$`m ewê$ H$a Xr h¡& gaH$ma nhco Xm¡a _| 3,500 EH$‹S> Am¡a Xygao Xm¡a _| 5,700 EH$‹S> μO_rZ coZm MmhVr h¡& A{V_hËdH$m§jr Bg nhb _|, gaH$ma J§Jmda_ ~§XaJmh, EH$ J«rZ$sëS> E`anmoQ>© Am¡a VQ>r` nÅ>r na EH$ EgB©μOoS ^r {ZOr ^mJrXmar go {dH${gV H$aZm MmhVr h¡& nd©Vr` amÁ`m| _| EgB©OoS> nd©Vr` amÁ`m| ({h_mMc Am¡a CÎmamI§S>) Am¡a CÎma-nyd© Ho$ 7 amÁ`m| _| EgB©μOoS> H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo Ho$ {cE dm{UÁ` _§Ìmc` Zo μOê$ar Ý`yZV_ μO_rZ _ëQ>ràmoS>ŠQ> EgB©μOoS> Ho$ {cE Ho$dc 200 hoŠQo>`a Am¡a Xygar n[a`moOmAm| Ho$ {cE 50 hoŠQo>`a H$a Xr h¡& H|$Ð gaH$ma Ho$ ~moS©> Am°°$ Aàydc Zo {Xg§~a 2006 _| {h_mMc Ho$ {cE nhcr _§Oyar Xr& amÁ` _| 3 EgB©μOoS> H$m§J‹S>m, D$Zm Am¡a gmocZ Ho$ {cE _§Oya {H$E JE& CÎmamI§S> _| ^r BVZr hr _§Oya h¢& XmoZm| hr amÁ`m| _| `o EgB©μOoS n[a`moOZmE§ VamB© BcmHo$ _| ñWm{nV H$s OmE§Jt& CÎmamI§S> O¡go nd©Vr` amÁ` Ohm§ {g©$ 7% μO_rZ ~‹S>o g_Vb joÌ h¢ {OZ na IoVr, [ahmB©e Am¡a AÝ` Cn`moJm| Ho$ {bE {Z^©aVm h¢Ÿ& Eg.B©.μOoS>. O¡go ~‹S>o Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌm| Ho$ AmZo na Bg gr{_V g§gmYZ na Am¡a X~md ~T>oJmŸ& EH$ Va$ nd©Vr` amÁ`m| _| VamB© Ho$pÝX«V {dH$mg go hmoZo dmcr Ag_mZVmAm| H$m gdmc CR>m`m Om ahm h¡& dht, Xygar Va$ nhm‹S>m| _| Am¡Úmo{JH$ 60
- 61. {dH$mg go {h_mc`H$s nm[apñW{VH$s na ZH$mamË_H$ Aga n‹S>Zo H$m IVam ZμOa Am ahm h¡& CËVa-nyd© Ho$ gmV amÁ`m|§ Ho$ ì`mnma _§{Ì`m| Zo Ho$ÝX« gaH$ma go _m§J H$s h¡ {H$ BZ g^r amÁ`m| H$mo EgB©μOoS H$m XOm© {X`m Om`o & hm§cm{H$, `hm§ CÚmoJ ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {cE H$moB© Img n«ñVmd gm_Zo Zht Am aho& {$a ^r n[a`moOZmAm| H$mo ItMZo H$s Xm¡‹S> _| CËVa-nyd© Ho$ amÁ` ^r em{_c hmo JE h¢& BgHo$ Abmdm Aßna Amgm_ Ho$ joÌ Ohm§ ~‹T>Vr OZg§»`m go μO_rZ na X~md Vmo ~‹T>m h¡ŸAm¡a amÁ` gaH$mam| Zo AmO VH$ H$B© XeH$m| Ho$ ~mX ^r μO_rZ Ho$ nÅ>m| H$m {Z`_rH$aU Zht {H$`m h¢, Eg.B©.μOoS>. O¡gr ~‹S>r n[a`moOZmAm| go Z {g© {dñWmnZ ~‹T>oJm ~[ëH$ Bggo ~oamoμOJmar _| ~‹T>moÎmar hmoJrŸ& ^maV Ho$ VQ>r` joÌm| go coH$a {h_mc` H$s VamB© joÌm| VH$ g^r ^m¡Jmo{cH$ n«m§V (amÁ`) EgB©μOoS> go n«^m{dV hmoZo dmco h¡& Ohm§ A^r VH$ AmZo dmcr A{YH$V_² n[a`moOZmE§ {dH${gV amÁ`m| _| cJZo dmcr h¢ dhm§ do {XZ Xya Zht O~ Am{Xdmgr ~hþc amÁ`m| O¡go {H$ C‹S>rgm, PmaI§S>, N>ÎmrgJ‹T> Am¡a CËVa nyd© Ho$ amÁ` EgB©OS> Ho$ MnoQ> _| Am Om`oJ& Bggo `h gm$ ZμOa AmVm h¡ {H$ AmZo μ o | dmco {XZm| _| Xoe H$m ha H$moZm Am¡a g_wXm` XmZdr EgB©μOoS> Ho$ Ûmam h‹S>n {c`m Om`oJm Am¡a CgHo$ {dZmeH$mar n«^md go ANy>Vm Zht ah nm`oJm& nhco hr _hmamï´>, JwOamV, npíM_ ~§Jmc, h[a`mUm, Am§Y« n«Xe O¡go _w»` amÁ` {dH$mg O{ZV qhgm Am¡a {dZme Ho$ gm`o _| Oc aho h¢ Eogo o _| EgB©OS> O¡go H$mZyZ Am¡a Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ AmJ _| Kr H$m H$m_ H$aoJ| {OgH$s ^anmB© gaH$ma μ o ^r Zht H$a nm`oJr& g§Kf© Am¡a {damoY - amï´>r` A{^`mZ H$s Amoa nhc {deof Am{W©H$ joÌm| Ho$ {damoY H$mo XoIVo hþE g^r amÁ`m| _| H$B© g§JR>Z gaH$ma VH$ cmoJm| H$s ~mV nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {cE AmJo AmE h¢& {gV§~a 2006 _|, EgB©μOoS> H$mZyZ H$mo aÔ H$aZo H$s _m±J H$aVo hþE cmoJm| H$m kmnZ àYmZ_§Ìr Am¡a dm{UÁ` _§Ìr H$mo gm¢nm J`m& Bgr _wÔo na OZg_yhm| H$m à{V{Z{Y_§S>c dm{UÁ` _§Ìr lr. H$_cZmW Am¡a lr. O`am_ a_oe go CÚmoJ ^dZ _| {_co& co{H$Z _§Ìmc` H$m éI ~‹S>m R§>S>m Wm {OgZo {dñWmnZ Am¡a n`m©daU Ho$ ZwH$gmZ H$s ~mV H$mo Vmo `h H$h H$a Im[aO hr H$a {X`m {H$ BZH$m “H$moB© R>mog AmYma” Zht h¡& {damoY Am¡a Ag§Vmof H$mo AmdmμO XoZo Ho$ {cE g^r amÁ`m| Ho$ EgB©μOoS> à^m{dV cmoJ 12 Zd§~a 2006 H$mo {X„r _| B§{S>`m gmoec $moa_ Ho$ _§M na BH$Æo> hþE& Bg_| amÁ`m| Ho$ ñVa na g§Kf© VoμO H$aZo H$m àñVmd nmg {H$`m J`m& EH$ dm_n§Wr Xc Ho$ gm§gX lr A°~{Z am°` ^r _rqQ>J _| 61
- 62. em{_c hþE Am¡a^amogm {Xcm`m {H$ dm_ Xc Bg _wÔo H$mo CR>mVo ah|Jo& OZ Am§XmocZm| Ho$ amï´>r` g_Ýd` Zo {ZåZ _wX²Xo CR>mE h¡§ : EgB©μOoS> Ho$ ~mao _| nhcm gdmc `h CR>Vm h¡ {H$ – “Š`m h_| BZ joÌm| H$s μOê$aV h¡”? gmao H$mZyZ {dH$mg H$s EH$ Eogr ZB© CXma d¡{œH$ ì`dñWm cmZo Ho$ {cE ~Xco Om aho h¢ Omo OZ {damoYr h¡& μÁ`mXmVa amÁ`m| _| A~©Z c¢S> grqcJ EŠQ> IË_ H$a {X`m h¡& grAmaμOoS> Am¡a B©AmB©E H$mZyZ ^r ~Xco Om aho h¢& H$a g§~§Yr 21 H$mZyZ ~Xc {XE JE h¢& Am¡Úmo{JH$ {ddmX A{Y{Z`_ Am¡a H$m°ÝQ´¡>ŠQ> co~a EŠQ> g{hV l_ H$mZyZ ~Xc {XE JE h¢& SEZ H$mo OZ Cn`moJr godmAm| H$m XOm© XoH$a Am¡a _μOXyam| H$mo AmgmZr go H$m_ na aIZo Am¡a hQ>m XoZo H$s Ny>Q> XoH$a BZ n[a`moOZmAm| _| _μOXya `y{Z`Zm| H$mo IË_ H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s Om ahr h¡& EgB©μOoS> ar`c EñQo>Q> _mH©o$Q> Ho$ {cE daXmZ h¢& _hmamï´> _| AmB©Q>r CÚmoJ Ho$ Zm_ na μÁ`mXmVa μO_rZ| ar`c EñQo>Q> H$mo Xo Xr JB© h¢& EgB©μOoS> _| n[a`moOZmAm| H$mo ñd§`-AZw_{V (self-approval) A{YH$ma Xo {XE JE h¢ Am¡a {dH$mg Am`wº$ {ZOr {hVm| Ho$ {cE H$m_ H$aZo dmco h¢& AmO gaH$ma EgB©μOoS> cmZo Am¡a H$a [a`m`Vm| Ho$ H$maU 1000 H$amo‹S> H$m KmQ>m {XIm ahr h¡& co{H$Z h_ g^r OmZVo h¢ {H$ `o Ho$dc ewéAmVr AZw_mZ h¢& gaXma gamoda Ho$ _m_co H$mo XoIVo hþE A~ VH$ h_mam AZw^d ahm h¡ {H$ CÝhm|Zo 6000 n[admam| Ho$ {dñWm{nV hmoZo H$m A§XmμOm cJm`m Wm O~{H$ dhm± XaAgc A~ VH$ 40,000 hμOma n[adma CI‹S> JE& {H$gr ^r Zr{V `m n[a`moOZm Ho$ ewéAmVr AZw_mZ H$^r ghr Zht R>haVo& cmIm| Jar~m| Am¡a {H$gmZm| H$mo {dñWm{nV H$aZo go ImÚ H$s Agwajm Am¡a ~‹To>Jr& _hmamï´> H$s Vah dm_n§Wr Xcm| H$mo Ý`m` H$s _m±J H$aVo hþE AmJo AmZm Mm{hE& EgB©μOoS>, _μOXyam| Am¡a {H$gmZm| H$s H$‹S>r H$mo Vmo‹S> aho h¢& amoμOJma Ho$ Zm_ na cmoJm| _| {damoY n¡Xm H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s Om ahr h¡& nhco {díd ì`mnma g§JR>Z g_Pm¡Vo Ho$ ~mX ^maV gaH$ma Zo Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg Ho$ {cE H$B© Zr{V`m± Am¡a H$mZyZ ~ZmE h¢ O~{H$ H$B© XeH$m| H$s _m±J Am¡a ~hg Ho$ ~mX ^r nwZdm©g Zr{V Zht ~Z nmB© h¡& df© 2007 _| Xoe Ho$ Xmo ~‹So> OZg§JR>Zm| Ho$ g_yhm| Ho$ AmdhmZ² na AZoH$ OZg§JR>Zm| Zo _w»` amOZr{VH$ Ymam _| {dH$mg O{ZV {dZme, {dñWmnZ Am¡a μO_rZ go Ow‹S>r AmOr{dH$m Ho$ gdmcm| Am¡a gaH$ma H$mo CÎmaXm`r ~ZmZo Ho$ {cE Xoeì`mnr OZ A{^`mZ, g§Kf© 2007 Am¡a 62
- 63. OZmXoe 2007, H$s`moOZm V` H$s h¡& _mM© go AŠVy~a 2007 VH$ AcJ-AcJ a¡{c`m§ E§d YaZm, g§Jmoð>r Ed§ gaH$ma Ho$ gmW MMm© V` H$s JB© h¡& amOZr{VH$ nm{Q©>`m| _| OZVm Xc (g§`wŠV), H$å`w{ZñQ>> nmQ>u (_mAmodmXr co{ZZdmXr), V¥U_yc H$m§J«og, OZ _moMm©, H$å`w{ZñQ>> nj (^maVr`), ^m.ar.n. - ~hþOZ _hmg§K, nrnëg So>_moH«o${Q>H$ «§$Q> Am°$ B§{S>`m, eoVH$ar H$m_Jma nj (_hmamï´> ), OZVm Xc (go.), (g_mOdmXr OZn[afX), Zo SEZ Ho$ g§~§Y _| ñnï> {damoY XO© {H$`m h¡&$ {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ Ho$ {damoY _|§ cJ^J ha dJ© Am¡a {dMmaYmam Zo O~aXñV AmdmμO CR>m`r h¡& OZg§JR>Zm| _| OZ Am§XmocZm| H$m amï´>r` g_Ýd`, amï´> godm Xc, nrnwëg `y{Z`Z $m°a {g{dc {b~Q>r, _OXyam| Ho$ A{YH$mam| na H$m_ H$aZo dmco g§JR>Z, n`m©daUr` Ý`m` Ho$ {cE AmdmμO © CR>mZo dmco g_yh, Oc, O§Jc Am¡a O_rZ na OZVm Ho$ A{YH$ma Ho$ {cE H$m_ H$aZo dmco μ V_m_² OZg§JR>Z Am¡a Am{W©H$ Zd-CXmadmXr emofUdmXr Zr{V`m| H$m {damoY H$aZo dmco Am¡a g§dXZerc nÌH$ma, ~w{ÕOrdr E§d AÝ` g^r Bg_| em{_c h¡& o 1 >_hoe n§S>çm, ^aV nQ>ob, n`m©daU{_Ì, Ho$,E_.ìhr.Eg. JwOamV 2 Q>r.Eg.Eg. _{U, nr.`y.gr.Ec. V{_cZmSw> 3 ê$ac ao{OμñQ|>g, H$m°pÝâbŠQ> μOmoÝg – «§$Q>cmBZ, {gV§å~a, 2006 4 http://www.hdfcrealty.com/general/news680.htm 5 http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=11575 6 www.cpiml.org/liberation/year_2005/december_05/reports_aiala.htm 63
- 64. {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ {dZme H$s amOZr{V, {dH$mg H$m ^«_ {nN>co 15 dfm}§ (1990 go), _| ^maVr` gaH$ma EH$ ny§OrdmXr Am¡Úmo{JH$ d¡pídH$ AW©ì`dñWm H$s Va$ Xm¡‹S> ahr h¡, {OgZo ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm H$s ñdm`ÎmVm H$mo am¢X {X`m h¡& gmd©O{ZH$ godm joÌm| go AnZo hmW ItMZm, gmd©O{ZH$ joÌm| Ho$ {cE gwa{jV _Xm| H$mo {ZOr hmWm| _| OmZo XoZm, H¥${f AmYm[aV AW©ì`dñWm H$mo ì`dpñWV ê$n go ~mμOmadmXr Zd- IË_ H$a XoZm, BgH$o _w»` bjU aho h¡& ~mμOmadmXr Zd-CXma Zr{V`m| CXma Zr{V`m| H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoH$a gaH$ma H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoH$a gaH$ma Zo {nN>co Hw$N> gmcm| _| OZVm Ho$ à{V AnZr Zo {nN>co Hw$N> gmcm| g^r {μOå_oXm[a`m| go hmW cJ^J ItM {c`m h¡ Am¡a EH$ Eogr ZB© _| OZVm H$s Va$ ì`dñWm I‹S>r H$a ahr h¡ Omo eo`a ~mμOma Ho$ XmcmZm| go {Z`§{ÌV hmoVr gm{~V hmoZo dmcr h¡& `h na^jr ì`dñWm _wR²>R>r ^a (3 H$amo‹S>) cmoJm| Ho$ Ûmam g§Mm{cV h¡ g^r {Oå_oXm[a`m| go {OgH$s ^yI H$mo V¥á H$aZo Ho$ {cE gaH$ma nyao Xoe H$s g§nXm H$mo BZHo$ hmW cJ^J ItM hmWm| _| ~oMZo na Vwcr hþB© h¡& eo`a ~mμOma H$mo Xoe H$s g§n{Îm H$mo h‹S>nZo {c`m h¡ Am¡a EH$ H$m A{damo{YV A{YH$ma {X`m J`m h¡, Ohm§ gaH$ma Ûmam Bg n«{H«$`m Eogr ZB© AnhaH$ H$mo ghO H$aZm, cmMmar _mÌ {XIm`m Om ahm h¡& ì`dñWm I‹S>r H$a Xr h¡ Omo eo`a gÀMmB© `h h¡ {H$ AmO H$s H$mZyZr amOH$s` ì`dñWm gaH$ma ~mμOma Ho$ XmcmZm| go H$mo gmd©O{ZH$ g§gmYZm| na CÀMm{YH$ma XoVr h¡& BZ_| go μO_rZ dh {Z`§{ÌV hmoVr h¡& g§gmYZ h¡ {Og na AmO Ho$ ~mμOma H$s ZμOao J‹T>r hþB© h¡& ^maV Omo 64
- 65. 60 H$amo‹S> {H$gmZm|H$m Xoe h¡ dhm§ ^r gaH$ma AmO Am¡Úmo{JH$ Cn`moJ Ho$ {cE O~aZ ^y-A{YJ«hU H$mo C[MV {gÕ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Xcrc XoVr h¡ {H$ H¥${f A~ Zd-CXmadmXr `wJ _| cm^H$mar ì`dgm` Zht ah J`m h¡& Ohm§ EH$ Amoa H¥${f ì`dgm` go gaH$ma AnZr g_W©Z `moOZm`| IË_ H$aHo$ CÚmoJm| H$s Va$ _mo‹S> ahr h¡ dht CgH$m `h H$hZm {H$ H¥${f A~ cm^H$mar ì`dgm` Zht ah J`m h¡ `h CgH$s Xmohar amOZr{VH$ gmoM H$mo COmJa H$aVm h¡& {OgH$s dOh go Xoe H$s$65% OZVm Omo grYo Vm¡a na H¥${f Am¡a Cggo Ow‹So> hþE ì`dgm` na AmYm[aV h¡ AmO cmMma ZμOa AmZo cJr h¡& {dX^© (_hmamï´>), Am§Y« n«Xoe, Ho$ac Ed§ H$Zm©Q>H$ _| {H$gmZm| H$s {XZm|{XZ ~‹T>Vr AmË_hË`m gaH$mar AZ¡{VH$Vm H$m H«y$a CXmhaU noe H$aVr h¡& Bggo `h gm$ g_P _| AmVm h¡ {H$ `{X Bg Zd-CXmadmXr {dÎmr` AW©ì`dñWm _| BZ 65% cmoJm| H$mo AmË_gmV H$aZo H$s OJh dmñVd _| hmoVr Vmo AmO `h dr^Ëg gÀMmB© gm_Zo Zht AmVr& A~ gdmc `h CR>Vm h¡, {H$ Š`m| EH$ g_` _| {H$gmZm| H$m Xoe {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ Ho$ nrNo> H$m VH©$ h¡, H$ho OmZo dmco ^maV _| AmO Z§XrJ«m_ `m H$qcJZJa _| AnZr μO_rZ {dXoer {Zdoe Am¡a ~MmZo Ho$ {cE {H$gmZm| H$mo _aZm n‹S> ahm h¡ ? Š`m| {H$gmZm| H$s μO_rZ {Z`m©V H$mo ~‹T>mZm& na CZHo$ ñdm`Îm Ed§ nyU© A{YH$ma H$mo {Z{d©amoY _mÝ`Vm Zht {_cr h¡ dmñVd _| Am§H$‹S>m| Am¡a Z hr Cgo {H$gr ^r A{VH«$_U go gwajm Xr Om gH$Vr h¡ ? Š`m| na ZμOa S>mco h¡ Vmo μO_rZ na AmYm[aV CZH$s AmOr{dH$m H$mo ~aH$ama Zht aIm Om gH$Vm `h gm$ h¡ {H$ h¡ ~pëH$ {g©$ CÝh| Agm_mÝ` Vm¡a na O~aXñVr Am¡Úmo{JH$ Zm¡H$[a`m| Oê$aV go Á`mXm Am¡a _OXy[a`m| _| YHo$cm Om ahm h¡ ? CÎmo{OV, dm{UÁ`_§Ìr Am¡a {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ Zo A^r VH$ AX¥í` ZμOa AmZo dmcr Bg h_mao Xoe Ho$ emofU AmYm[aV {dÎmr` AW©ì`dñWm H$mo EH$ n«Ë`j Moham {X`m h¡& n«YmZ_§Ìr H$ht na {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ EH$ Eogm ñdV§Ì ^y-joÌ hmoJm {Ogo nyU© H$a _wpŠV cm^-hm{Z hmoJr Ed§ Omo ñdV§Ì {dXoer n[ajoÌ _mZm Om`oJm& {OgHo$ A§VJ©V hOmam| {dícofU H$aZo go dJ© {H$. _r. μO_rZm| H$m A{YJ«hU hmoJm& `h ñdm`Îmemgr {ZOr Am¡Úmo{JH$ ~yar Vah go MyH$ J`o [a`mgV| hmoJt {OÝh| ~ZmZo Ho$ {cE EH$ gmoMr-g_Pr amOZr{VH$ Mmc h¡& 65
- 66. AW©empñÌ`m| Zo Ho$ VhV² H|$X«r` H$mZyZ 2005, H$m ‹T>m§Mm {X`m J`m h¡& AZw_mZ cJm`m h¡ {H$ BZ joÌm| H$mo {X`o {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ Ho$ nrNo> H$m VH©$ h¡, {dXoer {Zdoe Am¡a {Z`m©V OmZo dmco H$a H$mo ~‹T>mZm& dmñVd _| Am§H$‹S>m| na AJa ZμOa S>mco h¡ Vmo `h gm$ ZμOa [a`m`Vm| go 1 H$amo‹S> AmVm h¡ {H$ Oê$aV go Á`mXm CÎmo{OV, dm{UÁ`_§Ìr Am¡a h_mao Xoe Ho$ 60 cmI ê$n`m| H$m n«YmZ_§Ìr H$ht na cm^-hm{Z H$m {dícofU H$aZo go ~war Vah go MyH$ ~‹S>m ZwH$gmZ Xoe J`o h¡& nyar Xw{Z`m _| {deof Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$m n«`moJ O~ Ag$c gm{~V H$mo CR>mZm n‹So>Jm& hmo MwH$m h¡, Vmo AmO h_ Eogr hr ì`dñWm H$s ZH$c H$aZo na Š`m| Vwco BgHo$ Acmdm h¡? cJ^J 10 cmI H¥${f na AmYm[aV ñd`§ {dÎm _§Ìr Am¡a AW©empñÌ`m| Zo AZw_mZ cJm`m h¡ {H$ BZ gpH«$` OZg§»`m Ho$ joÌm| H$mo {X`o OmZo dmco H$a [a`m`Vm| go 1 H$amo‹S> 60 cmI ê$n`m| H$m {dñWmnZ go H$ar~ ~‹S>m ZwH$gmZ gaH$ma H$mo CR>mZm n‹So>JmŸ& BgHo$ Acmdm cJ^J 10 400 H$amo‹S> ê$n`m| cmI H¥$[îm na AmYm[aV g[H«$` OZg§»`m Ho$ {dñWmnZ go H$ar~ H$m A{V[aŠV Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ 400 H$amo‹S> ê$n`m| H$m A{V[aŠV Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ CR>mZm n‹So>Jm& hmoJm& hmc§m{H$ gaH$ma Ho$ Xmdo Ho$ AZwgma cJ^J 5 cmI cmoJm| H$mo Zm¡H$[a`m§ {_coJt na {$a ^r `o AmOr{dH$m go {dñWm{nV AZw_m{ZV OZg§»`m H$m 50 n«{VeV ^r Zht h¡& gaH$ma Ho$ Bg Xmdo _| H$ht ^r `h {ZpíMV Zht {H$`m J`m h¡ {H$ `o Zm¡H$[a`m§ BZ {deoîm Am{W©H$ joÌm| go {dñWm{nV OZg§»`m H$mo hr {_coJt& ^maV _| Ohm§ 261 cmI ~oamoOJma h¡ dhm§ {g©$ 5 cmI Zm¡H$[a`m| H$mo CJmhZo Ho$ Zmm_ na 300 go A{YH$ {deoîm Am{W©H$ joÌm| H$mo cmZo H$m gaH$ma H$m VH©$ ~oVwH$m cJVm h¡& BZ nhcwAm| na gaH$ma H$mo MwZm¡Vr XoZo na gaH$ma Zo {deoîm Am{W©H$ joÌ Ûmam {dñWm{nV hmoZo dmco cmoJm| H$mo AmZo dmcr H§$n{Z`m| _| eo`a XoZo H$s ~mV H$hr& Bg n«H$ma EH$ ~ma {$a gaH$ma H$s `h H$ënZm Zm¡{g{I`m hr cJVr h¡ {H$ gm_mÝ` cmoJm| H$mo eo`a ~mμOma H$s Hy$Q>Zr{VH$ Mmc| g_P _| AmVr h¢& gmW hr `h EH$ Eogm n«`mg h¡ {Og_| Xoe Ho$ g~go {nN>‹So> Am¡a X~o hþE hm{e`o na Ho$ cmoJm| H$mo eo`a ~mμOma O¡go Omo{Iμ_ ^ao Am¡a Jcm-H$mQ> ñnYm© _| OmZ~yPH$a YHo$cm 66
- 67. Om ahm h¡&`o gmao gaH$mar gwPmd {g©$ gVhr n«ñVmd h¡ Š`m|{H$ BZ_| ^maVr` {dH$mg H$m ñWmZr` AmOr{dH$mAm| Ho$ IË_ hmoZo na g~go X~o hþE ^y{_hrZ _μOXyam| _m°S>c AJa `hr Am¡a ~wZH$am| H$mo Vmo nyar Vah go N>mo‹S> {X`m J`m h¡ Am¡a h_oem go hr ahm Vmo ^{dî` _| N>mo‹S>m OmVm ahm h¡& `o EH$ Eogm dJ© h¡ Omo {H$gr g§nXm ImgH$a μO_rZ ImÚmZ H$s H$_r Ho$ H$m _m{cH$ Vmo Zht na {OgH$m Jm§d H$s H¥${f AW©ì`dñWm _| _hËdnyU© Acmdm nmZr, `moJXmZ h_oem go ahm h¡& {~Ocr Am¡a AmYma^yV g~go ~‹S>m gdmc `h h¡ {H$ AJa Bgr Vah h_ EH$ Eogr g§aMZmAm| Am¡a AW©ì`dñWm H$mo IË_ H$aVo ah|J| Omo {H$ Z {g©$ ImÚmZ H$s gwajm V` _yc^yV gw{dYmAm| H$aVr h¡ ~[ëH$ ^maV O¡go ~‹So> Xoe Ho$ ~hþg§»`H$ gH«$r` OZg§»`m H$mo H$s H$_r ^mar H$m_ ^r XoVr h¡ V~ Bg Xoe Ho$ cmoJ Š`m Im`|J| Ed§ {H$g AmYma na n‹So>Jr& Or{dV ah|J| ? nhco hr ^maV _| ImÚmZ H$m Am`mV cJ^J 300 n«{VeV VH$ ~‹T> J`m h¡¡, Am¡a `hr [ñW{V ahr Vmo ^{dî` _| Am¡a Á`mXm hmoZo H$s g§^mdZm h¡& ImÚmZ H$s H$_r g~go ~‹S>r Agwajm Zht hmoJr ~pëH$ AW©ì`dñWm Am¡a ^maVr` {dH$mg H$m _m°S>c AJa `hr ahm Vmo ^{dî` _| nmZr, {~Ocr Am¡a AmYma^yV g§aMZmAm| Am¡a _yc^yV gw{dYmAm| H$s H$_r ^mar n‹So>Jr& {OgH$s g~go Vrd« MmoQ> g~go Jar~ Am¡a Hw$Mco hþE g_yhm| na n‹So>Jr Omo nhco hr AnZm g~ Hw$N> Imo MwHo$ hm|J|, Am¡a `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ Bg A§Yr Xm¡‹S> H$mo "nVZ H$s Amoa Am{Iar H$X_' H$hm gH$Vm h¡& Bg {ZamemnyU© n[aX¥í` Ho$ ~mdOyX nyao Xoe go cmoJ J[a_m go OrZo Ho$ A{YH$ma H$s gwajm Ho$ {cE c‹S>mB© c‹S> aho h¡& Bg g§Kf© _| bmoJm| Zo {ZåZ _wX²Xm| na gaH$ma go _m§J H$s h¡Ÿ- 1. Eg.B©.μOoS>. A{Y{Z`_ 2005 H$mo aX²X H$aZm& 2. {dñWmnZ H$mo amoH$Zm Ed§ ^y-A{YJ«hU A{Y{Z`_ 1894 _o gwYma bmZmŸ& 3. {dH$mg go Ow‹S>r Zr{V`m| H$mo ~ZmZo go nhbo ì`mnH$ OZ-MMm© H$m àmdYmZ aIZmŸ& 67
- 68. 4. àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm|H$m {ZOrH$aU ~§X H$a BZ na ñWmZr` g_wXm`m| Ho$ A{YH$ma H$mo gw{ZpíMV H$aZmŸ& 5. n`m©daU g§ajU H$s ì`dñWm H$mo _μO~yV H$a Cg_| g^r dJm] H$s {μOå_oXmar gw[ZpíMV H$aZmŸ& 6. H¥${f AW©ì`dñWm H$mo gwa{jV Am¡a _O~yV H$aZo Ho$ {bE ghr Zr{V`m§ ~ZmZmŸ& 7. ñWmZr` àemgZ Ed§ ñdemgZ H$mo CgHo$ A{YH$ma joÌ _| hmoZo dmbo {dH$mg na {ZU©` boZo H$m A{YH$ma XoZmŸ& 8. ~‹S>r {dXoer Am¡a Xoer {ZOr H§$n{Z`m| _| _μOXyam| H$s gwajm go g§~§{YV H$mZyZm| H$mo _μO~yV H$aZmŸ& `h Eogm g_` h¡ O~ Bg Xoe H$mo ghr _m`Zo _| cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$, ñdm`Îmgmer JUV§Ì ~ZmZo Ho$ {cE, {dH$mg O{ZV Am¡Úmo{JH$ qhgm Ho$ {Icm$, g^r OZ g_yhm|, g§JR>Zm| E§d OmJê$H$ ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo EH$ gmW {_c H$a AmhdmZ² H$aZm n‹So>Jm& `h Eogm g_` h¡ O~ Bg Xoe H$mo ghr _m`Zo _| cmoH$Vm§{ÌH$, ñdm`Îmgmer JUV§Ì ~ZmZo Ho$ {cE, {dH$mg O{ZV Am¡Úmo{JH$ qhgm Ho$ {Icm$, g^r OZ g_yhm|, g§JR>Zm| E§d OmJê$H$ ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo EH$ gmW {_c H$a AmhdmZ² H$aZm n‹So>Jm & 68
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- 71. h[a`mUm 23 1 Cßnc So>dcna àm`doQ> {c{_Qo>S> Jw‹S>Jm±d 106.3101 _ëQ>r-g{d©gO o 24 2 S>rEcE$ {c{_Qo>S> Jw‹S>Jm±d 12.06 AmB©Q>r/AmB©Q>rB©Eg PmaIÊS> 25 1 Am{XË`nwa Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ Am{XË`nwa, - 36.4218> dmhZ Am¡a H$cnwO©o {dH$mg àm{YH$aU I‹S>gdmZ, {Ocm g amBHo$cm H$Zm©Q>H$ 26 1 {dàmo {c{_Qo>S> J«m_ S>moÈ>mH$Z„r, 6.48 AmB©Q>r dW©wa hþ~cr, gOm©nwa amo‹S>, ~¢Jcmoa 27 2 {dàmo {c{_Qo>S> J«m_ S>moÈ>mWmoJya, 5.17 AmB©Q>r ~oJwa hþ~cr, BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ {gQ>r, ~¢Jcmoa 28 3 ~m`moH$m°Z {c{_Qo>S> AZoH$c VmcwH$, 35.55$ ~m`mo-Qo>ŠZmocm°Or ~¢Jcmoa 29 4 {dH$mg Qo>{cH$m°_ {c{_Qo>S> AmCQ>a [a¨J amoS>, 36.85$ AmB©Q>r/AmB©Q>rB©Eg J«m_ Xodma~rgÝh„r, dW©wa hþ~cr, ~¢Jcmoa 30 5 AmXe© àmB_ àmoOoŠQ>g >Xodma~rgÝh„r, 27.91 AmB©Q>r/AmB©Q>rB©Eg àm`doQ> {c{_Qo>S Am¡a S>moÈ>mH$Zh„r ^moJZh„r 31 6 Q¢>p½cZ So>dcn_|Q> {c{_Qo>S> J«m_ nÅ|>Joao / 26.673 $AmB©Q>r/AmB©Q>rB©Eg _¡cmgm§Ðm 32 7 H$Zm©Q>H$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ J«m_ noé_oZh„r, {dH$mg ~moS©> (Ho$AmBES>r~r) H$mo¸$ZJÅ>m, 233.307 H$n‹S>m hZw_§Wnwam, gw_wÐ d¡cr, VmcwH$ hmgZ 71
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- 73. 45 5 _hmamï´> Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg H¥$îUwaJmd 150 Am¡f{Y àm{YH$aU Zm`Jmd VmbwH$m {O, Zm§XoS> 46 6 am°`b nmåg àm. {b. 169 Amao {_ëH$ 10.1 H¥${f àg§ñH$aU H$mobmoZr, JmoaoJmd _w§~B© 47 7 _hmamï´> Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg bmVwa Am¡. joÌ 200 H¥${f àg§ñH$aU {Obm bmVwa _Ü` àXoe 48 1 _o{S>H¡$ßg AmB©Q>r nmH©$ àm`doQ> J«m_ n§S>m, 11.96 AmB©Q>r {c{_Qo>S> Vhgrc _hÿ, {Ocm BÝXm¡a 49 2 _.à. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H|$Ð {dH$mg >BÝXm¡a 7.99 AmB©Q>r {ZJ_ (BÝXm¡a) {c{_Qo>S n§Om~ 50 1 ¹$mH©${gQ>r B§{S>`m àm`doQ> {c{_Qo>S> $moH$c nm°B§Q> 13.75 AmB©Q>r Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ, o$μO. EŠgQ|>eZ, {Ocm - _mohmcr V{_cZmS> 51 1 BboŠQ´>m°{ZŠg Qo>ŠZmocm°Org (B§{S>`m) >lrnoa§~wXya, 101.21 BcoŠQ´>m°{ZŠg Am¡a àm`doQ> {c{_Qo>S H$m§Mrnwa_ hmS©>do`a g§~§Yr godmE± 52 2 Q>mQ>m H§$gcQ§>gr g{d©gog àm`doQ> gégoar Am¡a 28.53 AmB©Q>r {c{_Qo>S> EJÅz>a, 53 3 qgQo>c B§Q>aZoec àm`doQ> {c{_Qo>S> H$m§Mrnwa_ 11.73 AmB©Q>r/AmB©Q>rB©Eg 54 4 B©Q>rEc BÝ«$mñQ´>ŠMa g{d©gog Vå~a_ VmcwH$b 10.57 AmB©Q>r/AmB©Q>rB©Eg {c{_Qo>S> H$m§Mrnwa_ 73
- 74. 55 5 hoŠgmdo`a Qo>ŠZmocm°Org {c{_Qo>S >{gnH$moQ> AmB©Q>r 11 AmB©Q>r/AmB©Q>rB©Eg nmH©$, AmoëS> _hm~crnwa_ amo‹S>, {gégoar, MoÞB© 56 6 lram_ àm°nQ>uμO E§S> BÝ«$mñQ´>ŠMa noé§JcWwa, MoÞB© 10> AmB©Q>r/AmB©Q>rB©Eg àm`doQ> {c{_Qo>S>J«m_ 57 7 H$moB§~Qy>a hmB©Qo>H$ BÝ«$mñQ´>ŠMa Ho$H«$mZmW_, 34.66> AmB©Q>r/AmB©Q>rB©Eg àm`doQ> {c{_Qo>S>J«m_ H$moB§~Qy>a(C) VmcwH$, H$moB§~Qy>a 58 8 S>rEcE$ BÝ$mo{gQ>r So>dcng© _Zn¸$_ Am¡a 13.29> AmB©Q>r/AmB©Q>rB©Eg (MoÞB©) {c{_Qo>S>J«m_ _wcrd¸$_, {Ocm H$m§Mrnwa_ 59 9 amÁ` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg {ZJ_ {gnH$m°Q> Am¡Úmo{JH$ 189.77 BboQ´>m°{ZŠg, hmS>©do`a joÌ, lrnoa§~Xwa CÎma àXoe 60 1 _moga ~m`a B§{S>`m {c{_Qo>S> J«oQ>a ZmoES>m 11.9 J¡a-nma§n[aH$ D$Om©, gm¡a D$Om© CnH$aU g{hV 61 2 A§gc AmB©Q>r {gQ>r E§S> nmŠg© Qo>H$μOmoZ, 30.41 AmB©Q>r/AmB©Q>rB©Eg {c{_Qo>S> J«oQ>a ZmoES>m 62 3 EM. gr. Eb. {b. goŠQ>a 125 16.91 AmB©Q>r ZmoES>m n{ü_ ~§Jmc 63 1 E_.Ec. S>mc{_`m E§S> H§$nZr X{jU 24 naJZm 48.5623 AmB©Q>r/AmB©Q>rB©Eg {c{_Qo>S> 74
- 75. n[a{eï> II {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ na dm{UÁ` _§Ìmc` Ûmam n«ñVwV OmZH$m[a`m§ n«. 1 {deof Am{W©H$ joÌ ({d.Am.jo. - ñnoec BH$m°Zm°{_H$ OmoZ) Š`m h¡ ? C. {d.Am.jo. {deof ê$n go AcJ {H$`m J`m {H$gr ^r Vah Ho$ H$a go _wŠV ^y-úmoÌ h¡ & ì`mnm[aH$ J{V{d{Y, H$a ^ma ewëH$ VWm gr_m ewëH$ Am{X _m_cm| _| Bgo {dXoer ^y-^mJ _mZm Om`oJm & n«. 2 ^maV _| {d.Am.jo. H$h§m - H$h§m h¡ ? C. {$chmc 8 OJh Eogo {d.Am.jo. H$m`©aV h¡ & {OZ_o gm§VmH«y$O (_hmamîQ´>), H$mo{ÀM (Ho$ac), H$mÊS>cm Ed§ gyaV (JwOamV), MoÝZB© (V{_cZmSy>), {demImnÅ>Z_² (AmÝY« n«Xoe), $mëQ>m (npíM_ ~§Jmc), ZmoES>m (CËVan«Xoe) Ed§ BÝXm¡a (_Ü`n«Xoe) H$m Zd ñWm{nV {d.Am.jo. emm{_c h¡ & BgHo$ Acmdm 18 ZB© _§Oy[a`m Xr JB© h¡ … nmo{μOÌm (JwOamV), Zdr _wå~B© Ed§ H$monQ>m (_hmamîQ´>), Z§JyZZoar (V{_cZmSy>), Hw$ënr Ed§ gmëQ>coH$ (npíM_ ~§Jmc), nmamXrn Ed§ Jmonmcnwa (CS>rgm), ^Xmohr, H$mZnwa, _wamXm~mX Ed§ J«oQ>a ZmoES>m (CËVa n«Xoe), {demImnÅ>Z_ Ed§ dm`O¡J$(AmÝY« n«Xoe), d„ma nmX_-nwQ²>Qw> dm`{nZ (Ho$ac), hmgZ (H$Zm©Q>H$), O`nwa Ed§ OmoYnwa (amOñWmZ) & n«. 3 {d.Am.jo. H$mo H$m¡Z ñWm{nV H$a gH$Vo h¡ ? C. H$moB© ^r {ZOr / gmd©O{ZH$ / g§`wŠV joÌ _| `m amÁ` gaH$ma `m CgHo A{^H$aU {d.Am.jo. ñWm{nV H$a gH$Vo h¡ & n«. 4 Š`m {dXoer H$ån{Z`m± {d.Am.jo. ñWm{nV H$a gH$Vr h¡ ? C. hm± & 75
- 76. n«. 5 {d.Am.jo.ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {cE {H$g Vah AmdoXZ {H$`m Om`o & C. amÁ` Ho$ _w»` g{Md Ho$ Zm_ 15 n«{V`m| _| AmdoXH$ H$m Zm_, nVm, n«dV©H$ H$m ñWmZ VWm {ZåZ{c{IV OmZH$m[a`m| Ho$ gmW n[a`moOZm anQ> X| … 1) n«ñVm{dV {d.Am.jo. H$m ñWmZ, dhm± CncãY T>m±MmJV gw{dYm`| Am¡a n«ñVm{dV gw{dYm`| & 2) g~go ZOXrH$s ~§XaJmh, hdmB©AS²>S>m, aoc, _mJ© go Xyar & 3) {dÎmr` ã`m¡am … n«ñVm{dV {Zdoe, {dËV n«mpßV Ho$ n«H$ma Am¡a n[a`moOZm H$m {Q>H$mD$nZ Am{X & 4) {dXoer {Zdoe VWm cm^m§e H$s dmngr H$m ã`m¡am & 5) `h joÌ {g©$ EH$ {d{eï>> CÚmoJ Ho$ {cE h¡ `m AZoH$ CËnmXm| Ho$ {cE & Eogm AmdoXZ amÁ` gaH$ma AnZr n«{V~X²YVm Ho$ gmW ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ dm{UÁ` {d^mJ H$s Amoa ^oOoJm … 1) n«ñVm{dV {d.Am.jo. n`m©daUr` {Z~©ÝYmo go _wŠV ahoJm & 2) Cg_| nmZr, {~Ocr d AÝ` gw{dYm`| Amdî`H$Vm AZwgma CncãY H$am`r Om`oJr& 3) {d.Am.jo. Ho$ CÚmoJ {dÚwV ämma VWm ñd{Z{_©V `m IarXr {~Ocr H$a go _wŠV hm|Jo& 4) {d.Am.jo. H$mo {~Ocr H$m CËnmXZ, dhZ VWm {dVaU H$s Ny>Q> hmoJr & 5) BZ joÌm| H$mo amÁ` Ho$ {~H«$rH$a, Mw§Jr, _ÊS>rH$a, Hw$c coZXoZ H$a go _wŠV ah|Jo VWm Kaocy ewëH$ joÌ go {d.Am.jo. _§o _mc dñVwAm| H$s ny{V© H$aZo na AÝ` {H$gr ^ma `m A{Y^ma `m A{YewëH$ go _wŠV ah|Jo & 6) {d.Am.jo. Ho$ CÚmoJm| Ho$ g§X^© _| Am¡Úmo{JH$ {ddmX H$mZyZ d AÝ` _OXya g§~{YV H$mZyZm| H$mo Cg {d.Am.jo. Ho$ {dH$mg Am`wŠV H$mo gm¢no Om`|Jo & `h joÌ Am¡Úmo{JH$ {ddmX H$mZyZ Ho$ VhV² gmd©O{ZH$ Amdí`H$ godm Kmo{fV {H$`m Om`oJm & 7) amÁ` Ho$ H$mZyZ VWm {Z`_m| Ho$ VhV² V_m_ _§Oy[a`m± EH$ hr OJh go Xr Om`oJr VWm H$_ go H$_ n[adojU H$s Amdí`H$Vm aIr Om`oJr& Bg Vah H$m n«ñVmd dm{UÁ` _§Ìmc` _| A§Va _§Ìmc` g{_Vr ìXmam naIm Om`oJm VWm n«ñVmd _mÝ` H$aZo Ho$ ~mX AZw_{V H$m nÌ {X`m Om`oJm & n«.6 {d.Am.jo. ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {c`o H$m¡Z go {Z`_ VWm eV} h¢ & C. {g©$ _mÝ` CÚm|Jm| H$mo hr {d.Am.jo. _| AZw_{V Xr Om`oJr … 76
- 77. 1) {d.Am.jo. Ho$CÚm|Jm| H$mo ñWmZr` joÌ `moOZm, n«XyfU {Z`ÝÌU VWm AÝ` ñWmZr` H$mZyZ, {Z`_, {Z~©ÝY d Cn{Z`_ Am{X H$m nmcZ H$aZm hmoJm& 2) ñWmZr` ñVa na cmJy Am¡Úmo{JH$ VWm _OXya H$mZyZ H$m nmcZ CZ CÚmoJm| H$mo H$aZm hmoZm & 3) BZ {d.Am.jo. Ho$ g^r H$mZyZ {Z`_ VWm n«{H«$`mAm| H$s nyVu H$aZo hþE CZH$s AnZr IwX H$s gwajm ì`dñWm H$aZr hmoJr & 4) {H$gr ^r {d.Am.jo. H$m Ý`yZV_² joÌ 1000 hoŠQo>`a hmoZm Mm{hE & Cg_| go H$_ go H$_ 25% joÌ _| CÚmoJ go g§~{YV B_maVo hmoJr & 5) {d.Am.jo. _| Ý`yZV_² 1000 hoŠQo>`a joÌ H$s gr_m H$s ímV© ~ÝXaJmh `m hdmB©AS²>S>mo na AmYm[aV VWm {d{eîQ> dñVw H$m CËnmXZ H$aZo dmco {d.Am.jo. H$mo cmJy Zht hmoJm& 6) g^r Amoa go O_rZ go {Yao {d.Am.jo. _| {Z`m©V JmoXm_ Cg {d.Am.jo. H$m {hñgm hmoJm& n«.7 amÁ` gaH$mam| H$s ^y{_H$m Š`m ahoJr ? C. {d.Am.jo. H$s ñWmnZm _| amÁ` gaH$mam| H$s ^y{_H$m AË`{YH$ _hËdnyU© ahoJr & {ZOr {d.Am.jo. g§~§Yr {ZU©` H$aZo Ho$ nyd© AÝVa _§Ìr_§S>cr` g{_Vr Zo amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ n«{V{ZYr Ho$ gmW {dMma-{d_e© {H$`m Om`oJm & amÁ` gaH$mam| Zo H$moB© ^r n«ñVmd H$s Ho$ÝX«r` dm{UÁ` d CÚmoJ _§Ìmc` Ho$ gm_Zo AZwím§gm H$aZo go nhco `h gw{ZpíMV H$a coZm Mm{hE H$s do nmZr, {~Ocr AmXr _yc^yV gw{dYmE Xo gH$Vo h¡ & n«.8 {d.Am.jo. Ho$ n«dV©H$ H$mo H$m¡Z gr gw{dYmE°± / n«moËgmhZ Ho$ {_coJt & C. 1) 100% grYo {dXoer ny§Or {Zdoe H$s gw{dYm … A) {Zdmg, e¡j{UH$ VWm _Zmoa§OZ H$s gw{dYm g{hV ZJarH$aU (Township) Ho$ {cE AcJ-AcJ n«ñVmd Ho$ AZwgma, ~) {d.Am.jo. _| Xya^mîm godm Ho$ A{YH$ma Ho$ {cE & 2) 15 gmcm| _| {H$gr ^r 10 gmcmo Ho$ nj Ho$ {cE Am`H$a A{Y{Z`_ H$s Ymam 80 Ho$ VhV² Ny>Q> & 3) {d.Am.jo. Ho$ {dH$mg, H$m`©H$cmn VWm XoI^mc hoVw Am`mV `m AÝV©Xoer` IarXr na H$moB© H$a Zhr & 77
- 78. 4) godm H$aVWm H|$X«r` {dH«$r H$a go Ny>Q> & 5) T>m§MmJV g§aMZm Ho$ {cE IM©, {ZYr `m H$ånZr Ho$ {Zdoe na Am`H$a go Ny>Q>& 6) {d.Am.jo. _§o {H$`m J`m ì`pŠVJV Am{X {Zdoe ^r Am`H$a H$mZyZ Ho$ Ymam 88 Ho$ AZwgma Am`H$a _m$s Ho$ nmÌ & 7) T>m§MmJV gw{dYm H$m Cn`moJ, X¡ZpÝXZ H$m`©H$cmn VWm aIadmd Ho$ {cE n«dV©H$ H$mo Ny>Q> & 8) {d.Am.jo. _| {~Ocr H$m {Z_m©U, dhZ Am¡a {dVaU hr AZw_Vr & 9) {d.Am.jo. _| Xr JB© OJh H$m VWm {Z_m©U joÌ H$m {H$gr ^r ì`mnm[aH$ VarHo$ go Cn`moJ H$aVo H$s nyar AmOmXr & 10) {d.Am.jo. _| nmZr, {~Ocr, gwajm, aoñVam§ VWm _Zmoa§OZ Ho$ÝX«mo§ H$mo ì`mnm[aH$ VËdm| na CncãY H$amZo H$s, aadaadmd H$aZo H$s AZw_{V & n«. 9 {d.Am.jo. _| CÚmoJ H¡$go cJm`m Om`o ? C. {d.Am.jo. _| {H$gr CËnmXZ, ì`mnma `m godm H$s ímwê$dmV H$aZo Ho$ {cE An`wŠV n«{H«$`m Ho$ AZwê$n n[a`moOZm n«ñVmd H$s 3 n«{V`m± Cg {d.Am.jo. Ho$ {dH$mg Am`wŠV H$mo n«ñVwV H$aZm hmoJm& n«.10 {d.Am.jo. _| CÚmoJm| Ho$ AZw_{V H$s n«{H«$`m Š`m hmoJr ? C. g^r n«H$ma H$s AZw_{V Cg {d.Am.jo. Ho$ {dH$mg Am`wŠV Ho$ A{YH$ma _| ~Zr B©H$mB© AZw_{V g{_Vr ìXmam Xr Om`oJr & BgHo$ {cE BamXm nÌ XoZo Ho$ nhco Oê$aV nSoμ> Vmo {dH$mg Am`wŠV Am¡a n«moËgmhZ {d^mJ / AZw_Vr _ÊS>c go _§Oyar c|Jo & n«.11 {d.Am.jo. CÚmoJm| Ho$ {cE CncãY n«moËgmhZ gw{dYmE°§ ? C. 1) gr_m ímwëH$ Am¡a Mw§Jr … A) {d.Am.jo. Ho$ CÚmoJm| H$mo AnZo H$m`©Šbmn McmZo Ho$ {cE Oê$ar ny§OrJV gm_J«r, H$ƒm_mc, Cn^moJr dñVw, nwO} n¡qH$J gm_J«r, H$m`©crZ dñVw, S>r Or goQ>g² AmXr g^r MtOo {H$gr ^r AZwk{á Ho$ {~Zm Xoe _| go H$ht go ^r co gH$Vo h¡ `m Am`mV H$a gH$Vo h¡ & ~) Xoe Ho$ AÝXa `m ~mha go H$a_wŠV gm_J«r coZm & H$) Xoe Ho$ AÝXa {~H«$r na {d Am joÌm| H$mo {deof A{V[aŠV ^ma H$s Ny>Q> & 78
- 79. S>) Am`m{VV VWmAÝV©Xoer` IarXr hþB© dñVw 5 gmc Ho$ AZw_{V Ad{Y Ho$ ^r níMmV BñVo_mc H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ & B©) {d.Am.jo. go AÝV©Xoer` {~H«$r {H$gr H$a ämma, ímwëH$ go _wŠV ahoJr & $) {d.Am.jo. Ho$ CËnmXZ, gh-CËnmXZ BZH$s {~H«$r Ho$ {cE {Z`V gr_m ímwëH$ Xo H$a ~oMm Z J`m _mc VWm aX²Xr _mc Xoe _| ~oM gH$Vo h¡ & 2) Am`H$a - A) n«Ë`j {Z`m©V Ny>Q> & ~) nhco 5 df© Ho$ {cE Am`H$a (10 A) Ho$ VhV² 100% Ny>Q>, AJco 2 gmc 50%Ÿ& g) cm^ Ho$ nwZ©{Zdoe na 50% VH$ nwZ©{Zdoe Ny>Q> & X) KmQo> H$s aH$_ H$m AJco _| g_mdoe & 3) n«Ë`j {dXoer {Zdoe A) {d.Am.jo. Ho$ CËnmXZ joÌ _| {~Zm ímV© 100% n«Ë`j {dXoer {Zdoe {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ & ímñÌ VWm {dñ$moQ>H$, Am{cH$ nXmW©, Zemm`wŠV VWm KmVH$ agm`Z, Xmê$ V¡`ma H$aZm, AëH$mohc VWm {gJaoQ>, {gJma Ed§ V§~mHy$ Ho$ n«H$mam| H$mo N>mo‹S> H$a & ~) cKw§ CÚmoJm| Ho$ {cE Ama{jV dñVwAm| Ho$ CËnmXZ na n«Ë`j {dXoer {Zdoe na H$moB© gr_m Zht & 4) ~±H$ / {dXoer ì`mnmar H$O© A) {d.Am.jo. _| {dXoer ~¢H$mo H$s ímmIm`| ewê$ H$aZo H$s AZw_{V h¡ & CZHo$ cm^ na 3 gmcm| Ho$ {cE 100% Am`H$a Ny>Q>, Am¡a AJco 2 gmcm| Ho$ {cE 50% Ny>Q>& ~) {d.Am.jo. Ho$ CÚmoJm| H$mo 50 H$amoS> S>m°ca VH$ Ho$ {dXoer H$O© coZo na {H$gr ^r ^wJVmZ gr_m {Z~©ÝY go Ny>Q> & g) {Z`m©V X²dmam n«má CËnÝZ {H$gr ^r g_` gr_m Ho$ {~Zm cmZo H$s _§Oyar & X) {Z`m©V X²dmam n«má g^r CËnÝZ 100% B© B© E$ gr ImVo _| aIZo H$s BOmOV, Cg CËnÝZ go {dXoe _| {Zdoe H$s ñdV§ÌVm B) AnZo CËnmX Ho$ BñVo_mc, g§J«hU VWm gQ²>Q>m~mOr $) Am`mV Ho$ hoVw {cE H$O© na ã`mO A{Y^ma Zht & 79
- 80. J) {d.Am.jo. Ho$CÚmoJm| Ho$ {Z`m©V go ^wJVmZ Z hþE aH$_ H$mo _m$ H$aZo H$s Ny>Q>Ÿ& 4) Ho$ÝX«r` {~H«$r H$a {d.Am.jo. Ho$ CÚmJm| Ho$ dñVwAm| H$s AÝV©Xoer` {~H«$r na H$a Zht 5) godm H$a {d.Am.jo. Ho$ CÚmoJm| H$mo godm H$a H$s Ny>Q> 6) n`m©daU A) g_wX« {H$Zmao na {H$Zmam {Z`ÝÌU joÌ (CRZ) _| gyMZm VH$ZrH$ O¡go CÚmoJ VWm Jmoë$ H$mog©, Oc ewX²YrH$aU BH$mB©`m±, hmoQ>c VWm AÝ` n«XyfU Z H$aZo dmco godm CÚmoJ ñWm{nV H$a gH$Vo h¢& ~) {d.Am.jo. Ho$ CÚmoJm| H$mo n`m©daU g_rjm A{YgyMZm 2006ŸHo$ VhV² OÝmgwZdmB© g| _wpŠV & H$ånZr A{Y{Z`_² A) ì`dñWmnZ ^wJVmZ Ho$ {cE n«{Vdf© ê$. 2.4 H$amoS> H$s gr_m & ~) {d.Am.jo. _| H$ånZr n«~§YH$ H$mo joÌr` H$m`m©c` ImocZo H$s AZw_{V & g) {d.Am.jo. Ho$ {H$gr ^r H$ånZr Ho$ {ZXoeH$ nX na {Z`wŠV hmoZo Ho$ {cE ^maV _| 12 df© {Zdmg Ho$ n«mdYmZ go Ny>Q> & Am¡f{Y Ed§ gm¡X`© n«gmYZ Am¡f{Y Ed§ gm¡X`© n«gmYZ Ho$ VhV² ~§XaJmh {Z~©ÝYm| (Port restriction) go Ny>Q> Cn-AZw~ÝY / AZw~ÝY IoVr A) {d.Am.jo. Ho$ CÚmoJmo§ H$mo AnZo CËnmXH$ `m CËnmXZ n«{H«$`m Ho$ {hñgo Xoe Ho$ AÝ` joÌm| _| AWdm AÝ` {d.Am.jo. _| Cn-AZw~ÝY na XoZo H$s AZw_{V & ~) Bgr Vah H$m Cn-Cn-AZw~ÝY {dXoem| _| ^r {X`m Om gH$Vm h¡ & g) {d.Am.jo. _| H¥${f Am¡a $cmoCÚmZ n«{H«$`m, CÚmoJm| H$mo Am`mV H$aZo dmco Xoem| H$s Oê$aVm| Ho$ AZwgma CËnmXZ H$aZo H$mo n«moËgmhZ {_co Bg{c`o Oê$ar gm_J«r Am¡a _XX Xoe Ho$ AÝ` joÌm| Ho$ AZw~{YV {H$gmZm| H$mo {d. Am. jo go nw{©V© H$s Om`oJr & n«. 11 Š`m {d.Am.joÌm| H$mo _OXya H$mZyZmo go Ny>Q> Xr JB© h¡ ? C. ha EH$ amÁ` Ho$ gm_mÝ` _OXya H$mZyZ {d.Am.joÌ na cmJy hm|J& g^r amÁ`mo§ H$mo {ZXo©e 80
- 81. {X`m J`m h¡,{H$ BZ H$mZyZm|/n«pH«$`mAm| H$mo AmgmZ {H$`m Om`o & gmW hr {d.Am.jo. Ho$ {dH$mg Am`wŠV Ho$ _mÜ`_ go _§Oyar XoZm gwc^ hmo, Bg{cE Cgo _OXya H$mZyZ g~§Yr C{MV A{YH$ma l_ A{YH$mar go ñWmZmÝV[aV H$a Cgo Xo {X`m OmE & n«. 12 {d.Am.jo. Ho$ CÚmoJm| H$s g_rjm H$m¡Z H$aoJm ? C. {d.Am.jo. H$s g_rjm H$aZo Ho$ {cE EH$ BH$mB© _§Oyar g{_Vr ahoJr {Og_| {dH$mg Am`wŠV, gr_m ewëH$ {d^mJ VWm amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ n«{V{ZYr ahoJo & `h ha gmc g_rjm H$aoJr & n«. 13 Š`m {d.Am.jo. na gaH$ma H$m {Z`§ÌU ahoJm ? C. g^r {d.Am.jo. _| H$mZyZr H$m_m| na gaH$ma H$m {Z`§ÌU ahoJm & Ho$ÝX«r` gaH$ma Ho$ 7 {d. Am. jo Ho$ X¡Z§{XZ H$m`© na gaH$ma H$m {Z`§ÌU ahoJm & ~mH$s g^r {d.Am.jo. _| Bg H$m_H$mO H$m {ZOrH$aU ahoJm & n«. 14 {dH$mg Am`wŠV H$s ì`dhm[aH$ ^y{_H$m Š`m hmoJr ? CÎma {dH$mg Am`wŠV {d.Am.jo. Ho$ {cE ZmoS>c A{YH$mar h¡ & {d.Am.jo. Ho$ CÚmoJmo CgHo$ {dH$mgH©$Vm H$s g_ñ`mAmo H$m {ZdmaU H$aZo H$s {Oå_oXmar {dH$mg Am`wŠV H$s hmoJr & 81
- 82. g§nH©$ gyMr n[a{eï> III _hoe n§S²>`m, _mohZ H$moR>oH$a n`m©daU {_Ì, amï´>r` dZ l_Ordr _§M, Ah_Xm~mX, 501, Amem cú_r AnmQ©>_Q>, § B© _oc … maheshpandya@sify.com a{d ZJa Mm¡H$, ZmJnwa $moZ (Am°{$g)… 079-26851321 B© _oc … mgkothekar61@yahoo.co.in àmo. Ho$a n«$w „ gm_§Vam J«m_ {dH$mg Q´>ñQ>, cmoH$ epŠV A{^`mZ, AmoIm hmB©do amoS>, ~g ñQo>eZ Ho$ nmg, C‹S>rgm ÛmaH$m, Om_ZJa, JwOamV B© _oc … psamantara@rediffmail.com $moZ … 02892-236551/2 $moZ … 09437259005 ^maV nQo>c Q>r. Eg. Eg. _Ur H$ÀN> Zd {Z_m©U A{^`mZ, nr. `y. gr. Ec., V{_cZmSw> S>m°. amOmam_ ßbmQ>, B© _oc… bharat_setu@rediffmail.com B© _oc … tssmani50@yahoo.com $moZ … 2832-221379, 221382 $moZ … 09444905151 Aj` Hw$_ma / {~ñdOrV am°` AZÝ`m XmgJwám amï´>r` godm Xc, BŠdoeÝg, OJVqghnwa, C‹S>rgm 415, 2 (C) H«$m°g, 4 _w»`, $moZ … 09937427611 OMBR co AmD$Q>, ~mZgdm‹S>r, ~¢Jcya 560043 B© _oc… ananya.d@equitabletourism.org Ac~{©Q>© Zm Aë_oS>m $moZ … 080 25457607/ 25457659 519, {gQ>r goÝQ>a, n¡Q>mo H$m°åßboŠg, $¡Šg … 08025457665 (gogm Kmoa Ho$ nmg), KTC ~g ñQ¢>S> Ho$ nmg, nUOr, Jmodm EZ. S>r. H$mocr B© _oc … albetina.almeida@gmail.com ZoeZc {$e dH©$g© $moa_, _wå~B© $moZ … 09326137682 B© _oc … flametech@vsnl.net $moZ … 022-24446244/24452157/ 24363398 82
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